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Fig. 7. Measured linear spinning patterns in -plane. (a) Switch-on, 4.55 GHz, LHCP; (b) switch-off, 4.20 GHz, RHCP. Acceptable achieved within a 40 beamwidth. The asymmetries in the patterns are attributed to the biasing circuit.

xz

AR less than 3 dB is

[10], where equivalent antenna prototypes without basing circuit and diode switches are fabricated and measured, and the radiation patterns are observed to be almost symmetric. IV. CONCLUSION This paper proposes the possibility of combining frequency and polarization diversities using a novel recongurable antenna. Applying the PASS structure and a diagonal feed, a candidate design is built and measured to operate at 4.20 GHz with RHCP and at 4.55 GHz with LHCP, respectively. The antenna operation status are simply controlled using a 1.5 V/0 V dc bias. A dual-frequency antenna with switchable LHCP/RHCP at each frequency is also suggested for practical antenna diversity applications. REFERENCES
[1] J. T. Bernhard, Recongurable antennas and apertures: state-of-the-art and future outlook, in Proc. SPIE Conf. on Smart Electronics, MEMs, BioMEMs, and Nanotechnology, vol. 5055, Mar. 2003, pp. 19. [2] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Patch antennas with switchable slots (PASS) in wireless communications: concepts, designs and applications, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 1329, Apr. 2005. [3] , Patch antenna with swichable slot (PASS): dual-frequency operation, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 165168, Nov. 2001. [4] , A recongurable patch antenna using switchable slots for circular polarization diversity, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 9698, Feb. 2002. [5] M. Fries, M. Grni, and R. Vahldieck, A recongurable slot antenna with switchable polarization, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 490492, Nov. 2003. [6] S. Maci and G. Gentili, Dual frequency patch antennas, IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1320, Dec. 1997. [7] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert, Eds., Microstrip Antennas: The Analysis and Design of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays. New York: IEEE Press, 1995. [8] J.-F. Lemieux, M. S. El-Tanany, and H. M. Hafez, Experimental evaluation of space/frequency/polarization diversity in the indoor wireless channel, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 569574, Aug. 1991. [9] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.

[10] N. Jin, F. Yang, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, A novel recongurable patch antenna with both frequency and polarization diversities for wireless communications, in IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp. Dig., vol. 2, Jun. 2004, pp. 17961799.

Wide-Band Dual Sleeve Antenna

K. George Thomas, N. Lenin, and M. Sreenivasan
AbstractThis correspondence presents a top loaded dual sleeve antenna with a substantially small ground plane for broad band applications. The impedance and radiation properties of the monopole were investigated numerically and experimentally. The antenna features excellent radiation characteristics within a broad impedance bandwidth of 4.2:1, covering 0.52.1 GHz. Index TermsDual sleeve, impedance bandwidth, monopole antenna, planar element, toploaded antenna, wideband.

I. INTRODUCTION Monopole is one of the most widely used antennas throughout the RF spectrum, ranging from VHF to UHF. New communication technologies, especially spread spectrum, frequency hopping and frequency-agile systems demand the widest possible antenna bandwidth. Although these systems are currently used primarily for military communications, commercial applications are generating more pressure for wider bandwidth. The simple structure of monopole coupled with performance properties such as pure vertical polarization and horizontal omni directional coverage, makes its extensive use possible in a variety of
Manuscript received January 12, 2005; revised October 13, 2005. The authors are with the SAMEER-Centre for Electromagnetics, CIT Campus, Chennai-600113, India (e-mail: gt2781964@yahoo.com; nlenin_2000@yahoo.co.in). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2006.869942

0018-926X/$20.00 2006 IEEE

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Fig. 1.

Elementary sleeve monopole.

Fig. 3. Proposed dual sleeve antenna.

band, by suitably changing the length l and thus displacing the feed point, within the sleeve. It was observed that signicant improvement in VSWR is not possible, without compromising on the bandwidth. This paper reports a newly developed dual sleeve antenna, featuring broad band operation with improved impedance and pattern matching.
Fig. 2. Sleeve monopole antenna with elevated feed point.

II. CONSTRUCTION applications. Hence monopole antenna is an attractive option for broad band communications. The impedance bandwidth of simple thin-wire monopoles can be increased by modifying their geometry, such as thickening or loading or folding their wire elements [1][3]. Typical designs include conical or skeletal conical, cage and various loading monopoles. However, compared to thin-wire monopoles, conical or rotationally symmetric monopoles are bulkier. Alternatively, planar elements with considerable volume reduction have been proposed to replace the wire elements for broad impedance bandwidths [4]. Although it has an extremely wide bandwidth, the performance of planar antenna is restricted by its radiation pattern which deteriorates as the operating frequency increases. It was discovered that if one added a short tube (sleeve) around a conventional monopole antenna, the resulting device would have a satisfactory impedance match to its transmission line, over a broader frequency range than if the sleeve were not present (Fig. 1), [5]. Later, an interesting variation on the elementary sleeve monopole was proposed by Poggio and Mayes [6], to improve the bandwidth. The feed point has been elevated from the ground plane into the sleeve itself, as shown in Fig. 2. The radiating element (dia 2a), protruding out of the enclosing cylindrical sleeve (dia 2b), is an extension of the center conductor of the co-axial feed line, whose outer conductor is at a distance l from the ground plane. The cylindrical sleeve having a length L is also shorted to the ground plane. The total height H of the antenna is set to resonate at approximately one-quarter wavelength at the lowest frequency. A VSWR of less than 8 to 1 is reported over a 4:1 frequency The proposed antenna shown in Fig. 3, is fed from a co-axial transmission line. The exterior of sleeve A acts as the radiating element and its interior acts as the outer conductor of the feed co-axial transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. A discontinuity (gap) is created in the outer conductor of the feed transmission line, just above the ground plane. It is found that the gap signicantly improved the broadband impedance matching and hence the gap is experimentally optimized to obtain wide impedance bandwidth. The inner conductor of the feed line is extended beyond the top end of sleeve A and is surrounded by sleeve B. The sleeve B is shorted at a point, distant d down, from the top end of the sleeve. The top end of sleeve B is attached to a hollow cylindrical section of diameter D . A Teon spacer is used to introduce a gap between sleeve A and sleeve B. The gap is optimized experimentally and found to be 15 mm for the best impedance matching in the upper frequency band. The rst resonance of sleeve monopole occurs at a frequency where the monopole length is approximately =4. Total length of the antenna is 0:23 and the antenna is fed through a circular ground plane of diameter 0:083 where  corresponds to lowest frequency in the band 0.52.1 GHz. A VSWR of less than 2.0:1 was obtained over the entire frequency band. A photograph of the antenna is given in Fig. 4. The bottom face of the cylindrical top section of diameter D and height h, acts as the top loading and signicantly reduces the lower edge of the frequency band from 0.75 to 0.5 GHz, with a resonance near 0.6 GHz, as shown in Fig. 5. The diameter of the circular ground plane is kept as same as that of the cylindrical top section. Hence, the

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Fig. 6. Measured () and simulated (1 1 1) return loss against frequency.

Fig. 4.

A photograph of the experimental prototype.

Fig. 7.

Measured return loss of the antenna with different ground plane sizes.

Fig. 5. Effect of top sleeve and top loading sections on the impedance bandwidth of the antenna.

section comprising sleeve A and B functions as a capacitor-plate antenna in the lower frequency band, producing an input resistance which is identical to that near quarter wave resonance. The line section L1 + L2 acts as the conventional sleeve monopole and operates in the frequency band 0.751.5 GHz. The lower sleeve section L1 functions as a quarter wave monopole in the higher frequency band. The position of the metallic short, optimized by using a short circuit plunger, presents a very high impedance at the lower end of upper sleeve section B and thereby decouples it in the upper frequency band operation. The location of the short circuit in the sleeve B, and the gap between sleeve A and B drastically raises the upper operating frequency. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is important to examine the radiation properties of a broad band antenna. The measurement and simulation of the radiation properties of the antenna were carried out. Measured return loss plot (0.52.1 GHz) is shown in Fig. 6 and is in good agreement with the simulated data by Ansoft HFSS. The dependence of the impedance bandwidth performance of the antenna on the ground plane size was studied. Measured return loss of the antenna on larger ground plane sizes (600 mm diameter and 1200 mm diameter) is shown in Fig. 7. It is observed that the return loss performance of the antenna with larger ground planes was degraded over the frequency band. Figs. 8 and 9 indicate measured and simulated radiation pattern plots in the H-plane (';  = 90 ) and

Fig. 8. Radiation patterns [measured () and simulated (1 1 1) ] of E -component in the H-plane.

E-plane (; ' = 0 ). The plots represent perfect omnidirectional pattern in the H-plane and typical dipole pattern in the E-plane. The deviation from typical monopole pattern in the E-plane is attributed to the small ground-plane size of the antenna.

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[8] R. W. P. King and T. T. Wu, The cylindrical antenna with arbitrary driving point, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-13, pp. 710718, Sep. 1965. [9] T. L. Simpson, The disc loaded monopole antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 542550, Feb. 2004.

Accelerated Computation of the Free Space Greens Function of Semi-Innite Phased Arrays of Dipoles
Christophe Craeye and Filippo Capolino
AbstractIn this Communication, we provide an efcient algorithm for the evaluation of the semi-innite array Greens function (SAGF) for a semi-innite planar periodic phased array of dipoles in free space. For observation points not too far from the array plane, the algorithm uses a hybrid spectral-spatial representation of the Greens function accelerated with the Levin T method, that we show to be faster than the Shanks method. For observation points sufciently far away from the array plane, we show that the SAGF is efciently evaluated by using asymptotic eld expressions. Asymptotics is also used to explain the loss of accuracy of the Levin T accelerator in certain regions, and a correction procedure is proposed to overcome this problem. Fig. 9. Radiation patterns [measured () and simulated (1 1 1) ] of E -component in the E-plane. Index TermsArrays, Greens function, numerical methods, periodic structures.

I. INTRODUCTION IV. CONCLUSION A wide-band top loaded dual sleeve antenna, employing broad-banding techniques has been investigated numerically and experimentally and is shown to yield an impedance bandwidth ratio of 4.2:1 for a VSWR of less than 2.0:1. The typical antenna radiation pattern behavior has also been observed over the bandwidth. The symmetrical structure of the antenna offers radiation pattern stability in the operating frequency band. An attractive feature of the antenna is its compact size due to the considerably small ground plane. The antenna is proposed as a suitable option for broadband mobile and vehicular communication. In a previous paper [1], one of the authors presented a method for the fast computation of the scalar semi-innite array Greens function (SAGF) related to semi-innite planar phased arrays of dipoles, i.e. arrays which are innite along the y -direction, and semi-innite along x, as shown in Fig. 1. The algorithm was based on the Shanks method [2] and was accurate for points close to the array plane. One of the authors has derived an asymptotic formula for the SAGF for observation points that are not too close to the edge of the array [3], [4]. As shown in [5], [6] and [7], the SAGF function is used as an excitation in the method of moments for the estimation of the effects of array truncation. Furthermore, the SAGF can be used to evaluate the eld radiated by an array in presence of a scattering environment, as shown in [8]. In this Communication, to further accelerate the algorithm presented in [1], we use the Levin T accelerator [9] instead of the Shanks method. We show that it provides accurate results for points not too far (up to several wavelengths) from the array, but that a direct application of the Levin method (as well as the Shanks method in [1]) can result in large errors for some conditions of phasing and observation height. We show that these large errors are avoided when we apply the ip procedure, i.e., when the SAGF is evaluated by subtracting the GF of the complementary problem from the innite-array GF. For larger distances from the array (several wavelengths), asymptotic formulas are given here for the scalar SAGF, instead of for the electric eld as in [3]. Numerical results indicate the z -distance from the array plane where the asymptotic

REFERENCES
[1] H. Kawakami and G. Sato, Boadband characteristics of rotationally symmetric antennas and thin wire constructs, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-35, no. 1, pp. 2632, Jan. 1987. [2] S. D. Rogers and C. M. Butler, Cage antennas optimized for bandwidth, Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 932933, 2000. [3] W. Cho, M. Kanda, H. Hwang, and M. W. Howard, A disc-loaded thick cylindrical dipole antenna for validation of a EMI test site from 30 to 300 MHz, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 42, pp. 172180, May 2000. [4] M. J. Ammann and Z. N. Chen, A wide-band shorted planar monopole with bevel, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-51, no. 4, pp. 901903, Apr. 2003. [5] E. L. Bock, J. A. Nelson, and A. Dorne, Sleeve antennas, in Very High Frequency Techniques. New York: McGraw Hill, 1947, ch. 5, pp. 119137. [6] A. J. Poggio and P. E. Mayes, Pattern bandwidth optimization of the sleeve monopole antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-14, no. 5, pp. 643645, Sep. 1966. [7] A. D. Wunsch, Fourier series treatment of the sleeve monopole antenna, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., pt. H, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 217225, Aug. 1988.

Manuscript received August 11, 2005. This work was supported by the EU-funded project METAMORPHOSE (FP6/NMP3-CT-2004-500252). C. Craeye is with the Universit Catholique de Louvain, Laboratoire TELE, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (e-mail: craeye@tele.ucl.ac.be). F. Capolino is with the University of Siena, Department of Information Engineering, 53100 Siena, Italy (e-mail: capolino@dii.unisi.it). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2006.869945

0018-926X/$20.00 2006 IEEE