P. Abel - Assembler

IBM PC
Peter Abel
IBM PC ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE AND PROGRAMMING
British Columbia Institute of Technology
__________________________________________________________________________

1. IBM PC

ASCII

2.

:
:

:

3.

5.

DB
DW
DD
DQ
DT

EQU

6. COM
EXE COM
COM
COM
.
JMP
LOOP

CALL

:
: AND OR XOR TEST NOT
:

8. I:
: INT

: DOS
: DOS
: ASCII
: DOS
:
: DOS
: DOS
: DOS
CR LF TAB

. II:

BIOS
:
ASCII
DOS
BIOS INT 16H

1 . III:

:

11.

REP:
MOVS:
LODS:
STOS:
CMPS:
SCAS:

:

12. I:
DX:AX

Intel 8 8 8 28

13. II: ASCII BCD
ASCII
BCD
ASCII
ASCII

:

1 .

XLAT
: ASCII
:
TYPE LENGTH SIZE

15. I:
FAT

16. II: DOS
: FCB
FCB
: FCB

: FCB

:

:

:

1 . III: DOS
ASCIIZ

:
ASCII
DOS

18. IV: BIOS
BIOS

: BIOS

1 .

DOS
:
ASCII
DOS

BIOS INT 1 H

2 .

LOCAL

: REPT IRP IRPC

EXITM
IF IFNDEF
IFIDN

21.

EXTRN PUBLIC
: EXTRN PUBLIC
: PUBLIC
:

C

22.
COMAND.COM

COM
EXE
EXE

23. BIOS DOS

BIOS
DOS
DOS INT 21H

2 .

25.
1.
2.
3.
.
ASCII

__________________________________________________________________________

IBM
PC
.

.
.

.
.
..
1 88 . .

1 8
IBM
PC
.. 1 8
..
1 8 .

.

.

IBM PC.
.

Framework.

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
6 c
.

.

.
Intel 8 8
.
1 o
Intel 8 8 .
.
1 8 Intel
Intel 8 86 8 8
.

Intel 8 86
8 88 1 81 i
.
8 88 c 8 188
8 86 8 186 8 286 8 386
c .
8 286 IBM AT 1 8 .
Intel
iAPX 86 iAPX 88 iAPX 86 iAPX286 iAPX386 APX
Intel Advanced Processor Architecture.

p
.

.

.

.

.

.

. c
:
IBM PC
c 6 .

.
IBM PC.

.
PC DOS MS DOS
.
C :
.
.
.
PC
.

y
:

.
PC
MS DOS Microsoft PC DOS IBM PC.
: 2.
3. AT
.
.
UNIX PC XENIX .

: a
.

p
.
.
.

. 11 12 1
15 1 2 21. 8 1 12 13 15
18 22 25 c .
:
p

ASCII

.

.
.

.
1
IBM PC
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

. .

.

.
.

.2 .

________________________________________________________________

.
512 .
p .
.

.
.

.

A . 256
:
11111111 .
A 1 1 c
1 1 1 .
.

.
A .
.

.
.

1 1 A. A
.
1 1.

A.

A:
:
:
6 5 3 2 1
1 1
2 1 2
. 512 512
1 2 .. 52 288 .
PC 16
16
. 16 .
15
PC:
: 15 1 13 12 11 1 8 |
: 1 1 |
6 5 3 2 1
1 1 1
ASCII
________________________________________________________________
a
ASCII American
National Standard Code for Information Interchange .
. . 1 1
A.
.
8
ASCII PC 256
. .1
ASCII .8
256 .

________________________________________________________________

2
. c BInary
digiT .
.

.
:
:
:
128 6 32 16 8 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2
..
1 2
... 128 255 2 1 .
1 1 1
6 .. 65. 1 1 A
. 1 1
65 A:

1 1
65

1 1 .

.
.
8 88 16 o
16 . 2 16 1 65535
32 2
32 1 2 6 2 5 .

.
:

1
1
1 1

1
1

1
1
11

. 1 1 1 1 1 . A
65 2:
1 1
1 1 1

11 1 11
65
2

1

:
11 1 11 1 .
1111
11 1 1

111 1
6
53

113

.

. ..

1.
:
65:
:
1:
1 1
1 11111
1 111111
65
1 111111 65 .

1.
:
1:
: 1 111111
1
:
1:
1 1
65
65 65 :
1 1
1 111111

1
65
65
.
. p
.
:
. 2 65.
2 1 1 1 e : 11 1 11 :
65
2

23
1 1
11 1 11

1 1 111
23 .
.

:
1
1. 11111111:
1
11111111

1
1 11111111
1 :

1

1

1

11111111
c
:
3
2
1

1
2
3
11
1
1

11111111
1111111
111111 1

:
.

.12 13.

________________________________________________________________
p
. o

. 32
.

. :
1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 11 111
:

12 1
:
5
3
5 11

1 A 11B 12C 13D 1 E 15F.

:
5
35
B
CE
F
16 e. .1.1.

15.
__________________________________________________________________________
. .

1
1

1
2

1
2
. .
1
1 1
1 1
8

1
.
8

A
11
3
3
1 11
11
B
11
12
C
1
1 1
5
5
11 1
13
D
11
6
6
111
1
E
111

1111
15
F
__________________________________________________________________________
.1.1. .
.

.
DOS DEBUG
.

. c
. F
1 16.
6

A
5
8

D
F
1

1
F
F

1E
1 FF
1
1

2 1
.2 32 .1
256 .1 6.

. B . 1 1 11 5
.
.
.
H 25H 3 . .
c B8H
B8H.
.2 p
. c
PC x .2.
________________________________________________________________

.. 16 .
6
c
. :
1. .
.

.
CS .
2. .

. DS .
3. .

.
SS .
ES
. p.1.2
SS DS CS.
.

.
__________________________________________________________________________

D O S

SS

DS

CS
L

L
__________________________________________________________________________
.1.2. .
c.
.
16 . .FFFF
65535.
.
1 65535.

. 5F
32. p
5F 5F ..
. a :
DS:
:
:
5F
32

622
8 86 8 88
16 .
p . .FFF
6552 .
.
c . nnnn
. .. .
nnnn . .FFFF 1 856 .
e .F 1111
.
8 286 2 FFFFF
16 8 386
.

________________________________________________________________
8 86 8 88 1 y

. 16
.
:
15 1 13 12 11 1 8 6 5
3 2 1
8 286 8 386

16 . .
CS DS SS ES

6
. c
p
.
1. CS.
.
IP
.
CS.
2. DS.
.

.
3. SS.
.
. ES.
.
ES DI.
ES
.
: AX BX CX DX

.
o
. high a
low . CX
: CH CL
. CX CH
CL :
MOV CX
MOV CH
MOV CL
1. AX. AX

.
AX.

AX.
AX: | AH | AL |
2. BX. BX .

.
.
BX: | BH | BL |
3. CX. CX .

. CX .
CX: | CH | CL |
. DX. DX .

DX AX.
DX: | DH | DL |
c
8 16 .
: SP BP

SP BP
. .
1. SP.
.
SS .
2. BP.
: .
: SI DI

.
1. SI.
.
SI DS.
2. DI.
.
DI ES.
: IP

IP
.
DOS DEBUG

16
.
.
:
O
D
I
T
S
Z
A
P
C

.

.
.

. DOS DEBUG

.

1 .

1
.
3 8

.
8 1
.

.

O S Z C D
.
p.
PC
________________________________________________________________

:
c

.
.
:

Intel
ROM
RAM 512
.

.
o

2 .

. 8 88 16
o.
8 88 8 86 : 8 88 8
16
.
.
8 286 8 386 8 86.
.1.3 : o
.
.
c
y .
o
.
__________________________________________________________________________
:
T
AH AL

BH BL

CH CL

DH DL

SP

BP

SI

DI
L
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CS
|
|
DS
|
|
SS
|
|
ES
| L T

|
|

8 88

|

L
|

: | 1

| 2
|

: | 3

|
|
| L
L |
|
L

|
L |
__________________________________________________________________________
.1.3. .
:
:

.
1 .
.

.

.

. c

.
.
.
c .

.
ROM read only memory . ROM
p
. ROM
.
ROM
: ROM p
RAM
DOS .
ROM BIOS Basic Input Output System
. Basic
. ROM
.
RAM
Random Access Memory ..
. RAM
.
RAM
.
e
ROM DOS RAM.
DOS DOS .
o DOS
DOS .
RAM. DOS

. RAM
.
RAM.

RAM.
.
6
RAM :
6 256.
. c
.
RAM ROM
.
.1. 256 RAM
. RAM
6
DOS. ROM 68 o
c
. ROM c 6

.
__________________________________________________________________________

.
.

RAM 256

RAM 38
256
I O

6
A RAM 128

C ROM 1 2
68

6
F ROM 6

L
__________________________________________________________________________
.1. . .
RAM .
.
.
. 1 25.
. 1 .
c 1.
:
.
. 1 5612 5613
:
| 1| |
| |
5612 5613

.
a
.

________________________________________________________________

. .

.
ASCII .
:
1 .
.
1111 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 15.
:
1.

. . A F
1111.
:

.
.

.
ROM RAM
.

.

________________________________________________________________
1.1. ASCII
. 1 :
P p 5.
1.2. : 5 13
21 2 .
1.3. C :
1 1 1
11 1
11111
1 1 1
11111
1
1. . :
1 11 1111 111 1.
1.5.
: 11 1 1 1111 1 1 .
1.6. . ASCII Q ASCII

1 111 1 111 111.
1. . . :
23A6
22
51FD
3

88
EABE
26C
1.8. . .
.2.
.
: 1 33 8 255 5 633 8.
1. .
.
1.1 . :

1.11.

2

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________
DOS
DEBUG
.

.

.
.

.
.
c
. IBM PC
c DOS.

________________________________________________________________
DOS A.
e
Ctrl Alt Del.
DOS

A C .
Return.

.

________________________________________________________________

DOS DEBUG. DEBUG
Return DEBUG
.
DEBUG
. o
D .
1. .
.

.
. 13 1 DEBUG
:

13 .
:
D
:13
Return

.
. . .
. .
8
1
8 1
2
8 2
. .
8
1
18
2
28
.
128
256
38
512
6
2. .
ROM . FE . :
D FE : Return

.
3. ROM BIOS. ROM BIOS mm dd yy
. FFFF5.
D FFFF: 5 Return

.
D Display
.
D DEBUG
.
DOS Q
DEBUG
Quit .
.
:
________________________________________________________________

.
:
B823 1
525
8BD8
3D8
8BCB
2BC8

CB
. 123 AX.
. 25 AX.
AX BX.
AX BX.
BX CX.
AX AX AX .
.
DOS.
:
.
.
.
.
MOV .B8 .8B.

. c
.
o DEBUG Return.
DEBUG
. Ctrl
PrtSc .

:
E CS:1 B8 23 1 5 25 Return
E Enter . CS:1
.1 256
. DEBUG .
E p
CS:1 CS:1 5.
Enter:
E CS:1 6 8B D8 3 D8 8B CB Return
CS:1 6 1 1 8
1 1 A 1 B. Enter:
E CS:1 C 2B C8 2B C CB Return
CS:1 C 1 D 1 E 1 F 11 111.
.
.
. p.2.1
E.
o.
R .
.

AX BX ...
DOS
.2.1. IP
IP 1
1 .
E CS:1 .
.2.1 :
NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
:

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
D DEBUG
E CS:1 B8 23 1 5 25
E CS:1 6 8B D8 3 D8 8B CB
E CS:1 C 2B C8 2B C CB
R
AX BX CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
13C6: 1 B823
MOV
AX 123
T
AX 123 BX CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 3 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
13C6: 1 3 525
ADD
AX 25
T
AX 1 8 BX CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 6 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PE NC
13C6: 1 6 8BD8
MOV
BX AX
T
AX 1 8 BX 1 8 CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
13C6: 1 8 3D8
ADD
BX AX
T
AX 1 8 BX 2 CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 A NV UP EI PL NZ AC PO NC
13C6: 1 A 8BCB
MOV
CX BX
T
AX 1 8 BX 2 CX 2 DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 C NV UP EI PL NZ AC PO NC
13C6: 1 C 2BC8
SUB
CX AX
T
AX 1 8 BX 2 CX 1 8 DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 NV UP EI PL NZ AC PO NC
13C6: 1 E 2BC
SUB
AX AX
T
AX BX 2 CX 1 8 DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 11 NV UP EI PL ZR NA PO NC
13C6: 11
NOP
T
AX BX 2 CX 1 8 DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 111 NV UP EI PL ZR NA PO NC
13C6: 111 CB
RETF

__________________________________________________________________________
.2.1. .
R 1
. CS .2.1 CS13C6

:
13C6: 1 B823 1
MOV AX 123
CS13C6
13C6 13C6 . 13C6: 1 1
. 13C6 CS.
B823 1 CS:1 .
MOV AX 123

.

.
.

AX.
MOV .
T Return.
MOV
. AX
123. AX B8
23 1.
B8 23 AX ..
AL 1 AX ..
AH:
AX: | 1 | 23 |
IP: 1 3
:
13C6: 1 3
525
ADD AX 25
T. 25
AL AX AH AX ..
25 AX. AX 1 8 IP
1 6 c .
T.
AX BX BX
1 8. AX e
1 8 MOV p
.
T
. c AX
BX 2 .
p BX CX AX CX AX
.
c NZ ZR
AX .
T NOP RET
.
D :
D CS:1
16
. 32 .
ASCII . .
ASCII .
.

CS:1 CS:1 F. c CS:11
CS:11F.
CS:111 Dump a
CS:1 CS:1 .

IP . R IP
1 T.
Return.
.2.2 D CS:1 .
CS:1 111
.
__________________________________________________________________________
D CS:1
13C6: 1 B8 23 1 5 25 8B D8 3 D8 8B CB 2B C8 2B C . .. ....... . .
13C6: 11 CB 8D 6 1 5 51 52 FF 6 28 E8 8B E5 ...F.PQR.v .t...
13C6: 12 B8 1 5 FF 6 32 FF 6 3 FF 6 2E FF 6 28 ...P.v2.v .v..v
13C6: 13 E8 88 15 8B E5 BF 36 18 12 FF 36 16 12 8B 6 28 ......6...6...v
13C6: 1 FF 3A 8 6 6 E8 22 CE 8B E5 3 E 3D A .t:.F.. ... ...
13C6: 15 5 32 A1 16 12 2D 1 8B 1E 18 12 83 DB 53 u2... .........S
13C6: 16 5 8B 6 28 FF 3A A3 16 12 8 1E 18 12 E8 FA P.v .t:.........
13C6: 1 CD 8B E5 3 E 3D D A 83 6 16 12 1 83 ... ...t.......
Q
__________________________________________________________________________
.2.2. .
DEBUG Q Quit .
DOS A
C .
c Ctrl PrtSc.
:
________________________________________________________________

MOV ADD .
123 25
.
DS .

c :
DS
. .

2

6
23 1
25

2A2A2A
6
1
3
5
8
. o
23 1
1 .. .

:
A1
3 6 2
A3
CB
DS
AX.
DS
2 AX.
AX DS
.
DOS.
MOV p
: A1 A3.

.
DEBUG
.
.
E Enter :
E DS: 23 1 25 Return
E DS: 6 2A 2A 2A Return

DS: .
123 23 1 a 25 25 .
MOV c
23 1 123 25 25.

D Dump
.
CS:1 :
E CS:1 A1 3 6 2
E CS:1 A3 CB
CS:1 CS:1 A.
. .2.3
E.
CS DS .
D Dump
:
:
:
D DS: Return
D CS:1 Return

.2.3. DS: DS: 8 CS:1
CS:1 A .2.3.
__________________________________________________________________________
D DEBUG
E DS:23 1 25
E DS:2A 2A 2A
E CS:1 A1 3 6 2
E CS:1 A3 CB
D DS:
13C6: 23 1 25 A 2A 2A 2A F F5 2 2C 1 2E 3 . ... ... ...
13C6: 1 2C 1 BD 2 2C 1 B1 D 1 3 1 2 FF FF FF ... ...........
13C6: 2 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF EF F 6 ..............d.
13C6: 3 61 13 1 18 C 13 FF FF FF FF a...............
13C6: ................
13C6: 5 CD 21 CB 2 2 2 . ...........
13C6: 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
.....
13C6: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
........
R
AX BX CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
13C6: 1 A1
MOV
AX
DS: 123
T
AX 123 BX CX DX SPFFEE BP SI DI
13C6: 1 3 3 6 2
ADD
AX 2
DS: 2 25
T
DS13C6 ES13C6 SS13C6 CS13C6 IP 1 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PE NC
AX
13C6: 1 A3
MOV
DS: A
T
13C6: 1 A CB
RETF
D DS:
13C6: 23 1 25 A 2A 2A 2A F F5 2 2C 1 2E 3 . ... ... ...
13C6: 1 2C 1 BD 2 2C 1 B1 D 1 3 1 2 FF FF FF ... ...........
13C6: 2 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF EF F 6 ..............d.
13C6: 3 61 13 1 18 C 13 FF FF FF FF a...............
13C6: ................
13C6: 5 CD 21 CB 2 2 2 . ...........
13C6: 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
.....
13C6: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
........
Q
__________________________________________________________________________
.2.3. .
R
.
. :
13C6: 1
A1
MOV AX
CS 13C6 CS:1
A1 . MOV
.
.

MOV AX
o AX .
T. MOV AX c
AX.
23 1 123 AX.
ADD T.
DS 2 AX.
AX 123 25 .. 1 8.
MOV AX T.
AX .
D DS: .
:
: 23 1 25 8 1 2A 2A 2A
1 2 3 5 6 8
:
1 8 AX
5 8 1.
.
ASCII. .23 e .25 .
. 2A .

.
.
D DS:1
.2.3. Q
.

________________________________________________________________

CS
IP.

CS . AF
AF IP . 23:
CS:
IP:
:
AF
23

B13
B13 :
A112
|
B13
MOV AX 12
B13 .
A1 o
3 .
12 a
DS c
B1
. DS . B1
c :
DS:
:
:
B1
12

B22

:
:
:
B22
2
|
B22
B23
1
|
B23
2 B22
AL 1 B23 AH. AX
12 .
IP
IP
26. p
CS AF
IP 26 .. B16.

8 86 8 286 8 386 e
.
o
B22 .
.

c B23 AX:
: ||2 | 1||
|
: B23
B22 B23
B23 AL.
B2 B25 B23
AH. AX 12 .

.

.

.

.
EVEN
.
:
________________________________________________________________

RAM . BIOS
ROM p .
BIOS INT c 12H.
BIOS AX .
DEBUG INT 12H RET
:
E CS:1 CD 12 CB
R Return
. IP 1 INT 12H.
T Return
BIOS
:
STI
PUSH
MOV
MOV
MOV
POP
IRET
DS
AX
DS AX
AX 13
DS
AX p
. T BIOS
. RET CB
.

________________________________________________________________
DOS 2.
DEBUG .
.
A

A Assemble DEBUG
.
:
A 1 Return

: 1 . Return.
Return
. :
MOV AL 25
MOV BL 32
ADD AL BL
RET
Return
Return
Return
Return
:
: 1
: 1 2
: 1
: 1 6
MOV AL 25
MOV BL 32
ADD AL BL
RET
.
Return .
.
.
U

U Unassemble
.
c 1 1 6 .
:
U 1 1 6 Return

: 1
: 1 2
: 1
: 1 6
B 25
B332
D8
C3
MOV AL 25
MOV BL 32
ADD AL BL
RET
R
.
T .

.

. DEBUG

.

DEBUG
:
1.
. :
: DEBUG n:
Return
D
E
: W Return
2. DEBUG
. :
DEBUG
A assemble E enter

: N .COM Return .
COM . .6
COM

.
: 1 6
C3
RET

1 6 1 .. 6.
CX : R CX Return
CX
6
: W Return
DEBUG Writing nnnn bytes.
nnnn . nnnn
c.

________________________________________________________________
DOS DEBUG
.
E .

.
DOS DEBUG
.

.

E .
p .
E .

IP 1 . R register
:
R IP Return
IP
. 1
R IP .
. T
.

. y
CS DS SP SS
.
DOS DEBUG.
: o:
D E H N Q R
T W . o
.

________________________________________________________________
2.1.
. 62 AX
. 36A AX.
2.2. :
E CS:1 B8 5 1 5 25
. 5 5 . E
..
5 5 .
2.3. :
E CS:1 B8 3 5 3 CB

.
AX
6 6 .

.
2. . :
B 25 D E B3 15 F6 E3 CB
:
. 25 AL
AL
AL A
. 15 BL
AL BL.
E CS:1 .
.
D CS:1 .
R T
RET. AX

2.5.
:
E
:
25 15
: A D E F6 26 1 A3 2 CB
DS: 25
AL
AL
A
AL DS: 1 15
AX
DS: 2.
D
. R
T RET . AX
612. D DS:
DS: 2 12 6.
2.6. 2.5
TRIAL.COM.
2. . A :
MOV
ADD
SHL
SUB
NOP
RET
BX 25
BX 3
BX 1
BX 22

NOP.
3

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________
.2
.
.

.

.

.
DOS EDLIN
.

. DOS LIN
.

.

________________________________________________________________
o
. p

.
.

:
1.
2.

ADD AX BX

.

.

________________________________________________________________
:

p
.
132
8
.
COUNT
DB
MOV
1

AX

:
:
:
:
A Z a z

.

.
.
31 . : COUNT PAGE25 E1 .
.
AX DI AL
.
ADD AX BX
AX BX .
MOV REGSAVE AX
REGSAVE
. .3 c

.
o .
MOV ADD .

. COUNTER
:
COUNTER
DB
DB

. :

RET
INC
ADD
CX
AX 12

CX
12 AX
.
y .
DOS EDLIN .
________________________________________________________________
p
.
.
. .2

. .2 .
: PAGE TITLE

. PAGE TITLE
.
PAGE.

. c PAGE.
6 132
PAGE 6 132
1 255
6 132.
PAGE 66 8 .
6 .
6
e.

. PAGE
.
p PAGE.
TITLE.
p
TITLE :
TITLE

.
ASMSORT
6 :
TITLE ASMSORT
SUBTTL

.
SEGMENT

.
. c
SEGMENT :
SEGMENT
.
.
.
ENDS

.
ENDS
. SEGMENT ENDS
. SEGMENT
.
1. .
. PARA
.
16 .. . nnn .
PARA.
2. .

.
. : STAC COMMON
PUBLIC AT MEMORY.
:

SEGMENT PARA STAC

: PUBLIC COMMON MEMORY.

.
3. .

:

SEGMENT PARA STAC
Stack
.3.1.
SEGMENT .
PROC

.

PROC.
:
SEGMENT PARA
PROC
FAR
RET
ENDP
ENDS

. FAR
DOS
.
ENDP
PROC. RET
DOS.
. . .
ASSUME

SS DS
CS c .
.
ASSUME :

ASSUME
SS:_ DS:__ CS:__
SS:_
SS.
. ES
. ES
ES:NOTHING.
END

ENDS ENDP
. END
:
END
_

.
o
PROC o FAR.

________________________________________________________________

. WORDA
:
MOV AX BX
MOV AX WORDA
MOV AX BX
MOV AX 25
MOV AX 25
BX AX
WORDA AX

BX AX
25 AX
25

.

________________________________________________________________
: EXE COM.
EXE COM
.6. DOS
EXE : 1 c
2
DS 3
DS .
DOS
RET. .3.1
1. ASSUME

CODESG
CS
DATASG
DS

STAC SG SS. DATASG STAC SG
:

STAC SG SEGMENT PARA STAC
Stack Stack
DATASG SEGMENT PARA Data

.
:

2 ..
2.
256 .1
PSP. DS
PSP.
. RET
DOS.
3.
. SUB
AX AX
PUSH .
. DOS
SS CS.
DS
DS MOV
.3.1. .
II DS.
5. RET
DOS
PUSH DS.
INT 2 H.
__________________________________________________________________________
SEGMENT PARA CODE
PROC FAR

1.
ASSUME
CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC G
2.
PUSH
DS
DS
AX
3.
SUB
AX AX

PUSH
AX
.
MOV
AX DATASG

MOV
DS AX
DATASG DS
.
.
.
5.
RET
DOS
BEGIN
ENDP
CODESG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
CODESG
BEGIN
.3.1. EXE .

.

.

________________________________________________________________
.3.2

. STAC SG
CODESG.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE EXASM1 EXE

STAC SG SEGMENT PARA SAC Stack

DB
12
DUP
STAC
SEG

STAC SG ENDS

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code
BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME SS:STAC SG CS:CODESG DS:NOTHING
DS
PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX

PUSH
AX

BEGIN
MOV
ADD
MOV
ADD
MOV
SUB
SUB
NOP
RET
ENDP
AX 123H
AX 25H
BX AX
BX AX
CX BX
CX AX
AX AX
. 123 AX
.25 AX
AX BX
BX AX
BX CX
AX CX
AX
DOS

CODESG ENDS

END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.3.2. .

STAC SG
DB

12 STAC SEG .
p

.
CODESG
ASSUME
. ASSUME SS
STAC SG CS CODESG.

STAC SG
SS CODESG CS.

SS CS.

ASSUME p DS.
ASSUME PUSH SUB PUSH
DS
. DOS
DOS .
.
p.2.1
.

________________________________________________________________
.
ENDS
ENDP END.
ASSUME
.
EXE COM . .6
32
PUSH SUB PUSH DS .

________________________________________________________________
3.1.

3.2. : PC_AT 5 _Z
3 B AX
3.3.

3. . END

3.5. .
3.6. RET END.
3. . CDSEG DATSEG
ST SEG . ASSUME.
3.8. DS
.

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.

________________________________________________________________
.3.2

.
DOS EDLIN
. EDLIN
DOS.
EDLIN DOS A
B.

CH DS B:.
C: B:.
EXASM1
EDLIN :EXASM1.ASM Return
DOS EDLIN New
file . I
p .3.2.

y. EDLIN
.
. E
Return EDLIN.

DIR B:
DIR B:EXASM1.ASM

.
.
PRINT DOS 2. . DOS
:
PRINT B:EXASM1.ASM Return
EXASM.ASM
. p

.

________________________________________________________________
EXASM1.ASM

. p
.

.

OBJ .
.2 x .
OBJ
. OBJ
EXE .
LIN
DOS :
1. OBJ
.
R.
2.

.
3. EXE .
OBJ EXE
EXE .
EXE
OBJ OBJ
EXE .

EXE . :
EXE o COM .
c .
6.

________________________________________________________________

.
a. ASM.EXE
MASM.EXE
. MASM
. .
A
B.
p C A B.
MASM ASM
. :
source filename .ASM :
object filename filename.OBJ :
source listing NUL.LST :
cross reference NUL.CRF :

.
: B:EXASM1.
ASM .

. B:.

. B B:
Return.
c
. B B:
Return.

Return.
c OBJ LST CRF .

.
source filename .ASM :B:EXASM1 Return
object filename filename.OBJ :B: Return
source listing NUL.LST :B: Return
cross reference NUL.CRF :B: Return

OBJ .
LST
. CRF

. LST
CRF .
.
1. 2. .

.

MOVE MOV p
. ASM
ASM
. 1 .

EXASM1.ASM .
. .1 c
EXASM1.LST.
__________________________________________________________________________
1
2
3
5
6

8

1
11
12
13
1
15
16
1
18
1
2
21
22

C
53 5 1 3
B 53 5
6

1E
1 2B C
3 5

A
C
B8
5
8B
3
123
25
D8
D8
page 6 132
TITLE EXASM1 EXE


DB
12 DUP STAC SEG

STAC SG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME SS:STAC SG CS:CODESG DS:NOTHING
PUSH
DS
DS
SUB
AX AX

PUSH
AX
MOV
ADD
MOV
ADD
AX 123H
AX 25H
BX AX
BX AX
. 123 AX
.25 AX
AX BX
BX AX
23 E 8B CB
MOV
CX BX
BX CX
2 1 2B C8
SUB
CX AX
AX CX
AX
25 12 2B C
SUB
AX AX

26 1
NOP
2 15 CB
RET
DOS
28 16
BEGIN ENDP

2

3 16
CODESG ENDS
31
END
BEGIN

Segments and Groups:
N a m e
Size Align
Combine Class
CODESG
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

16
PARA
NONE
CODE

STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PARA
STAC
STAC
Symbols:
N a m e
Type Value
Attr
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC
CODESG Length 16
__________________________________________________________________________
. .1. .

PAGE TITLE. SEGMENT PROC ASSUME
END .

.
. .

.
p
SS p.
SEGMENT 16
. .
DB
12 STAC SEG
. C 12 .
ASCII .
. . 6
6 128 .
.
p CS
. ASSUME

PUSH DS 1E
. SUB AX AX
2B C 1.
.
.
END BEGIN e
PROC .
.
EXASM1.LST PAGE
p 132 .
.
MODE LPT1:132 6

.
.

.
N MASM .. MASM N.

.

.
p
..
a .

.

.

.
: OBJ LST CRF.

________________________________________________________________
c
. EXASM1.OBJ
.

.

. LIN

.

DOS A
B.

LIN
C.

LIN Return.
MASM
:

Object Modules .OBJ :

Run file EXASM1.EXE :
List file NUL.MAP :
Libraries .LIB :
B:EXASM1
B:
CON
Return
EXASM1.OBJ
EXASM1.EXE
EXASM1.MAP

OBJ
.

A:EXASM1.EXE . B:
.
.

LIN y
NUL.MAP .. MAP . MAP

LIN .
. CON
.

. MAP
:
Start
Stop
Length
Name
H
2 H
15H
FH
16H
6 H
CODESG

STAC SG
Return
LIN y.
DOS.
y
.

LIN . . p LIN .

________________________________________________________________

. . .2
EXASM1. EXE
B :
B:EXASM1.EXE
B:EXASM1
DOS EXE COM

.
DEBUG.
DEBUG B:EXASM1.EXE
DOS DEBUG
EXE .
.
D SS:
12
STAC SEG.
D CS:
:
1E2BC 5 B823 1 525 8BD8 3 ...

123 25 23 1 25 .

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
. .2. .
R p
T .
PUSH
DS .

. RET Q
Quit .
dir :
DIR B:EXASM1.

: EXASM1.BA
EXASM1.ASM
EDLIN
EXASM1.ASM EXASM1.OBJ
EXASM1.LST
EXASM1.EXE
EXASM1.CRF.

.

.

DOS CH DS . OBJ CRF BA
LST ERASE DEL :
ERASE B:EXASM1.OBJ ...
ASM
EXE .

. c.

________________________________________________________________
. .1
.

.
2 .2.3
. . .3

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
1
2
3

5 2

6

8

1
11
page 6 132
TITLE EXASM2 EXE

DB
32 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

12 FA
FLDA
DW
25
13 2 D
FLDB
DW
125

1
FLDC
DW
15 6
DATASG ENDS
16

1
18
BEGIN PROC
FAR

1
ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC SG ES:NO
THING
2 1E
PUSH
DS
DS

21 1 2B C
SUB
AX AX

22 3 5
PUSH
AX
23 B8 R
MOV
AX DATASG
DATASG
2 8E D8
MOV
DS AX
DS
25
25 AX
26 A1 R
MOV
AX FLDA
2 C 3 6 2 R
ADD
AX FLDB
125 AX
28 1 A3 R
MOV
FLDC AX
FLDC
DOS
2 13 CB
RET
3 1
BEGIN ENDP
31 1
CODESG ENDS
32
END
BEGIN

N a m e
Size Align
Combine Class
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PARA
NONE
CODE

DATA
DATASG
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
PARA
NONE

STAC
STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . PARA
STAC
Symbols:
N a m e
Type Value
Attr
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC
CODESG Length 1
FLDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . L WORD

DATASG
FLDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . L WORD
DATASG
2

FLDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . L WORD
DATASG
__________________________________________________________________________
. .3. .
DW Define Word c
32
. 32

.
STAC SEG p.3.2
DEBUG.
: 32 .

.
. .3 DATASG
.
DW. FLDA
25 . FA . .
FLDB 125 p
. D.
FA D c
DEBUG.
FLDC
.
CODESG
. ASSUME
DATASG DS.
ES
. PUSH SUB PUSH

:
B8 R
8E D8
MOV AX DATASG
MOV DS AX
MOV DATASG AX.

DATASG. :
B8 R
a
DATASG
. p
c
R
.
MOV AX DS.
ASSUME
DS DS
DATASG.
.
DS
MOV DS DATASG
c
DS. DS
.
DS SS
CS SS CS

DS ES .
c
.
.
.

.

. .3 .
DEBUG
.

________________________________________________________________

CRF
.
o B:
B:
CRF p
.
.
CREF. :
Cref filename .CRF :
List filename cross ref.REF :
CRF .. B:EXASM1.
.
CRF
EXASM1.REF B.
DOS
PRINT. CREF.
__________________________________________________________________________
EXASM2
EXE
Symbol Cross Reference
is definition
Cref 1
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . .
18
32
CODE . . . . . . . . . . . .
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
31
DATA . . . . . . . . . . . .
DATASG . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
15
1
FLDA . .
FLDB . .
FLDC . .

STAC. .
STAC SG.
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
12
13
1
26
2
28
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
23
1
1 Symbols
__________________________________________________________________________
. . . .
. .
. .3. c
p
.
p. n
LST
.
c . CODESG
1 1 32.

________________________________________________________________
OBJ
OBJ EXE .
M ASM
LIN CREF Return.
.
CREF .

.
CH DS .

.

________________________________________________________________
.1. MASM
TEMPY.ASM LST OBJ CRF
B.
.2. TEMPY
.1
DEBUG
DOS.

.3. : file.BA
file.ASM file.LST file.CRF file.OBJ file.EXE
file.MAP.
. . DS
DATSEG.
.5. :

.3 AL
AL SHL
.18 BL
AL BL MUL BL .
RET.
.

. .
DEBUG
.
.6. .5 :
DB
FLDA .28 FLDB .1
DW
FLDC
FLDA AL

AL FLDB MUL
FLDB
AX FLDC.

DEBUG.
5

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.
:

DB DW o .

.

.. :
MOV AL 2 H
2
. o

c.

________________________________________________________________
:
c.
:
Dn

.
3.
: DB
DW DD DQ DT
.
:
FLD1
DB
25

FLDB
DB
:
FLD3
DB
11 12 13 1 15 16 ...
c .
FLD3 11 FLD3 1
12. FLD3 FLD3 .
MOV AL FLD3 3
AL 1 . E .
:
Dn DUP ...
:
DW
DB
DB
1 DUP

.1
5 DUP 1
3 DUP DUP 8
8
8888 p
.
.

. o
PC PC .

ASCII.
DB p

. DB
. .5.1
.
__________________________________________________________________________

1 5 65
61 6C
5
12 2
13 2
1 5
15 1 A
5 2
21 33 32
26
A
page
6 132
EXE
TITLE EXDEF

FLD1DB DB
2 3 6F 6E FLD2DB DB
2 3 6F 6D
65 2
FLD3DB DB
FLD DB DB
FLD5DB DB
1 E 2 6 FLD6DB DB
3 D 1 52
36 35 3
FLD DB DB

FLD8DB DB
DB:

Personal Computer .
32

2 H
.
1 11 1B
1 JAN 2 FEB 3 MAR
3265
1 DUP

FLD1DW
FLD2DW
FLD3DW
FLD DW
3
32
3
36
FFF
5
21 R
3
8

5
A
E 3 5
52 3C F
56 11
5A E

62
6A
2
A
8
DW
DW
DW
DW
FLD5DW DW

FLD1DD
FLD2DD
FLD3DD
FLD DD
31 FLD5DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD

FLD1DQ DQ
D FLD2DQ DQ

3C F FLD3DQ DQ

FLD1DT DT

3 5 FLD2DT DT

DW:

FFF H
.
1 11 1B
FLD DB

3 8
5 DUP
DD:

PC

325 2

FLD3DB FLD2DB

1
. DQ:

D H
.
325 2
DT:

PC
8E
DATASG ENDS
END

N a m e
Size Align
Combine Class
DATASG . . . . . . . . . 8E PARA
NONE
DATA
Symbols:
FLD1DB
FLD1DD
FLD1DQ
FLD1DT
FLD1DW
FLD2DB
FLD2DD
FLD2DQ
FLD2DT
FLD2DW
FLD3DB
FLD3DD
FLD3DQ
FLD3DW
FLD DB
FLD DD
FLD DW
FLD5DB
FLD5DD
FLD5DW
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
e
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Type
L BYTE
L DWORD
L QWORD
L TBYTE
L WORD
L BYTE
L DWORD
L QWORD
L TBYTE
L WORD
L BYTE
L DWORD
L QWORD
L WORD
L BYTE
L DWORD
L WORD
L BYTE
L DWORD
L WORD
Value

A
62
A
3
1
E
6A
8
32
12
52
2
3
13
56
36
1
5A

Attr
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG
DATASG Length 5
FLD6DB . . . . . . . . . L BYTE
15
DATASG
FLD DB . . . . . . . . . L BYTE
DATASG
21
26
FLD8DB . . . . . . . . . L BYTE
DATASG Length A
__________________________________________________________________________
.5.1. .

a . .

.
.
.

D
125 125D.

. . 125 .
D.
.
. F H.

. . 2EH
FFFH 2E FF F

.
.
1 B.

AND OR XOR TEST. 12 . C 11 B
: . C 11
.
.
Q O
253Q. .

ASM.

DB 12
ASCII .3132 o
DB 12 . C.
.5.1
.
.
DB
________________________________________________________________

DB . p
DB
. FLD2DB FLD DB .5.1 . FLD2DB

Personal Computer .
ASCII . .2 .
DB
. .
p.
. F
8 FF .
12 128.
.5.1 FLD3DB FLD DB
FLD5DB FLD8DB. FLD6DB
.
DW
________________________________________________________________
DW
. DW
PC

CP . DW
.
DW
. . .
. FFF
8 FFFF .
32 6 32 68.
.5.1 FLD1DW FLD2DW
. FLD3DW
FLD DB. 21 R
.
FLD DB 21.
FLD DW .
o
.
DW DD DQ
. .
123 5 .3 3
3 3 .
DD
________________________________________________________________
DD c
.
.
. . FFFFFFF
8 FFFFFFFF
.
21 836 21 836 8.

.5.1 FLD3DD .
FLD DD
FLD2DB. FLD5DD
.
DD .
.
123 5 . 3 3
o 3 3 .
DD
.

FLD2DD .
DQ
________________________________________________________________
DQ
.
16 . .
. 15 F.
. 1 15
:
1152 215 6 68 6 6
. 5.1 FLD2DQ FLD3DQ
. DQ
.
DD DW.
DQ a
DD DW.
DT
________________________________________________________________
DT .

. .13 . DT

a.
.5.1 DT
.
.5.1 .
X c

LIN
MAP

: Warning: No STAC Segment :
LIN There were 1 errors detected
1 .
DEBUG .5.2.
__________________________________________________________________________
D: D DEBUG D:EXDEF.EXE
D
1 21: 5 65 2 3
1 21: 1 65 2 2 2 5
1 21: 2 52 33 32 36 35
1 21: 3 F FF 5 21
1 21:
1 21: 5 3C F
1 21: 6
1 21: 3C F
D
1 21: 8 3
1 21: 3E 36 33 33 3
1 21: A 1C 6 63 63 3E
1 21: B 18 18 18 18 3C
1 21: C 63 63 63 63 3E
1 21: D C3 C3 66 3C 18
1 21: E DB DB FF 66 66
6F
1
3

6E
A

3

11

61 6C
1 E

2
2

3
6

E

6F
5

D

6D
2

8

3

5
D

3
31

1

5

.Personal Comput
.er Y.JAN.FEB.MA
R3265 ..........
..Y. ...........
..............CP
.. ...........1.
..........GM....
.. .............

A
A
A
A
A
A

E
E
E
E
E
E

3E
FF
63
C3
C3
C3

63
DB
63
C3
C3
C3
33
63

63
C3
C3
66
33
3
18
63
C3
C3
3C
....CP........33
633s....... cc
..cc ...........
.... .......cccc
cccc ...........
..f ............
...ff.........f
1 21: F 18 3C 66 C3 C3 A E C3 C3 C3 66 . f............f
Q
__________________________________________________________________________
.5.2. .

Personal Computer .

________________________________________________________________
. 2.1 2
.
MOV
AX 123H
. 123 AX.
B823 1 B8
AX a
. :
.

o c
MOV
:
:
AMT1 DW
123H
MOV AX AMT1

.

AL :
MOV AL 123H

ADD AX 25H

25
25 .

p
123H 2 1
. 123 1 1 11
. 123 .

:
:
MOV CMP.
ADC ADD SBB SUB.

RCL RCR ROL ROR SHL SAR SHR.
AND OR TEST XOR.
:
:
:
.5.3
.
.

.
__________________________________________________________________________

1
3

11
13
15
1
1B
1D
1F
23
25
28
2B
3
3
page
6 132
EXIMM
EXE .

SEGMENT PARA Data
DB

DW
ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR
ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATASG
BB 113
3 3C 1
5

A
C
TITLE

DATASG
FLD1
FLD2
DATASG
1
8
1C
8
D
D
D1
D
D1
D1
D
2
8
F6
8
5
C C
5
2E R 5
D3
DC
6 1 R
C8
E1
FB
2E R
2C
CF 2A
C3 A
36 R 23
MOV
CMP
:

BX 2 5
AL H

ADC
ADD
SBB
SUB
:

AL 5

BH 12

AL 5

FLD1 5
RCL
RCR
ROL
ROR
SAL
SAR
SHR
1 :

BL 1
AH 1

FID2 1

AL 1

CX 1
BX 1
.
FLD1 1

:

AL 1 11 B AND
OR
BH 2AH
TEST
BL AH
FLD1 23H XOR
AND
OR
TEST
OR
BEGIN ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
__________________________________________________________________________
.5.3. .

. . . .11 .
EQU
________________________________________________________________
EQU
.
EQU:
TIMES
EQU 1
TIMES
.
TIMES 1 .

FIELDA
DB
TIMES DUP
FIELDA
DB
1 DUP
EQU
:
COUNTR
EQU 5
...
MOV CX COUNTR
COUNTR MOV 5 c

MOV CX 5
EQU
COUNTR.

EQU. EQU
. EQU
:
1.
2.
TP EQU TOTALPAY
MPY EQU MUL
p
TOTALPAY. TP
TOTALPAY.
MPY MUL.

________________________________________________________________

.
EMPWAGE.
DB

.
. .
AX 25
. 25:
ADD AX 25
ADD AX 25H
25
3
DW DD DQ
.
DB AL AH BL
.. DW AX BX CX .. .
DD DQ .

: AL
BH
AX BX .

________________________________________________________________
5.1.
: DW DD DT DB DQ
5.2. TITLE1
RGB Electronics.
5.3.
FLDA FLDE:
a
.
115
b .
25
c
d
25
e DW 16 1
2 2 3 .
5. . . DB 26
DB 26.
5.5. . DB 26H DW
26 5H DD 25 33AH DQ 25 33AH.
5.6. :

32 AX
FLDB
. BX
. CX
FLDB
CH .
5. .
5.2 5.3 5.6. .
.
DEBUG. LST
. MODE
LPT1:132 6 .
6
COM
__________________________________________________________________________
: COM
COM .
________________________________________________________________

EXE . LIN
EXE
p 512 . .22
.
COM .
COM COMMAND.COM. EXE2BIN.COM
DOS EXE COM .
BIN
EXE in EXE to BIN . in
COM .
EXE COM
________________________________________________________________
EXE2BIN EXE COM
c
EXE COM .
. EXE
COM
6 . COM EXE
COM 512
EXE .

COM
. EXE
COM .

.
. EXE
DS .
COM .
.
. EXE
DS. COM
. COM

PSP 256 . 1
DOS COM EXE
. . 1 PSP
SEGMENT ORG 1 H.
. EXE COM
OBJ
EXE . EXE
. COM
:

Warning: No STAC Segment
:

. EXE COM
EXE2BIN. EXE2BIN
A CALC.EXE B.
EXE2BIN B:CALC B:CALC.COM

EXE
EXE. CALC.COM .
COM EXE2BIN BIN
COM.
OBJ EXE .
EXE
COM .
COM
________________________________________________________________
EXCOM1 .6.1
. .3 COM .
COM :
.
ASSUME
. CS
PSP .
ORG 1 .
PSP.
ORG 1 H
.
.
JMP
.
:
MASM

LIN
EXE2BIN B:EXCOM1 B:EXCOM1.COM
DEL B:EXCOM1.OBJ B:EXCOM1.EXE OBJ EXE
EXE COM 88 2 .
COM
COM .
RET DEBUG B:EXCOM1.COM.

JMP .

.
__________________________________________________________________________
page 6 132
TITLE XCOM1 COM
ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:CODESG SS:CODESG ES:CODESG
ORG
1 H
PSP

BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

FLDA
DW
25

FLDB
DW
125

FLDC
DW

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
MOV
AX FLDA
25 AX
125 AX
ADD
AX FLDB
FLDC
MOV
FLDC AX
RET
DOS
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.6.1. COM .
COM
________________________________________________________________
COM DOS
o p.
6 DOS
SP c .FFFE.
. 6
DOS . DOS
.

. DIR p
.

COM .

________________________________________________________________
COM
. EXE2BIN o

. SEGMENT
ASSUME END. ORG 1 H

.
COM
DEBUG
D CS:1 .
RET
Q . INT 2 H
RET.
EXE COM
.

________________________________________________________________
COM 6 .
COM EXE .
COM
DS.
COM
ORG 1 H SEGMENT
.
EXE2BIN EXE COM
COM .
DOS COM
.

________________________________________________________________
6.1. COM
6.2.
COM
6.3. COM

6. . SAMPLE.EXE.
DOS COM .
6.5. .6 COM
DEBUG.

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
:
: JMP
:
LOOP
:
Jnnn
:
CALL
: SHORT NEAR FAR.
SHORT p
. NEAR FAR CALL
SHORT.
IP FAR
CS.
JMP
________________________________________________________________

JMP. ..
.
COM . .1 JMP. p AX
BX CX 1
:
1 AX
AX BX
CX.

AX:
1 2 3 ... BX: 1 3 6 1 ... CX: 1 2 8...
A2 : o
BEGIN .

JMP A2
c
A2 .
.
.
__________________________________________________________________________

1
1
1 B8 1
page 6 132
TITLE EXJUMP COM JMP
ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:CODESG SS:CODESG
ORG
1 H
MAIN
PROC
MOV
NEAR
AX 1
AX
1 3
1 6
1
1
1 C
1 E
11
112
112
BB 1
B 1
5
3
D1
EB
1
D8
E1
F
A2 :
BX 1
CX 1
MOV
MOV
BX
CX
1 AX
ADD
AX 1
ADD
BX AX
1 BX
SHL
CX 1
CX
A2
JMP
A2
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
MAIN
__________________________________________________________________________
. .1. JMP.
:
A2 :
ADD
AX 1
:
A2 :
ADD
AX 1
A2 ADD.
A2 NEAR. :
.
A2
JMP
EBF . EB
JMP F .
JMP F IP p
JMP 112 :
:
JMP:
:
.
2

265
.
112
F

1
.1 .

.1 . JMP
.
JMP 128 12
SHORT.
FF. JMP FAR

.

. JMP .
JMP p
:
A5 :
...
JMP A5
.

JMP A
A :
...
NEAR FAR 3
.
SHORT:
A :
JMP SHORT A
...

COM .

. DEBUG COM
. AX
8 BX CX .2
.36 .8
.128
. Q.
LOOP
________________________________________________________________
JMP . .1 .
.
LOOP
CX. LOOP
CX 1. CX
CX
LOOP .
__________________________________________________________________________
page 6 132
TITLE EXLOOP COM LOOP
ORG
1 H

1
1
1
1 3
1 6
1
1 C
1 C
1 D
1 F
111
B8
BB
BA
B
1
1
1
A

3 D8
D1 E2
E2 F
113 C3
11
11
BEGIN
A2 :
PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
NEAR
AX 1
BX 1
DX 1
CX 1
INC
ADD
SHL
LOOP
AX
BX AX
DX 1
A2
AX
BX

DX

1 AX
AX BX
DX
CX

RET
ENDP
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
BEGIN
CODESG
. .2. LOOP.
. .2 LOOP
. .1
. MOV
CX 1 . LOOP CX
1 CX
DX. JMP A2 LOOP
ADD AX 1 INC AX AX
1 .
JMP LOOP
LOOP A2
. LOOP
128 12 .
Relative jump out of range
.
LOOP
. .1
COM .
DEBUG. CX
p AX BX DX . B
2 . Q.
LOOP LOOPE
LOOPZ LOOPNE LOOPNZ .
CX 1. LOOPE
CX ZF1 .
LOOPNE CX
ZF .

________________________________________________________________

. p 16
.

.
:
:
:
15 1 13 12 11 1 8 6 5
3 2 1
O D I T S Z A P C
.
CF Carry Flag .
1
. .12 .
PF Parity Flag .
p .
1.
.
AF Auxiliary Carry Flag
.
1
3 .

ASCII .
ZF Zero Flag .
a .

.
..
e .. .
JE JZ .
SF SIgn Flag .

p:
1.
JG JL .
TF Trap Flag .

DEBUG. c
..
.
IF Interrupt Flag .
.
DF DIrection Flag .
.
SI DI

. .11 .
OF Overflow Flag .
..
.
: CMP
AF CF OF PF SF ZF.
.
BX :
B5 :
BX
CMP BX
B5
JZ B5
.

.
BX
...
BX CMP
ZF .
JZ ZF.
ZF
.. B5 .

________________________________________________________________
LOOP
CX :
.

.

.
.
LOOP . .2 :
CX
:
LOOP
LOOP A2
DEC CX
JNZ A2
DEC JNZ LOOP:

CX 1 A2 CX
. DEC
1. JNZ .
LOOP
: DEC JNZ.
JMP LOOP JNZ c
JNZ A2
.
128 12 .
Relative jump out of range
.

.

: .
:
.

.
.
AX 11 11
BX 1 11 .
CMP AX BX
AX BX.
AX .

JE JZ
JNE JNZ
JA JNBE
JAE JNB
JB JNAE
JBE JNA

ZF
ZF
ZF CF
CF
CF
CF AF
.
JB JNAE
JB JNAE.

JE JZ
JNE JNZ
JG JNLE
JGE JNL
JL JNGE
JLE JNG

ZF
ZF
ZF SF OF
SF OF
SF OF
ZF SF OF
JE JZ
JNE JNZ
. .

JS
JNS
JC
JNC
JO
JNO
JP JPE
JNP JP

JB

SF
SF
CF
CF
OF
OF
PF
PF

CX .
p
.
JCXZ
CX .
.

.
.

. JAE JGE
.
CALL
________________________________________________________________
o
:
BEGIN
PROC FAR
.
.
BEGIN
ENDP
FAR
ENDP .

PROC ENDP.
. .3.
__________________________________________________________________________
CODESG SEGMENT PARA

BEGIN PROC
FAR
CALL
B1
CALL
C1
RET
BEGIN ENDP

B1
PROC
NEAR
RET
B1
ENDP

C1
PROC
NEAR
RET
C1
ENDP

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
L
__________________________________________________________________________
. .3. .
:
PROC B1 C1 NEAR

.
NEAR.

ENDP .
BEGIN :
CALL B1 CALL C1 . CALL
B1 .
RET
CALL B1 . CALL
C1
RET.
RET .
BEGIN B1 C1
BEGIN. BEGIN
DOS RET
DOS. B1
RET B1
C1 . C1
RET
C1 .

. CALL
128 12 .
NEAR
.
CALL
RET .

________________________________________________________________

PUSH
DOS EXE .
o .
CALL
CALL
. RET

.
PUSH
. POP
. SP ..
.
RET CALL .
CALL
.
.
32 .
PUSH PUSHF CALL INT INTO
. POP POPF RET IRET
a .
EXE
:
DS ES: 256
.1
.
CS: .
IP: .
SS: .
SP: .
32 6
DW
32 DUP
SP 6 . .
EXE . . .
.
__________________________________________________________________________
2
TITLE
CALLPROC EXE

STAC SG SEGMENT PARA STAC Stack
DW
32 DUP

STAC G ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG SS:STAC SG
PUSH
DS
1E
1 2B C
SUB
AX AX
3 5
PUSH
AX
E8 8 R
CALL
B1
B1
...

CB

RET
8
BEGIN ENDP

B1
PROC
8
8 E8 C R
C1
CALL
C1

...
B C3
RET

B1
ENDP
C

C
C1
PROC

...
RET
C C3

D

C1
ENDP

D
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
. . . .

. PUSH SP 2
DS f
.. B 3E. PUSH SP
2 AX B 3C.
CALL B1 SP
B 3A. CALL C1
SP B
B 38.
C1 RET B
B 38 IP SP
2.
B .. B1 .
RET B1
B 3A IP SP 2.

. RET
FAR.
.
DEBUG.
3 3F SP:
:
PUSH DS F
PUSH AX
CALL B1
CALL C1 B

SP
F
F
F
F

3E
3C
3A
38
B

|
|
3 36
:
RET
RET
F
F
|
|
|
|
38 3A 3C 3E
3A
3C
.
.
DEBUG
IP
.
:
________________________________________________________________

c
o
. p

.
. .11

.
EXE . .5 c
NAME1 NAME2 NAME3.
NAME1 NAME2 NAME2
NAME3.
MOV .
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
65 132
EXE
TITLE EXMOVE

DW
32 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

NAME1 DB
ABCDEFGHI

J LMNOPQR
NAME2 DB
STUVWXYZ
NAME3 DB
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC SG ES:DATASG
PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
JUMP
CALL
B1 MOVE
CALL
C1 MOVE
CALL
RET

BEGIN ENDP

B1 MOVE
B2 :
JUMP
:

PROC
LEA
SI NAME1

LEA
DI NAME2
NAME1 NAME2

MOV
CX
MOV
MOV
INC
INC
DEC
JNZ
RET
B1 MOVE ENDP

C1 MOVE
C2
AL SI
DI AL
SI
DI
CX
B2
NAME1
NAME2
NAME1
NAME2

LOOP
LOOP:

PROC
LEA
SI NAME2

NAME2 NAME3
LEA
DI NAME3

MOV
CX
MOV
MOV
INC
INC
LOOP
AL SI
DI AL
DI
SI
C2
NAME2
NAME3
NAME2
NAME3

RET
C1 MOVE ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
. .5. .
BEGIN
B1 MOVE C1 MOVE. B1 MOVE
NAME1 NAME2.
NAME1
..:
NAME1:
NAME2:
A B C D E F G H I
| | | | | | | | |
J
L M N O P Q R
NAME1 NAME2 CX
SI DI . LEA
a NAME1 NAME2 SI DI:
LEA SI NAME1
LEA DI NAME2

NAME1 NAME2
NAME1
NAME2 SI DI. k
MOV
c.
MOV AL SI
: SI ..NAME1
AL.
MOV
DI AL
: AL
DI .. NAME2 .
SI DI
SH. CX
B2 .
SI DI 1 MOV
NAME1 1 NAME2 1.
NAME1 8 NAME2 8.
C1 MOVE B1 MOVE :
NAME2 NAME3 LOOP
DEC JNZ.
: . .5
DEBUG.
.
NAME2 NAME3 D DS: .
: AND OR XOR TEST NOT
________________________________________________________________

. AND OR
XOR TEST .

ASCII ..13 .
CF OF PF SF ZF.
AND: 1 1
.
OR: 1
1 .
XOR: 1
1 1
.
TEST: AND .

. AND OR XOR
:
AND
1 1
11

1
OR
1 1
11

111
XOR
1 1
11

11
AL 11
1 1 BH 1 1 11 :
1.
2.
3.
.
5.
6.
AND
OR
XOR
AND
AND
OR
AL BH
BH AL
AL AL
AL
AL FH
CL CL
AL 1 1
BH 11 1 11 1
AL
AL
AL 1 1
SF ZF
3 . 5
AL. CMP
OR :
1.
2.
OR
JZ
OR
JS
CX CX
...
CX CX
...

CX

CX

TEST AND
. :
1.
2.
3.
TEST
JNZ
TEST
JNZ
TEST
JZ
BL 1111 B
...
AL 1B
...
DX OFFH
...
BL

AL

DX

NOT p
:
. p AL 11 1 1
NOT AL 11 1 1 . .
NOT NEG

.
.1. .
:
________________________________________________________________

.
.

YES yes
. A Z .
1
5A a z . 61 A.
p 1
:
:
A:
Z:
65 321
1 1
1 11 1
:
a:
z:
65 321
11 1
1111 1
COM . .6
TITLEX TITLEX 1.
BX TITLEX 1
AH TITLEX 1.
.61 A AND 5 :
AND AH 11 11111B

a z .
TITLEX
BX
.
__________________________________________________________________________

1
1 EB 1C
3
3
2

65
65
68

65
2
2
61
6F
2
6C
3
6E
2
63
65
6
5
61

COM .
TITLE CASE
CODESG SEGMENT PARA CODE
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

65 TITLEX DB
Change to uppercase letters

3

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
8D 1E 1 R
LEA
BX TITLEX 1 .
B 1F
MOV
CX 31

B2 :
TITLEX
8A 2
MOV
AH BX

8 FC 61
CMP
AH 61H
2 A
JB
B3

8 FC A
CMP
AH AH

5

JA
B3
8 E DF
AND
AH 11 11111B
88 2
MOV
BX AH
TITLEX
B3 :

3
INC
BX
31
E2 EC
LOOP
B2
C3
RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
11E
11E
122
125
125
12
12A
12C
12F
131
13
136
136
13
13
13A
13A
. .6. .
BX
.
SI DI.

________________________________________________________________

:

8 16
.
1 c
1 CL.

CF
. c:
SHR
SHL
SAR
SAL

SHR:
MOV
MOV
SHR
SHR
CL 3
AX 1 11 111B
AX 1
AX CL

AX:
1 11 111
1 11 11
1 11
1
3
SHR AX 1 .
CF
AX . c
AX . CF 1
1 AX .
SAR:
MOV
MOV
SAR
SAR
CL 3
AX 1 11 111B
AX 1
AX CL

AX:
1 11 111
11 11 11
11111 11
1
3
SAR SHR:
.
.
.
. p
SHL SAL .

2.
. 5
2 3

CF 1.
2
CL 2.
CF JC
.

.
:
ROR
ROL
RCR
RCL
ROR:
MOV
MOV
ROR
ROR
CL 3
BX 1 11 111B
BX 1
BX CL

BX:
1 11 111
11 11 11
1111 11
1
3
ROR
BX .
ROR .
RCR RCL CF.
CF CF
.

. 32
DX:AX 16 DX
AX. 2 c :
SHL AX 1
RCL DX 1

DX:AX 2
SHL AX
CF. RCL
DX CF.

________________________________________________________________
:
1.
.
2.
.
p . .5 c
.
LOOP.

:

:

:

1
1:

3.
. 25
.
. .

.
5.

.
XLAT .
6.
.

LEA SI DI .

.

________________________________________________________________
B2 :
NEAR. .
LOOP
128 12 .
. . 1 F 1 12
. FF 8 1 128.
1

.
5 .
CX
LOOP
. LOOP
.

.
MOV
.
c
.

.
CALL
RET.

RET .

COM .
. :
MOV AX SI
MOV AX SI
MOV AX SI.
MOV
SI.

.

________________________________________________________________
.1. p
JMP LOOP

.2. JMP . 62 .
. JMP: 2 6B C6.
.3. 12 : 1 1 2 3 5
8 13 ...
. LOOP.

DEBUG
.
. . AX BX a CX
DX . CMP
:

DX CX
BX AX
CX

BX AX
DX CX
.5.

a

.6.
. . BEGIN RET
. . PROC p
FAR NEAR
.8.
. . EXE A1 B1 B1 C1
C1 D1 . DOS

.1 . BL 111 11
BOONO 1111 1. BL
: XOR BL BOONO AND BL BOONO OR BL BOONO XOR
BL 11111111B AND BL B.
.11. . .6 :
TITLEX .
.12. DX 1 111 1 1 111 1
p CL 3. DX
: SHR DX 1 SHR DX CL SHL DX CL SHL DL 1
ROR DX CL ROR DL CL SAL DH 1.
.13.
AX 1 .
.1 .
DX:AX 2.
:
8 DX:AX:BX 2.
8
I:
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

o

.
. c

.

ASCII
.
INT .

.

.

INT 1 H
BIOS.
INT 21H
DOS.

Return. p DOS INT 21H

BIOS.
BW
. . 1
.
: INT
________________________________________________________________
INT DOS
BIOS
.
.
INT
:
2

TF IF
2
CS
2

INT.
.

.
: BIOS INT 1 H
DOS INT 21H .
INT 1 H
INT 21H.

________________________________________________________________

.
25 2 8
.
:
________________________________________________________
.
.
______________
______________

________________________________________________________

F

12
3
2 28

2
18

2

18
F
________________________________________________________
INT 1 H
. 5
12 :
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH 2
BH
DH 5
DL 12
1 H

5
12
BIOS
2 AH INT 1 H
. DX
BH .
.
MOV c . :
MOV DX 5 CH
5 12

________________________________________________________________

. c
.
.
DX
BH 6 H AX.
:
MOV AX 6 H
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
BH
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H
AH 6
AL

BIOS
6 AH INT 1 H
.
.
. 18 F

.

.
: DOS
________________________________________________________________

.
DOS p
DOS 2. . DOS
DOS
. DOS

.
: DOS
________________________________________________________________
DOS
AH
DOS DOS INT 21H.
o
:
NAMPRMP
DB
.

.
MOV AH
LEA DX NAMPRMP
INT 21H

.
DOS
c
:
DB .
.

.
LEA NAMPRMP DX
DOS . NAMPRMP DX
LEA o
DOS DS DX DS:DX .
: ASCII
________________________________________________________________
256 ASCII
. . FF
ASCII
. 2 .
.8.1 COM
ASCII. B1 CLR
C1 SET D1 DISP. B1 CLR C1 SET
. D1 DISP
CTR
y 1
. FF.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
TITLE ALLASC
CODESC SEGMENT
ASSUME
ORG
BEGIN: JMP
CTR
DB
6 132
COM ASCII FF
PARA Code
CS:CODESG DS:CODESG SS:CODESG ES:NOTHING
1 H
SHORT MAIN
S

MAIN
:

NEAR
B1 CDR

C1 SET

D1 DISP
PROC
CALL
CALL
CALL
RET
ENDP
MAIN

B1 CLR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
B1 CLR ENDP
:

AX 6 H
BH
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

C1 SET PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
C1 SET ENDP

D1 DISP PROC
MOV
LEA
D2
MOV
INT
INC
LOOP
:

AN 2
BN
DX
1 H
ASCII :

CX 256
DX CTR
256

AH
21H
CTR
D2

CX

RET
D1 DISP ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.8.1. ASCII

. 8 . D c
. :
.8.1
COM .
:ASCII.COM.
.
. 1 2 . 3
5 . . 6
. 8 D
. D
. . E .
. F .
.

. 8 D. o
. 8 D :
D3 :
D :
CMP
JB
CMP
JBE
CTR 8H
D3
CTR DH
D
MOV AH H
...
INT 21H
INC CTR
8

D

8

D
: DOS
________________________________________________________________
.
DOS c

INT.
.

.

.

. LABEL BYTE.
.
.FF 255.
DOS
.
.
NAMEPAR
MAXLEN
ACTLEN
NAMEFLD
LABEL
DB
DB
DB
BYTE
2

2 DUP
LABEL
NAMEPAR MAXLEN a .
MASM
STRUC.

c .2 .
AH
1 . AH NAMEPAR
DX INT 21H:
MOV AH AH
LEA DX NAMEPAR
INT 21H

DOS
INT
c
2
. Return.
. D NAMEFLD
. BROWN Return c
:
.: |2 | 5| | R| O| W| N| | | | | | ...
.: |1 | 5| 2|52| F|5 | E| D|2 |2 |2 |2 | ...
ACTLEN
5. Return
NAMEFLD 5.
. D . 2
. D
1 .
:
________________________________________________________________
EXE . 8.2
.

Return .
TED SMITH:
1. 2
2. 36
SHR E1 CENT o
2. 1 1
1 . NEG . ADD
DL 36.
12 36
:
12:
:
TED SMITH
| |

36
E1 CODE c
:
MOV NAMEFLD BX
BX
MOV BX NAMEFLD
. 5
NAMEFLD 5 Return .
E1 CODE .
F1 CENT p
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE CTRNAME EXE

STSC SG SEGMENT PARA STAC Stack
DW
32 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE
:
MAXNLEN DB
2
.

NAMELEN DB
NAMEFLD DB
2 DUP
PRIMPT DB
Name
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC SG ES:DATASC
PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUCH
AX
MOV
AX DATASC
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
CALL
Q1 CLR
MOV
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CMP
JE
CALL
DX
Q2 CURS
B1 PRMP
D1 INPT
Q1 CLR
NAMELEN
A3
E1 CODE
CALL
JMP
A3 :
F1 CENT
A2 LOOP
A2 LOOP:
BEGIN ENDP

B1 PRMP PROC
MUV
LEA
INT
RET
B1 PRMP ENDP

D1 INPT PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
D1 INPT ENDP

E1 CODE PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
RET
E1 CODE ENDP

F1 CENT PROC
MOV
SHR
NEG
ADD
MOV
CALL
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
F1 CENT ENDP

Q1 CLR PROC
MOV
MOV
RET

DOS
:

NEAR

AN
DX PROMPT
21H
:

NEAR

AN AN
DX NAMEPAR
21H
:

NEAR
Return D
BN
BL NAMELEN
.
NAMEFLD BX
NAMEFLD BX 1
:

NEAR
DL NAMELEN
:
DL 1
2

DL

DL
DH 12

Q2 CURS

AN

DX NAMEFLD
21H
:

NEAR
AX 6 H
BH 3

MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 CLR

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

2
BIOS
:

DX
NEAR
AH 2

BH

BIOS
1 H
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.8.2. .
Return

o
Return.
Return y
:
. :
|1 | | D|...

Return . p
.
Return

: .
Return . D
NAMEFLD .2 . NAMELEN
c D.
NAMELEN 5 D NAMEFLD 5.
BX NAMEFLD:
MOV BH
MOV BL NAMELEN
MOV NAMEFLD BX 2 H
BX
5
D
MOV .2
o : NAMEFLD
BX .. NAMEFLD 5.

.
:
NAMEPAR .
1. BROWN
|1 | 5| 2|52| F|5 | E| D|2 |2 |2 | ... |2 |
2. HAMILTON |1 | 8| 8| 1| D| | C|5 | F| E| D| ... |2 |
3. ADAMS
|1 | 5| 1| | 1| D|53| D| F| E| D| ... |2 |
HAMILTON BROWN.
HAMILTON HAMIL.
T. ON o
NAMEFLD
B3 :
ADAMS
Return
ADAMS.
:
MOV CX 2
MOV SI
MOV NAMEFLD si 2 H

INC SI
LOOP B3
SI DI BX.

. NAMEFLD
DB
WORD a
PTR :
B3 :
MOV CX 1
LEA SI NAMEFLD
MOV
INC
INC
LOOP
WORD PTR SI 2 2 H

SI
SI
B3
1

1
MOV B3
SI. p
LEA SI
MOV 3
:
MOV WORD PTR NAMEFLD 2 2 H

.
c

.
: DOS
________________________________________________________________
DOS 2.
UNIX .
DOS
. file handle
y BX
. :
CON
CON
2
3
CON
AUX
LPT1 PRN
DOS INT 21H

AH: .3F . .
CX DX
.

CF AX
. o
CF 6 AX.
AX
CF
.
o
o .

p.
: DOS
________________________________________________________________

DOS:
DISAREA
DB
...
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
2 DUP
AH H
BX 1
CX 2
DX DISAREA
21H

DOS
LEA DX DISAREA DOS

.
AX
.
y .
CF 6 AX.
AX
CF.
:

DEBUG
. DEBUG A
1 p 1 .
DEBUG
:
1
1 2
1 5
1 8
1 B
1 D
1 E
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
DB
AH
BX 1
CX
DX 1 E
21

AH
. 1 F DX DB
.
Return.
U U 1 1 D .
R T .
INT 21H BIOS
1 B GO G 1 D RET.
. Q DOS.
: DOS
________________________________________________________________

DOS:
INAREA
DB
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
2 DUP
AH 3FH
BX
CX 2
DX INAREA
21H

DOS
LEA INAREA DX.

INT c

CX 2 . Return .
D . PC Users
Group INAREA :
PC Users Group . D . A

. D . A
.
p
. c
.
CF
AX
. 1
2
.. 16.
.
YES NO
p .

. CF AX
6 . AX

CF.

y CX .
CX 8 PC
Exchange . PC Excha
. AX
8. INT

.
ng AX
5.
CF .
INT:
INT:
PC Excha
ng D A
AX 8
AX 5

AX CX
AX CX D
A.
DOS AH
.
.
:

c
DEBUG.
12 .
DEBUG A 1
c 1 . DEBUG
.
1
1 2
1 5
1 8
1 B
1 D
1 F
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
JMP
DB
AH 3F
BX
CX C
DX 1 F
21
1

AH BX c
CX
DX 1 F DB .
.
Return.
U 1 1 8 .
R T MOV.
1 B G 1 D INT
BIOS .
Return. AX
CF D 1 F .
Q.

________________________________________________________________

:
CR
LF
TAB
ASCII
13
1

DH
AH
H

DOS. :
MESSAGE
DB
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
PC Users Group Annual Report 13 1

AH H

BX 1

CX 31
DX MESSAGE

21H
DOS
EQU
:
CR
LF
TAB
MESSAGE DB
EQU
EQU
EQU
TAB
13
1

PC Users Group Annual
EQU DH
EQU AH
EQU H
DB Report CR LF

________________________________________________________________
INT 1 BIOS
. INT 21H DOS
.

INT 21 INT 21H .
A BX CX
DX .
INT 21H DOS
.
.
.
DOS
. INT 21H

.
DOS
A BX
1.
DOS
3FH BX
.
.
.

________________________________________________________________
8.1.
25
8.2. :
12 8.
8.3. 12
22 .
8. .
.
. : DOS
DOS .
8.5.
8. . :
DOS DOS .
8.6.
.
8. . .8.2
:
12 15
15.
8.8. .8.2
DOS. .

II:
__________________________________________________________________________
:

.
________________________________________________________________
.8
.

.
BIOS 1
.
c
.

. B .
:
2 25 8

2
.

16
.B8 .
ASCII
BW .
p 3
8 c
.
.
.

________________________________________________________________

. 8 :
:
:
BL R G B
6 5
I R G B
3 2 1
RGB red
green blue . BL
3 I .

BW .
o:

RGB

111
RGB

1
111

.

:

111
1 111
1111
111
1111

8
F

F .

.
. INT
1 H. BL
AH : 6
8 .
p
.
. .
BIOS INT 1 H
________________________________________________________________
INT 1 H .
AH . c
BX CX DX SI BP.
.
AH : .
. p
c INT 1 H.
. AL
:

1
2
3

5
6

8 A
D
E
F
1
25
25 i6
8 25
8 25 16
32 2
32 2
6 2
8 25
PCjr
32 2 16 EGA
6 2 16 EGA
6 35 EGA
6 35 6 EGA
EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter

.
16 :
MOV AH
MOV AL 3
INT 1 H

8 25
BIOS

BIOS INT 11H. AX
5
:
1
1
11
25
8 25
8 25

p
AX INT 11H .
AH 1: .
ASCII .
. INT
. p .

INT 1 H :
CH CL
. p : 13
EGA p .

:
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH 1
CH
CL 13
1 H

BIOS

.
8 3 1 ..
. 12 13
6 .
AH 2: . c
c .
3 8
.
AH 2 BH DX
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH 2
BH
DH
DL
1 H

BIOS
AH 3: .
p
:
MOV AH 3
MOV BH
INT 1 H

BIOS
DH DL
. CH c
CL .
AH : . e
p.
AH 5: .
25
3.
8 8 25
3 .
MOV AH 5
MOV AL
INT 1 H

BIOS
AH 6: .

. p

. .
6 .
AL
.
AL .
.
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AX 6 1H
BH
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

:

2
BIOS
AL. BH

.. CX DX
. :
1. ROW
.
2. .
3. CMP
ROW 22 .
. ROW INC ROW .
5. ROW
.
AH : .
.
AH p
6 .
AH 8: .

:
MOV AH 8
MOV BH
INT 1 H
. .
.
BIOS
AL AH
. .
ASCII . c
.
AH : .

.. :
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH
AL
BH
BL
CX
1 H

..

BIOS
AL .
CX .
.
.
:
MOV AH
MOV AL 3H

MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
BH
BL F H
CX 5
1 H
.

BIOS

.

CX 1 AL
. CX
LOOP.

2 .
BL
.
1 XOR.
AH A: .
A A
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH AH
AL
BH
CX
1 H

BIOS
DOS INT 21H

.
AH E: .
.
AH . E p AL

BL BH.
H 8H AH
DH .

c
.
AH F: .
AL . AH p AH
2 8 BH .
AH13: AT .
AT
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
MOV
MOV
INT
AH 13H
AL
BH
BP
CX
DX
1 H

1 2 3

ES:BP

BIOS
:

1
2
3 .
:
________________________________________________________________
. .1
.

:
Name Francis Bacon
|

Francis Bacon
|

ROW COL
. INT 1 H .
2 .

.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE NMSCROLL EXE

DW
32 DUP

DW
32 DUP

STAC G ENDS

:
NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE
MAXNLEN DB
2
.
ACTNLEN DB

NAMEFLD DB
2 DUP
COL
DB

COUNT DB

Name
PROMPT DB

ROW
DB
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
DS
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H

CALL
Q1 CLR
A2 LOOP:
MOV
COL

CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
B1 PRMP
A3 :
CALL
CMP
JNE
MOV
CALL
RET
D1 INPT
ACTNLEN
A3
AX 6 H
Q1 CLR

..
CALL
JMP
ENDP
E1 NAME
A2 LOOP
BEGIN

B1 PRMP PROC
LEA
MOV
B2 :
MOV
CALL
INC
INC
CALL
DEC
JNZ
RET
B1 PRMP ENDP

D1 INPT PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
D1 INPT ENDP

E1 NAME PROC
LEA
MOV
E2 :
CALL
MOV
CALL
INS
INS
DES
JNZ
CMP
JAE
INC
RET
E3 :
MOV
CALL
RET
E1 NAME ENDP

F1 DISP PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV

:

NEAR
SI PROMPT

COUNT 5
BL H
F1 DISP
SI
COL
Q2 CURS
COUNT
B2
:

NEAR
AN AH
DX NAMEPAR
21H
:

NEAR
SI NAMEFLD

COL

Q2 CURS
BL FOH
F1 DISP
SI
COL
ACTNLEN
E2
ROW 2
E3
ROW

n

AX 6 1H
Q1 CLR

:

NEAR
BL
AN

AL SI

BH
MOV
CX 1

INT
1 H
BIOS
RET
F1 DISP ENDP

:

AX
Q1 CLR PROC
NEAR

MOV
BH
MOV
CX
MOV
DX 18 FH
BIOS
INT
1 H
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP
:

Q2 CURS PROC
NEAR
MOV
AN 2
MOV
BH
MOV
DH ROW
MOV
DL COL
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
. .1. .
D1 INPT DOS INT 21H.
BIOS INT 1 H :
1.
.
2. INT 1 H 8 8 AH BH.
AL.
3. AL RETURN

.
. AL .
5. AL RETURN .
6. .
. .
8. 2.
RETURN
.
ASCII
________________________________________________________________
ASCII 128 255 . 8 FF

. c
:
.
DA
BF
C
D
C
B3
INT 1 H
25 :
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
AH
AL C H
BH
BL FH
CX 25
1 H

25
BIOS
.

. B3.
:
.
B
B1
B2

.
DOS
________________________________________________________________
DOS
. AH
INT 21H.
AH 1: .
AL. AL
ASCII c
. AL

F1 PgUp.
.
. Ctrl Break.
AH 2: .
p DL.
.
AH : .
1 :
.. o
Ctrl Break.
AH 8: .
1 :
.. .
AH B: . .
FF AL
. 1 8
.
BIOS INT 16H
________________________________________________________________
BIOS INT 16H
AH
.
AH : . AL o
ASCII
AH. .
F1 AL
.
.
AH 1: .
ZF
AL
AH
.
AH 2: .
AL . 1 :

6
5
3
2
1

Ins
Caps Lock
Num Lock
Scroll Lock
Alt Shift
Ctrl Shift
Shift
Shift

________________________________________________________________
:
1. : a z
..
2. : End
Return Del Ins PgUp PgDn
.
3. : Alt Ctrl Shift
.

.
.

End .

.
1 Esc 83 Del
. 1 .53.
.
AH BIOS
INT 16H:

MOV AH
INT 16H
BIOS

. A
:
1. ASCII A . 1 AL
2. A .1E AH.
Ins
:
1. AL
2. Ins .52 AH.
INT 16H
AL. AL
.
:
MOV
INT
CMP
JZ
AH
16H
AL
exit

BIOS

. .2 .
.
.2A AL
AH
: . 8 .2
PrtSc.
:
CMP
JNE
CMP
JE
AL 2AH
EXIT1
AH H
EXIT2

__________________________________________________________________________

Alt A Alt Z
F1 F1
Home

PgUp

1E 2C
3B

8

B
D
End
F

5
PgDn
51
Ins
52
Del
53
__________________________________________________________________________
. .2.
c
:
MOV
INT
CMP
JNE
CMP
JNE
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
.
F1 :
AH
16H
AL
EXIT1
AH H
EXIT2
AH 2
BH
DX
1 H

Home

BIOS
F1 F1 .3B
.
CMP AH H
JE EXIT1
F1

EXIT1 .
BASIC.
IBM PC
Alt Ctrl Shift.

________________________________________________________________
2
2 .
16
BW .
ASCII
.

.
. RGB
.
BIOS INT 1 H :

.

.

INT 1 H
.
BIOS INT 16H
.

.

1 Esc 83 Del . 1 .53.

AL AH.

AL AH.

________________________________________________________________
.1.
.
.2. BW
8
5 12
1
. B1 .
.3. :
F3 Home PgUp.
. . DEBUG
AX .
A 1 Return . :
MOV AH
INT 16H
JMP 1
U 1 1 G 1
MOV INT. INT
.
AH . G 1
.
Q.
.5. :
PgDn 2
.
1
III:
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

. p
p
:
1.
.
2.
.
.
3. RGB

. RGB
.

CGA
Color Graphics Adapter 16
.B8 8 8 .
8 25 3
. 25
2 .
.

.
EGA Enhanced Graphics
Adapter
CGA
. 32 2 6 2
6 35 .
:

.
.
p BIOS INT 1 H
AH .
BIOS INT 1 H
:
MOV AH
MOV AH
MOV AL 3 MOV AL

INT 1 H
INT 1 H

________________________________________________________________

. BW

.
ASCII 256 BW
.
16 .
16 .

.

.
16 :
R

1
1
1
1
G

1
1

1
1
B

1

1

1

I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R

1
1
1
1
G

1
1

1
1
B

1

1

1

1
o
16 . .
.
.

p . . BL
BLinking RGB I
:
:
:
BL R G B
6 5
I R G B
3 2 1
.
:

BL

1

6
R

1

5
3
G B I

1
1
1 1 1
1 1
2
R

1

1

1
G

1

B .

1
1
1
1 23
D
1
A8

BW .
INT 11H. BW .
.
.
INT 1 H AH 6
AH AH .
:
MOV AH
MOV AL
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
BH
BL DAH
CX 5
1 H

BIOS

________________________________________________________________

pixel .
CGA :
1. ROM
1 16 .. .
16
.
Motorola 68 5 CRT.
: .3D 3D5.
2.
2 32 .
.. .
3. 2 6 .
16
BW .
8 .. .
.
ROM
128 ASCII . INT 1FH 1
128 . 8
.
p.

________________________________________________________________

3:
:
|C1 C |C1 C |C1 C |C1 C |

:
1
2
3
3.

: 1 1 11. p
16 1 1 11
. p :
C1

1
1

1

1
INT 1 H. p

: .
1 1 1 1 .
1 :
. 11 11
.
BIOS INT 1 H

AH INT 1 H .
AH11 INT 1 H
. AH :
AH : . AH
p AL :
MOV AH
MOV AL
INT 1 H

32 2

. .
AH BH: . BH
BL:
BH
p BL. 1 16 . o
F
BH 1 BL
1 :
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH BH
BH 1
BL
1 H

.

.
BIOS

.
AH BH

.
AH CH: . C AH
.
32 2 DX
1 CX
31 . AL 3 :
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH CH
AL
CX
DX
1 H

BIOS
AH DH: .
. DX
1 CX
31 . AH D.
AL.
:
________________________________________________________________
.1 .1 INT 1 H

32 .
1 .

.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE GRAPHIX COM
ORG
1 H
MAIN
A5 :
PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
MOV
MOV
MOV
NEAR
AN
AL DH
AH BH
BH
BL 2
1 H
BX
CX
DX

EGA CGA

MOV
AH CH

MOV
AL BL

BX CX DX
INT
1 H

INC
CX
CMP
CX 32
32
JNE
A5

MOV
CX

INS
BL
INS
DX

CMP
DX

JNE
A5

RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
MAIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .1 .
.
DOS MODE MODE
CO8 COM
INT 1 H.

________________________________________________________________
16
.
8 .

ROM
.

.

CGA 16
.

_________________________________________________________________
1 .1.
CGA
1 .2.
.
1 .3.
.
1 . .
.
1 .5.
32 2 CGA 6 2 EGA.
1 .6. .
1 . . 12 13
.
1 .8. .1 .1 :
1 3 2
3 .
11

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.
.

.

.
:
MOVS
LODS
STOS
CMPS
SCAS

AX

AL
AL AX

AL AX .
REP .

________________________________________________________________

p .

.

. DI SI
:
MOVS
LODS
STOS
CMPS
SCAS
DI SI
AL SI AX SI
DI AL DI AX
SI DI
DI AL DI AX
MOVSB
LODSB
STOSB
CMPSB
SCASB
MOVSW
LODSW
STOSW
CMPSW
SCASW
MOVS
MOVSB MOVSW. p DI SI

LEA . SI
DS:SI. DI
ES:DI. MOVS STOS CMPS
SCAS ES DS .
REP:
________________________________________________________________

REP
.

REP MOVSB. REP
CX.
REP 1 CX .
.
:
CLD
DF
STD
DF 1.
2 STRING1
STRING2. DS ES
:
STRING1
STRING2
DB
DB
...
CLD
MOV
LEA
LEA
REP
2 DUP
2 DUP
CX 2
DI STRING2
SI STRING1
MOVSB
DF
2

CMPS SCAS

. REP
:
REP
REPZ REPE
REPNE REPNZ
CX
ZF
. ZF
CX
ZF
. ZF
CX .
8 86 8 286 8 386 o

.
MOVS:
________________________________________________________________
. .5
.
. MOVS REP CX
.

p ES DI
. DS SI
.
MOVS ES DS
DI SI.
DF MOV S
1 2
DI SI.
REP MOVSB:
LABEL1:
LABEL2:
JCXZ
MOV
MOV
INC DEC
UNC DEC
LOOP
...
LABEL2
AL SI
DI AL
DI
SI
LABEL1
.11.1 C1 MVSB MOVSB

NAME1 NAME2.
CLD
. DF
CLD .
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE STRING EXE

DW
32 DUP

STAC G ENDS

NAME1 DB
Assemblers

NAME2 DB
1 DUP
NAME3 DB
1 DUP
DATASG ENDS


BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MVSB
CALL
C1 MVSB
LODS
CALL
D1 MVSW
CALL
E1 LODS
LODS
CALL
F1 STOS
CMPS
SCAS
CALL
H1 SCAS
RET
BEGIN ENDP
MOVSB:

C1 MVSB PROC
NEAR
CLD
LEA
SI NAME1
LEA
D1 NAME2
1
MOV
CX 1
REP MOVSB
NAME1 NAME2
RET
C1 MVSB ENDP

MOVSW:

D1 MVSW PROC
NEAR
CLD
LEA
SI NAME2
LEA
DI NAME3
MOV
CX 5
5
NAME2 NAME3
REP MOVSW
RET
D1 MVSW ENDP
LODSW:

E1 LODS PROC
NEAR
CLD
LEA
SI NAME1

NAME1 AX
LODSW
RET
E1 LODS ENDP
STOSW:

F1 STOS PROC
NEAR
CLD
LEA
D1 NAME3
MOV
CX 5

MOV
AX 2 2 H
REP STOSW
NAME3
RET
F1 STOS ENDP

CMPSB:

G1 CMPS PROC
NEAR
CLD
MOV
CX 1
LEA
SI NAME1
LEA
DI NAME2
NAME1 NAME2
REPE CMPSB

JNE
G2
MOV
BH 1
G2 :
MOV
CX 1
LEA
SI NAME2
LEA
DI NAME3
REPE CMPSB
JE
G3
MOV
BL 2
G3 :
RET
G1 CMPS ENDP
NAME2 NAME3

SCASB:

H1 SCAS PROC
NEAR
CLD
MOV
CX 1
LEA
DI NAME1
MOV
AL m
m
NAME1
REPNE SCASB

JNE
H2
MOV
AH 3
H2 :
RET
H1 SCAS ENDP
CODES
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.11.1. .
LEA SI DI
NAME1 NAME2 . DS ES
DATASG NAME1 NAME2
COM
ES:DI DS:SI.
ES DS . MOV CX
1 NAME1 NAME2. REP MOVSB
:
NAME1
p ES:DI NAME2
DS:SI .
1 DI SI
.
CX 1.
1
CX .
DF MOVSB
DI SI
.. NAME1 1 NAME2 1 .. DF
1 MOVSB DI SI
. SI DI
.. NAME1
NAME2 .
D1 MVSW .11.1
MOVSW
. MOVSW
DS SI 2
. SI
NAME1 8 DI NAME2 8.
LODS:
________________________________________________________________
LODS AL
AX . DS:SI.
DF SI.
LODS
REP . MOV
LODS MOV
LODS SI.
LODS

.
LODSB:
MOV AL SI
INC SI
.11.1 E1 LODS
LODSW. :
NAME1 As AL
AH. AX sA.
STOS:
________________________________________________________________
STOS AL AX
.
ES:DI. DF STOS
DI 1 2 .
STOS REP

. c AX.
REP STOSB:
LABEL1:
JCXZ
MOV
LABEL2
DI AL
INC DEC
LOOP
...
LABEL2:
DI
LABEL1
.11.1 F1 STOS
STOSW. . 2 2
NAME3 AL
AH . DI
NAME3 1 .
CMPS:
________________________________________________________________
CMPS
DS:SI ES:DI .
DF CMPS
SI DI 1 2 . CMPS
AF CF OF PF SF ZF.
REP CX . CMPS
.
JEAN
JOAN. :
J
E
A
N
:
:
:
:
J
O
A
N
E O

N:N

p .
. REP
REPE
CX p .
:
REPE CMPSB
.11.1 G1 CMPS
CMPSB.
NAME1 NAME2. MOVSB NAME1
NAME2 CMPSB

p : SF
ZF 1 .
NAME2 NAME3.
STOSW NAME3 CMPB
: SF
ZF .
1
BH.
2 BL. DEBUG
G1 CMPS BX
1 2.
CMPSB
. CMPSW
p CX
5. CMPSW
. SAMUEL ARNOLD
CMPSW SA AR .. AS RA.

..
. CMPSW
DW DD
DQ.
SCAS:
________________________________________________________________
SCAS CMPS
.
SCAS p ES:DI
AL AX. DF
SCAS DI 1
2 . SCAS AF CF OF PF SF
ZF. REP CX
SCAS .
SCAS
:
.
.11.1 H1 SCAS NAME1
m . SCASB
CX
REPNE:
REPNE SCASB
NAME1 Assemblers SCASB
m . DEBUG
H1 SCAS
AH 3 m . REP
SCASB CX 1 6.
SCASW
AX. LODSW MOV
AX AL
AH. SCAS
o .

________________________________________________________________

.
c
STRING
.
SCASB
STRING 8
DI a
STRING .

DI .
STRLEN
STRING
STRING
EQU 15
DB
The time
is now
...
CLD

MOV AL

MOV CX STRLEN
STRING
LEA DI STRING
STRING

REPNESCASB

JNZ 2
2 :
DEC DI

MOV BYTE PTR DI 2 H
RET

________________________________________________________________
MOVSB

. MOVS
. FLDA

REP MOVS FLDA FLDB
MOVSW

FLDB DB
FLDB FLDA.
:
REP MOVS ES:BYTE PTR DI DS: SI
DI SI FLDA FLDB o
.

________________________________________________________________
STOS
o .
MOVS
.
:
. . .

.
:
PATTERN
DISAREA
DB
DB
.
.
CLD
MOV
LEA
LEA
REP

2 DUP
CX 21
DI DISAREA
SI PATTERN
MOVSW
MOVSW
PATTERN DISAREA
:

|
|
PATTERN DISAREA
DI DISAREA 6 p SI
PATTERN 6 DISAREA. MOVSW
DISAREA
DISAREA 6 DISAREA 2 DISAREA 8 DISAREA DISAREA 1 ..

DISAREA:
. . .

|
|
|
|
PATTERN
DISAREA 6 DISAREA 12 DISAREA 2

.
.
:
________________________________________________________________
COM .11.2
.
:
B1 INPT 3 .
D1 SCAS SCASB
.
E1 RGHT MOVSB
.
ACTNLEN
:

JEROME ERN
OSCAR HAMMERSTEIN
RICHARD ROGERS
F1 CLNM STOSW .
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE EXRING COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE
.
MAXNLEN DB
31
ACTNLEN DB

NAMEFLD DB
31 DUP

Name
PROMPT DB
NAMEDSP DB
31 DUP 13 1
ROW
DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
MOV
AX 6 H
CALL
Q1 SCR

SUB
DX DX
CALL
Q2 CURS
A1 LOOP:
CALL
B1 INPT

..
TEST
ACTNLEN FFH

JZ
A
CALL
CMP
JE
CALL
CALL
RET
ENDP
D1 SCAS
AL
A1 LOOP
E1 RGHT
A1 LOOP

A :
MAIN

:

B1 INPT PROC
MOV
AH

LEA
DX PROMPT
INT
21H
RET
B1 INPT ENDP

:

D1 SCAS PROC
CLD
MOV
AL
MOV
CX 3
3
LEA
DI NAMEFLD

REPNE SCASB

JE
D2
MOV
AL 2 H
AL
D2 :
RET
D1 SCAS ENDP

:

E1 RGHT PROC
STD
SUB
CH CH
MOV
CL ACTNLEN
CX REP
LEA
SI NAMEFLD

ADD
SI CX

DEC
SI
LEA
DI NAMEDSP 3
.
REP MOVSB

MOV
DH ROW
MOV
DL 8
CALL
Q2 CURS

MOV
AH

LEA
DX NAMEDSP
INT
21H
CMP
ROW 2

JAE
E2

INC
ROW
JMP
E
E2 :
MOV
AX 6 1H

CALL
Q1 SCR

MOV
DH ROW
MOV
DL
CALL
Q2 CURS
E :
RET
E1 RGHT ENDP

:

F1 CLNM PROC
CLD
MOV
AX 2 2 H
MOV
CX 15
15
LEA
DI NAMEDSP
REP STOSW
RET
F1 CLNM ENDP

:

Q1 SCR PROC
AX
MOV
BH 3

MOV
CX
MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

:

Q2 CURS PROC
DX
MOV
AH 2
SUB
BH BH
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.11.2. .

________________________________________________________________
MOVS STOS CMPS SCAS

ES.
CLD
.
STD
DI SI
. MOVS DI SI
CMPS SI DI.
CX
.
REP MOVS
STOS REPE REPNE CMPS SCAS.
c
CMPSW SCASW.

. NAME1
1
LEA NAME1 .
NAME1 8.

________________________________________________________________
11.1. MOVSB
LODSB STOSB REP.
MOVSW LODSW STOSW REP.
11.2.
.11.1. ES.
MOVSB MOVSW .
H1 SCAS NAME1 mb .
DEBUG
.
11.3. :
DATASG
SEGMENT
CONAME
PRLINE
PARA
DB
SPACE EXPLORERS INC.
DB 2 DUP
:

CONAME PRLINE
CONAME PRLINE
CONAME AX
AX PRLINE 5
CONAME PRLINE

CONAME PRLINE
. BH.
11. . H1 SCAS .11.1

NAME1 er .
er NAME1 : As se mb le rs .
:
SCASW
NAME1 NAME1 1
SCASB
r .
11.5. . 3 5 B .
2 .
12
I:
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________
1
2 .
16
.

.

.
ASCII .

________________________________________________________________
ADD SUB
.
:
1
.
.
.12.1 ADD SUB
. B1 ADD ADD
C1 SUB SUB .
:

.
..
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE EXADD

ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

BYTEA DB
6 H
BYTEB DB
H
BYTEC DB
16H
H
WORDA DW
WORDB DW
2 H
WORDC DW
1 H

:
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
ADD
CALL
B1 ADD
CALL
C1 SUB
SUB
RET
MAIN
ENDP

:

B1 ADD PROC
MOV
AL BYTEA
MOV
BL BYTEB
ADD
AL BL

ADD
AL BYTEC

ADD
BYTEA BL
.
ADD
BL 1 H
ADD
BYTEA 25H
.
RET
B1 ADD ENDP

:

C1 SUB PROC
MOV
AX WORDA
MOV
BX WORDB
SUB
AX BX

SUB
AX WORDC

SUB
WORDA BX
. pe.
SUB
BX 1 H
SUB
WORDA 256H
. .
RET
C1 SUB ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.12.1. ADD SUB.

o .
WORDB WORDA DW:
MOV AX WORDA
ADD AX WORDB
MOV WORDB AX

.
.. 128 12 .

. AL
AH.
AL .6
ADD AL 2 H
AL .8 .
.

.8 1
. .. 128 128.
AL
AX. CBW Convert Byte to Word
.6 AL . 6
AX AH.
ADD AX :
. 8 128:
CBW
ADD AX 2 H
AL AX
AX
: 15
32 68 32 6 .
.

32 6
.
.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE EXDBADD COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

WORD1A DW
123H

BC62H
WORD1B DW
12H
WORD2A DW
WORD2B DW
553AH
WORD3A DW

WORD3B DW

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
:
CALL
D1 DWD
1
2
CALL
E1 DWD
RET
MAIN
ENDP
:

D1 DWD PROC
MOV
AX WORD1B

ADD
AX WORD2B
MOV
WORD3B AX

MOV
AX WORD1A
ADC
AX WORD2A

MOV
WORD3A AX
RET
D1 DWD ENDP

:

E1 DWD PROC

CLC
MOV
CX 2

LEA
SI WORD1B
DWORD1
DWORD2
LEA
DI WORD2B

LEA
BX WORD3B
2 :
MOV
AX SI
AX

ADC
AX DI
BX AX

MOV
DEC
SI
DEC
SI
DEC
DI
DEC
DI
DEC
BX
DEC
BX

LOOP
2
RET
E1 DWD ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.12.2. .
.12.2 D1 DWD
WORD1A WORD1B
WORD2A WORD2B WORD3A
WORD3B . :
WORD1B
WORD2B
:
BC62
553A

111 C
.111 C AX.
1.
ADD
ADC ADd with Carry .
CF 1:
WORD1A
WORD2A

:
123
12
1

136
DEBUG
136 AX p
36 1 WORD3A C11 WORD3B.
.12.2 E1 DWD
.
. c
. SI DI BX
2. DEC
.
SUB reg 2
..
.
ADC.
CLC CLear Carry

.
: 1 2
3 CX .
SBB SuBtract with
Borrow ADC.
E1 DWD .12.2 ADC SBB
.

________________________________________________________________
a
.

.

.
.

32 6 65535.
. ADD SUB

.
.
2
:
11111 1
1
11111 11
2
2

251

2

5

. 251
5 .
.
p
.

.

:
111111
1 1
CF

252
5
5

1
1
1

OF

:
1111 1
1 11
1 1
121
11

132
CF
121
11

12

OF

:
1111 11
1 1 1
1111111
CF OF
1
2 6
13
11

12
12
1
1

________________________________________________________________
MUL
IMUL Integer MULtiplication .

.
:
. AL
.
AX. p
AH.
| AH | AL |
: |
||
|
AX
|
: ||
. AX
.
:
DX
AX.
DX.
| AX |
:||
| DX || AX |
: |.||.|
| |
MUL IMUL .
:
MUL MULTR
MULTR DB
AL MULTR. MULTR
DW
AX MULTR.
:
MUL CL
MUL BX
: AL . AX
: AX . DX:AX
: MUL

MUL MULtiplication .
.12.3 C1 MUL :
. MUL .8
128 . 6 . .2 81 2
AX.
__________________________________________________________________________
page 6 132
TITLE EXMULT COM
OR6
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

BYTE1 DB
8 H
H
BYTE2 DB
WORD1 DW
8 H
WORD2 DW
H

:
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
CALL
CALL
RET
ENDP
MAIN

C1 MUL PROC
MOV
MUL
MOV
MUL
MOV
SUB
MUL
RET
C1 MUL ENDP

D1 IMUL PROC
MOV
IMUL
MOV
IMUL
MOV
CBW
IMUL
RET
D1 IMUL ENDP
C1 MUL
D1 IMUL
. MUL
. IMUL
MUL:

AL BYTE1
BYTE2
AX WORD1
WORD2
AL BYTE1
A A
WORD1

A

DX:AX

. . A
DX:AX
IMUL:

AL BYTE1
BYTE2
AX WORD1
WORD2
AL BYTE1
WORD1

A

. DX:AX

. . A
. DX:AX
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.12.3. .
MUL .1 p DX:AX.
MUL
BYTE1 .
AH .
CBW p AL
1 . . DX:AX.
: IMUL

IMUL Integer MULtiplication
. .12.3 D1 IMUL
C1 MUL MUL
IMUL.
IMUL .8
. . .E
AX. MUL
.2 MUL IMUL.
MUL .8 128 IMUL 128.
128 6 81 2
.E .
. .
IMUL .8

.2 .
.F DX:AX
o .
IMUL
BYTE1 AX.
CBW
AH: .8 p AL
.FF8 AX. WORD1

. : . DX:AX
MUL
.

MUL IMUL .
MUL
IMUL .
DEBUG
.
:
2 2 8 ..
. 1
CL.
AL AX:
2:
8:
SHL AL 1
MOV CL 3
SHL AX CL

: .

32 6 .
.
.
:
1365
12

2 3
1365

1638

. 13 65 12 c :
13
12

26
13

156
65
12

13
65

8
13
156 :
156
8

1638

.

.
E1 XMUL .12. .
MULTCND .32 6
.2521. DW
DD MOV
AX. MULTPLR .6 .
PRODUCT .
MUL MULTPLR c MULTCND
. E8 E PRODUCT 2 PRODUCT . MUL
MULTPLR MULTCND .
138A 58 . :
1:
2:
:
E8 E
138A 58

138A 668 E
ADD
c ADC ADd with Carry .
p 8 86 8 88
PRODUCT 8A13 8 66
E . PRODUCT
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE EXDWMUL
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

MULTCND DW
32 6H

DW
2521H
MULTPLR DW
6 H
A26H
DW
PRODUCT DW

DW

DW

DW

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

1
CALL
E1 XMUL

CALL
Z1 ZERO
CALL
F1 XMUL
2
RET
MAIN
ENDP

:

E1 XMUL PROC

MOV
AX MULTCND 2

MUL
MULTPLR
MOV
MOV
PRODUCT AX
PRODUCT 2 DX

MOV
AX MULTCND
MUL
MULTPLR

ADD
PRODUCT 2 AX

ADC
PRODUCT DX
RET
E1 XMUL ENDP
:

F1 XMUL PROC
MOV
AX MULTCND 2
2
MUL
MULTPLR 2
2

MOV
PRODUCT 6 AX
MOV
PRODUCT DX
MOV
MUL
ADD
ADC
ADC
AX MULTCND 2
MULTPLR
PRODUCT AX
PRODUCT 6 DX
PRODUCT
2
1

1
MOV
AX MULTCND
MUL
MULTPLR 2
2
ADD
PRODUCT AX

ADC
PRODUCT 6 DX

ADC
PRODUCT
MOV
AX MULTCND
1
MUL
MULTPLR
1

ADD
PRODUCT 2 AX
ADC
PRODUCT DX
RET
F1 XMUL ENDP

:

Z1 XMUL PROC
MOV
PRODUCT
MOV
PRODUCT 2
MOV
PRODUCT
MOV
PRODUCT 6
RET
Z1 XMUL ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.12. . .

.
:
2
2
1
2
1
2
DX AX
.
F1 XMUL .12. . MULTCND .32 6 2521
MULTPLR .6 A26. PRODUCT
.

ADD ADC ADC
PRODUCT. ADC
.
ADC 1
. ADD ADC ADC
PRODUCT
.
138A 68 C 8E5C CCE6 PRODUCT
.
DEBUG.
DX:AX
________________________________________________________________

p DX:AX .

CX.
.
MOV
C2 : SHL
SHL
ADC
LOOP
MOV
D2 : SHR
SHR
JNC
OR
D3 : LOOP

CX
DX 1
DX 1
AX 1
AX 1

DX

C2

CX

AX 1
AX 1
DX 1
DX 1
D3

AH 1 B 1 AH

D2

. CL.

:
MOV
SHL
MOV
SHL
SHL
OR
CL
DX CL
BL AH
AX CL
BL CL
DL BL

DX
AH BL
AX
BL
BL DL
________________________________________________________________
DIV a
IDIV.
. :

AX

12 . F
.
.
.
AH AL.
255 .FF

| AX |
: ||
| AH | AL |
: |||
.
DX:AX
. DX
AX. 32 6
.FFFF 16383 . FFF .
| DX || AX |
| AH || AL |
: |.||.| : ||||
|
|
DIV IDIV .
:
DIV DIVISOR
DIVISOR DB
. DIVISOR DW
.
13 3
1 3.
1.
333....
BASIC
333 . 1 3 333...
1 .
: DIV

DIV . .12.5 D1 DIV
:
. DIV .2 8 2
.8 128 . AH
. 6 AL.
DIV BYTE1
.
AH .
.12 AH . 5 AL.
DIV .1 DX
. 8 AX.
DIV
WORD1 DX. .
DX . 2 AX.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE
page
EXDIV
6 132
COM DIV IDIV

ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

BYTE1 DB
8 H
Data items
BYTE2 DB
16H
WORD1 DW
2 H
1 H
WORD2 DW
WORD3 DW
1 H

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

CALL
D1 DIV
CALL
E1 IDIV

MAIN
ENDP

DIV:

D1 DIV PROC
MOV
AX WORD1

:
DIV
BYTE1

MOV
AL BYTE1
SUB
AH AH

DIV
BYTE3
:
DIV
IDIV
AH:AL
AH
AH:AL

MOV
DX WORD2
MOV
AX WORD3
DX:AX
DIV
WORD1
: DX:AX

MOV
AX WORD1
DX
SUB
DX DX
DIV
WORD3
: DX:AX
RET
D1 DIV ENDP

IDIV:

E1 IDIV PROC

MOV
AX WORD1
: AH:AL
IDIV
BYTE1
MOV
AL BYTE1

CBW
AH
: AH:AL
IDIV
BYTE3
MOV
DX WORD2

MOV
AX WORD3
DX:AX
: DX:AX
IDIV
WORD1

MOV
AX WORD1
CWD
DX
IDIV
WORD3
: DX:AX
RET
E1 DIV ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.12.5. .
: IDIV

IDIV Integer DIVide .
.12.5 E1 IDIV
D1 DIV DIV IDIV.
IDIV .2
.8 . .
AH . C 6 AL. DIV
6 .

:
IDIV
2
3
EE 18
1 6

FB 5
8 128
2

DIV.
DIV IDIV p.

DIV
IDIV .
DEBUG .
. 2 2
.. .
AX:
2:
SHR AX 1
8:
MOV CL 3
SHR AX CL

DIV IDIV
p.
.
.
. 1
.
:
AH :
DX
. 1:
:
:
:
123
26
1
1
1 23
1 26
.
DIV IDIV
. p
DIVBYTE AX.
DIVWORD
DX:AX.

CMP AH DIVBYTE
JNB
DIV DIVBYTE
CMP DX DIVWORD
JNB
DIV DIVWORD
IDIV

NEG
.

.
1.
. c
AX BX
CX:
SUB
C2 : CMP
JB
SUB
INC
JMP
3 : RET
CX CX
AX BX
C3
AX BX
CX
C2

CX AX
CX AX
o.
. DX:AX
:
1. C2 AX BX DX.
2. SUB SBB DX .
:
.

________________________________________________________________
NEG
. NEG
1. :
NEG AX
NEG BL
NEG BINAMT

35
. DX:AX 32
. NEG
.
NOT:
NOT
NOT
ADD
ADC
DX
AX
AX 1
DX

1 AX
DX
:

.
.
ASCII . ASCII

. .
INTEL 8 8 8 28
________________________________________________________________

Intel 8 8 8 28 . 8 8
8 88 8 28
8 286.

.
8
1
.
1
.

. MASM
E R MASM R.

________________________________________________________________

p. 128 12 .
ADC
.
CLC .
MUL DIV
IMUL IDIV .
.
.
AH DX
.
c.
SHR SAR
. SHL
SAL.
.
FACTOR DB MUL FACTOR
AL DIV FACTOR
AX. FACTOR DW MUL FACTOR
AX DIV FACTOR
DX:AX.

________________________________________________________________
:
DATAX
DATAY
DW
DW
DW
DW
1 8H
2316H
23 H
52H
12.1. DATAX
DATAY DATAX
DATAY.
12.2. :
STC
MOV BX DATAX
ADC BX DATAY
12.3. MUL : DATAX
DATAY DATAX
DATAY.
12. .
12.5. DIV : DATAX 23
DATAX DATAY.
12.6. DX:AX

. .
13
II:
ASCII BCD
__________________________________________________________________________
: ASCII BCD
.
________________________________________________________________

a .
.12
.
ASCII c .
ASCII. 23
1 111 .1 ASCII
c 25 ASCII p
.3235.

ASCII
ASCII
.
p .1 12.
BASIC
Pascal
.
.

ASCII
________________________________________________________________
ASCII
SAM 53 1 D 123
.3132333 .
.

.3132333 .

ASCII :
AAA
AAD
AAM
AAS
ASCII
ASCII
ASCII
ASCII
Adjust
Adjust
Adjust
Adjust
for
for
for
for
Addition ASCII
Division ASCII
Multiplication ASCII
Subtraction ASCII

AX. ASCII

.
ASCII

8
ASCII :
.
38
3

6C
ASCII
. 6 6 .C: .C
6 .12 .

AAA .
AX . 38
. 3 . 38 3
BX
ASCII .
:
ADD AL BL
AAA
3 38
ASCII
AAA . AL.
A F AF 1 AL
6 AH 1 AF
CF
1. AAA
. AL. AX:
ADD:
AAA:

6C
1 2
ASCII
. :
OR
AX 3 3 H
3132

.
ASCII
.
.13.1 ASCII
. :
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE ASCADD COM ASCII
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

5 8

ASC1
DB
6
ASC2
DB
ASC3
DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
CLC
LEA
SI AASC1 2
ASCII
LEA
DI AASC2 2
LEA
BX AASC1 3
3
MOV
CX 3
A2 :
MOV
AH
AH
ASCII
MOV
AL SI

ADC
AL DI
AAA
ASCII
MOV
BX AL

DEC
SI
DEC
DI
DEC
BX
LOOP
A2
3
BX AH

MOV
RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13.1. ASCII .
ADC

. CLC CF .
MOV AH
AAA . ADC p.
XOR SUB o
AH CF.

p AH 1 .
1 2 2.
OR AAA
CF p
ADC.
PUSHF OR
POPF:
ADC AL DI
AAA
PUSHF
OR AL 3 H
POPF
MOV BX AL

ASCII

PUSHF POPF LAHF Load AH

with Flags AH SAHF Store AH in Flag
register AH . LAHF
AH SF ZF AF PF CF SAHF
AH .
AH
. ASCII
OR .
ASCII

AAS ASCII Adjust for Subtraction
ASCII a AAA. AAS
. AL.
A F AF 1 AL 6
AH 1 AF CF 1.
AAS . p AL.
ASC1
.38 ASC2 .3 :
1:
MOV AL ASC1
SUB AL ASC2
AAS
2:
MOV AL ASC2
SUB AL ASC1
AAS
AX
AF
38
3

AX
AF
3
FC
FF 6
1
1
1 AAS .
AL .C AAS
AL 1 AH 1 AF
.
.. .
2
6
CF.
FF 6
ASCII

AAM ASCII Adjust for Multiplication
ASCII
ASCII AX. .

ASCII . IBM
p . ASCII
3132333
1 2 3 .

o
.
AAM AL 1 . A
AH AL. AL
.35 CL .3 .
AL CL
ASCII :
AND CL FH
AND AL FH
MUL CL
AAM
OR AX 3 3 H
AX:
CL
AL 5
5
AL CL
2D
.. 5
ASCII
3 35
MUL 5 . 2D AX
AAM 1 AH
5 AL. OR p
ASCII .
.13.2
. AAM

.
1 8 1 5.

.
ASCII .
ASCII .
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE ASCMUL COM ASCII
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

3 83

MULTCND DB
MULTPLR DB
5
PRODUCT DB
5 DUP

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
MOV
CX

LEA
SI MULTCND 3
LEA
DI PRODUCT
ASCII
AND
MULTPLR FH
A2 :
MOV
AL SI
ASCII
LODSB
ASCII
AND
AL OFH
MUL
MULTPLR

AAM
ASCII

ADD
AL DI

AAA
MOV
DI AL

DEC
DI
DI AH

MOV
DEC
SI
LOOP
A2

RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13.2. ASCII .
ASCII

AAD ASCII Adjust for Division
ASCII
ASCII
.
ASCII . AAD
AX.
AX 3238 ASCII CL
3 ASCII .
:
AX:
AND CL FH
CL ..
2 8
AND AX F FH AX ..

1C
AAD
DIV CL

AAD AH 1 . A p
2 .1 AL AH. 1C .
28.
1 .
.13.3
.
. AH AAD
AL. p: 2
AH 2.

ASCII .
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE ASCDIV COM ASCII
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

36 8

DIVDND DB
DIVSOR DB

QUOTNT DB
DUP

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
MOV
CX

SUB
AH AH

ASCII 3
AND
DIVSOR FH
LEA
SI DIVDND
LEA
DI QUOTNT
A2 :
ASCII
MOV
AL SI
LODSB
AND
AL FH
ASCII
AAD

DIV
DIVSOR
DI AL

MOV
INC
SI
INC
DI

LOOP
A2
RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODEGS ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13.3. ASCII .
BCD
________________________________________________________________
ASCII
2 .
2 . BCD
Binary Coded Decimal .
.
ASCII .
2 1
16 .. .
. 3 C.

BCD . p
:
DAA
DAS
Decimal Adjustment for Addition

Decimal Adjustment for Subtraction . .

. .13.
ASCII BCD .
B1 CONV ASCII BCD.
.

BCD ASCII .
ASCII .
C1 ADD
BCD .
12 263.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE BCDADD .ASCII BCD
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

5 836
ASC1
DB
6 2
ASC2
DB
BCD1
DB

BCD2
DB

BCD3
DB
DUP

MAIN
PROC
LEA
LEA
CALL
LEA
LEA
CALL
CALL
RET
ENDP
MAIN

B1 CONV PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
XCHG
SHL
SHL
MOV
DEC
DEC
DEC
DEC
JNZ
RET
B1 CONV ENDP

C1 ADD PROC
XOR
LEA
LEA
LEA
MOV
CLC
2 :
MOV
ADC
DAA
MOV
DEC
DEC
DEC
LOOP
RET
C1 ADD ENDP
NEAR
SI ASC1
DI BCD1 2
B1 CONV
SI ASC2
DI BCD2 2
B1 CONV
C1 ADD
ASC1

ASC2

ASCII BCD:

CL
OX 3
AX SI
AH AL
AL CL
AX CL
DI AH
SI
SI
DI
DX
2

2 :
ASCII apy
LODSW

ASCII
BCD
BCD :

A A
SI BCD1 2
DI BCD2 2
BX BCD3 3
CX 3
A

BCD

AL SI
AL DI
BCD1 LODSB
BCD2

3 BCD3
BX AL
SI
DI
BX
2
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13. . BCD .
ASCII
________________________________________________________________
ASCII BCD
.
.
ASCII
ASCII BCD
:
ASCII
1
2. :
1. ASCII
.
2. . ASCII .
3. ASCII 1 1 1 .1 A 6 ..
.
123 ASCII
:
1
3 1
2 1
1 1
:
3
2
1
1E
C8
3E8
D2
. D2
123 . .13.5 B1 ASBI
ASCII 123 .
ASCII ASCLEN.
ASCII ASCVAL 1 SI BX.
B2 ASCII AL:
MOV AL SI BX
ASCVAL 1 BX
.. ASCVAL 3 ASCVAL .
BX 1
.
BX CX LOOP.
MULT1 1
1 1 1 ..

SI DI.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE EXCONV . ASCII .
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

ASCVAL DB
123

BINVAL DB
ASCLEN DB
MULT1 DB
1

:
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
ASCII
CALL
B1 ASBI
CALL
RET
ENDP
MAIN

B1 ASBI PROC
MV
LEA
MOV
2 :
MOV
AND
MUL
ADD
MOV
MUL
MOV
DEC
JNZ
RET
B1 ASBI ENDP

C1 BIAS PROC
MOV
LEA
MOV
2 :
CMP
JB
XOR
DIV
OR
MOV
OEC
JMP
C3 :
OR
MOV
RET
C1 BIAS ENDP
C1 BIAS

ASCII :

CX 1
SI ASCVAL 1
BX ASCLEN

ASCVAL
ASCVAL
AL SI BX
AX FH
MULT1
BINVAL AX
AX MULT1
CX
MULT1 AX
BX
2
ASCII

1

. ASCII

. . ASCII:

CX 1
SI ASCVAL 3
AX BINVAL

ASCVAL
.
A 1
3
DX DX
CX
DL 3 H
SI DL
SI
2
1

1
AL 3 H
SI AL
3 c.
ASCII
ASCII
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13.5. ASCII .
ASCII
________________________________________________________________

p ASCII .
.
1 . A
1 .
ASCII .
. D2 :
B
C
1
3
2
D2 : A
B : A
C : A
1 .A .
ASCII
123 .
.. 3132333 .
.13.5 C1 BIAS . D2

B1 ASBI ASCII 123 .
.13.5 p
.

________________________________________________________________

. 12 3 5
5
:
12 3 5
5

: 12 35 12 35
:
5:
12 3 55 5
. 12 3 555 5
:
12 3 55
5

12 35 5 12 35
12 3 555
5

12 35 55 12 35
5
..
123 5
.3 3 . 5 3 3 3 3E 1235
. .
.181F 16 5 ..
.
.
1 .A :
.3 3E : .A
D3 .1235
. D3 ASCII 1235. o
12 35
.
.
5 1
: 5 p 1 .
: 5 5 5 ..
1 1 1 .. .
p.
:
_______________________________________________________________________
.13.6

p .
. :
B1 INPT
D1 HOUR
E1 RATE
F1 MULT
G1 WAGE
1 DISP
M1 ASBI
.
.
ASCII
.
ASCII
.
.

.

.

ASCII
ASCII .

ASCII

.
__________________________________________________________________________
EXE

DW
32 DUP

STAC SG ENDS


HRSPAR LABLE BYTE
:
MAXHLEN DB
6

ACTHLEN DB
HRSFLD DB
6 DUP
TITLE
SCREMP

:

RATEPAR LABLE
BYTE
MAXRLEN DB
ACTRLEN DB
RATEFLN DB
6

6 DUP
MESSG1
MESSG2
MESSG3
ASCWAGE
ADJUST
ASCHRS
ASCRATE
BINVAL
BINHRS
Hours worked
Rate of pay
Wage
1 DUP 3 H 13 1

DB
DB
DB
DB
DW
DB
DB
DW
DW
BINRATE DW

COL
DB

DECIND DB
1
MULT1 DW
NODEC DW

ROW
DB

SHIFT DW
TENWD DW
1
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H
CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS

A2 LOOP:

CALL
B1 INPT
CMP
ACTHLEN

JE
A3

CALL
D1 HOUR

CALL
E1 RATE
CALL
F1 MULT

CALL
G1
WAGE

ASCII

CALL
1 DISP
JMP
A2 LOOP
A3 :
MOV
AX 6 H

CALL
Q1 SCR

RET
BEGIN ENDP

B1 INPT PROC
LEA
DX MESSG1

MOV
AH
INT
21H

LEA
DX HRSPAR
MOV
AH AH
INT
21H

CMP
ACTHLEN
JNE
B2
RET
A2 LOOP
B2 :

MOV
COL 25
CALL
Q2 CURS
LEA
DX MESSG2

MOV
AH
INT
21H

LEA
DX RATEPAR
MOV
AH AH
INT
21H
RET
B1 INPT ENDP

:

D1 HOUR PROC
MOV
NODEC
MOV
CL ACTHLEN
SUB
CH CH

LEA
SI HRSFLD 1

ADD
SI CX
CALL
M1 ASBI

MOV
AX BINVAL
MOV
BINHRS AX
RET
D1 HOUR ENDP
:

E1 RATE PROC
MOV
CL ACTRLEN
SUB
CH CH

LEA
SI RATEFLD 1

ADD
SI.CX
CALL
M1 ASBI

MOV
AX BINVAL
MOV
BINRATE AX
RET
E1 RATE ENDP
:

F1 MULT PROC
MOV
CX 5
LEA
DI ASCWAGE

ASCII 3
MOV
AX 3 3 H
CLD
REP STOSW
MOV
SHIFT 1
MOV
ADJUST
MOV
CX NODEC
CMP
CL 6
6
JA
F

DEC
CX
DEC
CX
JLE
F3
3
MOV
NODEC 2
MOV
AX 1
F2 :
MUL
TENWD

LOOP
F2
MOV
SHIFT AX

SHR
AX 1
MOV
ADJUST AX
F3 :
MOV
AX BINHRS

MUL
BINRATE
ADD
AX ADJUST

ADC
DX

CMP
DX SHIFT
DIV
JB
F5
F :
SUB
AX AX
JMP
F
F5 :
CMP
JZ
DIV
F :
SUB
F8 :
RET
F1 MULT ENDP

G1 WAGE PROC
LEA
MOV
ADD
G3 :
CMP
JNE
DEC
G35:
CMP
JNZ
CMP
JB
G :
DIV
OR
MOV
DEC
SUB
JMP
G5 :
OR
MOV
RET
G1 WAGE ENDP

1 DISP PROC
MOV
CALL
MOV
LEA

2 :
CMP
JNE
MOV
INC
LOOP

3 :
LEA
MOV
INT
CMP
JAE
INC
JMP

8 :
MOV
CALL
MOV
CALL

:
RET
ADJUST
F8
SHIFT
DX DX
ASCII :

SI ASCWAGE
.
BYTE PTR SI .

SI NODEC
BYTE PTR SI .
..
G35
SI
DX
G
AX 1
G5
dx:ax 1
TENWD
DL 3 H
SI DL
SI
DX DX
G3
ASCII
AL 3 H
SI AL
ASCII

ASCII

:

COL 5
Q2 CURS
CX
SI ASCWAGE
DX MESSG3
AH
21H
ROW 2
8
ROW

AX 6 1H
Q1 SCR
COL
Q2 CURS

BYTE
PTR
SI
3
H

3
BYTE PTR SI 2 H
SI
2

1 DISP ENDP

M1 ASBI PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
SUB
M2 :
MOV
CMP
JNE
MOV
JMP
M :
AND
MUL
ADD
MOV
MUL
MOV
CMP
JNZ
INC
M :
DEC
LOOP
CMP
JZ
ADD
M1 : RET
M1 ASBI ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
SUB
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
SUB
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
ASCII
:

MULT1 1
BINVAL
DECIND
BX BX
AL SI
AL .
M
DECIND 1
M
AX FH
MULT1
BINVAL AX
AX MULT1
TENVD
MULT1 AX
DECIND
M
BX
SI
M2
DECIND
M1
NODEC BX
ASCII
.

.

x 1

.

:

NEAR
AX
BH 3

CX CX
DX 18 FH
1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2
BH BH
DH ROW
DL COL
1 H
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.13.6. .
.
.13.6 c
.
1 a
ASCII 1 .

65535 .

.
.

.
.
.

XLAT . .1 .
:
.

. 12 3
12 3 .
.
.
ASCII .

ASCII
.12
. IMUL
IDIV .
5.

________________________________________________________________
ASCII .

.
.
ASCII
AAA ASCII AAS.
ASCII

.
AAM.
ASCII : 1

2
AAD.

ASCII .
ASCII : .3
.3
.

________________________________________________________________
13.1. AX ASCII
BX ASCII .
:
ADD AX 33H
ADD AX BX
AAA
AAA
SUB AX BX
SUB AX DH
AAS
AAS

13.2. UNPA . 1 5
. ASCII
.. 313 3 35.
13.3. ASCA 313 33 ASCII
ASCB 35.
ASCII ASCPRO.
13. . 13.3 ASCA ASCB
ASCQUO.
13.5. : ASCII
6328 .
. ASCII .
13.6.
INT 12H . .2
ASCII :
nnn .
1

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.
XLAT.

.
.
.
.

________________________________________________________________

..

.

6 :

STAC
DW 6 DUP

:
MONTAB
COSTAB
DB
DB
JAN FEB MAR ... DEC

2 5 2 8 2 212 215 22 ...
MONTAB COSTAB
.
.

.
Paper .

.

STO TBL DB 12 Computers 1 Paper.... 1 Diskettes
:

STO TBL DB 12 Computers
DB 1 Paper....
DB 1 Diskettes

.

________________________________________________________________
3
March.

.
September :
MONTBL
DB
DB
DB
January..
February.
March....
. January
MONTBL February MONTBL March MONTBL 18.
3 :
3.
1. ASCII 33
2. : 3 1 2
3. : 2 18
. 18 MONTBL
: MONTBL 18.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE DIRECT COM
ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:CODESG ES:CODESG
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

THREE DB
3
MONIN DB
11

ALFMON DB
JAN FEB MAR APR
MONTAB DB
MAY JUN
DB
JUL AUG SEP O T NOV DEC

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

CALL
C1 CONV
CALL
D1 LOC

CALL
F1 DISP

RET
MAIN
ENDP

ASCII :

C1 CONV PROC

MOV
AH MONIN
MOV
AL MONIN 1
XOR
AX 3 3 H
ASCII
1
CMP
AH

JZ
C2
SUB
AH AH
AH
ADD
AL 1

C2
RET
C1 CONV ENDP

:

D1 LOC PROC
LEA
SI MONTAB
DEC
AL

MUL
THREE
AL 3
ADD
SI AX

MOV
CX 3
CLD
LEA
DI ALFMON
3
REP MOVSB
RET
D1 LOC ENDP
.:

F1 DISP PROC
LEA
DX ALFMON
MOV
AH
INT
21H
RET
F1 DISP ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .1. .
.1 .1
.
. MONIN.

ASCII MONIN.

. p

.

.
: 1
2 3 ... 1 6 1 1 8 ... 5 1 15.
.
.

________________________________________________________________

.
13 138 1 1 23 2 5.

.
.

.
.
.

.
:

STONOS DB 1 1 1 1 ...
STO DCR DB Excavators Processors Assemblers ...
:

1 1 Excavators
STO TAB DB
DB
1 Processors
DB
1 Assemblers
...
.1 .2
. .

STO NIN .
.
A3
DESCRN.

.

STO NIN AX. STO NIN
3233 MOV AX
3332.
MOV XCHG
AX
.. 3233. CMP
.
p
.
XCHG
MOV BX
AX BX :

MOV AX STONIN
LEA SI STO TAB
C2 :
MOV BX SI
CMP AX BX
JA JB ...

.

.
.1 .2
. o
.
REPE CMPSB
p CX.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE TABSRCH COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

23
STONIN DW
5 Excavators
STO TAB DB
DB
8 Lifters

DB
Presses

12 Valves

DB
23 Processors
DB
DB
2 Pumps

DESCRN 1
DUP

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
MOV
AX STO NIN

XCHG
AL AH

MOV
CX 6

LEA
SI STO TAB
A2 :
A3 :
CMP
JE
ADD
LOOP
CALL
RET
AX SI
A3
SI 12
A2
R1 ERR

MOV
CX 5
LEA
DI DESCRN
INC
SI
INC
SI
REP MOVSW
RET
ENDP
MAIN

R1 ERR PROC

RET
R1 ERR ENDP

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .2.

. o
:

1 .
1 1 25
25 1 25
25 1 6
6 1
1
15
18
2
23

5
125
26
3

.
:
TAXTBL
DD
1 25 25 6
x
:

.
:
: 1

REPE CMPS.
.1 .2
.

STO NIN STO TAB
c :
: |123| 35Excavators| 38Lifters
| | |
| |
: 3 6
16 1
| Presses
| |
2 32
| ...

.1 .3 STO TAB
.
STO NIN:

STO NIN
35
38

1 2
123
123
123
123
123
123
: .
: .
: .
: .
:
CMPSB .1 .3
p SI DI.
CX 3
SI DI 3 .
35:123
SI DI: 1 CX: 2.
SI 16 DI:
.
DI STO NIN.
SI

. CX
2. SI
CX
:

2
1

. 16
SI CMPSB
CX

CX
:
1 2 3 .
CX p SI
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE TABSRCH COM CMPSB
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

STONIN DW
123
STO TAB DB
35 Excavators

38 Lifters

DB
Presses

DB
DB
1 2 Valves

DB
123 Processors
12 Pumps

DB
1 DUP

DB
DESCRN 1
DUP

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
CLD

LEA
SI STO TAB

A2 :
3
MOV
CX 3

LEA
DI STO NIN
REPE CMPSB

JE
A3

JA
A
CX
ADD
SI CX
JMP
A2

A3 :
5
MOV
CX 5

LEA
DI DESCRN
REP MOVSV

RET
A :

CALL
R1 ERR
RET
MAIN
ENDP
R1 ERR PROC

RET
R1 ERR ENDP

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .3. CMPSB

.

.
p .FF.
.
.
SCAS.
XLAT
________________________________________________________________
XLAT
. XLAT
IBM XLAT
ASCII EBCDIC.

ASCII EBCDIC. ASCII
.3 3 EBCDIC .F F
OR. ASCII
. EBCDIC. XLAT
256
EBCDIC ASCII :
XLTBL DB
DB
DB
DUP H
EBCDIC
F H F1H F2H F3H ... F H EBCDIC
1 DUP H EBCDIC
XLAT BX
ASCNO AL.
:
LEA BX XLTBL
MOV AL ASCNO
XLAT
XLAT AL
a .. BX AL.
ASCNO XLTBL
XLAT . . ASCNO c
.32 XLTBL 5 .
.F2 2 EBCDIC XLAT
AL.
.1 .
2E 2D ASCII EBCDIC B
6
.
. ASCNO 31.5
.2D33312E352 .
EBCNO .6 F3F1 BF5 .
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
COM ASCII EBCDIC
TITLE XLATE
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

ASCNO DB
31.5
EBCNO DB
6 DUP
XLTAB DB
5 DUP H
DB
6 H 2DH
DB
5CH
F H F1H F2H F3H F H
DB
F5H F6H F H F8H F H
DB
DB
1 DUP H

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
ASCNO
LEA
SI ASCNO
LEA
DI EBCNO
EBCNO
MOV
CX 6

LEA
BX XLTAB
A2 :
MOV
AL SI
ASCII
XLAT

DI AL
EBCNO
MOV
INC
DI
INC
SI
LOOP
A2
6
RET
MAIN
ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 . . ASCII EBCDIC.
: . ASCII
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE ASCHEX COM ASCII .
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

13
DISPROW DB
16 DUP
HEXSTR DB

XLATAB DB
3 H 31H 32H 33H 3 H 35H 36H 3 H 38H 3 H
DB
1H 2H 3H H 5H 6H

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

CALL
Q1 CLR

LEA
SI DISPROW
A2 LOOP:
CALL
C1 HEX

CALL
D1 DISP

FF
CMP
HEXCTR FFH

JE
A5
INC
HEXCTR

JMP
A2 LOOP
A5 :
RET
MAIN
ENDP
C1 HEX PROC
MOV
MOV
SHR
LEA
MOV
XLAT
MOV
NEAR
AH
AL HEXCTR
AX CL
BX XLATAB
CL
SI AL
.
.

.

MOV
SHL
XLAT
MOV
RET
C1 HEX ENDP
AL HEXCTR
AX CL
SI 1 AL
D1 DISP PROC
MOV
MOV
CMP
JE
CMP
JB
CMP
JAE
D2 :
MOV
D3 :
ADD
LEA
CMP
JNE
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
LEA
D :
RET
D1 DISP ENDP
Q1 CLR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP
NEAR
AL HEXCTR
SI 3 AL
AL 1AH
D2
AL H
D3
AL 1 H
D3
EOF

8
O
F
O
BYTE PTR SI 3 2 H

SI 5
DI DISPROW 8
DI SI
D
AH H
BX 1
CX 81
DX DISPROW
21H
SI DISPROW
NEAR
AX 6 H
BH 3
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .5. . ASCII
.1 .5
ASCII . . ASCII
.53 S 53 S.
1616:

.
.
.
F
1
.
.
.
F1
2
.
.
.
F2
3
.
.
.
F3

.
.
.
F
5
.
.
.
F5
6
.
.
.
F6

.
.
.
F
8
.
.
.
F8

.
.
.
F
A
.
.
.
FA
B
.
.
.
FB
C
.
.
.
FC
D
.
.
.
FD
E
.
.
.
FE
F
.
.
.
FF
.8.1 ASCII o
. .
ASCII .
ASCII . 1 .. . .3 3
. 1 .3 31 ..
HEXCTR .
1. C1 HEX
HEXCTR . . HEXCTR . F.
.
XLATAB. AL
.3 . . F
. 6. o .3 6
F.
DOS .
.1A .
DOS .
.
.
ASCII . .
:
________________________________________________________________

.

.

.

.

.

.

.
.
.
.
1 2 2 3 ..
.
.. 1 2
2 3 ..
.

SWAP
: YES NO :
G1 :
G2 :
G3 :

SWAPNO

:
SWAPYES

: G3
: SWAPYES
: G2 .
:
.1 .6
3
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE NMSORT EXE

STAC
SGMENT PARA STAC Stack
DW
32 DUP

STAC
ENDS

NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE
:
.
MAXNLEN DB
21

NAMELEN DB
NAMEFLD DB
21 DUP

CRLF
DB
13 1

ENDADDR DW
MESSG1 DB
Name
NAMECTR DB

NAMETAB DB
3 DUP 2 DUP
NAMESAV DB
2 DUP 13 1
SWAPPED DB

DATA
ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATDSG SS:STAC ES:DATASG
PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
CLD
LEA
DI NAMETAB

CALL
Q1 CLR

CALL
Q2 CURS
A2 LOOP:
CALL
B1 READ

CMP
NAMELEN

JZ
A3
CMP
NAMECTR 3
3
JE
A3

CALL
D1 STOR
JMP
A2 LOOP
A3 :

CALL
Q1 CLR

CALL
Q2 CURS
2
CMP
NAMECTR 1
JBE
A

CALL
G1
SORT

CALL
1 DISP

A :
RET
BEGIN ENDP

B1 READ PROC
MOV
AH
LEA
DX MESSG1

INT
21H
MOV
AH AH
B2 :
LEA
INT
MOV
LEA
INT
DX NAMEPAR
21H
AH
DX CRLF
21H
MOV
MOV
MOV
SUB
BH
BL NAMELEN
CX 21
CX BX
CRLF
MOV
NAMEFLD BX 2 H
INC
BX
LOOP
B2
RET
B1 READ ENDP

:

D1 STOR PROC

INC
NAMECTR
CLD
LES
SI NAMEFLD
MOV
CX 1

REP MOVSV
RET
D1 STOR ENDP

:

G1 SORT PROC
SUB
DI

MOV
ENDADDR DI
G2 :
MOV
SWAPPED

LEA
SI NAMETAB

G3 :

MOV
CX 2
MOV
DI SI
ADD
DI 2

MOV
AX DI
MOV
BX SI
REPE CMPSB

JBE
G

CALL
H1 XCHG
G :
MOV
SI AX
CMP
SI ENDADDR

JBE
G3

CMP
SWAPPED
JNZ
G2

RET

G1 SORT ENDP

:

H1 XCHG PROC
MOV
CX 1
LEA
DI NAMESAV
MOV
SI BX
REP MOVSW

MOV
CX 1
MOV
DI BX
REP MOVSW
MOV
CX 1
LEA
SI NAMESAV
REP MOVSW
MOV
SWAPPED 1
RET
H1 XCHG ENDP

:

1 DISP PROC
LEA
SI NAMETAB

2 :

LEA
DI NAMESAV
MOV
CX 1
REP MOVSV
MOV
AH
LEA
DX NAMESAV
INT
21H

DEC
NAMECTR

JNZ
2

RET

1 DISP ENDP
:

Q1 CLR PROC
MOV
AX 6 H
MOV
BH 61H

SUB
CX CX
MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP

:

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
AH 2
SUB
BH BH
SUB
DX DX

INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .6.

________________________________________________________________

.

.
TYPE LENGTH SIZE
.
:
TABLEX
DW
1 DUP 1
TYPE DW
LENGTH DUP 1
SIZE 1 2 2 .
:
MOV AX TYPE TABLEX
MOV BX LENGTH TABLEX
MOV CX SIZE TABLEX
AX 2
BX A
CX 1
1
2
LENGTH SIZE
. SI

:
CMP SI SIZE TABLEX
23
TYPE LENGTH SIZE.

________________________________________________________________

.
.
.
:
p
.
3 2.
2
SHL
. 1 .
DB 256
DW . CMP CMPSW

.

.
.

.
.

.

________________________________________________________________
1 .1.
.
1 .2 1
1 .1.
.
1 .3
:
: 6 1 1 21 2
:

: 3. 5 82.25 .6 85.8 13.85.
1 .
ITEMIN QTYIN .
1 .3 ITEMIN.
.
.
1 .5 1 .3 :

.
15
I:
__________________________________________________________________________
:

________________________________________________________________

.

.
. c 5
1
3 .
512 .

.

.
.
. o
.
.

:
T T T T T T

T T
1 2 3... n
L L L
L
.
5 1 .

________________________________________________________________
:
DOS

DOS 2.
DOS 2.

3 1 2

8
8
8

15

512
512
512
512
32
368
1 228
3
68
6
8
28
1
2
3 6
61
1
1
512
512
1 653 6 6
21.3 . 2

.
1.

________________________________________________________________

DOS .

.
:

1
1
1
2 3

1 3
...

FAT
1
.
1 p 1 1
2 ..
.
.
FORMAT S
DOS IBMBIO.COM IBMDOS.COM .
512 512
. DOS p
.
. :

.
: .
.E5 .2E
.

:
.
. 1
. 2
. DOS
. 8
.1
.2 .
DOS.

:
8 1
11
12 21
22 23
||
2 25

:
|||
26 2
28 31
1 8
11 1 12 1 31.
.
. COM DOS
2.
.
. DOS
.

.

________________________________________________________________
FAT File Allocation Table
.
DOS
.
1 2 FAT. FAT
FAT
.
.
FAT p
.
FAT :
FE
FC
FF
FD
F
F8

8

1 2
FFFF.

.
:

FAT
..
8
1
2 3
1

1
2 5
6
1
1
8
1
2 3
2

1
2 5
6 12
2
1 2 1
2 15 16 2
1
XT
1
2 1 18
8
115
AT
1
2 838
FAT .
12 . DOS 3 FAT
16 . FAT
1
.
2. FAT
. 12
:

nnn
FF
FFF

.

PAYROLL.ASM 2 3 .
PAYROLL ASM .
2
. FAT

:
FAT:
|FDF|FFF| 3| |FFF| | |...| |
.:
1 2 3
5 6 ...
FAT
1.
:
1. DOS PAYROLL
ASM.
2. DOS
2
.
3. DOS
FAT

2.

3.
3. DOS
.
. DOS FAT
3.
. DOS
.
5. FAT .FFF
.

FAT .
.

FAT .FFF
.

15.
FAT :
15 1 5 22 5.
22 23 FAT.
F FF.
: FFF .
15 FFF
.

15. FAT 22
p p:
6 1 1 8 1 FF F
FAT 15 1 5
22 5 22 23
. 6 1
16 . 15
16. 16.
16 1 5
2 . 2 25 FAT.
1 8 8 1 . 16
1 .
1 .
1
1 5 25.5. 25 26
FAT. 8 1 18 . 1
18.
18.

FAT 2 28 FF F
FFF. 18
FFF .
p.

.

FAT
DOS 1BH 1CH.

________________________________________________________________
.

p .

p .
FAT

________________________________________________________________
15.1.
15.2.
15.3.
15. .
DOS FORMAT S
15.5. FAT

15.6. 28 :
c
.
16
II: DOS
__________________________________________________________________________
:
DOS .
________________________________________________________________
DOS
FCB

. DOS
.
DOS
FCB file control block
. FCB DOS
.
.
.
DOS
.
DOS
.
.

.

DOS 21H.
DOS
25H 26H. BIOS
13H
. DOS
BIOS. .1
DOS 2
.18 BIOS. :

.
FCB
________________________________________________________________

DOS
FCB. FCB

. FCB

15 32 36 16 31 DOS:

1 8
11
12 13
1 15
16 1
2 21
22 31
32
33 36
: 1 A 2 B ..

8 .
LPT1 .
DTA
ASM.
. DOS
.
. 128 .

32 .
1 ..
.
.
128 .8 .

.
. DOS

.
.
.
. DOS
.
.
DOS.
.
12 . 12 13 .

.

12 .
.

.
25 .1
.1 .

.
1. 3. 1.82

.
6 36 .

.
FCB

.
.FF
. .
FCB
________________________________________________________________

.
FCB DX.
FCB DS:DX.
.16
DOS INT 21H :

MOV AH 16H

LEA DX FCBname
DOS
INT 21H
DOS
FCB .

DOS

DOS .
.
AL:

FF
FCB
128 .8 .

.

DTA disk trausfer

area . FCB DTA
. .1A
DOS DTA.
DTA. DTA:
MOV AH 1AH
LEA DX DTAname
INT 21H

DTA
DOS
DTA .
DTA
.
.15:
MOV AH 15
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS
FCB
DTA.
.
.
128 128512
.
DOS FCB
1.
128 FCB
1. AL
:

1
2
.
.
DTA .

.1A .
.1 :
MOV AH 1 H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS

DOS
. AL :

FF
.

.
: FCB
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE FCBCREAT EXE FCB

DW
8 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

RECLEN EQU
32
NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE
:
MAXLEN DB
RECLEN
.

NAMELEN DB
NAMEDTA DB
RECLEN DUP DTA
FCBREC
FCBDRIV
FCBNAME
FCBEXT

FCBBL
FCBRCSZ
FCBFLSZ
LABEL
DB
DB
DB
DW
DW
DD
DW
DT
FCBSQRC DB
DD
BYTE

NAMEFILE
DAT

FCB
D

DOS
DOS
DOS

CRLF
DB
13 1

ERRCDE DB
Name
PROMPT DB
ROW
DB
1
OPNMSG DB
Open error
Write error
WRTMSG DB
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H

CALL
Q1 SCR
CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
C1 OPEN
DTA

CMP
ERRCDE

JZ
A2 LOOP
RET
DOS
A2 LOOP:
CALL
D1 PROC

CMP
NAMELEN
JNE
A2 LOOP

CALL
G1 CLSE

DOS
RET
BEGIN ENDP

:

C1 OPEN PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 16H
LEA
DX FCBREC
INT
21H

CMP
AL

JNZ
C2
C2 :
MOV
LEA
MOV
INT
RET
FCBRCSZ RECLEN
DX NAMEDTA
AH 1AH
21AH
EQU
DTA
LEA
DX OPNMSG
CALL
RET
C1 OPEN ENDP

D1 PROC PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
D2 :
X1 ERR
:

NEAR

AH

DX PROMPT
21H
MOV
LEA
INT
CALL
AH AH
DX NAMEPAR
21H
E1 DISP
CMP
JNE
RET
NAMELEN
D2

MOV
MOV
MOV
CALL
Return
BH
BL NAMELEN
NAMEDTA BX

F1 WRIT

CLD
LEA
DI NAMEDTA

MOV
CX RECLEN 2

MOV
AX 2 2 H
REP STOSW
RET

D1 PROC ENDP

:

E1 DISP PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH
CR LF
LEA
DX CRLF
INT
21H
DOS
CMP
ROW 18

JAE
E2

INC
ROW
RET
E2 :
1
MOV
AX 6 1H
CALL
Q1 SCR
CALL
Q2 CURS

RET
E1 DISP ENDP

:

F1 WRIT PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 15H
LEA
DX FCBREC
INT
21H
CMP
AL

JZ
F2

LEA
DX WRTMSG
CALL
X1 ERR

MOV
NAMELEN
F2 :
RET
F1 WRIT ENDP

G1 CLSE PROC
MOV
CALL
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
G1 CLSE ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

X1 ERR PROC
MOV
INT
MOV
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
:

NEAR
EOF
NAMEDTA 1AH
F1 WRIT
AH 1 H

DX FCBREC
21H
:

NEAR
AX
BH 1EH

CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

:

NEAR
AH 2
BH
DL
DH ROW

1 H
:

NEAR
AH
DX
21H

ERRCDE 1
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.16.1. .
.16.1
. FCB FCBREC
:
FCBDRIV
FCBNAME
FCBEXT

FCBBL
FCBRCSZ
FCBSQRC

D .
NAMEFILE.
DAT.
.

128.
.
:
BEGIN
C1 OPEN
C1 OPEN
D1 PROC
E1 DISP
F1 WRIT
G1 CLSE
X1 ERR
DTA DOS D1 PROC

.
G1 PROC .

32 .2 DTA
DOS.

F1 WRIT
.
.
.

.
1 FCBSGRC
.2 FCBFLSZ .
32 16
.
DTA :
DTA: | |
: | | 1| 2|...| 15|
25 1
25 .1 . :
25 32 8 . 32

.
: 2 3 .
:
: | 16| 1 |...| 2 |.1A|...|...|

.

DTA.
EOF .
1A.

.
FCB.

________________________________________________________________
DOS
.
. OF:
MOV AH OFH
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS

FCB.
AL .FF.
AL FCB

.8 .
.
DTA
.
DTA .1A EOF
.1A :
MOV AH 1AH
LEA DX DTAname
INT 21H

DTA
DOS

.1 :
MOV AH 1 H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS
DTA
FCB. AL
:

1
2
3
.
.
DTA .
.
DOS.
FCB
DTA.
.

.

FCB
1.
EOF
.

.
.
DOS .
: FCB
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

TITLE FCBREAD EXE CREATDS

DW
8 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

FCB
FCBREC LABEL BYTE

D
FCBDRIV DB
FCBNAME
FCBEXT

FCBBL
FCBRCSZ
DB
DB
DW
DW
DD
DW
DT
FCBSQRC DB
DD
NAMEFILE
DAT

RECLEN EQU
NAMEFLD DB

32
RECLEN DUP 13 1

DOS
DOS
DOS

ENDCDE DB

Open error
OPENMSG DB
Read error
READMSG DB
ROW
DB

DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H
CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
E1 OPEN
DTA
CMP
ENDCDE

JNZ
A
A2 LOOP:
CALL
F1 READ

CMP
ENDCDE

JNZ
A

CALL
G1 DISP
JMP
A2 LOOP

A :
RET

BEGIN ENDP

:

E1 OPEN PROC
NEAR
LEA
X FCBREC

MOV
AH FH
INT
21H
CMP
AL

JNZ
E2
E2 :
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
FCBRCSZ RECLEN
AH 1AH
DX NAMEFLD
21H
EQU
MOV
LEA
ENDCDE 1
DX OPENMSG
DTA
CALL
RET
E1 OPEN ENDP

F1 READ PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JNE
MOV
JMP
F2 :
CMP
JZ
MOV
CMP
JZ
LEA
CALL
F :
RET
F1 READ ENDP

G1 DISP PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JAE
INC
JMP
G3 :
MOV
CALL
CALL
G :
RET
G1 DISP ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1OSCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

X1 ERROR
:

NEAR

AH 1 H
DX FCBREC
21H
NAMEFLD 1AH
EOF

F2

ENDCDE 1
F
AL
F
ENDCDE 1
AL 1
F
DX READMSG
X1 ERR

:

:

NEAR

AH
DX NAMEFLD
21H

ROW 2
...
G3
ROW

G
AX 6 1H
Q1 SCR
Q2 CURS
:

AX
NEAR

BH 1EH
CX
DX 18 FH

1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2
BH
DH ROW
DL
1 H
:

X1 ERR PROC
MOV
INT
RET
X1 ERR ENDP

NEAR
DX
AH

21H
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.16.2.
.16.2
.
FCB FCB
. .
:
BEGIN
E1 OPEN
F1 READ
G1 DISP
X1 ERR
E1 OPEN
DTA F1 READ
.
G1 DISP.

32 .2 DTA.
.
FCB.
.

.
.
FCB
.
16
. DTA
FCB 1:
: | | 1| 2|... | 15|
DTA : | |
.

1 DTA .
16
.
16
DTA.
DTA.

AL . 1.

________________________________________________________________

.

DTA FCB .
A
B.
.

. 3
2
3 . :
.

.
DOS
FCB
.

33 36 FCB.
.

12 13 32 .
p

DTA
.
. 5 FCB
.
DTA.

FCB .21:
MOV AH 21H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS

.
DTA
AL :

1
2
3

DTA
.

.
.

DTA FCB.
AL .

DTA. 128
.. . 23
:
| 2 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
23
.
DTA.
35

DTA.
.
p

DTA
.

.
FCB .22
:
MOV AH 22H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

DOS
AL :

1
2 DTA.

.
.
FCB

.

.
:
________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE RANREAD COM
FCBCREAT

ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

FCB
FCBREC LABEL BYTE
FCBDRIV DB

D
FCBNAME DB
MAMEFILE

FCBEXT
DB
DAT

FCBBL
DW
FCBRCSZ DW
DD
DW
DT
DB
FCBRNRC DD

RECLEN
RECDPAR
MAXLEN
ACTLEN
RECDNO
32
BYTE
3

3 DUP
EQU
LABEL
DB
DB
DB
NAMEFLD DB

DOS
DOS
DOS

RECLEN DUP 13 1 DTA
Open error 13 1

OPENMSG DB
READMSG DB
Read error 13 1
COL
DB

Record number
PROMPT DB

ROW
DB
ENDCDE DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

CALL
Q1 CLR
CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
C1 OPEN

DTA

CMP
ENDCDE
JZ
A2 LOOP

RET

A2 LOOP:

CALL
D1 RECN
CMP
ACTLEN

JE
A

CALL
F1 READ

CMP
ENDCDE
JNZ
A3

CALL
G1 DISP

A3 :
JMP
A2 LOOP
A :
RET

MAIN
ENDP

:

C1 OPEN PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH FH

LEA
DX FCBREC
INT
21H
CMP
AL

JNZ
C2

MOV
FCBRCSZ RECLEN EQU
MOV
AH 1AH
LEA
DX NAMEFLD
DTA
INT
21H
RET
C2 :
LEA
DX OPENMSG
CALL
X1 ERR
RET
C1 OPEN ENDP

D1 RECN PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JB
JA
SUB
MOV
JMP
D2 :
MOV
MOV
D3 :
AND
AAD
MOV
D :
MOV
CALL
RET
D1 RECN ENDP

F1 READ PROC
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JZ
LEA
CALL
F2 :
RET
F1 READ ENDP

G1 DISP PROC
MOV
LEA
INC
INC
MOV
RET
G1 DISP ENDP

Q1 CLR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP
:

NEAR

AH H
DX PROMPT
21H

AH AH
DX RECDPAR
21H
ACTLEN 1
1 2

D
D2
AH AH
1
AL RECDNO
D3
AH RECDNO
AL RECDNO 1
AX F FH
ASCII

WORD PTR FCBRNRC AX
COL 2
Q2 CURS
:

NEAR

ENDCDE

AH 21H
DX FCBREC
21H

AL

F2
DX READMSG

X1 ERR

:

NEAR

AH
DX NAMEFLD
21H
ROW
COL
:

NEAR
AX 6 H

BH 1H
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H

:

Q2 CURS PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 2
MOV
BH

MOV
DH ROW
MOV
DL COL
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

:

X1 ERR PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH
DX

INT
21H
INC
ROW
MOV
ENDCDE 1
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.16.3. .
.16.3
. .16.1 .

. 25
2 . ASCII
.
:
C1 OPEN
D1 RECN
F1 READ
G1 DISP
32
DTA.

FCB.

2 .
DTA
FCB.
.
D1 RECN
. :

1
2

AL
AX
ASCII
. AX
AAD .
AX
FCB. 12 ASCII
AX 3132. AND
1 2 AAD C.
FCB .

________________________________________________________________

DTA
DTA.
.
.

. DTA.

CX FCB
.28:
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
AH 28H
CX records
DX FCBname
21H

DOS
.
AL
:
FCB

. 2
25 .1 .

CX .2 :
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
AH 2 H
CX records
DX FCBname
21H

DOS
AL :

1
2
3

DTA
.
CX
FCB
.

. .32 8
.2 32 .1 25 .
:
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

TITLE RANBLO COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

FCB
FCBREC LABEL BYTE
FCBDRIV DB

D
FCBNAME DB
NAMEFILE

FCBEXT
DB
DAT

FCBBL
DW
FCBRCSZ DW

FCBFLZ DD

DOS

DOS
DW

DOS
DT
DB

FCBRNRC DD

DS RECS DB
1 2 DUP DTA
ENDCODE DB

NORECS DW
25
Open error 13 1
OPENMSG DB
READMSG DB
Open error 13 1
ROWCTR DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
CALL
Q1 CLR

CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
E1 OPEN
DTA
CMP
ENDCODE

JNZ
A3

CALL
F1 READ

CALL
G1 DISP
A3 :
RET

MAIN
ENDP

:

E1 OPEN PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH FH

LEA
DX FCBREC
INT
21H
CMP
AL

JNZ
A3

E2 :
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
LEA
CALL
RET
E1 OPEN ENDP

F1 READ PROC
FCBRCSZ 2 H
AH 1AH

DX DS RECS
21H
DX OPENMSG
X1 ERR
:

NEAR
DTA
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
RET
F1 READ ENDP

G1 DISP PROC
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
G1 DISP ENDP

Q1 CLR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
INC
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

X1 ERR PROC
MOV
INT
MOV
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
AH 2 H
CX NORECS
DX FCBREC
21H
ENDCODE AL
:

NEAR

AH
DX DS RECS
21H
:

NEAR

AX 6 H

BH 1H
CX
DX 18 FH
1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2

BH
DH ROWCTR
DL
1 H
ROWCTR
:

NEAR
DX
AH
21H

ENDCODE 1
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.16. . .
.16.
.16.1.
CX 25
DTA
.
25 .
:
E1 OPEN
F1 READ
G1 DISP
FCB 32
DTA.
25
.
FCB
.
FCB .1
.1 .

________________________________________________________________

DOS INT 25H
26H.
DOS INT
21H.

.
.

1 :

1
1
2
1
2
1

1

1
26
:
1
2

2 1 18 8 26
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AL drive
BX addr
CX sectors
DX record
25H 26H
A 1 B ..

CF
1 .
AL :
AL
1
1
1
1

1
1
11
1

DMA

INT .
INT
CF.

________________________________________________________________
DOS
.
: .D

.

. DOS .D
.
.
MOV AH ODH
INT 21H

DOS
: .E

DOS .E
. DL
A 1 B ..
MOV AH OEH
MOV DL 2
INT 21H

C
DOS
AL
. DOS 2 A
B DOS 2 .
INT
11H .
: .11 12

.

DX FCB
11H. FCB
. DOS .
MOV AH 11H
LEA DX FCBname

FCB
INT 21H
DOS
FCB 5CH
DTA .
. .22.
AL .FF
. . DTA 1A
2B .. .

.ASM
12H:
MOV AH 12H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

FCB
DOS
AL 11H.
: .13

DOS 13H.

.
MOV AH 13H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

FCB
DOS

.FF.
AL
: .1

DOS
.1 . FCB
16.
MOV AH 1 H
LEA DX FCBname
INT 21H

FCB
DOS

.
AL
FF.
: .1

DOS .1 :
MOV AH 1 H
INT 21H

DOS
. AL A 1B
.. . FCB
.

FAT 1B 1 2
25 26
2 .
DOS.
:
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE SELDEL COM

: . .BA ..

ORG
1 H
BEGIN JMP
MAIN

TAB
EQU
LF
EQU
1
CR
EQU
13
CRLF
DB
CR LF
DELMSG DB
TAB Erase
ENDMSG DB
CR LF No more directory entries CR LF
ERRMSG DB
Write protecteddisk
y Erase N eep Ret Exit CR LF
PROMPT DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 11H

CALL
D1 DIS

CMP
AL FFH
JE
A

LEA
DX PROMPT

CALL
B1 DISP
A2 :
LEA
DX DELMSG

CALL
B1 DISP

11
MOV
CX 11

MOV
SI 81H
A3 :
MOV
DL SI

CALL
C1 CHAR

INC
SI
LOOP
A3
MOV
DL
CALL
C1 CHAR

MOV
AH 1
INT
21H

CMP
AL ODH
Return

JE
A

OR
AL 1 B

CMP
AL y

JNE
A5

MOV
AH 13H
MOV
DX 8 H
INT
21H

CMP
AL

JZ
A5
A5 :
A :
LEA
CALL
JMP
DX ERRMSG
B1 DISP
A
LEA
CALL
MOV
CALL
CMP
JNE
DX CRLF
B1 DISP
AH 12H
B1 DIS
AL FFH
A2
RET
MAIN
ENDP

B1 DISP PROC
MOV
INT
RET
B1 DISP ENDP

C1 CHAR PROC
MOV
INT
RET
C1 CHAR ENDP

D1 DIS PROC
MOV
INT
CMP
JNE
PUSH
LEA
CALL
POP
D : RET
D1 DIS ENDP

DOS

DX
NEAR
AH

21H

DL
NEAR
AH 2
21H
:

NEAR
FCB
DX 5CH
21H
AL FFH

D
AL
AX
DX ENDMSG
B1 DISP
AX
AL
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.16.5. .
.16.5 COM SDEL
DOS 11H 12H 13H .
:
SDEL .
SDEL .BA
SDEL TEST.

BA
TEST
DOS

. DOS PSP
.81 DTA .
. Y
N Return
.

COM EXE
.5 81 PSP.
.

________________________________________________________________
INT 21H DOS

FCB
.
128 .
FCB
.
FCB
:
.

FCB.
DTA
.

DTA.
FCB
: .8
.
.
DOS INT 21H

.
DOS INT 21H
FCB.
DOS INT 21H

.

FCB.

.

DTA.
.

.
DOS INT 25H 26H

.

________________________________________________________________
16.1. DOS :
DTA
.
16.2.
.

16.3.
:
12 .
.
ASCII .
16. .
16.3.
16.5.
: 5 3 15 26 .
16.6. 2652
FCB
16. .
:
.
16.8.

.
FCB FLSZ FCB FCSZ.
16. . 16.

.
.
23
2
2

11
11
122
12
12
315
3
525
2
1125
63
1 52
21335
6
232

5635

16.1 . 16.
.
16.11. 16.

.
1
III: DOS
__________________________________________________________________________
: DOS
2. .
________________________________________________________________
DOS
16 DOS.
DOS 2. 3.
.

DOS.

DOS. DOS
UNIX.
ASCIIZ

.
ASCIIZ
________________________________________________________________

DOS ASCIIZ

:
PATHNM1
PATHNM2
DB
DB
B: TEST.ASM
C: UTILITY NU.EXE

. zero ASCIIZ
. ASCIIZ
DX LEA
DX PATHNM1.

________________________________________________________________
AX
. 8

: 1 2
3
.

ASCIIZ DOS .3C 3D.
CF AX.
DW
.
CF 1 AX
..1 .1 .
__________________________________________________________________________
1
2
3

5
6

8

1
11
12
13
15
16
1
18
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .1.

________________________________________________________________

DOS.
: .3C

.3C. DX
ASCIIZ CX .
15 .
:
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
MOV
AH 3CH
CX
DX PATHNM1
21H
error
HANDLE1 AX

ASCIIZ
DOS

DW

CF AX.
.
..
.
CF 1
AX : 3 5 ..1 .1 . 5

.
CF
AX 5
5 .
: .

DOS . .
BX CX
DX .
256 OUTREC:
HANDLE1 DW
OUTREC DB
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
CMP
JNE

256 DUP
AH H

BX HANDLE1

CX 256
DX OUTREC

21H
DOS

error2

AX 256
error3
256
CF AX
.
. CF
1 AX 5 6
.
BX
: .3E

DOS .3E .

FAT.
MOV AH 3EH
MOV BX HANDLE1
INT 21H

DOS
AX
.
: .
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
TTILE
page
6 132
HANCREAT EXE

DW
8 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

:
NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE

MAXLEN DB
3
NAMELEN DB

NAMEREC DB
3 DUP DH AH CR LF

ERRCDE DB

HANDLE DW
PATHNAM DB
D: NAMEFILE.DAT
PROMPT DB
Name
1
ROW
DB
Open error DH AH
OPNMSG DB
WRTMSG DB
Write error DH AH
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H
CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS
DTA
CALL
C1 CREA
CMP
ERRCDE

JZ
A2 LOOP

DOS
RET
A2 LOOP:
CALL
D1 PROC
CMP
NAMELEN

JNE
A2 LOOP

CALL
G1 CLSE
RET

DOS
BEGIN ENDP

:

C1 CREA PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH 3CH

MOV
CX
LEA
CX PATHNAM
INT
21H
JC
C2

MOV
HANDLE AX
RET
C2 :

LEA
DX OPNMSG

CALL
X1 ERR
RET
C1 CREA ENDP
:

D1 PROC PROC
NEAR
D2 :
D :
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
AH H
BX 1
CX 6
DX PROMPT
21H

Handle

MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JNE
RET
AH AH
DX NAMEPAR
21H
NAMELEN
D2
MOV
SUB
MOV
LEA
ADD
NEG
ADD
REP
AL 2 H
CH CH
CL NAMELEN
DI NAMEREC
DI CX
CX
CX 3
STOSB
F1 WRIT
E1 SCRL
CALL
CALL
RET
D1 PROC ENDP

E1 SCRL PROC
CMP
JAE
INC
JMP
E1 :
MOV
CALL
E :
CALL
RET
E1 SCRL ENDP

F1 WRIT PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JNC
LEA
CALL
MOV
F2 :
RET
F1 WRIT ENDP

G1 CLSE PROC
MOV
CALL
MOV

:

NEAR
ROW 18

E1

ROW
E1
AX 6 1H
Q1 SCR
Q2 CURS
:

NEAR
AH H
BX HANDLE
CX 32
DX NAMEREC
21H
F2
DX WRTMSG
X1 ERR
NAMELEN

3 2 CR LF

:

NEAR
NAMEREC 1AH
EOF
F1 WRIT

AH 3EH
MOV
BX HANDLE
INT
21H
RET
G1 CLSE ENDP

:

AX
Q1 SCR PROC
NEAR

MOV
BH 1EH
MOV
CX
MOV
DX 18 FH

INT
1 H
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP
:

Q2 CURS PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH 2
MOV
BH

MOV
DH ROW
MOV
DL
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

:

X1 ERR PROC
NEAR
DX

MOV
AH H
MOV
BX 1
MOV
CX 21

INT
21H

MOV
ERRCDE 1
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .2. .
.1 .2
.
:
C1 CREA
D1 PROC
F1 WRIT
G1 CLSE
.3C
HANDLE.

.
. .
.3E
.
3 :
. DH . AH .
32 . 32 x
.

. DOS SORT
. SORT
:
SORT
B: NAMEFILE.DAT
NAMEFILE.SRT
NAMEFILE.DAT
NAMEFILE.SRT.
.1 .3
NAMEFILE.SRT . : 1

. 2

.1 . .

________________________________________________________________

DOS.
: .3D

.3D.
. DX
ASCIIZ AL
:

1
2
AL DOS
3. . DOS .
.3C
. :
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
MOV
AH 3DH
AL
DX PATHNM1
21H
error
HANDLE2 AX

ASCIIZ
DOS

DW

1
CF AX.
.
CF
AX : 2 5 12 . .1 .1 .
CF.
AX 5 5
.
: .3F

DOS .3F.
BX CX
DX .
512 :
HANDLE2
INPREC
DW
DB
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
CMP
JE

512 DUP
AH 3FH

BX HANDLE2

CX 512
DX INPREC

21H
DOS

error5

AX
endfile

CF AX
. AX
. CF
AX 5 6 .
DOS

.
:
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE HANREAD EXE HANCREAT

DW
8 DUP

STAC SG ENDS

ENDCDE DB

HANDLE DW
IOAREA DB
32 DUP
PATHNAM DB
D: NAMEFILE.SRT
OPENMSG DB
Open error DH AH
Read error DH AH
READMSG DB

ROW
DB
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
MOV
AX 6 H
CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
E1 PEN

DTA
CMP
JNZ
ENDCDE
A

CALL
CMP
JNZ
CALL
JMP
RET
ENDP
F1 READ
ENDCDE
A
G1 DISP
A2 LOOP

A2 LOOP:
A :
BEGIN

E1 PEN PROC
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
MOV
RET
E2 :
MOV
LEA
CALL
RET
E1 PEN ENDP

F1 READ PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
CMP
JE
CMP
JE
RET
F2 :
LEA
CALL
F3 :
MOV
F :
RET
F1 READ ENDP

G1 DISP PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
CMP
JEA
INC
RET
G :
:

NEAR
AH 3DH
CX
DX PATHNAM
21H
E2
HANDLE AX
ENDCDE 1
DX OPENMSG
X1 ERR

:

NEAR
AX 3FH

BX HANDLE
3 2 CR LF
CX 32
DX IOAREA
21H

F2

AX
F3
IOAREA 1AH
EOF

F3
DX READMSG
X1 ERR
ENDCDE 1
:

NEAR

AH H

BX 1
CX 32

DX IOAREA
21H

ROW 2
G

ROW
MOV
CALL
CALL
RET
G1 DISP ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

X1 ERR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
AX 6 1H
Q1 SCR
Q2 CURS

:

AX
NEAR
BH 1EH

CX

DXX 18 FH
1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2

BH

DH ROW
DL

1 H
:

NEAR
DX
AH H
BX 1

CX 2

21H
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .3. .
.1 .3
..1 .2 DOS SORT.
.3D.
HANDLE
.3F .

.
ASCII ASCII
________________________________________________________________

. ASCII
DOS .
FAT
. DOS
ASM
. .OD .OA .
DOS

.
:
tab MOV tab AH return

ASCII :
D F56 1 82C3 3 D A
TYPE

.
.1 .
HANREAD.ASM . 1 .3 .
HANREAD
.
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE ASCREAD COM ASCII
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
MAIN

SECTOR DB
512 DUP

DISAREA DB
12 DUP

ENDCDE DW

HANDLE DW
OPENMSG DB
Open error
PATHNAM DB
D: HANREAD.ASM

ROW
DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

MOV
AX 6 H

CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS
CALL
E1 OPEN

DTA

CMP
ENDCDE

JNE
A
A2 LOOP:

CALL
R1 READ

CMP
ENDCDE

JE
A
CALL
G1 XPER

A :
RET

MAIN
ENDP

:

E1 OPEN PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 3DH

MOV
AL
LEA
DX PATHNAM
INT
21H
CF
JNC
E2

CALL
X1 ERR
E2 :
RET

MOV
HANDLE AX
RET
E1 OPEN ENDP
:

G1 XPER PROC
NEAR
CLD

LEA
SI SECTOR
G2 :
LEA
DI DISAREA
G3 :
LEA
DX SECTOR 512

CMP
SI DX

JNE
G
CALL
R1 READ

CMP
ENDCDE

JE
G8
LEA
SI SECTOR
G :
LEA
DX DISAREA 8
DISAREA
CMP
DI DX

JB
G5
MOV
DI D AH
CR LF
CALL
H1 DISP

LEA
DI DISAREA
G5 :
LODSB
SI AL
SI
AL DI
STOSB
DI
CMP
AL 1AH

JE
G8

CMP
AL AH

JNE
G3
CALL
H1 DISP

JMP
G2
G8 :

CALL
H1 DISP
G :
RET
G1 XPER ENDP

:

H1 DISP PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH H

Handle
MOV
BX 1

LEA
CX DISAREA
NEG
CX

ADD
CX DI

LEA
DX DISAREA
INT
21H
CMP
ROW 22

JAE
H2

INC
ROW
JMP
H
H2 :
MOV
AX 6 1H

CALL
Q1 SCR
CALL
Q2 CURS
H :
RET
H1 DISP ENDP

R1 READ PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
RET
R1 READ ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

X1 ERR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
:

NEAR
AH 3FH

BX HANDLE

CX 512
DX SECTOR

21H
ENDCDE AX
:

AX
NEAR
BH 1EH

CX

DX 18 FH
1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2

BH
DH ROW
DL
1 H
:

NEAR

AH H
BX 1

CX 18

DX OPENMSG
21H
ENDCDE O1

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 . . ASCII .
DOS TYPE ..

CR LE .
.

.
. ASCII

.

SECTOR. G1 XFER SECTOR
DISAREA .
DISAREA
.
.
8 .

. ASCII
ASM
CR LF.
EXE OBJ
DISAREA .
ASCII
.
G1 XFER :
1.
2.
3.
.
5.
6.
.
SECTOR.
DISAREA.
SECTOR .

SECTOR.
DISAREA CR LF
DISAREA.
SECTOR DISAREA.
.1A .
.OA
.2 .3.
DEBUG.

DOS .
.
DOS
________________________________________________________________
: .36

.
DL
1 A 2 B .. :
MOV AH 36H
MOV DL
INT 21H

DOS

AX .FFFF :
AX
BX
CX
DX

.
DOS 2.
.1B FAT .
: . 1

. 1. DX
ASCIIZ :
MOV AH 1H
LEA DX PATHNAM
INT 21H

ASCIIZ
DOS
AX 2
5 .

: . 2

DOS
1
.
. 2
.
BX
CX:DX .
65.535 CX DX .
AL
:
.
1
.
2 .

CX:DX 2 AL.

1 2 :
MOV
MOV
LEA
MOV
MOV
INT
JC
AH 2H
AL
BX HANDLE1
CX
DX 1 2
21H
error

1 2
DOS
CF
DX:AX.
CF 1 AX 1 6
.
: . 3

. 3H. DX
ASCIIZ . AL
. AL 1
CX .
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
AH 3H
AL 1
CX
DX PATHNM2
21H

ASCIIZ
DOS

CX.
CX.
AX 2 3 5.
: .

. .

DX. DL
: 1 A 2 B ..

:
ASSEMBLE EXAMPLES
.
.
. .
. .1 .5
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE GETPATH COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

PATHNAM DB
65 DUP

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 1 H
INT
21H
ADD
AL 1H
.
MOV
DL AL
: A 1B ...

CAL
B1 DISP
MOV
DL :
CAL
B1 DISP

MOV
DL

CAL
B1 DISP
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
A1 LOOP:
CMP
JE
MOV
AH H
DL
SI PATHNAM
21H
BYTE PTR SI

A2

AL SI
MOV
CALL
INC
JMP
RET
ENDP
A2 :
MAIN
B1 DISP PROC
MOV
INT
RET
B1 DISP ENDP
DL AL
B1 DISP
SI
A1 LOOP
NEAR
AH 2
21H

DOS
DL

CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .5. .
: . E . F

. 11 12 DOS.
E F
. DX
ASCIIZ .
. CX

.
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
AH EH
CX H
DX PATHNM1
21H

ASCIIZ
DOS

DTA FCB :

21
22
2
26
3

DOS

:
13 ASCIIZ . .
AX 2 18
. . E

F.
DTA.
MOV AH FH
INT 21H

DOS
AX 18 .
CF.
: .56

.56.
DX ASCIIZ
DI
ES:DI ASCIIZ
.
.

.
MOV
LEA
LEA
INT
AH 56H
DX oldstring
DI newstring
21H

DS:DX
ES:DI
DOS
AX 3
5 1 .
DOS
.3 .3A
. 3B
. 5
.
. 6

.5 .

________________________________________________________________
DOS ASCIIZ
. .

.
CF
AX.

.

.

________________________________________________________________
1 .1.

1 .2. ASCIIZ PATH1 CUST.LST
C.
1 .3. .1 .2
CUSTHAN
CUSTOUT 128 .
.
1 . . .1 .3
CUSTIN. .
1 .5.

1 .6. .1 .
.

.. Return.
18
IV: BIOS
__________________________________________________________________________
: BIOS
.
________________________________________________________________

BIOS BIOS
. BIOS INT 13H

.

:
AH
AL
CH
CL
DH
DL
ES:BX
:
.
.
.

:
: A 1B

.
.
1 .
..

BIOS
________________________________________________________________
INT 13H
AH .
AH :

INT 13H AH . .

.
AH 1:

AL
. .
1 AH.
AH 2:

. 1 8 .
BX
EX
ES:BX.
INSECT
:
MOV
MOV
LEA
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH 2
AL 1
BX INSERT
CH 5
CL 3
DH
DL 1
13H

ES:BX
5
3

1 B
BIOS
AL.
DS BX CX DX .

.
CH CL.
1
1 1

.
AH 3:

512 512 .

2 . AL
. DX BX CX DX
.
AH :

.
3
.
3
ES:BX .
AL . DX BX CX
DX .
AH 5:

PC 512 .
. ES:BX

.
T H S|B
T
H
S
B

128 1 256 2 512 3 1 2 .
3 512
. 3 1 2

.
AT BIOS.

________________________________________________________________
2 3 5
CF AH .
CF 1 AH
.
AL 1.
AH

1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1 1

DMA

6

AH .

.
: BIOS
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE BIOREAD COM BIOS
ORG
1 H
BEGIN JMP
MAIN

RECDIN DB
512 DUP
ENDCDE DB

CURADR DW
3 H

5 1H

ENDADR DW
Read error
READMSG DB
SIDE
DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

MOV
AX 6 H
A2 LOOP:
CALL
CALL
CALL
MOV
MOV
CMP
JE
CALL
CMP
JNZ
CALL
JMP
RET
ENDP
A
MAIN

C1 ADDR PROC
MOV
CMP
JNE
CMP
JE
INC
C2 :
XOR
MOV
MOV
C :
RET
C1 ADDR ENDP

F1 READ PROC
MOV
MOV
LEA
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
CMP
JZ
MOV
CALL
F :
INC
RET
F1 READ ENDP

G1 DISP PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
G1 DISP ENDP

Q1 SCR
Q2 CURS
C1 ADDR
CX CURADR
DX ENDADR
CX DX
A
F1 READ
ENDCDE
A
G1 DISP
A2 LOOP

:

NEAR

CX CURADR

CL 1
C

SIDE

C2

CH
SIDE 1
CL 1
CURADR CX

1
:

NEAR
AL 1

AH 2

BX RECDIN
CX CURADR

DH SIDE

B
DL 1

13H
AH

F

ENDCDE 1

X1 ERR
CURADR
:

NEAR

AH H
BX 1

CX 512

DX RECDIN
21H
:
Q1 SCR PROC
NEAR
MOV
AX 6 H

MOV
BH 1EH

MOV
CX
MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

:

Q2 CURS PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH 2
MOV
BH

MOV
DX
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
:

X1 ERR PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH H

MOV
BH 1

MOV
CX 18
LEA
DX READMSG
INT
21H
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.18.1. BIOS .
.18.1
BIOS INT 13H .
.16.3 :
1. FCB .
2. .
.
1 C1 ADDR 1.
1
: 1 1 .
3. CURADR
ENDADR
.

.

DEBUG.

FAT
FAT .
G
FAT .
DEBUG
ASCII .
DEBUG . .1 .5 .

.
DOS
.
BIOS INT 13H
.

________________________________________________________________
BIOS INT 13H

.
BIOS INT 13H
.

.

BIOS.

________________________________________________________________
18.1. .
18.2. .
18.3.
BIOS INT 13H
INDIS A 6
3.
18. . BIOS
INT 13H

OUTDIS B 8
1.
18.5. 18.

18.6. 18.
.
1
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________
.
DOS INT 21H
BIOS INT 1 H.
.
.

.

.

.
1 12 15

.

.
.
IBM PC
.
.
.
.

.

.

.

________________________________________________________________
:
.
8

1
11
12
13
8

A
B
C
D
.
.
.
.

.OA
.
.
.
.
11 .
.

.

55 . C
1.

.

.
DOS
________________________________________________________________
DOS 2.
.
DOS .
. 25
HEADG:
HEADG
DB
...
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
Industrial Bicycle Mfrs DH AH

AH H
BX
CX 25
DX HEADG
21H

25

DOS
CF
AX.
:
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE PRTNAME COM
CODESG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

NAMEPAR LABEL BYTE

MAXNLEN DB
2

NAMELEN DB
NAMEFLD DB
2 DUP

:
List of Employee Names
HEADG DB
Page
1 AH AH
PAGECTR DB
FFEED DB
CH

LFEED DB
AH

1
LINECTR DB
Name
PROMPT DB

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

CALL
Q1 CLR

CALL
M1 PAGE
A2LOOP:
MOV
DX

CALL
Q2 CURS

CALL
D1 INPT
A3 :
CALL
CMP
JE
CALL
Q1 CLR
NAMELEN
A3
E1 PRNT
JMP
A2 LOOP
MOV
LEA
CALL
RET
ENDP
CX 1
DX FFEED
P1 OUT
MAIN

D1 INPT PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
LEA
INT
RET
D1 INPT ENDP

E1 PRNT PROC
CMP
JB
CALL
E2 :
MOV
MOV
LEA
CALL
MOV
LEA
CALL
INC
E1 PRNT ENDP

M1 PAGE PROC
CMP
JE
MOV
LEA
CALL
MOV
M3 :
MOV
LEA
M :
CALL
INC
CMP
JNE
MOV
INC
M5 :
RET

:

DOS
:

NEAR

AH H
BX 1

CX 5
5
DX PROMPT
DOS
21H
AH AH

DX NAMEPAR
DOS
21H
:

NEAR
LINECTR 6

E2

M1 PAGE
CH
CL NAMELEN

DX NAMEFLD

P1 OUT

CX 1
DX LFEED

P1 OUT

LINECTR
:

NEAR
WORD PTR PAGECTR 313 H
M3

CX 1

DX FFEED

P1 OUT
LINECTR 3

CX 36
DX HEADG
P1 OUT
PAGECTR 1
PAGECTR 1 3AH
M5
PAGECTR 1 3 H
PAGECTR

.xx3A

ASCII
M1 PAGE ENDP
:

CX DX
P1 OUT PROC
NEAR
MOV
AH H

MOV
BX

DOS
INT
21H
RET
P1 OUT ENDP
:

Q1 CLR PROC
NEAR
MOV
AX 6 H

MOV
BH 6 H

MOV
CX
2
MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
BIOS
RET
Q1 CLR ENDP

:

Q2 CURS PROC
NEAR
DX

MOV
AH 2

MOV
BH
INT
1 H
BIOS
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .1. .
.1 .1 . .1

.
:
List of Employee Names
Clancy Alderson
Ianet Brown
David Christie
...
Page 1

.
:
D1 INPT
E1 PRNT
M1 PAGE
P1 UT
.

M1 PAGE.

.

.
. M1 PAGE
PAGECTR 1 .
PAGECTR
PAGECTR DB
1

. M1 PAGE
PAGECTR 1 .
PAGECTR
PAGECTR
DB
1
ASCII .3 31.
M1 PAGE PAGECTR 1
3 32 3 33 .. 3 3
3 3A : .
PAGECTR .3A
.3 . .3 3A
.313 .. 1 .

.
ASCII
________________________________________________________________

8.
8 16 2 ..
. DOS PRINT
ASCII
.

8.
.1 .2
.
.1 .3
.

8 8 15 16 ..
G1 XFER G6 .
:
:
:
:
8:
:

1
21
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 11
8
16
2
:
1 PRMP
E1 OPEN
G1 XFER
. Return
.
.

.
.
P1 PRNT
R1 READ
.
.

.
.OC
62.

ASCII
.
5 DOS.
.
.
__________________________________________________________________________

TITLE PRINAS COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN JMP
MAIN

PATHPAR LABEL BYTE

MAXLEN DB
32
NAMELEN DB

FILENAM DB
32 DUP

SECTOR DB
512 DUP

DISAREA DB
12 DUP
COUNT DW

ENDCDE DW

CH
FFEED DB

HANDLE DW
OPENMSG DB
Open error
PROMPT DB
Name of file

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
CALL
Q1 SCR

CALL
Q2 CURS

A1 LOOP:

MOV
ENDCDE
CALL
C1 PRMP

CMP
NAMELEN

JE
A

CALL
E1 OPEN
DTA
CMP
ENDCDE

JNE
A8

CALL
R1 READ
CMP
ENDCDE

JE
A8

CALL
G1 XPER
A8 :
JMP
A1 LOOP
A :
RET
MAIN
ENDP

:

C1 PRMP PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH H
MOV
BX 1
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
LEA
INT
MOV
MOV
MOV
C
RET
C1 PRMP ENDP

E1 OPEN PROC
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JNC
CALL
RET
E2 :
MOV
MOV
MOV
REP
RET
E1 PEN ENDP

G1 XFER PROC
CLD
LEA
G2 :
LEA
MOV
G3 :
LEA
CMP
JNE
CALL
CMP
JE
LEA
G :
MOV
CMP
JB
MOV
CALL
LEA
G5 :
LODSB
MOV
MOV
INC
CMP
JE
CMP
CX 13
DX PROMPT
21H
AH AH
DX PATHPAR
21H
BL NAMELEN
BH
FILENAM BX
:

NEAR

AH 3DH

AL
DX FILENAM
21H
CF
E2

X1 ERR
HANDLE AX
AX 2 2 H
CX 256
STOSW
:

NEAR

SI SECTOR

DI DISAREA
COUNT
DX SECTOR 512
SI DX
G
R1 READ
ENDCDE
G8
SI SECTOR
BX COUNT
BX 8
G5
DI BX D AH
P1 PRNT
DI DISAREA
BX COUNT
DI BX AL
BX
AL 1AH
G8
AL AH

CR LF

SI AL
SI

G6 :
G :
JNE
CALL
JMP
G6
P1 PRNT
G2
CMP
JNE
DEC
MOV
AND
ADD
AL H

G
BX:
BX
BYTE PTR DI BX 2 H TAB
BX FFF8H
8
BX 8
8
MOV
JMP
G8 :
MOV
MOV
CALL
G :
RET
G1 XFER ENDP

P1 PRNT PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
INC
LEA
INT
MOV
MOV
LEA
REP
RET
P1 PRNT ENDP

R1 READ PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
MOV
RET
R1 READ ENDP

Q1 SCR PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
RET
Q1 SCR ENDP

Q2 CURS PROC
MOV
MOV
MOV

COUNT BX
G3
BX COUNT

BYTE PTR DI BX CH

P1 PRNT
:

NEAR
AH H

BX

CX COUNT
CX
DX DISAREA
21H

AX 2 2 H
CX 6
DI DISAREA
STOSW
:

NEAR
AH 3FH

BX HANDLE

CX 512

DX SECTOR
21H
ENDCDE AX
:

NEAR
AX 6 H
BH 1EH

CX

DX 18 FH
1 H
:

NEAR
AH 2

BH
DX
INT
1 H
RET
Q2 CURS ENDP

:

X1 ERR PROC
NEAR

MOV
AH H

MOV
BX 1
MOV
CX 18

LEA
DX OPENMSG

INT
1H

MOV
NDCDE 1
RET
X1 ERR ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.1 .2. ASCII .
DOS
________________________________________________________________
DOS AH
5 DL
INT 21H :
MOV AH 5
MOV DL char
INT 21H

DOS
.

.
. SI
HEADG CX
. P2
HEADG .
HEADG

.
HEADG DB
LEA
MOV
P2 :
MOV
MOV
INT
INC
LOOP
CH Industrial Bicycle Mfrs DH AH AH

SI HEADG

CX 2

AH 5
DL SI
21H
SI
P2

DOS

DOS Out of paper .

.
Ctrl Break.

________________________________________________________________

. :
.
15
1
18
2
F
E
12
1
Esc
.1B .
:
1B
1B
1B
1B
3
32
5
6
8
6

:
1. .
8
:
HEADG DB
FH 1BH 3 H Title... DH AH
2. :
MOV AH 5
MOV DL FH
INT 21H

.

.
.
BIOS INT 1 H
________________________________________________________________
BIOS INT 1 H
AH:
AH :
1 2 .
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
AH
AL char
DX
1 H

BIOS

1.
AH1: :
AH
MOV AH 1
MOV DX
INT 1 H

BIOS

.
.
AH2: :
MOV
MOV
INT
TEST
JNZ

AH 2

DX
1 H
BIOS
AH 1 1 1B
errormsg
AH1 AH2
. AH
1:

6
5
3

.
1 1
. 5
3 .
.B 1 11 .
BIOS

.
.

. BIOS

. DOS
Out of paper
.
.

.
.

________________________________________________________________

.

.

DOS
. BIOS
. BIOS INT 1 H
.

________________________________________________________________
1 .1. DOS

.
DOS.
1 .2.
1 .3. :

.
1 . . 1 .1 BIOS INT
1 H. .
1 .5. 1 .1
5 .
DOS.
1 .6. .1 .1
1 . . .1 .2
.
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.
Pascal C
.
.
MASM
.
MACRO
MEND.

.
.
:

.

ASCII

.

.

.

________________________________________________________________

.
INIT1
EXE :
INIT1 MACRO

ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:DSEG SS:STAC ES:DSEG
PUSH DS
SUB AX AX
PUSH AX
MOV AX DSEG
MOV DS AX
MOV ES AX
ENDM

________________
|

|

|
p|
|

________________|

MACRO
ENDM . INIT1
.
ENDM .
MACRO ENDM .
CSEG DSEG
STAC
.
INIT1
.
INIT1
.
INIT1

.

.
.2 .1 .

.
ASSUME .

.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE MACRO1 EXE

INIT1 MACRO

ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:DSEG SS:STAC ES:DSEG
PUSH
DS
2

5
66
6F
2
6E
1A
65
2
2D
65
D
3
6D
6
3

61
6E

2
63
3
6
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DSEG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
ENDM

STAC
SEGMENT PARA STAC Stack
DW
32 DUP

STAC
ENDS

DSEG
SEGMENT PARA Data
MESSGE DB
Test of macro instruction 13
6F
2

6F
DSEG
ENDS

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code
BEGIN PROC
FAR
INIT1

PUSH
DS

SUB
AX AX

PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DSEG

MOV
DS AX

MOV
ES AX
MOV
AH H

MOV
BX 1

MOV
CX 26
LEA
DX MESSGE
INT
21H
RET
BEGIN ENDP
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN

1
3

B
D
1
13
1
1
1A
1A
1E
2B
5
B8
8E
8E
B
BB
B
8D
CD
CB
R
D8
C

1
1A
16 R
21
Macros:
N a m e
Length
INIT1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N
CSEG . . . . . . . .
DSEG. . . . . . . .
STAC . . . . . . . .
a
.
.
.
m
.
.
.
e
Size
. . . . . . 1A
. . . . . . 1A
. . . . . .
Align
PARA
PARA
PARA
Combine
NONE
NONE
STAC
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
Symbols:
N a m e
Type
Value Attr
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC
CSEG
Length 1A
MESSAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L BYTE
DSEG
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .1. .

________________________________________________________________

: CSEG DSEG STAC .

:
INIT2 MACRO CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME

ASSUME CS:CSNAME DS:DSNAME SC:SSNAME ES:DSNAME
PUSH DS
SUB AX AX
PUSH AX
MOV AX DSNAME
MOV DS AX
MOV ES AX
ENDM

.
CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME
ASSUME DSNAME MOV.

.
INIT2

.
:
: INIT2 MACRO CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME .
|
|
|
:
INIT2 CSEG DSEG STAC

:
1: CSEG
. CSEG
ASSUME.
2: DSEG
. DSEG
ASSUME
MOV.
3: STAC

. STAC
ASSUME.
CSNAME
CSNAME
DSNAME
DSNAME:
SSNAME
SSNAME
.2 .2.

CX
.

.
12 .
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE MACRO2 EXE

ASSUME CS:CSNAME DS:DSNAME
ASSUME SS:SSNAME ES:DSNAME

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DSNAME
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX

ENDM

STAC

2
DW
32 DUP

STAC
ENDS

DSEG
SEGMENT PARA Data

5 65 3 2 6F MESSAGE DB
Test of macro
66 2 6D 61 63 2
6F 2
DSEG
ENDS
E

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code

BEGIN PROC
FAR

INIT2 CSEG DSEG STAC

1E
PUSH
DS
1 2B C

SUB
AX AX
3 5

PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DSEG
B8 R

8E D8

MOV
DS AX
8E C

MOV
ES AX
B B
MOV
AH

LEA
DX MESSGE
D 8D 16 R

11 CD 21
INT
21H
13 CB
RET
1
BEGIN ENDP
CSEG
ENDS
1
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .2. .
________________________________________________________________

. COMMENT
PROMPT:
PROMPT
MACRO
MESSGE

MOV
AH H
LEA
DX MESSGE
INT
21H
ENDM

.

.LALL list all
:
.LALL
PROMPT
MESSAG1

.
.LALL.

.
.XALL
.
.
.SALL suppress all

.
.LALL .XALL .SALL

.

.
.2 .3
. INIT2 PROMPT
. .SALL
INIT2 PROMPT.
PROMPT .LALL
.
PROMPT

.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE MACRO3 EXE .LALL .SALL

ASSUME CS:CSNAME DS:DSNAME
ASSUME SS:SSNAME ES:DSNAME
PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DSNAME
MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
ENDM

PROMPT MACRO MESSAGE

DOS
MOV
AH

LEA
DX MESSAGE
INT
21H
ENDM

STAC
2
DW
32 DUP

STAC
ENDS

DATA
SEGMENT PARA Data
Customer name
3 5 3 6F 6D MESSG1 DB
65 2 2 6E 61 6D
2
3 6F 6D MESSG2 DB
Customer address
2 61 6 6
3 3 3F 2
21
DATA
ENDS

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code

BEGIN PROC
FAR
.SALL

INIT2 CSEG DATA STAC
PROMPT MESSG1
.LALL
PROMPT MESSG2

13 B

MOV
AH
15 8D 16 F R

LEA
DX MESSG2
1 CD 21

INT
21H
RET
1B CB
1C
BEGIN ENDP
1C
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
65
3
65
2
3F
5
2
65
.2 .3. .

________________________________________________________________
.
DOS21 AH
DOS INT 21H:
DOS21
MACRO
MOV
INT
ENDM
DOSFUNC
AH DOSFUNC
21H

:
LEA
DOS21
DX NAMEPAR
AH

AH :
DISP
MACRO
MOV
MOV
INT
ENDM
CHAR
AH 2
DL CHAR
21H

DISP .
DOC21:
DISP
MACRO
MOV
DOS21
CHAR
DL CHAR
2
DISP
ENDM
DISP DISP
:
MOV
MOV
INT
DL
AH 2
21H
LOCAL
________________________________________________________________

.

.
.
LOCAL
MACRO .
:
LOCAL dummy 1 dummy 2 ...
.2 . LOCAL.

1
. : COMP
OUT . COMP OUT
LOCAL .
COMP OUT
1. DIVIDE
2
3 . LOCAL
.
__________________________________________________________________________
COM LOCAL
TITLE MACRO

DIVIDE MACRO DIVIDEND DIVISOR QUOTIENT
LOCAL COMP
LOCAL OUT

AX BX CX
MOV
AX DIVIDEND

MOV
BX DIVISOR

SUB
CX CX
COMP:
CMP
AX BX

JB
OUT

SUB
AX BX
1
INC
CX
JMP
COMP
OUT:

MOV
QUOTIENT CX
ENDM

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code
ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:CSEG SS:CSEG ES:CSEG
ORG
1 H
1 EB 6
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

1 2 6

DIVDND DW
15
1 1B

DIVSOR DW
2
1 6
QUOTNT DW

1 8
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
.LALL
DIVIDE DIVDND DIVSOR QUOTNT
AX BX CX

1 8 A1 1 2 R

MOV
AX DIVDND
1 B 8B 1E 1 R

MOV
BX DIVSOR
1 F 2B C

SUB
CX CX

111
:
111 3B C3

CMP
AX BX
113 2 5

1

JB
115 2B C3

SUB
AX BX

INC
CX
11 1

1
118 EB F

JMP
11A
1:
11A 8 E 1 6 R
MOV
QUOTNT CX

RET
11E C3
11F
MAIN
ENDP
11F
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 . . LOCAL.

________________________________________________________________
INIT1 INIT2
.

MACRO.LIB:
INIT
PROMPT
MACRO
.
.
ENDM
MACRO
.
.
ENDM
CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME
MESSGE

MACRO INCLUDE:
INCLUDE
.
.
INIT
C:MACRO.LIB

CSEG DATA STAC
MACRO.LIB
C INIT PROMPT.
INIT.
C 3
LST .
31 .

INCLUDE
:
IF1
INCLUDE
C:MACRO.LIB
ENDIF
IF1 ENDIF . IF1

. ENDIF IF .

.
.2 .5 IF1
INCLUDE ENDIF LST ENDIF.
INIT PROMPT
MACRO.LIB ..
MACRO.LIB .
INCLUDE
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE MACRO5 EXE INCLUDE
EDIF

STAC

2
DW
32 DUP

STAC
ENDS

DATA
SEGMENT PARA Data
5 65 3 2 6F MESSGE DB
Test of macro
66 2 6D 61 63 2
6F 2
E
DATA
ENDS

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code

BEGIN PROC
FAR

INIT
CSEG DATA STAC
1E

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
1 3B C

3 5

PUSH
AX
B8 R

MOV
AX DATA
8E D8

MOV
DS AX
MOV
ES AX
8E C

PROMPT MESSGE
B B

MOV
AH
D 8D 16 R

LEA
DX MESSGE
INT
21H
11 CD 21

13 CB
RET
1
BEGIN ENDP
1
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .5. .

INCLUDE
.
INIT PROMPT DIVIDE
INIT. PURGE PROMPT
DIVIDE :
IF1
ENDIF
PURGE
...
INIT
INCLUDE MACRO.LIB
PROMRT DIYIDE

CSEG DATA STAC
PURGE
.

________________________________________________________________

. MOVE MOVSB
MOVSW:
MOVE
MACRO
REP
ENDM
TAG
MOVS
TAG
MOVE B MOVE W.
MOVS
REP MOVSB REP MOVSW.
.
: REPT IRP IRPC
________________________________________________________________

ENDM.
ENDM
ENDM
.
REPT:

REPT
ENDM :
REPT
N
DB N :
N
REPT
N
DB
ENDM

5
N 1
N
DB DB 1 DB 5.
REPT
.
MOVSB REP MOVSB CX 5:
REPT 5
MOVSB
ENDM
IRP:

IRP ENDM.
:
IRP dummy arguments

.
.
DB 3 DB DB 1 DB 25 DB 28:
IRP N 3 1 25 28
DB N
ENDM
IRPC:

IRPC
ENDM. :
IRPC dummy string

DW 3 DW ... DW 8:
string .
IRPC N 3 56 8
DW N
ENDM

________________________________________________________________
.
IF1
.
.
IF ENDIF
IF ELSE :
IFxx

.
__________
.
|
ELSE
|
.
|
.
__________|
IF
ENDIF

ENDIF
:
Undeterminated conditional
.

ELSE ELSE ENDIF.
ELSE
ELSE .
:
IF
IFE
IF1
IF2
IFDEF
IFNDEF
IFB
IFNB
IFIDN 1 2
IFDIF 1 2

.

.

.

.

EXTRN
.

EXTRN
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
IFNB . DOS
INT 21H AH
DX.
:
DOS21
MACRO
MOV
IFNB
MOV
ENDIF
INT
ENDM
DOSFUNC DXADDRES
AN DOSFUNC
DXADDRES
DX OFFSET DXADDRES
21H
DOS21
1 AH:
DOS21
MOV AH 1 INT 21H.

AH AH
DX :
DOS21
AH IPFIELD
MOV INT 21H.

EXITM.
________________________________________________________________

.
.
EXITM:
IFxx
.
.
.
EXITM
.
.
ENDIF

EXITM
ENDM.
EXITM
REPT IRP IRPC

.
IF IFNDEF
________________________________________________________________
.2 .6 DIVIDE
.
:
. IFNDEF
.
CNTR.
.
CNTR:
IF CNTR

EXITM
CNTR
EXITM
.
CNTR IFNDEF
CNTR 1.

. DIVIDE
.

.
__________________________________________________________________________

1
1 EB 6
1 2
1
1 6
6
1B

1 8

1 8
1 8
1 F
111
111
113
A1 1 2 R
8B 1E 1 R
2B C
3B C3
2 5

TITLE MACRO6 COM . IF IFNDEF

DIVIDE MACRO DIVIDEND DIVISOR QUOTIENT
LOCAL COMP
LOCAL OUT

CNTR

AX BX CX
IFNDEF DIVIDEND

CNTR 1
CNTR
ENDIF
IFNDEF DIVISOR

CNTR 1
CNTR
ENDIF
IFNDEF QUOTIENT

CNTR 1
CNTR
ENDIF
IF
CNTR

EXITM
ENDIF

MOV
AX DIVIDEND
MOV
BX DIVISOR

SUB
CX CX

COMP:

CMP
AX BX
JB
OUT

SUB
AX BX

1
INC
CX
JMP
COMP
OUT:
MOV
QUOTIENT CX
ENDM

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA Code
ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:CSEG SS:CSEG ES:CSEG
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

DIVDND DW
15
DIVSOR DW
2

QUOTNT DW

MAIN
PROC
NEAR
.LALL
DIVIDE DIVDND DIVSOR QUOTNT

CNTR
AX BX CX

ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF

MOV
AX DIVDND

MOV
BX DIVSOR
SUB
CX CX

:

CMP
AX BX
1

JB
115 2B C3
11 1
118 EB F
11A
11A 8 E 1 6 R

1:

SUB
INC
JMP
AX BX
CX

MOV
QUOTNT CX

DIVIDE DIDND DIVSOR QUOT

CNTR

AX BX CX

IFNDEF DIDND

1
CNTR 1

CNTR

ENDIF

ENDIF
IFNDEF QUOT

2
CNTR 1

CNTR

ENDIF
IF
CNTR

EXITM
11E C3
RET
MAIN
ENDP
11F
11F
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .6. IF IFNDEF.
IFIDN
________________________________________________________________
.2 . MOVIF
MOVSB MOVSW
. B W
MOVSB MOVSW MOVS.
:
MOVIF
MACRO
IFIDN
TAG

TAG B
IFIDN B
W B. REP
MOVSB.

TAG .
B W
MOVSB .
MOVIF:
B W .

CX DX .

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE MACRO COM IFIDN

MOVIF
MACRO TAG
IFIDN

TAG B
REP MOVSB
EXITM
ENDIF
IFIDN

TAG W
REP MOVSW
ELSE

B W
B

REP MOVSB
ENDIF
ENDM

CSIG
SEGMENT PARA Code
ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:CSEG
ASSUME SS:CSEG ES:CSEG
ORG
1 H
1
1 EB
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

...
1 2
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
.LALL
MOVIF B

B B
IFIDN
1 2 F3 A

REP MOVSB
EXITM

MOVIF W

ENDIF

IFIDN
W W
REP MOVSW
1 F3 A5

ENDIF
MOVIF

ENDIF
ELSE

. B W . B

1 6 F3 A

REP MOVSB
ENDIF

1 8 C3
RET
1
MAIN
ENDP
1
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 . . IFIDN

________________________________________________________________
MASM .

.
MACRO

ENDM .

.SALL .LALL .XALL

.

.
MACRO.
LOCAL
LOCAL

.

.

________________________________________________________________
2 .1. :

.
2 .2. : MULTBY
MULTWD
.
.

.
2 .3. 2 .2 .

INCLUDE .
2 . . BIPRINT BIOS INT 1 H
.
.
2 .5. .2 .6
.
21

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.

.

.

.

OBJ . LIN
EXE .

.
.
.21.1
. .21.1.
1 2 3. .21.1.
1 2 1 3.

.
1 2 3
1.

.
__________________________________________________________________________
a

L T
L T

1 2 3
1 2
L L L
L T L

3
L
__________________________________________________________________________
.21.1. .

________________________________________________________________
CALL
.. . CALL
12 128
.
IP
.
CALL :
E82 . .E8 2
2 IP.
CS IP
.
RET IP
CALL .

.
CS
IP
.

.
CALL
:
A 2 AF
. A
2 2 IP AF
AF CS.
:

IP

AF
2
CF
REP
CS IP
CALL .
EXTRN PUBLIC
________________________________________________________________
MAINPROG

SUBPROG CALL
.21.2.
CALL MAINPROG SUBPROG

SUBPROG . EXTRN
SUBPROG
FAR
.. .

:
A E
SUBPROG PUBLIC
SUBPROG.
MAINPROG SUBPROG

:

LIN :
:
Run File filespec.EXE :
List File NUL.MAP :
Libraries .LIB :
B:MAINPROG B:SUBPROG
B:COMBPROG
CON
return
EXTRN
PUBLIC
.
.
.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
EXTRN SUBPROG:FAR
MAINPROG: .
CALL
SUBPROG

PUBLIC SUBPROG
SUBPROG: .
RET
L
__________________________________________________________________________
.21.2. .
EXTRN

EXTRN :
EXTRN
: ...

EXTRN.
PUBLIC.
ABS BYTE DWORD FAR NEAR WORD.
EQU .
PUBLIC

PUBLIC
.
:
PUBLIC
...

PUBLIC.
PROC .

EQU
.
.
: EXTRN PUBLIC
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE CALLMULL1 EXE .
EXTRN SUBMUL:FAR

STAC SG

DW
6 DUP

8
STAC SG
ENDS


1
1 H
QTY
DW
2 25
PRICE DW
25 H

DATASG ENDS


BEGIN PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC SG
PUSH
DS
1E
1 2B C
SUB
AX AX
3 5
PUSH
AX
B8 R
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
8E D8
A1 2 R

MOV
AX PRICE
C 8B 1E R

MOV
BX QTY
1 A E
CALL
SUBMUL

RET
15 CB
16
BEGIN ENDP
16
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
DATASG
. . . . . . . . . . . .
STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Align
PARA
PARA
PARA
Combine
NONE
NONE
STAC
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
Symbols:
BEGIN.
PRICE.
QTY. .
SUBMUL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

F E3
2 CB
3
3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N a m e
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Type
Value
F PROC
L WORD 2
L WORD
L FAR

Attr
CODESG Length 16
DATASG
DATASG
External
page
6 132
TITLE SUBMUL

SUBMUL PROC
FAR
ASSUME CS:CODESG
PUBLIC SUBMUL
AX BX
MUL
BX
RET
DX:AX
SUBMUL ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
SUBMUL
Segments and groups:

N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Align
PARA
Combine Class
CODE
NONE
Symbols:
N a m e
Type
Value Attr
SUBMUL . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC
CODESG Clobal Length 3
__________________________________________________________________________

LIN
IBM Personal Computer Linker
Version 2.3 C Copyright IBM Corp 1 81 1 85
Object Modules: B:CALLMUL1 B:SUBMUL1
Run File: B:CALLMUL1.EXE : return
List File: NUL.MAP : CON
Libraries .LIB : return
Start
H
2 H
3 H
H
Stop Length Name
15H
22H
33H
BFH
16H
3H
H
8 H
CODESG
CODESG
DATASG

STAC SG
Class
CODE : 2
CODE
DATA
STAC
Program entry point at :

__________________________________________________________________________
. 21.3. EXTRN PUBLIC.
.21.3 CALLMUL1
SUBMUL1.
. QTY PRICE.
AX PRICE BX
QTY . EXTRN
SUBMUL .
PUBLIC ASSUME

SUBMUL. AX
BX .
DX:AX . 2E .

.
.

.

.
.

. SUBMUL
FAR External
F FAR Global .

.. .

.
.

.
. . 2 .

CALL SUBMUL
A D 13
CALL . A.
IP
.13D2 CS .D 13.
CS:IP ..
13D .
CS .13D2 .. 13D2 .

. 2 .
:
CS
IP

13D2
2
13D

CALL.
: PUBLIC
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
CALLMUL2 EXE .
EXTERN SUBMUL:FAR

STAC SG
DW
6 DUP

STAC SG
ENDS

QTY
DW
1 H
PRICE DW
25 H
DATASG ENDS

CODESG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC Code
BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX
MOV
AX PRICE

MOV
BX QTY

CALL
SUBMUL
RET
BEGIN ENDP
TITLE

8

2

1
25

1
3

C
1
15
16
1E
2B
5
B8
8E
A1
8B
A
CB
R
D8
2 R
1E R
E
16
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
________________________________________________________________________
Segments and Group:
N a m e
Size
Align
Combine Class
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
DATASG
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CODE
DATA
STAC
PARA
PARA
PARA
PUBLIC
NONE
STAC
Value

2

Attr
CODESG Lenght 16
DATASG
DATASG
External
Symbols:
BEGIN.
PRICE.
QTY. .
SUBMUL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N a m e
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Type
PROC
WORD
WORD
FAR
F
L
L
L
page
6 132
TITLE SUBMUL2

CODESG SEGMENT PARA
PUBLIC CODE
SUBMUL PROC
FAR
ASSUME CS:CODESG
PUBLIC SUBMUL
AX BX
MUL
BX
RET
DX:AX
SUBMUL ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
SUBMUL

2
3
3
.
.
.
.
F E3
CB

N a m e
Size
CODESG. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Align
PARA
Combine Class
PUBLIC CODE
Value

Attr
CODESG Global Length 3
Symbols:
N a m e
Type
SUBMUL. . . . . . . . . . . . .F PROC

LIN
Start
Stop Length Name
H 22H 23H CODESG

3 H 33H H DATASG

H BFH 8 H STAC SG
Class
CODE : 1
DATA
STAC

__________________________________________________________________________
.21. . PUBLIC.
.21.
.21.3.
. SEGMENT
PUBLIC:
CODESG
SEGMENT
PARA PUBLIC CODE

CALL.

: CODESG PUBLIC .21.3
NONE .

CODESG CODE PUBLIC

.

:
A 2 D213
.2 IP .D213 CS.

CS .D213.
. 2 :
CS:
IP:
:
13D2
2
13D

.13D .

. 16.
SEGMENT
.. .1
.

. 2 .
13D2 2 13D .
__________________________________________
| ... | |
| |
|
|___________________________|______________|
|
|
|
13D2
13D3
13D

.
:
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
CALLMUL3 EXE

EXTRN SUBMUL:FAR
PUBLIC QTY PRICE

STAC SG
DW
6 DUP

STAC SD
ENDS
TITLE

1
25

1
3

E
F
1E
2B
5
B8
8E
A
CB
R
D8
E

DATASG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC Data
1 H
QTY
DW
PRICE DW
25 H
DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

PUSH
DS
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
MOV
AX DATASG
MOV
DS AX

CALL
SUBMUL
RET
BEGIN ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
_____________________________________________________________________
N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . F
DATASG
. . . . . . . . . . . .
STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Align
PARA
PARA
PARA
Combine
PUBLIC
PUBLIC

STAC
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
Symbols:
BEGIN.
PRICE.
QTY. .
SUBMUL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N a m e
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Type
Value
F PROC
L WORD 2
L WORD
L FAR

Attr
CODESG Length F
DATASG Global
DATASG Global
External
page
6 132
SUBMUL
EXTRN QTY:WORD PRICE:WORD

CODESG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE
SUBMUL PROC
FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESG
PUBLIC SUBMUL

A1 E
MOV
AX PRICE
8B 1E E
MOV
BX QTY
3

DX:AX
F E3
MUL
BX

CB
RET
A
SUBMUL ENDP
CODESG ENDS
A
END
SUBMUL
_____________________________________________________________________
TITLE

N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . A
Align Combine Class

PARA PUBLIC CODE
Symbols:
N a m e
Type
Value Attr
PRICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . V WORD
External
QTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . V WORD
External
SUBMUL . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC CODESG Global Length A
_____________________________________________________________________

LIN
Start
Stop Length Name
H 1 H 1AH CODESG
3 H 33H H DATASG

H BFH 8 H STAC SG
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
PROGRAM entry point at :

__________________________________________________________________________
.21.5. .

. QTY PRICE

BX AX .
.21.5. :
QTY PRICE PUBLIC.

PUBLIC.
Global QTY PRICE
.
QTY PRICE EXTRN WORD.
2 .
MOV
. QTY
PRICE External .
MOV :
A1 E
8B 1E E
MOV AX PRICE
MOV BX QTY
.A1
AX .8B BX
AX
.
:
A1 2
8B 1E

MOV .
DS
.

PUBLIC EXTRN.

.

6 .
.23

GROUP
.

________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
CALLMULL EXE

EXTRN SUBMUL:FAR

STAC SG

DW
6 DUP

STAC SG
ENDS
8

1
QTY
DW
1 H
PRICE DW
25 H
2 25

DATASG ENDS

BEGIN PROC
FAR

1E
PUSH
DS
1 2B C
SUB
AX AX
PUSH
AX
3 5
B8 R
MOV
A DATASG
8E D8
MOV
DS AX
FF 36 2 R
PUSH
PRICE
PUSH
QTY
D FF 36 R
11 A E

CALL
SUBMUL
16 CB
RET
1
BEGIN ENDP
CODESG ENDS
1
END
BEGIN
_____________________________________________________________________
TITLE


N a m e
Sise
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DATASG
. . . . . . . . . . . .
STAC SG. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Align
PARA
PARA
PARA
Combine
NONE
NONE
STAC
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
Symbols:
N a m e
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . .
PRICE. . . . . . . . . . . . .
QTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type
Value
F PROC
L WORD 2
L WORD
Attr
CODESG Length 1
DATASG
DATASG
SUBMUL . . . . . . . . . . . . L FAR

External
_____________________________________________________________________
page
6 132
TITLE SUBMUL

SUBMUL PROC
FAR
ASSUME CS:CODESG
PUBLIC SUMBUL
55
PUSH
BP

1
8P EC
MOV
BP SP
3

8B 6 8
MOV
AX BP 8
6
8B 5E 6
MOV
BX BP 6

F E3
MUL
BX

DX:AX
B
5D
POP
BP
F
SUMBUL ENDP
F
CODESG ENDS
END
_____________________________________________________________________
N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Align
PARA
Combine Class
PUBLIC CODE
Symbols:
N a m e
Type
Value Attr
SUBMUL . . . . . . . . . . . . F PROC
CODESG Global Length F
_____________________________________________________________________

LIN
Object Modules: B:CALLMUL B:SUBMUL
Run File: B:CALLMUL .EXE : return
Start
Stop Length Name
H 1 H 1AH CODESG
3 H 33H H DATASG

H BFH 8 H STAC SG
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
PROGRAM entry point at :

__________________________________________________________________________
.21.6. .

.
. PUSH
.
.21.6
SUBMUL PRICE QTY. CALL
:
... | 16 | D213 |
6
5
1 | 25 | | C213 |
3
2
1
1.
2.
3.
.
5.
6.
PUSH DS .
DOS.
PUSH AX .
PUSH PRICE 25 .
PUSH QTY 1 .
CALL CS D213
CALL
IP 16 .
BP
BP
. BP
.
BP SP
BP
SP. BP 2. SP
.. .8 .
SP 2:
SP:
| | 16 | D213 |
|
|
|
2

6
1 | 25 | | C213 |
|
|
|
|
8
A
C
E
BP 2 PRICE
BP 8 QTY BP 6.
AX BX
.

BP
SP
2 2 .
RET
. :
IP 16
SP 2 6.
CS
D213 .
SP 2 6 8.

. . RET
RET

. RET
SP C.
.
SP
.
BASIC
________________________________________________________________
BASIC IBM PC
BASIC .
:
BIOS
.

BASIC .
BASIC
.
6
BASIC. .

:
BASIC PO E
BASIC .

BASIC PO E

.
LST
DEBUG.
BASIC DATA. BASIC
READ PO E
.

EXE .
BASIC .
BASIC BSAVE BASIC
save BLOAD
.
BASIC
. BASIC
: USR CALL. DS ES
SS BASIC.
CS
DEF SEG . SP

.

.
SP BASIC
RET.

. HIGH
B: HIGH.
DEBUG EXE
R CS IP:
. N BASIC
L.
BASIC EXE
USR CALL.
EXE
USRn CALL. BASIC IBM PC
USRn CALL
.
: BASIC

__________________________________________________________________________
LOAD D:BASTEST.BAS
LIST
1
CLEAR 32 68
2
BLOAD
3
DEFSEG

CALL
5
ASM
6
FOR N 1 TO 5
INPUT Hours H

8
INPUT Rate R

W H R
1
PRINT Wage W
11
NEXT N
12
END
_____________________________________________________________________

TITLE LIN BAS BASIC
CODESG SEGMENT PARA CODE
ASSUME CS:CODESG
CLRSCRN PROC
FAR
PUSH
BP
BP

MOV
BP SP

MOV
AX 6 H
MOV
BH

MOV
CX

MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
POP
BP
RET

CLRSCRN ENDP
CODESG ENDS
END
__________________________________________________________________________
.21. . BASIC
.

BASIC .
BASIC
. FOR NEXT
. BASIC
.
. 21. BASIC
. BASIC :
1 32 2 3 5
.
BASIC .
BASIC . BASIC
.
F2.

SAVE B:BASTEST.BAS
:
BASIC

BP
SP BP

.
.
DOS
A B:
1.
2.
3.
.
5.
6.
.
8.
.

B:LIN BAS.ASM
.

LIN
:

LIN B:LIN BAS B:LIN BAS HIGH CON
DEBUG BASIC : DEBUG
BASIC.COM.
R .
SS CS IP.

:

N B:LIN BAS.EXE
L
R
CX CS IP.
SS CS IP .
R SS R CS R IP .
G go BASIC.
BASIC .

:
DEF SEG
Hxxxx CS 6
BSAVE B:CLRSCRN.MOD
Hxx CX 6

.
.
B.
1 . BASIC .

SYSTEM BASIC Q
DEBUG. DOS
11. BASIC BASIC
:
BASIC
LOAD B:BASTEST.BAS
LIST
12. 2 3 5 :
2
3

5
BLOAD B:CLRSCRN.MOD
DEF SEG
Hxxxx CS 6
CLRSCRN

CALL CLRSCRN
13. BASIC .
BASIC

. .21.8

.

.
BASIC

CALL 1 2 ...

BP BP .21.3.
RET
. CALL
RET 6.
__________________________________________________________________________

D LIN
Version 2.3 C Copyright IBM Corp. 1 81 1 85

Object Modules
.OBJ : LIN BAS
Run File LIN BAS.EXE : LIN BAS HIGH
List File NUL.MAP : CON
Libraries .LIB :
Warning: no stack segment
Start Stop Length Name
Class
H 11H 12H CODESG
CODE
D DEBUG BASIC.COM
R
AX BX CX 12 DX SPFFFF BP SI DI
DS1 1 ES1 1 SS1 1 CS1 1 IP 1 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
1 1 : 1
JMP
3FE3
E E 3E
N D:LIN BAS.EXE
L
R
AXFFA3 BX CX 12 DX SP BP SI DI
DS1 1 ES1 1 SS FE CS FE IP NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
FE : 55
R SS
SS FE
:1 1
R CS
CS FE
:1 1
R IP
IP
: 1
G
Ok
DEF SEG
H EF
Ok
BSAVE D:CLRSCREEN.MOD
H12
Ok
SYSTEM
Program terminated normally
Q
D BASIC
IBM Personal Computer Basic
Ver sion D3.1 Copyright IBM Corp. 1 81 1 85
6131 Bytes free
Ok
LOAD D:BASTEST.BAS
Ok
2
BLOAD D:CLRSCREEN.MOD
3
DEF SEG
H FE

CLRSCRN
5
CALL CLRSCRN
LIST
1
CLEAR 32 68
2
BLOAD D:CLRSCRN.MOD
3
DEF SEG
H FE

CLRSCRN
5
CALL CLRSCRN
6
FOR N 1 TO 5
INPUT HOURS H

8
INPUT rATE R

W H R
1
PRINT WAGE W
11
NEXT N
12
END
Ok
__________________________________________________________________________
.21.8. BASIC .
PASCAL
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
program pascall input output
procedure move_cursor const row: integer
const col: integer extern
var
temp_row:
integer
temp_col:
integer
begin
write Enter cursor row:
readln temp_row
write Enter cursor column:
readln temp_col
move_cursor temprow temp_col
write New cursor location
end.
_____________________________________________________________________
MOVCUR

PUBLIC MOVE_CURSOR

MOVE_CURSOR:

: const row

const col

:

CODESEG SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE
TITLE

MOVE_CURSOR PROC FAR

ASSUME CS:CODESEG
ROWWPAR EQU
8
COLPAR EQU
6

BP
BP
PUSH
MOV
BP
BP SP
MOV
MOV
SI BP ROWPAR SI
DL
DH SI
MOV
SUB
INT
AH 2
BH BH
1 H
POP
BP

RET
MOVE_CURSOR
ENDP
CODESEG ENDS
END
__________________________________________________________________________
.21. . PASCAL .

PASCAL IBM MicroSoft

. .21. PASCAL
. PASCAL
OBJ
OBJ . LIN OBJ
EXE .
PASCAL : temp_row temp_col

. temp_row temp_col

. PASCAL
procedure move_cursor
extern . PASCAL

:
move_cursor temp_row temp_col
:

.

2

6
8
BP

PASCAL .
.21.6.
SP .

BP SP
BP. BP
.
.

8 BP 8.
6 BP 6.

BX DI SI.
BP 8 SI SI
DH.
DL.
DX
BIOS .
BP. RET
22 .
.

PUSH
POP .
.
PASCAL
AX
DX:AX.

PASCALL
PASCALL CODESEG
.
PASCALL .
.5 2 2 .

.
C
________________________________________________________________
C
C

C.
:
C

.
:
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
...
POP
RET
ES BP
BP SP
DH BP
DL BP 6
BP
C

C .
C
DI SI
.

AX DX:AX
.
C
DF CLD
.

________________________________________________________________

EXTRN PUBLIC.
1
2 1.

PUBLIC.

.

. PUBLIC
EXTRN.

________________________________________________________________
21.1. MAINPRO
SUBPRO. MAINPRO
SUBPRO
SUBPRO
MAINPRO
21.2. MAINPRO QTY
DB VALUE DW PRICE DW. SUBPRO
VALUE QTY PRICE.
MAINPRO
SUBPRO

21.3.
.
21.2 21.3
21. .
MAINPRO . SUBPRO
.
21.5.
. 21.
MAINPRO QTY
VALVE SUBCONV ASCII
SUBCALC PRICE
SUBDISP ASCII
.
22

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________
DOS
DOS
. DOS
:
1.
DOS
FORMAT S. DOS
A C
.

.
2. IBMBIO.COM
BIOS ROM
. 6 . IBMBIO.COM

COMMAND.COM. IBMBIO.COM

.
3. IBMDOS.COM
. B .

INT 21H
.
.
COMMAND.COM DOS
DIR CH DS COM EXE BAT .
:

. COMMAND.COM

.
.22.1 .
.
__________________________________________________________________________

5
6
XXXX
..23
ROM
DOS
IBMBIO.COM
IBMDOS.COM

FAT
XXXX COMMAND.COM
XXXX COM EXE
XXXX COM 256
XXXX COMMAND.COM
.
__________________________________________________________________________
.22.1. DOS .
COMMAND.COM
________________________________________________________________
COMMAND.COM
.
COMMAND.COM:
1.
IBMDOS.COM
.
:
INT 22H
INT 23H
INT 2 H
INT 2 H
.
Ctrl Break.

FAT .

.
2.
AUTOEXEC .
.

.
.

.
3. .
DOS
. COMMAND.COM
DOS A C
.
COM EXE .

PSP
COMMAND.COM.
.1

:
IBMBIO.COM
IBMDOS.COM
COMMAND.COM

...
COMMAND.COM .
RET INT 2 H
COMMAND.COM.

.

________________________________________________________________
PSP 256 1 H
COM EXE
. PSP :

2

5
A
E
12
16
2C
5
5C
6C
8 FF
INT 2 H CD2 .

. p 512
8 H 8 H.
.
DOS.
.
Ctrl Break.
.
.
ASCIIZ .
DOS INT 21H RETF .
1
FCB 1 .
2
FCB 2
FCB 1 .
DTA .
DTA

PSP 8 H
.

.
.

. DTA:
1. .
CALCIT.EXE CALCIT return .
DOS PSP
.8 . D.
CALCIT
. Return
.
. D. .8 81 D.
2. .
COLOR BY
COLOR
BY .
.8 DOS :
8 :
3 2 2 5 D
3 BY .
3. . DEL

. DEL B:CALCIT.OBJ
return PSP .5C .8 :
5C:
8 :
2 3 1 C
C A L
D 2 2 3A
B :
3
C I
3 1
C A
5 2 2
T
C 3
L C I
F
O
5
T
2
B
2E
.
A
J
F 2 A D
B J
.5C FCB
CALCIT.OBJ
. 2B
. CALCIT
OBJ.
:
progname A:FILEA B:FILEB
DOS FCB FILEA .5C FCB FILEB
.6C.
.8
16 .2 A:FILEA B:FILEB
OD .
PSP
PSP
. DTA COM
.8 SI :
MOV SI 8 H
CMP BYTE PTR SI
JE EXIT
DTA

EXE
PSP.
DS ES PSP
ES DS:
MOV AX DSEG
MOV DS AX
MOV SAVEPSP ES
PSP:
MOV SI SAVEPSP
CMP BYTE PTR SI 8 H
JE EXIT
DOS 3. INT 62H BX

PSP PSP.
COM
________________________________________________________________
EXE COM .
COM DOS
COM.
COM EXE
.
INT 2 H DOS . COM
DOS
PSP.
6

.FFFE .
.
.1 PSP .
CS:IP .. PSP.
COM
.
RET IP
.
CS:IP PSP
INT 2 H.
COMMAND.COM.
INT 2 H RET
COMMAND.COM .
EXE
________________________________________________________________
EXE
: 1
2 .

.
:

2

6
8
A
C
. D5A.
EXE .
EXE .
512 EXE .
.
16
.

.
.
E
1
12
1
16
18
1A
1C

. .
.FFFF .

.
.
SP
.

.
IP
.
.
CS.
.
:
EXE .

6.
512
. 6

. 1C

.

COMMAND.COM . COMMAND.COM
:
.

8
.

OE .
SS SP
.
DS ES
.
CS PSP
16 CS.
PSP 256
.1 . CS:IP
.. .
CS SS
DS ES
:
1.
2.
3.
.
5.
PUSH
SUB
PUSH
MOV
MOV
DS
AX AX
AX
AX datasegname
DS AX
PSP

DX

RET IP
.
CS:IP
PSP INT 2 H.
DOS.
EXE
________________________________________________________________
MAP :
Start
Stop
Length
Name
H
3AH
3BH
CSEG
H
5AH
1BH
DSEG
STAC
6 H
FH
2 H
Class
CODE
DATA
STAC
MAP
. H
.

.
MAP CSEG

. . 3B .
DSEG .
. 1B. .
CSEG

.. .1 .
STAC . 6
DSEG .
DEBUG
DOS
.

.

:

2

6
8
C
E
1
1
16
18
. D5A.
: 5B .
512 : 2 . 2
512 1 2 .

: 1 .. 1.
16 : 2 . 2 32
3216512 .
: .FFFF.
: 6 .6 .
SP: 2 .2 .
IP: .
C CS: .
C : 1E .1E.
DEBUG
:
SP 2
SS 13A5
DS 138F
CS 13 F
ES 138F
IP
EXE DS ES

IP SS SP .
SP

.2
. 16
DUP .. 16 32 .2 .
SP .
CS

DS
PSP .138F . PSP .1
PSP
.138F 1 13 F .
CS. CS
CSEG . D CS: DEBUG
.
LST
R.
SS

SS
:
PSP .DS
PSP

138F
1
6

13A5
DS

DS PSP.
DS
:
B8 R
8E D8
MOV AX DSEG
MOV DS AX
DSEG
.
DEBUG :
B8 A313
A313 DS 13A3.
CS
DS
SS
13 F
13A3
13A5

DEBUG
PUSH
SUB
PUSH
MOV
MOV
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
DS
AX AX
AX
AX DSEG
DS AX
SP
AX
SP
AX
DS
DS .
D DS:
DSEG D SS: .

________________________________________________________________

. . B
.
ASCIIZ DX
BX
ES:BX . AL 3:
AL . .

Cntrl Break
.
SP .
ES:BX :

2
6
1
.
PSP 8 H.
FCB PSP 5CH.
FCB PSP 6CH.
AL3. .
PSP .
.
ES:BX :
.
.
AX: 1 2 5 8 1
11. .22.2 DOS DIR
D. EXE .
PC Magazine .
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE
EXDOS
EXE DOS BH DIR
GMENT PARA Code

ASSUME CS:CSEG DS:CSEG ES:CSEG
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

PARAREA DW

DW
OFFSET DIRCOM

DW
CSEG
DW
OFFSET FCB1
FCB2
DW
CSEG
DIRCOM DB
1 C DIR D: 13
FCB1
DB
16 DUP
FCB2
DB
16 DUP
PROGNAM DB
D:COMMAND.COM

MAIN
PROC
FAR

MOV
AH AH
6
MOV
BH 1 H

INT
21H

JC
E1 ERR
MOV
DI 2CH

MOV
AX DI

LEA
SI PARAREA
SI AX
1
MOV
MOV
AX CS
DS ES
MOV
DS AX
CSEG
MOV
ES AX

MOV
AH BH
MOV
AL

LEA
BX PARAREA
COMMAND.COM
LEA
DX PROGNAM
DOS
INT
21H
JC
E2 ERR

MOV
AL

JMP
X1 XIT
E1 ERR:
MOV
AL 1
1
JMP
X1 XIT
E2 ERR:
2
MOV
AL 2
JMP
X1 XIT
E1 XIT:

MOV
AH CH
DOS
INT
21H
MAIN
ENDP
CSEG
ENDS
END
__________________________________________________________________________
CSEG
.22.2. DIR .
23
BIOS DOS
__________________________________________________________________________
: BIOS DOS.
________________________________________________________________

.
:

.
BIOS Basic Input Output System ROM
.

. BIOS DOS
IN OUT.

________________________________________________________________
IBM PC ROM FFFF H.

CS FFFFH IP
. FFFF:
FFFF BIOS. BIOS
.
BIOS
INT 11H
INT 12H
.
BIOS
DOS. BIOS
INT 1 H
.
IBMBIO.COM IBMDOS.COM
COMMAND.COM .
:

BIOS
IBMBIO.COM IBMDOS.COM
COMMAND.COM

COMMAND.COM
RAM
ROM BASIC
ROM BIOS
INTR
. IF
1

IF .
INT 12H
.
.
256
1 2 . .3FF.

CS IP .
. 23.1.
CS
IP. 12H

AX . 8 .12
. 8 . . 8
IP SS.
CS:IP
BIOS .
IRET Interrupt Return
CS IP
.
__________________________________________________________________________
.
3

8 B
C F
1 13
1 1
18 1F
2 23
2 2
28 3
38 3B
3C 3F
3

8 B
C F
5 53
5 5
58 5B
5C 5F
6 63
6 6
68 6B
6C 6F
3

8 B
C F
8 83
8 8
88 8B
8C 8F
3

8 B
F
AO FF
1 1FF
2 21
218 3C3
3C 3FF

.

1
2
3
5
6
8

A B C D
E
F
1
11
12
13
1
15
16
1
18
1
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
2
21
22
23
2
25
26
2
28 3F
F
8 85
86 F
F1 FF

DEBUG
NMI
DEBUG

AT

.. 8 1
..
..2
..18

. AT
..
..1
BASIC ROM

DOS
DOS
DOS
Ctrl Break DOS
DOS
DOS
DOS
DOS
DOS
BASIC
BASIC
1F BIOS
2 FF DOS BASIC.
__________________________________________________________________________
:
.23.1. .
BIOS
________________________________________________________________
BIOS.
INT 5H. .
. INT 5H
Ctrl PrtSc .
.
INT 1 H. .
. .
INT 11H.
.
AX.
AX
. 1 . AX:
15 1
13
12
11
6
5
.
.
.
RS232.
1:
1 12 1 3 11 .
:

1 25
1 8 25
11 8 25 .
1 .
1

.
INT 12H .
AX .2
512 .
.
INT 13H. .

16.
INT 1 H.

.

RS232. DX 1
RS232. AH
AX
.
INT 15H.
AT.

AT.
INT 16H. .
. .
INT 1 H. .
. .1 .
INT 18H. BASIC ROM.
BASIC ROM.
INT 1 H. .
1
C
.
INT 18H ROM BASIC.
ROM BASIC
.
INT 1AH.

.
AH.

. 18 2
. AH :
AH . CX
DX .
2 AL .
AH 1 . CX
DX .
2 6 AT.
INT 1FH.

.
128 255 1 .

128
ASCII 12 .
DOS
________________________________________________________________
BIOS DOS: IBMBIO.COM
IBMDOS.COM. DOS
DOS
BIOS .
IBMBIO.COM BIOS .

.
IBMDOS.COM
.
INT 21H IBMDOS
. IBMDOS
IBMBIO
BIOS. :

ROM
DOS
DOS

IBMDOS.COMIBMBIO.COMBIOS
L L L L L
.2 .62
DOS. :
INT 2 H. .
DOS.
.
INT 21H. DOS. DOS
AH.
DOS .
INT 22H.

. .INT 2 H .
INT 23H.

Ctrl Break. .INT 2 H .
INT 2 H.

.

.
DOS.
INT 25H. . ..1 .
INT 26H. . ..1 .
INT 2 H.
. COM .

.
DOS INT 21H
________________________________________________________________
DOS INT 21H.
AH:

1
2
3

5
6

8

D

F
1
INT 2 H .
.
.
.
.
.1 .
.
Ctrl Break.
Ctrl Break.
.8 .
.8 .
.
.
.16 .
.16 .
FCB .16 .
FCB .16 .
11
12
13
1
15
16
1
18
1
1
1
1
21
22
23
2
25
26
2
28
2
2
2
2
2D
2
.16 .
.16 .
.16 .
.16 .
.16 .
.16 .
.16 .
DOS.
.16 .
DTA .
FAT .
FAT .
.16 .
.16 .
.
.
.
.
.16 .
.16 .
.
CX D DL .
.
CH CL D DL 1 1 .
.
.
DOS 2. :
2F
3
31
33
35
36
38
3
3
3C
3D
3E
3F

1
2
3
5
6

8

DTA ES:BX.
DOS .

.
Ctrl Break.
.
.

.

M DIR .
RMDIR .
CHDIR .
FCB .1 .
FCB .1 .
FCB .1 .
.8 1 1 .
.8 1 1 .
.1 .
.1 .
.1 .
.
.
.
.1 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.1 .
.1 .
5
56
5
.
.1 .
.
DOS 3. :
5
5
5
5
62
.
.
.
.
PSP .
DOS
.

________________________________________________________________
Prokey Superkey
Homebase Sidekick .
.
.

DOS .
COM

RET INT 2 H
INT 2 H DOS 31. INT 2
DX :
MOV
INT
DX prog size
2 H
DOS

. .

DOS
DOS DIR COPY CLS.

.
:
1

2
:

DOS

3
.

.
:

IIO. IBMDOS.COM
COMMAND.

__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE RESIDENT COM

Alt Left Shift

:
INTTAB SEGMENT AT H

Int H
ORG
H

BADDR LABEL DWORD

INTTAB ENDS

BIOS:
ROMAREA SEGMENT AT H
ORG
1

H

BFLAG DB

Alt Shift
ROMAREA ENDS

CSEG
SEGMENT PARA

ASSUME CS:CS
ORG
1 H

BEGIN:
JMP
INITZ

BSAVE DD

INT BIOS
:

COLORS PROC
NEAR
PUSH
AX
Alt Left Shift
PUSH
BX

PUSH
CX
PUSH
DX
PUSH
SI
PUSH
DI
PUSH
DS
PUSH
ES
PUSHF
CALL
BSAV

ASSUME DS:ROMAREA
DS
MOV
AX ROMAREA
MOV
DS AX

MOV
AL B AG
Alt Left Shift
CMP
AL 1 1 B Alt Left Shift

JNE
EXIT
MOV
AX 6 H

MOV
BH 61H

MOV
CX
MOV
DX 18 FH
INT
1 H
EXIT:

POP
ES
POP
DS
POP
DI
POP
SI
POP
DX
POP
CX
POP
BX
POP
AX

IRET
COLORS ENDP

:

INITZE PROC
NEAR
ASSUME DS:INTTAB
PUSH
DS
DOS
MOV
AX INTTAB

MOV
DS AX

CLI
:

MOV
AX WORD PTR
BADDR

BIOS
MOV
WORD PTR BSAVE AX

MOV
AX WORD PTR
BADDR
2

MOV
WORD PTR BSAVE 2 AX
MOV
WORD PTR BADDR OFFSET COLORS
BIOS
MOV
WORD PTR BADDR 2 CS

STI
MOV
DX OFFSET INITZE
INT
2 H

INITZE ENDP
CSEG
ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.23.2
.23.2
Alt Left
Shift. :
INTTAB

BADDR.
ROMAREA

BFLAG .
3 Alt 1
Left Shift.
CSEG
COM .
JMP INITZE
INITZE .
DS

INTTAB
INT
BADDR

BSAVE .
BADDR

COLORS

CS . BADDR
: CS
COLORS
.
DX COLORS INITZE
COLORS
INT 2 H.
COLORS
.
DOS

. BSAVE ..

Alt Left Shift.
.

IRET.

.

.
________________________________________________________________

.
.
65 536 .
IN
OUT:
IN AL
. :
IN
OUT AL
. :
OUT

:
1.
255:
: IN
: OUT
AL.

2. DX
65535.
. DX
1. 6 :
MOV
IN
DX 6 H
AL DX
6

:
21
... 2
6
61
2 1
.

1

3B ...3BF
3D ...3DF
3F ...3F

INT 16H.
BIOS IN 6 .
DOS BIOS.
BIOS 21
... 2 6 2 1. BIOS IBM PC
IN OUT.

________________________________________________________________

.
: 1
1 21
Intel
8255A 5
1 2
Intel 8353 5 PIT .
1 1 318 . PPI
2 61 .
.23.3
. DURTION
TONE .
61
. CLI
. 18 2
CLI .
TONE :

. BIOSP R

1 TONE .. TONE 2 .
TONE
DURTION
..
.
TONE .
DURTION TONE
.
CLI.
TONE
1 DURTION .
TONE
. DURTION. DURTION .

.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE SOUND
COM
SOUNSG SEGMENT PARA Code
ASSUME CS:SOUNG DS:SOUNG SS:SOUNG
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

DURTION DW
1

TONE
DW
256H

MAIN
PROC
NEAR

IN
AL 61H

PUSH
AX
CLI

CALL
B1 SP R

POP
AX

OUT
61H AL
STI

RET
MAIN
ENDP

B1 SP R PROC
NEAR
B2 :
MOV
DX DURTION

B3 :
1
AND
AL 111111 B
OUT
61H AL

MOV
CX TONE

B :

LOOP
B
OR
AL 1 B
1
OUT
61H AL

MOV
CX TONE
B5 :
LOOP
B5

DEC
DX

JNZ
B3

SHL
DURTION 1
SHR
TONE 1

JNZ
B2

RET

B1 SP R ENDP
SOUNSG ENDS
END
BEGIN
__________________________________________________________________________
.23.3
2

__________________________________________________________________________
: .
________________________________________________________________

.

.

.

________________________________________________________________

COUNTER:
ADD CX COUNTER

.

.
.
:
BX BX
DS BP BP
SS.
MOV DX BX
DX
BX DS
DI DI SI
SI DS.
MOV AX SI
A
SI DS

.
MOV
BX SI AX

DS
BX SI
.
.

MOV DX 8 DI

DX
DS 8 DI
.
.
BX BP
DI SI .
.

________________________________________________________________
:
.
.
.
MAS
WIDTH RECORD
.
LENGTH

LENGTH
DUP. MOV DX 1 :
TABLEA
DW
...
MOV
1 DUP
DX LENGTH TABLEA
DUP LENGTH
1. . SIZE TYPE .
OFFSET

OFFSET
. :
OFFSET

MOV DX OFFSET TABLEA
DX TABLEA
. LEA
OFFSET.
PTR

PTR BYTE WORD
DWORD DB DW DD
NEAR FAR .
:
PTR
BYTE.
.
PTR:
FLDB DB
DB
FLDW DW
MOV
ADD
MOV
MOV
CALL
22H
35H
26 2H
A BYTE PTR FLDW
BL BYTE PTR FLDW 1
BYTE PTR FLDW 5
AX WORD PTR FLDB
FAR PTR BX
226
1 2
2 26
5 1
3 2235

LABEL
PTR.
SEG

SEG
.

. :
SEG
SEG MOV:
MOV
MOV
DX SEG FLOW
DX SEG A2
SHORT

SHORT NEAR JMP
12 128 :
JMP
SHORT

.

SHORT.
SIZE

SIZE LENGTH TYPE
DUP.
:
SIZE
. TYPE.
TYPE

TYPE
:
DB
DW
DD
DQ
DT
STRUC
NEAR
FAR
1
2
8
1
STRUC
FFFF
FFFE
TYPE:
TYPE
TYPE LENGTH
SIZE:
FLDB
TABLEA
DB
DW
...
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

2 DUP
AX TYPE FLDB
AX TYPE TABLEA
CX LENGTH TABLEA
DX SIZE TABLEA
AX
AX
CX
DX

1
2
A 1
1 2
TABLEA DW TYPE
2 LENGTH DUP SIZE
.. 1 2 .

________________________________________________________________
. .5
DB DW
. .
ASSUME

ASSUME
CS DS ES SS. :
ASSUME
_:
...
GROUP
SEG. ASSUME
:

ASSUME
CS:CODESG DS:DATASG SS:STAC ES:DATASG
ASSUME
NOTHING:
ASSUME
ES:NOTHING
DS
NOTHING
DS:
MOV
MOV
AX DS: BX
AX DS:FLDW

FLDW
DS
.
EXTRN

EXTRN

. :
EXTRN
: ...
EXTRN .21.
GROUP

. GROUP
6
:
GROUP
...
GROUP SEG1 SEG2

:
GROUPX
SEG1
ASSUME
SEG1
SEG2
ASSUME
SEG2
GROUP
SEGMENT
CS:GROUPX
ENDS
SEGMENT
CS:GROUPX
ENDS
SEG1 SEG2
PARA CODE
PARA CODE
INCLUDE

.

.

ASCII
CONVERT.LIB.
INCLUDE C:CONVERT.LIB

ASCII .
.

INCLUDE .
LST 3
LST 33 .
.2 INCLUDE

.
LABEL

LABEL .
:
LABEL
BYTE WORD
DWORD
.
LABEL NEAR FAR.
DB
DW. BYTE WORD:

REDEFB
FIELDW
REDEFW
FIELDB
LABEL
DW
LABEL
DB
DB
MOV
MOV
BYTE
2532H
WORD
25H
32H
AL REDEFB
BX REDEFW
MOV FIELDW.
MOV FIELDB.
PTR .
NAME

NAME :
NAME
:
1 NAME

2 NAME
TITLE
3 NAME TITLE
.
.
ORG

.
:

2
3
5
FLDA
FLDB
FLDC
FLDD
DW
DB
DW
DD
25 2H
36H
212EH
5H
2
3
5

. FLDA

2. FLDB
3 ...

ORG. :
OR6

.
FLDD:

1
3
FLDX
FLDY
FLDZ

5
ORG
DB
DW
DB
ORG

1
2

ORG .
FLDX FLDY FLDZ FLDA
FLDB FLDC:
: | | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|
| |
FLDA
FLDB FLDC
| |
|
FLDX FLDY
FLDZ
| 5 | 6 | | 8 |
|
FLDD
ORG
. 5
5
FLDD.
FLDC
3 FLDZ
:
MOV
MOV
AX FLOC
AL FLDZ
ORG .

.

. ORG
STRUCT.
PROC

PROC ENDP.
.
JMP
CALL RET
.

NEAR:
PROC
NEAR
NEAR no .

CALL
PUBLIC.
ASSUME CS
FAR:
PUBLIC
PROC
FAR
CALL
RET.
PUBLIC

PUBLIC
. :
PUBLIC ...
PUBLIC .21.
RECORD

RECORD .

. :
RECORD : ...

. :
1 16 :

1...8
...16
8
16
8
16
. RECORD:

BITREC RECORD BIT1:3 BIT2: BIT3:6

BIT1 3 BITREC BIT2
BIT3 6 . 16 .. .
BITREC :
BITREC2 RECORD BIT1:31 1B BIT2: 11 11 B BIT3: 11 1 B
RECORD .

.
RECORD
:
DEFBITS BITREC
AD A.
AAD .
BITREC.
.2 .1 BITREC
RECORD .
.

RECORD WIDTH MAS
RECORD
RECORD.
WIDTH. WIDTH
RECORD . .2 .1 1
WIDTH. MOV
BH RECORD BITREC 16
MOV AL BIT2 .
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE RECORD COM RECORD
1
ORG
1 H
1 EB 2
BEGIN:
JMP
SHORT MAIN

BITREC RECORD BIT1:3 BIT2: BIT3:6

1 2 A AD
DEFBITS BITREC 1 1B 11 11 B 11 1 B

1
MAIN PROC
NEAR
A1 :
1
:
1 B 1
16
MOV
BH WIDTH BITREC
1 6 B

MOV
AL WIDTH BIT2
1 8
B1 :
:
MOV
CL BIT1
1 8 B1 D
. D
1 A B1 6

6
MOV
CL BIT2
1 C B1

MOV
CL BIT3
1 E
C1 :

:

MOV
AX MAS BIT1
1 E B8 E
.E
111 BB 1FC

MOV
BX MAS BIT2
1FC
11 B 3F

3F
MOV
CX MAS BIT3
11
D1 :
BIT2:
MOV
AX DEFBITS
11 A1 1 2 R

11A 25 1FC
BIT1 BIT3
AND
AX MAS BIT2
11D B1 6
6
MOV
CL BIT2
11F D3 E8
SHR
AX CL

E1 :
121
BIT1:
121 A1 1 2 R

MOV
AX DEFBITS
12 B1 D
13
MOV
CL BIT1
126 D3 E8
SHR
AX CL

RET
128 C3
12
MAIN
ENDP
12
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
_____________________________________________________________________
Structures and records:

N a m e
BITREC
BIT1 .
BIT2 .
BIT3 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Widht
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1
. D
. .
.

N a m e
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbols:
Size
12
fields
Shift Widht
3
3
E
6

6
3F
Align
PARA
Mask
Initial

1FC

Combine Class
NONE
CODE
N a m e
Type
Value Attr
A1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
CODESG
1
1 8
B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
CODESG
1
BEGIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
CODESG
C1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
1 E
CODESG
D1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
CODESG
11
1 2
DEFBITS. . . . . . . . . . . . L WORD
CODESG
121
E1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L NEAR
CODESG
MAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . N PROC
1
CODESG Length 25
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .1. p RECORD
. RECORD :
MOV
CL BIT2
BIT2.

.
BIT2
. .2 .1 1
CL BIT1 BIT2 BIT.

MAS . MAS

.

MAS BITREC
:
11
12
1
111
1111111
111111

1FC
3F
.2.1 1
MAS BIT1 BIT2 BIT. D1 1
BI2 BI1
BITREC. D1
RECORD
MAS BI2:
RECORD:
AND MAS BI2:
:
1 1 11 11 11 1
1111111
11 11
BI2.

:
11 11
36
1 A
RECORD BI1
13
:
1 1
5
SEGMENT

. :
_ SEGMENT
.
.
.
_ ENDS

.
.
.

PAGE
PARA
WORD
BYTE

xxx

e

.
.
:
NONE: .

.

PUBLIC: PUBLIC
.

STAC : STAC PUBLIC.

STAC .
SP
COMMON: COMMON
.
.

AT : .

ROM
.

VIDEO_RAM
SEGMENT AT B8 H

.

. STAC CODE .

SEG1 SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE
ASSUME CS:SEG1
...
SEG1 ENDS

SEG2 SEGMENT PARA PUBLIC CODE
ASSUME CS:SEG1
...
SEG2 ENDS
:
SEG1
SEG2
SEG2
SEG1
SEGMENT
...
SEGMENT
...
ENDS
...
ENDS
SEG1
SEG2
SEG1
GROUP.
STRUC

STRUC
. ASM.
:
STRUC
...

...
ENDS
STRUC
ENDS.
.
DB DW DD DT
.
.2 .2 STRUC PARLIST
.
:
PARAMS
PARLIST
.

.

.
PARAMS
:
AL PARAMS.ACTLEN
MOV

.
.
__________________________________________________________________________
TITLE DSTRUC COM
ORG
1 H
BEGIN: JMP
SHORT MAIN

PARLIST
STRUC

MAXLEN DB
25
ACTLEN DB

NAMEIN DB
25 DUP

PARLIST
ENDS

PARAMS PARLIST

1
1 EB 2
1
1
1 2
2
1B
1 2 1
1 3
1
1 2
11D 5 68 61 2 6 PROMPT DB
What is name S
3 2 6E 61 6D 65
3F 2

12B
MAIN
PROC
NEAR
12B B
MOV
AH

LEA
DX PROMPT
12D 8D 16 11D R
131 CD 21
INT
21H
133 B A

MOV
AH AH
135 8D 16 1 2 R
LEA
DX PARAMS
INT
21H
13 CD 21
13B A 1 3 R
MOV
AL PARAMS.ACTLEN

...
13E C3
RET
MAIN
ENDP
13F
13F
CODESG ENDS
END
BEGIN
Structures and records:
N a m e
PARLIST.
MAXLEN
ACTLEN
NAMEIN
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Width fields
Shift Width Masc
1B
3

1
2

N a m e
Size
CODESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13F
Initial
Align
PARA
Combine Class
NONE
CODE
Value
1
12B
1 2
11D
Attr
CODESG
CODESG Length 1
CODESG
CODESG
Symbols:
BEGIN.
MAIN .
PARAMS
PROMPT
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N a m e
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
L
N
L
L
Type
NEAR
PROC
1B
BYTE
__________________________________________________________________________
.2 .2. pp p pp
25

__________________________________________________________________________
:
.
________________________________________________________________

.

:
:

5
3
CB
FD
:
AX 1
INC AX
A
PUSH AX
RET short
RET far

STD

. 8

.

________________________________________________________________

w :
.
. .25.1 .
MOV :
MOV
1 11 1
| |
w rg A
__________________________________________________________________________
:
:

1
1
11
1
1 1
11
111
w
AL
CL
DL
BL
AH
CH
DH
BH
w 1
AX
CX
DX
BX
SP
BP
SI
DI
: :

ES
1
CS
1
SS
11
DS
__________________________________________________________________________
.25.1.

w A 1 . MOV
:
MOV
AX 1 111
| |
w reg AX
w1
A .
w .

________________________________________________________________

:
1 mod 11
1 1
2 reg
3 r m r
m .

1 2.

BX:
ADD
BX AX
11 11 11
dw mod reg r m
d1 mod 11 reg 11

1 r m 2. w1
. AX OOQ B
11 .

.
.
MOD

mod .
:
m

1
1
11
m

m
m .

w
.
REG

reg w
.
R M

m mod
.25.2.
__________________________________________________________________________
mod1.1
mod11

w
w1
BX SI
BX SI disp
BX SI disp
AL
AX
1 BX DI
BX DI disp
BX DI disp
CL
CX
1 BP SI
BP SI disp
BP SI disp
DL
DX
BP DI disp
BP DI disp
BL
BX
11 BP DI
1
SI
SI disp
SI disp
AH
SP
1 1
DI
DI disp
DI disp
CH
BP
11 Direct
BP disp
BP disp
DH
SI
111
BX
BX disp
BX disp
BH
DI
__________________________________________________________________________
r m
mod
mod 1
mod1
.25.2. r m

________________________________________________________________
B A:
ADD
BX AX
11 11 11
dw mod reg r m
1 reg w 1 B
mod r m w 2 A
w
1
mod 11 2
reg 11 1 B
r m 2 AX.
AL BL:
MUL
BL
1111 11 11 1 11
w mod reg r m
MUL AL .
w mod
m 11 BL. reg 1
.

________________________________________________________________
MOV :
MOV
mem AX 1 1 1 dddddddd dddddddd
A AL
: . w 1
16 A.
AL w . 2 3
.
AL .

________________________________________________________________
AL .
AL
A :
MUL
mem_byte
1111 11 1 11
w mod reg r m
reg 1 mod
a r m11 .

.
LEA
:
LEA
DX mem 1 11 1 1 11
LEA mod rg r m
Reg 1 DX. Mod r m11

.
.

________________________________________________________________

.
. 8 186
8 286 8 386
.
:
addr
addr high
addr low
data
data high
data low
disp
rg

.
8 w 16 w 1

.
AAA: ASCII

: ASCII AL.
AL AF
1 AAA
AF CF.
AL.
: AF CF OF PF SF
ZF .
: 11 111 .
AAD: ASCII

: ASCII . AAD
A
ASCII .
AL .
A 1 .
AL A. AAD .
: PF CF ZF AF CF OF
.
: |11 1 1 1| 1 1 |.
AA: ASCII

: AAM
.
AL 1 A
AL.
: PF SF ZF AF CF
OF .
: |11 1 1 | 1 1 | .
AAS: ASCII

: ASCII
AL. CF
1 AAS 6 AL 1 AF
CF 1.
AL.
: AF CF OF PF SF ZF
.
: 111111 .
ADC:

.
CF 1 ADC 1 1.
2 1 ADD.
: AF CF OF PF SF ZF.
:
:
| 1 dw|modregr m|
AL :
| 1 1 w| data |data w1|
:
y1 sw|mod 1 r m| data |data sw 1|
ADD:

:

.
:
:
| dw|modregr rm|
AX AL :
| 1 w| data |data w1|
:
|1 sw|mod r m| data |data BW 1|
AND:

:
.
.
. AND .
1
. . OR
XOR TEST.
: CF OF PF SF ZF AF
.
:
:
| 1 dw|modregr m|
AX AL :
:
|1 1 w|modl r m| data |data w1|
CALL:

:
. RET.
CALL SP 2
IP IP
. RET
. CALL
. SP
CS
.
: .
:
:
|111 1 |disp low|diep high|
:
|11111111|mod 1 r m|
:
|11111111|mod 11r m|
:
|1 11 1 |offset low|offset high|seg low|seg high|
CBW:

:
AL . CBW
AL . CWD.
: .
: 1 11 .
CLC:

:
ADC . CLC
. . STD.
: CF .
: 11111 .
CLD:

: .
CMPS MOVS
. . STD.
: DF .
: 111111 .
CLI:

:
INTR IF
. . STI.
: IF .
: 11111 1 .
CMC:

: CF ..
CF .
: CF .
: 1111 1 1 .
CMP:

: .
CMP
. : .
CMP

. . CMPS.
:
:
| 111 dw|modregr m|
AX AL :
:
|1 sw|mod111r m| data |data sw |
CMPS CMPSB CMPSW:

: .
REPn REPE CMPSB. CMPSB
CMPSW .
DS:SI ES:DI.
DF
SI DI .
DF 1 SI
DI .
: 1 1 11w.
CWD:

:
DX:AX
15 DX.
32 . . CBW.
: .
: 1 11 1 .
DAA:

: BCD
AL.
AF 1 DAA 6
AL AF. AL
F CF 1 DAA 6
AL CF. . DAS.
: AF. CF PF SF 2F OF
.
: 1 111 .
DAS:

:
BCD
AL.
AF 1 DAS
6 AL CF. .
DAA.
: AF CF PF SF ZF.
: 1 1111 .
DEC:

: 1
DEC . . INC.
: AF OF PF SF ZF.
:
:
| 1 1reg|
: |1111111w|mod 1r m|
DIV:

: 16 32
8 16 .
.
16
8 DIV BH.
AL A.
32 DX:AX
16 DIV .
A DX.
. IDIV.
: AF CF OF PF SF ZF
.
: |1111 11w|mod11 r m|

ESC:

:

.
8 8 8 28 .
ESC
.
: .
: |11 11xxx|modxxxr m| x . .
HLT:

:
. HLT CS:IP
.
CS IP
. IRET
CS IP
HLT.
: .
: 1111 1 .
IDIV:

: 16 32
8 16 .
. 16
a 8
IDIV DL.
AL . 32
DX:AX 16
IDIV BX.
DX. . CBW CWD
DIV.
: |1111 11w|mod111r m|
IMUL:

: 8 16
.
. 8 AL
IMUL BL.
. 16

IMUL BX.
DX:AX. . MUL.
: CF OF AF PF SF ZF
.
: |1111 11w|mod1 1r m|
IN:

: AL
.
IN DX IN AX DX .
8 186 8 286 8 386 INS Input
String . . OUT.
: .
:
: |111 11 w|
: |111 1 w| port |
INC:

: 1
INC . . DEC.
: AF OF PF SF ZF.
:
:
| 1 reg|
: |1111111w|mod r m|
INT:

:
256 . INT
: 1 SP 2
IF TF 2 SP 2
CS
CS 3 SP 2 IP
IP.
: IF TF.
:
|11 11 v| type | v type 3 .
INTO:

:
OF 1 IRET .
1 . .
INT.
: .
: 11 111 .
IRET:

:
. IRET : 1
IP SP 2 2
CS SP 2 3
SP.
2. . RET.
: .
: 11 1111 .
JA JNBE:

:
. CF
ZF
IP
.
: .
: | 111 111| disp |
JAE JNB:

:
. CF
IP
.
: .
: | 111 11| disp |
JB JNAE:

:
. CF
IP
.
: .
: | 111 1 | disp |
JBE JNA:

:
. CF
AF IP

.
: .
: | 111 11 | disp |
JC:

: JB JNAE.
JCXZ: CX

:
CX . JCXZ
LOOP.
: .
: |111 11| disp |
JE JZ:
:
. ZF
IP
.
: .
: | 111 1 | disp |
JG JNLE:

:
. ZF
SF OF 1
IP
.
: .
: | 1111111| disp |
JGE JNL:

:
. SF OF
1 IP
.
: .
: | 11111 1| disp |
JL JNGE:

:
. SF OF

IP
.
: .
: | 11111 | disp |
JLE JNG:

:
. ZF
SF OF IP

.
: .
: | 111111 | disp |
JMP:

:
. JMP IP .
JMP
. CS
.
: .
:
:
|111 1 1|disp low|disp high|
:
|111 1 11| disp |
:
|11111111|mod1 r m|
:
|11111111|mod1 1r m|
:
|111 1 1 |offset low|offset high|seg low|seg high|
JNC:

: JAE JNB.
JNE JNZ:

:
. ZF
IP
.
: .
: | 111 1 1| disp |
INO:

:

.
OF IP

. . JO.
: .
: | 111 1| disp |
JNP JPO:

:

.
.
. PF
IP
. . JP JPE.
: .
: | 1111 11| disp |
JHS:

:
.
SF JNS IP

. . JS.
: .
: | 1111 1| disp |
JO:

:
.
OF JO
IP
. . JNO.
: .
: | 111 | disp |
JP JPE:

:
.

. PF
IP
. .
JNP JPO.
: .
: | 1111 1 | disp |
JS:

:
. SF
JS IP
. .
JNS.
: .
: | 1111 | disp |
LAHF:

: .
8 8 . .
SAHF. LAHF
:
SZ A P C

: .
: 1 11111
LDS:

:
.
LDS
.
DS
.
DI:
LDS
DI _
: .
: |11 1 1|modregr m|
LES:

:

.
. . LDS.
: .
: |11 1 |modregr m|

LOC :

:

. LOC
.

.
: .
: 1111
LODS LODSB LODSW:

: AL
A. LODS
REP.
DS:SI LODSB LODSW
AL A . DF
1 2 SI.
DF 1 2
SI.
: .
: 1 1 11 w .
LOOP:

:
. CX
. LOOP
. . CX

IP
LOOP
.
: .
: 111 1 disp
LOOPE LOOPZ:

:
ZF .
LOOPE LOOPZ LOOP
CX
ZF . .
LOOPNE LOOPNZ.
: .
: |111 1| disp |
LOOPNE LOOPNZ:

:
ZF .
LOOPNE LOOPNZ LOOP
CX
ZF . .
LOOPE LOOPZ.
: .
: |111 | disp |
MOV:

:

. MOV
MOVS .
MOV.
: .
:
:
|1 1 dw|modregr m|
:
|11 11w|mod r m| data |data w1|
:
|1 11wreg| data |data w1|
AX AL :
|1 1 w|addr low|addr high|
AX AL :
|1 1 1w|addr low|addr high|
:
|1 111 |mod sgr m| sg
:
|1 11 |mod sgr m| sg
MOVS MOVSB MOVSW:

: .
MOVS B W REP. MOVSB
MOVSW .
DS:SI
ES:DI .
DF
SI DI. DF
SI DI.
: .
: 1 1 1 w .
MUL:

: 8 16
8 16 .
.
8 AL
MUL CL.
. 16
MUL
. DX:AX. .
IMUL.
: CF OF AF PF SF
ZF .
: |1111 11w|mod1 r m|
NEG:

:

. NEG
:
.
. . NOT. : AF
CF OF PF SF ZF.
: |1111 11w|mod 11r m|
NOP:

:
. NOP XCHG
.
: .
: 1 1
NOT:

: .
. .
NEG.
: .
: |1111 11w|mod 1 r m|
OR:

:
.
. OR
.
1
1 . . AND XOR.
: CF OF PF SF ZF AF
.
:
:
| 1 dw|modregr m|
:
:
|1 w|mod 1r m| data |data w1|
OUT:

: AL
A.
OUT DX OUT DX.AX .
8 186 8 286 8 386 OUTS Output String
. . IN.
: .
:
: |111 111w|
:|111 11w| port |
POP:

:
. SP .
POP SP 2.
POP :
. . PUSH.
: .
:
:
| 1 11reg|
: | sg111| sg ..
:
|1 1111|mod r m|
POPA: 8 188 8 186 8 286

: Dl SI
BP SP BX DX CX AX
SP 16.
PUSHA.
: .
: 11 1 .
POPF:

:
. . PUSHF POP. SP
. POPF
SP 2.
PUSHF POPF
.
: .
: 1 111 1 .
PUSH:

:
. SP
. PUSH SP 2
.
PUSH :
. . POP PUSHF.
: .
:
:
| 1 1 reg|
: | sg111| sg ..
:
|11111111|mod11 r m|
PUSHA: 8 188 8 186 8 286

: AX CX
DX BX SP BP SI DI
SP 16. POPA .
: .
: 11 .
PUSHF:

:
. SP
. PUSHF SP 2
. . POPF PUSH.
: .
: 1 111 .
RCL RCR:

:
CF.
.
1 CL
. RCL CF
. CF
. RCR CF
CF
. . ROL ROR.
: CF OF.
: RCL: |11 1 cw|mod 1 r m|
RCR: |11 1 cw|mod 11r m|
1
1 CL .
REP REPE REPZ REPNE REPNZ:

: .

CMPS MOVS SCAS STOS.
CX . CX 1
.
REP
CX .
REPE REPZ CX
ZF 1 . REPNE REPNZ
CX
ZF .
: .
: REP REPNE: 1111 1
REPE:
1111 11
RET:

:
CALL. CALL
. RET
IP SP 2.
RET CS
SP 2.
RET SP.
: .
:
:
|11 11|
: |11 1 |data low|data high|
:
|11 1 11|
: |11 1 1 |data low|data high|

ROL ROR:

:
.
.
1 CL
. ROL
. ROR
. . RCL
RCR.
: CF OF.
: ROL: |11 1 cw|mod r m|
ROR: |11 1 cw|mod 1r m|
1
1 CL .
SAHF:

:
8 8
. . LAHF. SAHF
:
SZ A P C

: .
: 1 1111
SAL SAR SHL SHR:

: .
.
1
CL .
SAR
. SHL SHR
. SAL
SHL. SAL SHL
.
SHR
. SAR

1 .
.
: CF OF PF SF ZF AF
.
: SAL SHL: |11 1 cw|mod1 r m|
SAR:
|11 1 cw|mod111r m|
SHR:
|11 1 cw|mod1 1r m|
1
1 CL
SBB:

:

. CF 1 SBB 1
1. SBB 2 1
SUB. . ADC.
: AF CF OF PF. SF ZF.
:
: | 11 dw|modregr m|
AX AL :
:
|1 sw|mod 11r m| data |data sw 1|
SCAS SCASB SCASW:

:
. SCASB AL
SCASW AX. ES:DI
.
REPE REPNE. DF
DI.
DF
DI.
: 1 1 111w .
STC:

: CF 1. .
STD.
: CF 1 .
: 11111 1 .
STD:

: 1.
MOVS CMPS
. . CLD.
: DF 1 .
: 111111 1 .
STI:

:
IF
1. . CLI.
: IF 1 .
: 11111 11 .
STOS STOSB STOSW:

: .
REP
.
STOSB AL STOSW
. ES:DI
.
DF
DI. DF
DI.
: .
: 1 1 1 1w .
SUB:

:

. . SBB.
:
:
| 1 1 dw|modregr m|
AL :
:
|1 sw|mod1 1r m| data |data sw 1|
TEST:

:
. TEST
AND .
.
.
.
: CF OF PF SF ZF AF
.
:
:
|1 1 w|modregr m|
AL :
|1 1 1 w| data |data w1|
:
y1111 11w|mod r m| data |data w1|
WAIT:

:
.

.
TEST
.
: .
: 1 11 11
XCHG:

:
XCHG AH BL
XCHG CX word .
: .
:
:
|1 1 reg|
: |1 11w|modregr m|
XLAT:

:
ASCII
EBCDIC .
. AL
XLAT.
AL
AL.
: .
: 11 1 111 .
XOR:

:
.
.
XOR .
XOR 1
1 . .
AND OR.
: CF OF PF SF ZF AF
.
:
:
| 11 dw|modregr m|
AX AL :
:
|1 w|mod11 r m| data |data w1|
__________________________________________________________________________
1:
ASCII
________________________________________________________________
128 ASCII .
BASIC 128 . .2
.
A 1. ASCII
__________________________________________________________________________

1
2
3

5
6

8

1
11
12
13
1
15
16
1
18
1
2
21
22
23
2
25
26
2
28
32
33
3
35
36
3
38
3

1
2
3

5
6

8

5
51
52
53
5
55
56
5
58
5
6
h
1h
2h
3h
h
5h
6h
h
8h
h
Ah
Bh
Ch
Dh
Eh
Fh
1 h
11h
12h
13h
1 h
15h
16h
1 h
18h
1 h
1Ah
1Bh
1Ch

.

.

Shift out
Shift in
Data line esc
1
2
3
End of medium
Escape
.
2 h sp
21h

22h

23h

2 h
25h

26h

2 h

28h
2 h

2Ah

2Bh

2Ch
2Dh

2Eh .

2Fh

3 h
31h 1
32h 2
33h 3
3 h
35h 5
36h 6

3 h
38h 8
3 h

3Ah :

3Bh

3Ch
6
65
66
6
68
6

1
2
3

5
6

8

8
81
82
83
8
85
86
8
88
8

1
2
h
1h
2h
3h
h
5h
6h
h
8h
h
Ah
Bh
Ch
Dh
Eh
Fh
5 h
51h
52h
53h
5 h
55h
56h
5 h
58h
5 h
5Ah
5Bh
5Ch

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

6

8

1
1 1
1 2
1 3
1
1 5
1 6
1
1 8
1
11
111
112
113
11
115
116
11
118
11
12
121
122
123
12
6 h
61h
62h
63h
6 h
65h
66h
6 h
68h
6 h
6Ah
6Bh
6Ch
6Dh
6Eh
6Fh
h
1h
2h
3h
h
5h
6h
h
8h
h
Ah
Bh
Ch

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p

r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z

|
2 1Dh .
3 1Eh .
31 1Fh .
61 3Dh
62 3Eh
63 3Fh

3 5Dh
5Eh
5 5Fh
125 Dh

126 Eh ~
12 Fh
2:

________________________________________________________________

.
. A B8 2 36 2 36
. A B8.

. A B8
. A 16
.
. A F
1 15.
: A 1
16
1
16

16

16
16
16

26 2
B 11
11

2683
16
16

2 28
8
8

2 36
2
.
. . A B8
8 1 B
3 A
B 1 . :
1
1
1
1
8
8
8
8
1
1
1
1
8
1 6
1 2
6

2 36

2 36
2 36 16

6 .
16
11 B .

.
2 36
2683
16
1

16
16
16
16
2683
16
1

8
11

1
.
8
B

A

B 1. 2 36

.
2 36
:
.

2 36
6

1 6
1 2

18
1 6

8
.
A

B
8

A B8
B 1.
T T T T T T T

61 2561 161 1
1 268 35 561 16 2161 1 85 61 655361
2 5368 122 3355 322 2 1522 131 22 81 22 5122 322 2
3 8 53 63683 5 3316 83 31 5 283 1 66 83 122883 683
83 3
1 3 182 6 1 886
1 3 2621 1638 1 2 6
5 13 21 28 5 83886 8 5 52 288 5 32 68 5 2 8 5 128 5 8 5 5

6 161 612 366 1 6632 66 62 1 566 3 32166 2 5 66 15366 66 6
18 81 2 11 512 3 32 58 52 286 2 1 2 112

8 21 836 88 13 21 288 83886 88 52 2888 32 688 2 88 1288 8

2 15 1 1 15 3 18 58 82 3686 23 1
A 268 35 56 A 16 216 A 1 85 6 A 65536 A 6 A 256 A 16 A 1
B 2 52 16B 18 5 3 6B 1153 336B 2 8 6B 5 56B 2816B 1 6B 11
C 3221225 2C 2 13265 2C 12582 12C 86 32C 152C 3 2C 1 2C 12
D 3 8 66 28D 2181 38 8D 13631 88D 851 68D 532 8D 3328D 2 8D 13
E 3 58 638 E 23 881 2 E 1 68 6 E 1 5 E 5 3 E 358 E 22 E 1
F 265318 F 2516582 F 15 286 F 83 F 61 F 38 F 2 F 15

5
3 2 1
L
p
3:

________________________________________________________________

:
AH
AL
AX
AAA
AAD
AAM
AAS
ADC
ADD
AND
CALL
CBW
CLC
CLD
CLI
CMC
CMP
CMPS
CWD
DAA
DAS
DEC
DIV
ESC
HLT
IDIV
IMUL
IN
INC
INT
INTO
IRET
JA
JAE
JB
JBE
JCXZ
JE
JG
JGE
JL

BH CH DH CS SS
BL CL DL DS SI
BX CX DX ES DI

JLE
JS
JMP
JZ
JNA
LAHF
JNAE
LDS
JNB
LEA
JNBE
LES
JNE
LOC
JNG
LODS
JNGE
LOOP
JNL
LOOPE
JNLE
LOOPNE
JNO
LOOPNZ
JNP
LOOPZ
JNS
MOV
JNZ
MOVS
JO
MUL
JP
NEG
JPE
NOP
JPO
NOT
BP
SP
OR
OUT
POP
POPF
PUSH
PUSHF
RCL
RCR
REP
REPE
REPNE
REPNZ
REPZ
RET
ROL
ROR
SAHF
SAL
SAR
SBB
SCAS
SHL
SHR
STC
STD
STI
STOS
SUB
TEST
WAIT
XCHG
XLAT
XOR
ASSUME
COMMENT
DB
DD
DQ
DT
DW
ELSE

END
EXTRN
IFNB
ENDIF
GROUP
IFNDEF
ENDM
IF
IF1
ENDP
IFB
IF2
ENDS
IFDEF
INCLUDE
EQU
IFDIF
IRP
EVEN
IFE
IRPC
EXITM
IFIDN
LABEL
LOCAL
MACRO
NAME
ORG
OUT
PAGE
PROC
PUBLIC
PURGE
RECORD
REPT
SEGMENT
STRUC
SUBTTL
TITLE
BYTE
COMMENT
CON
DUP

FAR
LENGTH
MOD
GE
LINE
NE
GT
LT
NEAR
HIGH
LOW
NOTHING
PRT
SEG
SHORT
SIZE
THIS
TYPE
WIDTH
WORD
EQ
LE

MAS
OFFSET

STAC
:

________________________________________________________________

:
ASM.EXE
MASM.EXE
.
.
RAM
. MASM
ASM .
:
source filename
object filename
source listing
cross reference
.ASM :
filename.OBJ :
NUL.LST :
NUL.CRF :

.
. ASM
.
. .
.

. :.

Return.
OBJ LST CRF
:
source filename
object filename
source listing
cross reference
.ASM :B:ASMPROG Return

filename.OBJ :B: Return
NUL.LST :B: Return
NUL.CRF :B: Return
:
MASM B:name.ASM B:name.OBJ B:name.LST B:name.CRF
:
MASM B:filename B: B: :
B:filename

:
filename.OBJ
:

filename.LST
:
filename.CRF

.

.
ASM

MASM .
1 .
:
MASM A
MASM D
MASM E
MASM N
MASM R
MASM S

LST
8 8

8 8 E
.

CRF

. CRF
. :
:
CRF
CREF
. CREF :
Cref filename .CRF :
List filename cross ref.REF :
CRF B:ASMPROG.
.
CRF
filename.REF .
:
CREF : filename. CRF CON CREF B:filename.CRF B:
.
filename.REF .

DOS
. RAM

LIN
. :
Run File d:filename. :
List File NUL.MAP :
Libraries .LIB :

.
. OBJ
.
. .
.
DOS.

Return.
CON:
Object Modules .OBJ :B:ASMPROG return
Run File d:filename. :: return
List File NUL.MAP :CON return
CON

. LIN

:

LIN B:ASMPROG : CON

LIN
no DOS.
2IN

EXE2BIN.COM DOS

.
EXE2BIN DOS
.
. :
EXE2BIN B:filename B:filename.COM

.
.
OBJ
.

__________________________________________________________________________
1.1. 1 11 1 111111.
1.2. 1 1 1 1 1.
1.3. 1 1 1 .
1. . 111 11 1 11 11 .
1.5. 111 1 .
1.6. 51 5D.
1. . 238 8 .
1.8. 13 5 FFF.
1. . .
1.l . a AX BX CX DX Dl SI AX DX .
1.11.a ROM
.
RAM
.
2.1. 82 6.
2.2. CS:1 1 5 .
2.3. a
MOV
AX 3
ADD
AX 3
RET
R IP IP .
2. . 612.
2.6. N
CX W
.
3.1. TITLE PAGE.
3.2.
AX.
3. . a END ENDS.
3.6. RET
END
.

3. . ASSUME
CS:CDSEG DS:DATSEG SS:ST SEG.
3.8. PUSH
SUB
PUSH
DS
AX AX
AX
.1. MASM : :TEMPY : : :

.2. a DEBUG B:TEMPY.EXE B:TEMPY
.3.

. . MOV
MOV
AX DATSEG
DS AX
.5. MOV
AL 3 H
AL 1
BL 18H
BL
SHL
MOV
MUL
.6. :
FLDA
OB
28H
FLDB
DB
1 H

FLDC
DW
5.1. 2 1 8.
5.2.
CONAME
DB
RGB Electronics
5.3. a

FLDA
FLDC
FLDE
DD
DW
DW
3H

16 1 2 2 3
5. . a ASCII 3236 1AH.

5.5. 26 325 .
5.6. a

AX 32
BX H
FLDB 1 SAL
MOV
ADD
SHL
6.1. 6 .
6.3. COM
.
6. .
EXE2BIN SAMPLE SAMPLE.COM.
.1. 12 128.

FH 12 8 FFH 128 1 .
.2. 62 5 6 .
.3. :
2 :
. . CMP DX CX
JA
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
AX
BX 1
CX 12
DX
ADD AX BX
MOV BX DX
MOV DX AX
LOOP B2
JCXZ
CMP CX
JZ
AX
CMP BX AX
JLE JNG
.5. a OF 1 ZF 1 DF 1
. . PROC FAR
. NEAR

.. .
. . CALL .
.1 . 1 1 1 1 1111 1 11 1 11 .
.12. 1 111 11 111 11 11 1 11 1 .
8.1. 18 2 .
8.3.
AX 6 H
BH
CX OCOOH
DX 16 FH
1
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
8. . DOS:
MSSGE
DB
MOV
MOV
INT
What Is the date mm dd yy H

AH

DX MSSGE
21H
8.5. DOS:
DATEPAR
MAXLEN
ACTLEN
DATEFLD
LABEL BYTE
DB
DB
DB DUP
DB
MOV AH AH
LEA DX DATEPAR
INT 21H
.1. a 1 1 111 1 .
.2. a
MOV
MOV
INT
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT

AL 2
1
A 6 A
BH
CX
DX 18 FH
1

8 25 BW
3 1

.3. 8 .
.5. INT 1 .
1 .1. 16 .
1 .2. 1 11 1 1 1 11 .
1 .3. : 16 .
:
.
: 2
.
1 . .
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
AH
AL
BH
BL 1 11 1

BW
MOV CX 5
INT 1
1 .6.
INT 1 AH BH
.
1 . . .
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
11.1.
AH DH
CX 13
DX 12
1
JCXZ
label1: MOV
MOV
INC
INC
INC
INC
LOOP
label2: ...
lbl2
AX SI
DI AX
DI
DI
SI
SI
label1
11.2. DF .
MOVSB NAME1 NAME2 .
MOVSW NAME1 8
NAME2 8. H1 SCAS
MOV AX mb
SCASW .
11.3. a
CLD
LEA
LEA
MOV
REP
SI CONAME
DI PRLINE
CX 2
MOVSB
CLD
LEA
SI CONAME 2
LODSW

3

CLD
MOV
LEA
LEA
REPE
CX 2
SI CONAME
DI PRLINE
CMPSB
11. . :
H1 SCAS PROC
CLD
MOV
LEA
MOV
2 :
REPNE
NEAR
CX 1
DI NAME1
AL e
SCASB
JNE
CMP
JNE
MOV
3 :
RET
H1 SCAS ENDP
H3Q

BYTE PTR DI r
r
2
AH 3
5
11.5. PATTERN DB
DISPLAY DB
8 DUP
CLD

LEA
SI PATTERN

LEA
DI DISPLAY
MOV
CX 2
2
REP MOVSW

INT 21
DISPLAY.
12.1.a
MOV
ADD
MOV
AX DATAY
AX DATAX
DATAY AX
. .12.2 .
12.2. STC CF. 1 8 23 1
12.3.a
MOV AX DATAX
MUL DATAY
. .12. .
12.5. a
MOV AX DATAX
MOV BL 25
DIV BL
13.1. ADD 6 AAA 1 2.

SUB 2 AAS .

13.2.
LEA SI UNPA

MOV CX
2 :
OR
SI
ASCII

INC SI

LOOP B2
13.3. ..13.2 CX 3.
13. . ..13.3 CX 3.
13.5. ASCII :
81
2
3
6

1
1
1
1
8
2
3
6

8
1
12
1

B F8

W DAYS
1 .1.
1 .2.
DAYNO
DAYNAM
NINE
1 .3. a ITEMNO
ITPRICE
Sunday...
Monday...
Tuesday..
DB
DB
DB
DB

DB
DUP

DB
LEA
SI W DAYS
SUB

MOV
AL DAYNO
DEC
AL
MUL
NINE
ADD
SI AX
MOV
CX
LEA
DI DAYNAM
REP MOVSB

1

6 1 1 21 2
3 5 8225 6 858 1385
DB
DW
1 . . :

1OREAD
C1 SRCH
D1 MOVE
E1 CONV
F1 CALC
G1
CONV
1 DISP
.
.
.
ASCII .
.
. . . ASCII .
.
1 .5.
SORTAB
DB
LEA
LEA
MOV
CLD
REP MOVSB
5 DUP DUP

SI ITDESC

1 SORTAB

CX 5

.
. .1 .6.
15.1. 512.
15.3. 5.
15.5. FAT F8.
15.6. 28...31
.
16.1. INT 21 : 16 15 1 .
16.2. 1 8 3
.. 2 .
16.3. .16.1 .13.6
ASCII .
16. . .16.2 .13.6
ASCII .
16.5.
1 21.
16.6. 2652 5
5 .
16. . INT 21: 22 28.
16.8. FCBFLSZ
FCBRCSZ .
FCBFLSZ DX:AX FCBRCSZ
.
16. . . .16. .
16.1 . .13 ASCII
.
16.11. .16.3
.13.6 ASCII
.
1 .1. 1 6.
1 .3.
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
MOV
AH 3CH
CX
DX PATH1
21H
error
CUSTHAN AX

ASCIIZ
DOS

.
1 . .
MOV
MOV
LEA
INT
JC
MOV
AH
AL OO
DX PATH1
21H
error
CUSTHAN.AX

ASCIIZ
OOS

.
1 .5. .
18.1. INT 13H AH .
18.2. INT 13H AH 1.
18. .
MOV
MOV
LEA
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
INT
3
AL 3
BX OUTDS
CH 8
CL 1

DL 1
13H

3

8
1

18.5. 11.
1 .2.
MOV
MOV
INT
LEA
MOV
AH 5
DL CH
21H
SI NAMEFLD
CX length
2 :
MOV
MOV
INT
INC
LOOP
AH 5
DL SI
21H
SI
2

DOS

length
.

.
1 .3.
HEADNG
DB
13 1 15 Title 12
1 .5. CX
.
BX :
2 :
MOV BX 5
DEC BX
JNZ 2
2 .1. a .SAIL.
2 .2. a
MULTBY MACRO MULTPR MULTCD

MOV
AL MULTCD
MUL
MULTPR
ENDM
2 .3.
:
IF1
INCLUDE library name

ENDIF
2 . . :
BIPRINT MACRO PRTLINE PRLEN
PRTLINE PRLEN
.
BIOS INT 1 H . .1 .
2 .5. IF .
IF

. :
CMP
JNZ
CALL
DIVISOR

21.1. a EXTRN SUBPRO:FAR

21.2. a PUBLIC QTY VALUE.PRICE
21.3. .21.5.
21. . .21.5.

.
PRICE BP 1 .
PRICE .
RET.
21.5. c : 8

13
ASCII
12 21 .
.
__________________________________________________________________________
p p .. : 2

P. Abel - Assembler

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P. Abel - Assembler

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IBM PC

     8 88

1.6. . ASCII Q  ASCII

Object Modules .OBJ :

NUL.MAP .. MAP . MAP

DOS  EXE COM 

MOV DATASG AX. 

Symbol Cross Reference

. FLD2DB FLD DB .5.1 .  FLD2DB

21  836  21  836 8.

ADC  ADD  SBB  SUB.

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code 

TIMES DUP 

EXE in EXE to BIN . in

EXE2BIN B:CALC B:CALC.COM

DEC JNZ LOOP:

CODESG SEGMENT PARA

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code 

AND AH 11 11111B

MOV NAMEFLD si 2 H

WORD PTR SI 2 2 H

DOS  INT 21H 

LEA DX DISAREA DOS

LEA INAREA DX.

 PC Users Group Annual Report 13 1

EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter

DOS INT 21H

.11.1 C1 MVSB MOVSB

. . .

DISAREA 6  DISAREA 2  DISAREA 8  DISAREA  DISAREA 1 ..

. . .

MOVS  STOS  CMPS SCAS

11. . H1 SCAS .11.1 

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code 

PUSHF POPF LAHF Load AH

Decimal Adjustment for Addition

JAN  FEB  MAR  ...  DEC 

BYTE PTR SI 3 2 H

T T T T T T

L L L 

15 32 36  16 31 DOS:

DOS INT 21H :

DTA disk trausfer

DTA DOS  D1 PROC

RECLEN DUP  13 1    DTA

 Open error 13 1   

 INT 21H DOS

DOS INT 25H 26H

tab MOV tab AH  return 

BIOS INT 13H

Industrial Bicycle Mfrs  DH  AH

CH  Industrial Bicycle Mfrs  DH  AH  AH

 DOS Out of paper .

ASSUME SS:SSNAME ES:DSNAME

TITLE MACRO3 EXE .LALL .SALL

CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME

MOV AH  1 INT 21H.

MOV INT 21H.

REPT  IRP IRPC

TITLE MACRO6 COM . IF IFNDEF

.SALL  .LALL .XALL

Segments and groups:

Stop Length Name

Program entry point at :

8 88

1.6. . ASCII Q ASCII

Object Modules .OBJ :

DOS EXE COM

MOV DATASG AX.

. FLD2DB FLD DB .5.1 . FLD2DB

21 836 21 836 8.

ADC ADD SBB SUB.

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code

TIMES DUP

EXE2BIN B:CALC B:CALC.COM

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code

AND AH 11 11111B

MOV NAMEFLD si 2 H

WORD PTR SI 2 2 H

DOS INT 21H

PC Users Group Annual Report 13 1

DISAREA 6 DISAREA 2 DISAREA 8 DISAREA DISAREA 1 ..

MOVS STOS CMPS SCAS

11. . H1 SCAS .11.1

CODESG SEGMENT PARA Code

JAN FEB MAR ... DEC

BYTE PTR SI 3 2 H

L L L

15 32 36 16 31 DOS:

DTA DOS D1 PROC

RECLEN DUP 13 1 DTA

Open error 13 1

INT 21H DOS

tab MOV tab AH return

Industrial Bicycle Mfrs DH AH

CH Industrial Bicycle Mfrs DH AH AH

DOS Out of paper .

ASSUME SS:SSNAME ES:DSNAME

CSNAME DSNAME SSNAME

MOV AH 1 INT 21H.

REPT IRP IRPC

.SALL .LALL .XALL

PARA PUBLIC CODE

DOS 3. INT 62H BX

GMENT PARA Code

BITREC RECORD BIT1:3 BIT2: BIT3:6

d1 mod 11 reg 11

mem AX 1 1 1 dddddddd dddddddd

Reg 1 DX. Mod r m11

: |1111 11w|mod11 r m|

5 13 21 28 5 83886 8 5 52 288 5 32 68 5 2 8 5 128 5 8 5 5

.ASM :B:ASMPROG Return

.1. MASM : :TEMPY : : :

EXE2BIN SAMPLE SAMPLE.COM.

.1. 12 128.

What Is the date mm dd yy H

13.1. ADD 6 AAA 1 2.

5 DUP DUP

MULTBY MACRO MULTPR MULTCD