Time sharing option, generally known as TSO, is a subsystem that runs on the MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) operating

system on an OS390 machine. Files in mainframes are referred as dataset. Two types of dataset are PS- PS files are flat files, similar to normal text files in windows. PDS files contain members in it. It is similar to a directory in windows with text files inside it. Option 2 is used to create, delete and rename datasets. Option 3 is used to move/copy utility. Option 12 is a compare utility Option 13 is the extended compare utility. A total of 16 extents are available per dataset. The PS and PDS datasets have the following record formats. Fixed: This means that all the records stored in these datasets have same length (RECFM=F) Variable: These datasets can store records that are different in length (RECFM=V) Blocked: Blocking is the process of grouping records into blocks before they are written on a volume. A block consists of one or more logical records. Refer Page 34. Super Compare Extended abbreviated to SuperCE is a versatile tool that helps us to compare PS datasets, complete PDS, members of PDS or concatenated datasets. JCL- Job Control Language Three types of JCL statements: JOB, EXEC, DD MSGCLASS parameter allows you to specify the output class to which the operating system MVS is to write the job log or job entry subsystem (JES) messages. JOBLIB is used at the start of the JCL to specify an override library to use for the entire job it is placed immediately after the job statement and applies to the whole job. STEPLIB is only for that step instead of entire JOB. It can be placed anywhere in the job step. JCLLIB is used to specify where PROC is to be loaded from rather than programs. DD (Data Definition) Statement gives the data set name, I/O unit, perhaps a specific volume to use and the data set disposition and also give its organization, record length, blocking and so on.

The DD statement appears after an EXEC statement The DISP parameter describes the current status of the data set and directs the system on the disposition of the dataset either at the end of the step or if the step abnormally terminates. The space may be requested as a primary and a secondary amount. The primary amount is allocated when the data set is opened with a disposition of NEW. The secondary amount is allocated if the primary amount is exceeded. Primary receive this amount of space initially and the secondary receive this amount of space each time more is needed. A volume is a standard unit of storage. These disk volumes are referred to as DASD direct access storage device DFSMS Data Facilities Storage Management Subsystem to establish permanent data sets. SMS (storage management subsystem) is an operating environment that automates the management of storage. DFSMS stores data in a device independent format so that it can easily move data to any of the foll. Devices y y 3490E magnetic catridge tape DASD for models 3380 and 3390

RECFM= xx specifies the record format. LRECL= yy specifies the length of records BLKSIZE = zz specifies the block size if you wish to block records. Fixed block This data set will have fixed length records with a length of 80. There will be 113 records of data per block Variable Block This dataset will have variable length records with a maximum of 255 characters. The block size of the dataset will be 3120 SYSOUT parameter provides a convenient means of routing output to printers or other devices. The MAIN statement is used to define the processor requirements for the current job. Temporary datasets are prefixed with && Refer page 66 for the foll. SE37 Insufficient disk space

U1026 COBOL sort failed U1056 Program didn t close a file before ending S806 Load module not found S837 Space problem, allotted space is not enough for data set VSAM Virtual storage access method. It is a method used to move data between disk and main storage. It operates in virtual environment. It acts and interface between OS and Application Program. All VSAM objects must be cataloged Two types of catalog VSAM catalog and ICF catalog Types of VSAM data sets y y y y ESDS- entry sequenced data set KSDS key sequenced data set RRDS relative record data set LDS- linear data set

QSAM- queried sequential access method BSAM basic sequential access method (for flat files) ISAM- index sequential access method (for index files) BDAM basic direct access method (for direct access files) IDCAMS handles VSAM data sets. IDCAMS normally executed in batch. VSAM dataset contain three major components: CLUSTER, INDEX, DATA Index is organized as inverted binary tree JES2 controls the processing of batch jobs. JES2 checks the JCL for valid combinations. The priority of some jobs increases at regular intervals while the job is awaiting execution. This is called priority aging. The print priority of LOW, STANDBY, VERYSLOW, or URGENT jobs does not age, but stays at 1, 0, 0, or 14 resp. There are 4 divisions which form the principal portions of a program. They are y y Identification (Required) Environment (Optional)

y y

Data (Optional) Procedure (Required)

The identification division names the program and, optionally, documents the date the program was written, the compilation date and other pertinent information. The environment division contains machine dependent details such as computers used and peripheral devices. The data division defines the nature and characteristics of all data the program is to process. A section is a piece of code made up of one or more paragraphs A paragraph is a block of code made up of one or more sentences Data types in COBOL: alphabetic, numeric, alphanumeric, edited numeric, edited alphanumeric. Literals are symbols whose value does not change in a program. PICTURE clause can be abbreviated as PIC STOP RUN instructs the computer to terminate the program. Iteration construct is used to repeat the same instructions over and over again COBOL has only one iteration construct PERFORM REDEFINES clause allows the same area to be referred by more than one data name with different sizes and pictures RENAMES allows regrouping of elementary data items in a record so that they can belong to the original as well as to the new group. The maximum length of a computational item is 18 decimal digits Digits in picture clause 1 through 4 5 through 9 10 through 18 Storage occupied 2 bytes(half word) 4 bytes (full word) 8 bytes (double word)

RELEASE transfers record to the initial phase of sort operation. It s like WRITE statement RETURN transfers records from the final phase of a sorting or merging operation to an OUTPUT PROCEDURE. It s like READ statement.

MAPS can be created using BMS (basic mapping support) assembler macros. There are 3 types of macros as follows: y y y DFHMSD Define or end a mapset definition DFHMDI Define or end a map definition DFHMDF Define a field.

The language that is used to access the data in DB2 tables is the structured query language (SQL) An index is an ordered set of pointers to rows of a table A key is one or more columns that are identified as such in the desc of a table, an index or a referential constraint. A unique constraint is a rule that the values of a key are valid only if they are unique. The columns of unique key cannot contain null values. A primary key is a special type of unique key and cannot contain null values. A parent key is either a primary key or a unique key in the parent table of a referential constraint. A view provides an alternative way of looking at the data in one or more tables. File-AID is a comprehensive data management tool which helps developers, testers, and DBAs work efficiently with data as they develop, test and implement distributed applications. File-AID enables us to browse a file created through MVS. For edit, select option 2 from the file-aid primary option menu. For copy, select option 3 from the file-aid primary option menu. Mainframes are connected through an emulator. Most commonly used emulator is IBM personal communications (PCOM) To start recording a PCOM macro, click on the start keystroke recording All macros are stored as .MAC While the macro is playing, u can stop at any pt of time by clicking stop running macro/script icon.