People s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University MHamed BOUGARA Boumerdes Faculty

y of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Final Year Project Report Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Degree of

Diploma dEtudes Universitaires Appliques - DEUA

In Electrical Engineering Option: POWER
Title:

MAGNETOMETER

Presented By: - CHOUGUI Abdessamie - LEMAOUI Zineeddine Supervisor: Mrs, RECIOUI Registration Number: /2011

All praise is to Allah, the lord of the universe, the Most Merciful, the Most Beneficent. Then, we would like to express our deep gratitude to our supervisor Mrs Recioui for her guidance and great help in accomplishing our project, and her advice during this year. Also we thank all DGEE staff for their support and kindness, without forgetting all our friends and the persons who were present next to us all along our university studies

DEDICATION

I have a great pleasure in dedicating this work to my lovely parents, my brothers and my sisters. I extend my dedication to all my family members. To all my friends especially HAMZA DEBBA To my partner Zineeddine. To all DGEE students, especially T06 POWER students. To all DGEE workers, especially library and cyber workers. .

Oussama

DEDICATION

I ve the pleasure to dedicate this modest work to: My beloved mother and father, my brothers and sisters, all my family. To all my friends especially FOUSI ALLA, Nacer and the list is so long. My binome Abdessamie, all T06 power students and all promotion. All teachers and workers of DGEE department.

ZINEEDDINE

ABSTRACT
The ci cuit descri ed i our project is i credi l sensiti e to changes in the magnetic field, it can be used to detect earthquakes but it can also function as a car alarm or for theft prevention, the construction is straight forward and onl standard components have been used in our design. There are basicall two t pes of magnetometer: ones that give an absolute value of the magnetic field strength and others that show the change in the field strength. This circuit detects the variations, but it also lends itself for use in several other Applications. It s fairl simple and it uses an ordinary mains transformer as a sensor coil. It is capable of picking up minute changes in the magnetic field strength. It is so sensitive that it can detect a passing train at a distance of two kilometers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowl Abstract Introduction..1 nt

Chapter one:

Magnetism

1-1 Introduction.. 1-2 Electron theory of magnetism. 1-3 The magnetic field. 1-4 Electromagnetism 1-4-1 What is the electromagnetism. 1-4-2 Electromagnetism in a wire 1-4-3 Electromagnetism in a coil 1-5 Conclusion

Chapter two: Basic components description

INTR

CTION

We are surrounded by magnetic fields .They are generated by electrical current in our electrical installation, TVs, computers, speakers and many other sources. Earth also has its own magnetic field. Magnetometer is a device that can measure magnetic field. Earths magnetic field is relatively small, so measuring it is pretty delicate process. There are many designs of devices which measure magnetic field, the one described here is a design of a circuit that detect small earth tremors that could be possible precursors to more violent earthquakes. We know that earthquakes only occur very rarely in many places in the world, but this circuit also lends itself for use in several other applications. Our report starts with an introduction, and then the first chapter which is about the magnetism, after that the second chapter describes the basic components of the system which is followed by the third chapter that describes the general block diagram and the detailed electrical circuit. Finally we end our report by general conclusion.

Chapter one

Magnetism

1-1-

Introduction
Magnetism was first discovered over 2000 years ago by the ancient Greeks when they

noticed that a certain kind of stone was attracted to iron. Since this stone was first found in Magnesia in Asia Minor, the stone was called magnetite. Later, when it was discovered that this tone would align itself north and south when suspended on a string, it was referred to the leading stone or lodestone. Lodestone, therefore, is a natural magnet that will attract magnetic materials.

1-2

- Electron theory of magnetism

We know that the electron contains a negative charge. This charge produces a force field that comes straight in to the electron from all directions. But scientist claims that a spinning charge also produces a magnetic field. Because of its orbital spin, the electron also contains a magnetic field. But this field exists in concentric circles around the electron. The electrostatic lines of forces, then, and the magnetic lines of force are at right angles to one another at any one point. The two fields combined are called the electromagnetic field.

Basic c

d scrip i

2-1 LM 380 N (Audio Power Amplifier)

2-1-1 General Description
The LM 380 is a power audio amplifier for consumer application. In order to hold system cost to a minimum, gain is internally fixed at 34db.A unique input stage allows inputs to be ground referenced. The output is automatically self centering to one half the supply voltage. The output is short circuit proof with internal thermal limiting. The package outline is standard dual in-line. A copper lead frame is used with the center three pins on either side comprising a heat sink. This makes the device easy to use in standard p-c layout. Uses include simple phonograph amplifier, intercoms ,line drivers, teac hing machine outputs, alarms, ultrasonic drivers, TV sound systems ,AM-FM radio, small servo drivers, power converters ,etc.

2-1-2 Features
_Wide supply voltage range. _Low quiescent power drain. _Voltage gain fixed at 50. _High peak current capability. _Input referenced to GND. _High input impedance. _Low distortion. _Standard dual-in-line package.

2-1-3 Connection block diagram

2-1-4 Schematic diagram

2-2 4069 UB ( Hex inverter)

2-2-1 Description
The 4069 UB is a general purpose hex inverter which has standard Fairchild input and output characteristics. A single-stage design has been used since the output impedance of a single-input gate is not pattern sensitive.

The 4069UB has many applications for example as a logic inversion ,pulse shaping, oscillators, high input impedance amplifiers, etc.

2-2-2 Features
_Standardized symmetrical output characteristics. _Medium speed operation _100% tested for quiescent current at 20 V _Maximum input current of 1A at 18 V

2-2-3 Logic and connection diagram

2-3 TL72 CN
2-3-1 Description
The TL072CN is high speed J-FET input dual operational incorporating well matched, high voltage J-FET and bipolar transistors in monolithic integrated circuit. The device features high slew rates, low input bias and offset current, and low offset voltage temperature.

2-3-2 Features

_Wide common-mode (up to Vcc) and defferential voltage range. _Low input bias and offset current. _Output short circuit protection.

_High input impedance J-FET inpu stage. _Low harmonic distortion:0.01%(typ). _Interval frequency compensation.
2-3-3 Logic and connection diagram

2-4 LM 3914N
2-4-1 Description
The LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog display. A single pin changes the display from a moving dot to a bar graph. Current drive to the LEDs is regulated and programmable, eliminating the need for resistors. This feature is one that allows operation of the whole system from less than 3V.

The circuit contains its own adjustable reference and accurate 10-step voltage divider. The low-bias-current input buffer accepts signals down to ground, or V, yet needs no protection against inputs of 35V above or below ground. The buffer drives 10 individual comparators referenced to the precision divider. Indication non-linearity can thus be held typically to 12%, even over a wide temperature range. Versatility was designed into the LM3914 so that controller, visual alarm, and expanded scale functions are easily added on to the display system.

2-4-2 Features
_ Drives LEDs, LCDs or vacuum fluorescents _ Bar or dot display mode externally selectable by user _ Expandable to displays of 100 steps _ Internal voltage reference from 1.2V to 12V _ Operates with single supply of less than 3V _ Inputs operate down to ground _ Output current programmable from 2 mA to 30 mA _ No multiplex switching or interaction between outputs _ LED driver outputs are current regulated, open-collectors

2-4-3 Connection and block diagram

2-5 Voltage regulator

2-5-1 General description
The 78l12 is three-terminal positive voltage regulator employs internal current limiting and thermal shutdown, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, it can deliver up to 100 mA output current. It is intended as fixed voltage regulator in a wide range of applications including local or on card regulation for elimination of noise

distribution problems associated with single point regulation. In addition, it can be used with power pass element to make high current voltage regulators .

2-5-2 Features _Output current up to 100 mA

_No external components. _Internal thermal overload protection. _Internal short circuit current limiting. _Output voltage of 12 V.

2-5-3 Connection diagram

2-6 Potentiomtre
It is three terminal devices which is used for controlling potential level, even though we can use it as a rheostat and this depends on how it is connected, the fig2 a potentiometer. The potentiometer is varied by turning the knob or screw C or CC direction.

Fig 2: potentiometer symbol

2-7 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

In forward biased LED, free electrons cross the junction and fall into holes. As these electrons fall from a higher to a lower energy level, they radiate energy. In ordinary diodes, this energy is radiated in the form of heat. But in an LED, the energy is radiated as light. The symbol of LED is shown in fig 2-8. The arrows show the outgoing light. LEDs are not made by Silicon or Germanium, but are made by elements like Gallium, Phosphorus and Arsenic. By varying the quantities of these elements, it is possible to produce light of different colours.

2-8 Transformer
The transformer is a simple, reliable, and effecient device for changing an ac voltage from one level to another. The ratio of voltage change , , can be almost any reasonable number either to step up or step down voltage. The most important part of our project is the detection coil. In the prototype a mains tronsformers was used (230 V/12 V,2 A), but in theory any transformer or coil could be used. We found that the above-mentioned model worked well and gave the circuit a very good sensitivity .The primery and the secondary windings of the transformer were connected in series to increase the sensitivity.

2-9 Conclusion

In this chapter we have seen the main elements that we are going to use in our circuit. It is the best way to understand more the circuit operation and give some basics about some components.