Introduction: The questions which are asked in this section depend upon Relation.

You should have a sound knowledge of the blood relation in order to solve the questions. To remember easily the relations may be divided into two sides as given below: 1. Relations of Paternal side: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Father's father Grandfather Father's mother Grandmother Father's brother Uncle Father's sister Aunt Children of uncle Cousin Wife of uncle Aunt Children of aunt Cousin Husband of aunt Uncle

2. Relations of Maternal side: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mother's father Maternal grandfather Mother's mother Maternal grandmother Mother's brother Maternal uncle Mother's sister Aunt Children of maternal uncle Cousin Wife of maternal uncle Maternal aunt

Relations from one generation to next:

Differenct types of questions with explanation: Type 1: If A + B means A is the mother of B; A x B means A is the father of B; A $ B means A is the brother of B and A @ B means A is the sister of B then which of the following means P is the son of Q? (A) Q + R @ P @ N (C) Q x R $ P @ N Solution: (D) Q x R = Q is the mother of R [-Q, R] R $ P = R is the brother of P [+ R, P] P $ N = P is the brother of N [+ P, N] Therefore P is the son of Q. (B) Q + R * P @ N (D) Q x R $ P $ N

Type 2:

A has 3 children. B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D, E who is the wife of A is the mother of D. There is only one daughter of the husband of E. what is the relation between D and B? Solution: With the chart

Therefore, D is a boy because there is only one daughter of E. Hence, B is the brother of D.

Type 3: Pointing to a photograph, Rekha says to Lalli, "The girl in the photo is the second daughter of the wife of only son of the grandmother of my younger sister." How this girl of photograph is related to Rekha? Solution: First Method - By Generating Charts:

Second method: 1. Grandmother of younger sister of Rekha Grandmother of Rekha 2. Wife of only son of grandmother Mother of Rekha 3. Younger daughter of the mother Younger sister. Note: While solving the question (+) can be used for male and (-) can be used for female.

Introduction: The main aim of this section is to test your ability about the relation between some items of a group by diagrams. In these questions some figures of circles and some words are given. You have to choose a figure which represents the given words. Some critical examples are given below: Example 1: If all the words are of different groups, then they will be shown by the diagram as given below. Dog, Cow, Horse

All these three are animals but of different groups, there is no relation between them. Hence they will be represented by three different circles.

Example 2: If the first word is related to second word and second word is related to third word. Then they will be shown by diagram as given below. Unit, Tens, Hundreds

Ten units together make one Tens or in one tens, whole unit is available and ten tens together make one hundreds.

Example 3: If two different items are completly related to third item, they will be shown as below.

Pen, Pencil, Stationery

Example 4: If there is some relation between two items and these two items are completely related to a third item they will be shown as given below. Women, Sisters, Mothers

Some sisters may be mothers and vice-versa. Similarly some mothers may not be sisters and vice-versa. But all the sisters and all the mothers belong to women group.

Example 5: Two items are related to a third item to some extent but not completely and first two items totally different. Students, Boys, Girls

The boys and girls are different items while some boys may be students. Similarly among girls some may be students.

Example 6: All the three items are related to one another but to some extent not completely. Boys, Students, Athletes

Some boys may be students and vice-versa. Similarly some boys may be athletes and vice-versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-versa.

Example 7: Two items are related to each other completely and third item is entirely different from first two. Lions, Carnivorous, Cows

All the lions are carnivorous but no cow is lion or carnivorous.

Example 8: First item is completely related to second and third item is partially related to first and second item. Dogs, Animals, Flesh-eaters

All the dogs are belonging to animals but some dogs are flesh eater but not all.

Example 9: First item is partially related to second but third is entirely different from the first two. Dogs, Flesh-eaters, Cows

Some dogs are flesh-eaters but not all while any dog or any flesh-eater cannot be cow.

In order to solve seating arrangement questions, first of all diagram should be made. By doing so questions are easily and quickly solved. Example 1: 1. 2. 3. 4. 6 Boys are sitting in a circle and facing towards the centre of the circle. Rajeev is sitting to the right of mohan but he is not just at the left of Vijay. Suresh is between Babu and Vijay. Ajay is sitting to the left of Vijay.

Who is sitting to the left of Mohan ? Solution :

Hence, Babu is sitting to the left of Mohan.

Example 2: 1. Eleven students A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K are sitting in first line facing to the teacher. 2. D who is just to the left of F, is to the right of C at second place. 3. A is second to the right of E who is at one end. 4. J is the nearest neighbour of A and B and is to the left of G at third place. 5. H is next to D to the right and is at the third place to the right of I. Who is just in the middle ? Solution :

Hence, I is just in the middle.

Example 3: Siva, Sathish, Amar and Praveen are playing cards. Amar isto the right of Sathish, who is to the right of Siva. Who is to the right of Amar ? Solution :

Hence Praveen is to the right of Amar.

Example 4:

1. A, B and C are three boys while R, S and T are three girls. They are sitting such that the boys are facing the girls. 2. A and R are diagonally opposite to each other. 3. C is not sitting at any of the ends. 4. T is left to R but opposite to C. (A). Who is sitting opposite to B ? (B). Who is sitting diagonally opposite to B ? Solution :

(A). Hence, R is sitting opposite to B. (B). Hence, S is sitting diagonally opposite to B.

Introduction: In this type of questions two statements are given. Out of these two statements one may be the cause and other the effect or either these two may be independent causes any effect or independent effects of any cause etc. The following examples will you a clear cut idea to solve this type of problems. Example 1: Statements: 1. Ram's father was ill. 2. Ram brought medicine after consulting the doctor. Answer with Explanation: As Ram's father was ill, he brought medicine on the advice of doctor. Therefore, I statement is the cause while II statement is the effect.

Example 2: Statements: 1. The Central Government has recently declared to finish the rebate on farming. 2. The Central Government faces financial loss on account of giving rebate on farming for the last few years. Answer with Explanation: As the Central Government faced financial loss on accounts of giving rebate on farming for the last few years, therefore, they declared to finish the rebate of farming. Hence statement II is the cause while statement I is the effect

Ganita
1. Speed, Time and Distance: Speed = Distance Distance ,Time = ,Distance = (Speed x Time). Time Speed

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion: 5 x km/hr = x x m/sec. 18 3. m/sec to km/hr conversion: 18 x m/sec = x x km/hr. 5 4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the 11 the times taken by then to cover the same distance is : or b : a. ab 5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy km/hr. x+y

1. km/hr to m/s conversion: a km/hr = a x 5 m/s. 18

2. m/s to km/hr conversion: a m/s = a x 18 km/hr. 5

3. Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance 4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length b metres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.

6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s. 7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then: (a + b) The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec. (u + v) 9. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, then: The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (a + b) sec. (u - v)

10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: (A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

1. Work from Days: 1 If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = . n 2. Days from Work: 1 If A's 1 day's work = ,then A can finish the work in n days. n 3. Ratio: If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then: Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

1. Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days. 2. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year. iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year. 3. Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. 4. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days: No. of days: 0 Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

1. Minute Spaces: The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, called minute spaces. Hour Hand and Minute Hand: A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is called minute hand or long hand. 2. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand. In every hour, both the hands coincide once. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360 Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast. On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.

1. 'BODMAS' Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of given expression. Here B - Bracket, O - of,

D - Division, M - Multiplication, A - Addition and S - Subtraction Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (), {} and ||. After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order: (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction. 2. Modulus of a Real Number: Modulus of a real number a is defined as |a| = a, if a > 0 -a, if a < 0

Thus, |5| = 5 and |-5| = -(-5) = 5. 3. Virnaculum (or Bar): When an expression contains Virnaculum, before applying the 'BODMAS' rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum.