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Contents – Contenido
Introduction – Introducción
Tables – Tablas
by – por
Manuel A. Plenge
Part 1 – Parte 1
2021
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CONTENTS
Page
XXXII. Passeriformes
1. Thamnophilidae: Antbirds ………………………………………….……. 109
2. Melanopareiidae: Crescentchests ………………………………..…….. 119
3. Conopophagidae: Gnateaters …………………………………..………. 119
4. Grallariidae: Antpittas …………………………………………….………. 119
5. Rhinocryptidae: Tapaculos ……………………………………………… 121
6. Formicariidae: Antthrushes ……………………………………..………. 123
7. Furnariidae: Ovenbirds ………………………………………………….. 124
8. Pipridae: Manakins ……………………………………………….……… 136
9. Cotingidae: Cotingas …………………………………………………….. 139
10. Tityridae: Tityras and Allies ……………………………………..…..…... 141
11. Oxyruncidae: Sharpbill …………..……………………..…..…….……… 143
12. Onychorhynchidae: Royal Flycatchers .…………………..………..….. 143
13. Tyrannidae: Tyrant Flycatchers ……………………..…………………. 143
14. Vireonidae: Vireos ……………………………………………….………. 164
15. Corvidae: Crows and Jays ………………………………….…..………. 165
16. Hirundinidae: Swallows ……………………………………...………….. 166
17. Troglodytidae: Wrens …………………………………………….……… 168
18. Polioptilidae: Gnatcatchers ……………………………………………… 170
19. Donacobiidae: Donacobius ………………………………..….………... 170
20. Cinclidae: Dippers …………………………………………………..……. 171
21. Turdidae: Thrushes ……………………………………………….……… 171
22. Mimidae: Mockingbirds and Thrashers …………..….…..……………. 173
23. Passeridae: Old World Sparrows ……………………………….……… 173
24. Motacillidae: Pipits and Wagtails ……………………………………….. 173
25. Fringillidae: Finches ………………………………………………….….. 174
26. Passerellidae: New World Sparrows and Allies ……………….……… 175
27. Icteridae: New World Blackbirds ………..……………………….…….. 178
28. Parulidae: New World Wood-Warblers …….………..….………..…… 181
29. Mitrospingidae: Mitrospingids ………………………………………….. 183
30. Cardinalidae: Cardinals, Grosbeaks, and Allies …….…………..…… 183
31. Thraupidae: Tanagers …………………………………………………… 184
Appendix
1. Persons that have collected and/or made studies of birds up to the year 2000 202
2. The species of birds described from Peru .................................……….…. 220
3. The species of birds endemic to Peru ..................................….......……… 227
4. Migrants from the Galápagos Archipelago and Ecuador ......................….. 230
5. Migrants from the northern hemisphere .......................................………… 231
6. Migrants from the southern oceans and tropical islands ...............……….. 234
7. Migrants from southern South America ……………………………….….…… 235
8. Paleontological species and genera of fossil birds described from Peru … 237
9. Extraction of notes to facilitate research .......................................……….. 243
Literature Cited ...............................................................…………………..………… 273
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CONTENIDO
Página
XV. Charadriiformes
1. Charadriidae: Avefrías y Chorlos ……………..……….…..…………… 62
2. Haematopodidae: Ostreros ……………..……………………….……… 63
3. Recurvirostridae: Cigüeñuelas y Avocetas ..…………………...…….. 63
4. Burhinidae: Alcaravanes ……...…………………………..…………….. 64
5. Scolopacidae: Playeros, Becasinas, y Afines ……….........….……… 64
6. Thinocoridae: Agachonas ………….………………………..……….…. 67
7. Jacanidae: Gallitos de Agua …………………………………………….. 67
8. Rostratulidae: Aguateros ………………………………......…….……… 68
9. Stercorariidae: Salteadores ……… ……………………….…………… 68
10. Rynchopidae: Rayadores …………………………….…………………. 68
11. Laridae: Gaviotas y Gaviotines …………………..….…….………….… 68
XVI. Eurypygiformes
1. Eurypygidae: Tigana ………………..……..…………………………….. 71
XVII. Phaethontiformes
1. Phaethontidae: Aves del Trópico ……………..………………….…….. 71
XVIII. Sphenisciformes
1. Spheniscidae: Pingüinos …….…..………………………………………. 72
XIX. Procellariiformes
1. Diomedeidae: Albatros ….……….………..…………..………………… 72
2. Hydrobatidae: Golondrinas de Mar del Sur ..……………..…………… 73
3. Hydrobatidae: Golondrinas de Mar del Norte ..…………..…………… 74
4. Procellariidae: Pardelas y Petreles ………...……………….…………… 75
XX. Ciconiiformes
1. Ciconiidae: Cigüeñas …………..………………………………………… 78
XXI. Suliformes
1. Fregatidae: Avefragatas …….…………………………………………… 78
2. Sulidae: Piqueros ……………………………..…………………….……. 79
3. Anhingidae: Anhingas ……….……………………………………………… 80
4. Phalacrocoracidae: Cormoranes ………………………….……………. 80
XXII. Pelecaniformes
1. Pelecanidae: Pelícanos ………………………………….………………. 80
2. Ardeidae: Garzas y Mirasoles …………………………...……………… 80
3. Threskiornithidae: Ibises y Espátulas ……………….…………………. 82
XXIII. Cathartiformes
1. Cathartidae: Gallinazos y Cóndores …..……………………….………. 83
XXIV. Accipitriformes
1 Pandionidae: Aguila Pescadora …….……………………..…….……… 84
2. Accipitridae: Gavilanes, Aguilas, y Aguiluchos ………….……....….… 84
XXV. Strigiformes
1. Tytonidae: Lechuzas de Campanario ……………..…………………… 88
2. Strigidae: Lechuzas ………………………………………………………. 88
XXVI. Trogoniformes
1. Trogonidae: Trogones ………………………..………..……………….. 91
XXVII. Coraciiformes
1. Momotidae: Momotos ….…….…………………..……………………… 92
2. Alcedinidae: Martín Pescadores …………………..…………….……… 92
XXVIII. Galbuliformes
1. Galbulidae: Jacamares ……...…………….……………….……………. 92
2. Bucconidae: Bucos ………..……………………..………….…………… 93
XXIX. Piciformes
1. Capitonidae: Barbudos del Nuevo Mundo …………………………….. 95
2. Ramphastidae: Tucanes ……………………..…………….……………. 96
3. Picidae: Carpinteros ……………………………….…………………….. 97
XXX. Falconiformes
1. Falconidae: Halcones y Caracaras …………………………..…..…….. 101
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XXXI. Psittaciformes
1. Psittacidae: Loros y Guacamayos ………………….………….………. 102
XXXII. Passeriforme.
1. Thamnophilidae: Hormigueros Típicos ……………..…………………. 108
2. Melanopareiidae: Pechos-de-Luna …………………..……….……….. 119
3. Conopophagidae: Jejeneros ……..…………..…………………………. 119
4. Grallaridae: Tororoies ……………………………………………………. 119
5. Rhinocryptidae: Tapaculos ……………………………………………… 121
6. Formicariidae: Hormigueros Terrestres ………….……………………. 123
7. Furnariidae: Horneros ……..………………………………………...….. 124
8. Pipridae: Saltarines ……..………………………..……………………… 136
9. Cotingidae: Cotingas …………………………………………………….. 139
10. Tityridae: Titiras y Afines …………………….…………..……………... 141
11. Oxyruncidae: Picoagudo …………….…………..……………………… 143
12. Onychorhynchidae: Tiranos Reales …….………..………………..….. 143
13. Tyrannidae: Tiranos ……………..………………………………………. 143
14. Vireonidae: Vireos ………………………………………………….……. 164
15. Corvidae: Cuervos y Urracas …………….……..………………………. 165
16. Hirundinidae: Golondrinas ………………………………………..……… 166
17. Troglodytidae: Cucaracheros …………………………….……………… 168
18. Polioptilidae: Soterillos y Perlitas ………………..…….……..………... 170
19. Donacobiidae: Donacobius …………………………………….………. 170
20. Cinclidae: Mirlos Acuáticos ..……………………………………………. 171
21. Turdidae: Zorzales …………..…………………………………………… 171
22. Mimidae: Calandrias ……………………………..………………………. 173
23. Passeridae: Gorriones del Viejo Mundo ….…………….……………… 173
24. Motacillidae: Cachirlas …………………….…………………………….. 173
25. Fringillidae: Jilgueros y Euphonias ……………………………….…….. 174
26. Passerellidae: Gorriones del Nuevo Mundo y Afines ...……………… 175
27. Icteridae: Oropéndolas y Tordos …………………….….……..……….. 178
28. Parulidae: Reinitas ………………………...…………..……….………… 181
29. Mitrospingidae: Mitrospingids ………………………………………….. 183
30. Cardinalidae: Cardenales, Picogruesos, y Afines …….……….……… 184
31. Thraupidae: Tangaras ..……………………….…………………………. 184
Apéndices
1. Personas que han colectado y/o hecho estudios de aves hasta el año 2000 202
2. Las especies de aves descritas del Perú ..................................………….. 220
3. Las especies de aves endémicas del Perú .................................………… 227
4. Aves migratorias del Archipiélago de las Galápagos y Ecuador ….……… 230
5. Aves migratorias del hemisferio norte ........................................…………. 231
6. Aves migratorias de los mares del sur e islas tropicales ...........………….. 234
7. Aves migratorias del sur de Sudamérica ..................................……….….. 235
8. Especies y géneros paleontológicos de aves fósiles descritos del Perú … 237
9. Extracto de notas para facilitar la investigación ..........................…………. 243
Literatura Citada ..............................................................…………….……..………. 273
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The vast cathedral of Nature is full of holy scriptures, and shapes of deep, mysterious meaning; but all is
solitary and silent there; no bending knee, no uplifted eye, no lip adoring, praying. Into this vast cathedral
comes the human soul, seeking its Creator; and the universal silence is changed to sound, and the sound
is harmonious, and has a meaning, and is comprehended and felt.
From “Hyperion”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1807-1882
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1,2
THE SECOND BOOK OF GENESIS
1. It came to pass that the Lord God wearied, and cared not whether he had done what he ought
to have done. 2. And the Angel Gabriel said to the Lord, Lo, men care not to know what thou hast done
and what thou hast not done, yea, there is a saying among men that God is dead. 3. And God pondered
the words of the Angel Gabriel. 4. And God said unto Gabriel, Verily, verily I say unto thee that my mouth
tasteth of ashes, and I remember with great joy the time of the morning of the world and of the heavens;
men have called me "Creator" but I create not, neither have I created since the First Six Days. 5. And the
Angel Gabriel said unto the Lord, Lord, if thou wouldst create again, who shall say thee nay? 6. And God
pondered the words of the Angel Gabriel. 7. And God said to the Angel Gabriel, I wish no more
Firmament, nor do I wish to create again the Earth and all the Heavens; nor do I wish to hear the chanting
of the priests and the sounding of the trumpets; nor do I wish to smell the burning of the incense. 8. I
would do but a small Creation, and I would that the Word of my new Creation be carried among men by a
small and loyal family of Apostles. 9. And the Angel Gabriel said unto the Lord, Lord, thou must need
separate thyself from man and Create where man is not. 10. And God said to Gabriel, Whither shall I go
where man is not? 11. And the Angel Gabriel said to the Lord, Lord, there is a fair land upon the Earth
that is called Peru, and thou canst Create in that place in secret. 12. And the Lord God looked upon Peru
and saw that it was green and good, and the Lord God left his throne of gold and walked in Peru.
1. There was among men a sage who was called the Prophet Ernst. 2. And the Prophet Ernst
had numbered the fowls of the air and every living thing. 3. And the Prophet Ernst spake unto his
disciples, saying Lo, I have numbered the fowls of the air, and they are 8590 species. And the Year of
Our Lord was 1951. 4. And again the Prophet Ernst spake unto his disciples, saying Lo, I have looked
into the future where no man seeth, and I say unto you that ten years hence, no more than a score of
species of fowl shall ye have found, that I have not numbered. And the Year of Our Lord was 1957.
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1. Although it is not customary for anonymous articles to appear in THE AUKLET, an exception is being
made in the case of this paper, which was originally in the form of a parchment scroll discovered among
the packing material of a shipment of bird skins being returned from the Carnegie Museum. – Ed.
=============================================================================
2. This paper mentioning the spectacular discoveries of new species in Peru (1964 to 1977) was
published in THE AUKLET and distributed at an American Ornithologists’ Union Meeting probably in the
late ’70. It is reprinted without permission from the editor of THE AUKLET. – M.A.P.
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Prophet Ernst. Dr. Ernst Mayr, then Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, Harvard University.
Director, Museum of Comparative Zoology.
John of the Neill. Dr. John P. O’Neill, then a graduate student at Lousiana State University.
John of the Waistcoat. Dr. John W. Weske, then a graduate student at University of Oklahoma.
John of the Three Burghs. Dr. John W. Terborgh, then a professor at Princeton University.
George of the Lions. Dr. George H. Lowery, Jr., then Director, Museum of Natural Science and Boyd
Professor of Zoology, Louisiana State University.
Emmet the Bleak. Dr. Emmet R. Blake, then Curator of Birds, Field Museum of Natural History.
Parchment scroll from the Carnegie Museum. Suspected to have been hoarded by Dr. Kenneth C.
Parkes, then Curator of Birds of that institution.
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1. In Peru the green and good, the Lord God abode. 2. And the Lord God pondered his Creation
of the Earth and the Heavens and the Firmament and of every living thing. 3. And the Lord God said,
Consider the fowls of the air, how sweet their song and how wondrous their raiment. Yea, these are my
children and I shall give them brethen. 4. And so saying, the Lord God began to create. And he looked
upon his Creations, and saw that they were good. 5. And the Lord God summoned the Angel Gabriel,
and he said unto him, Go, find me a band of loyal Apostles, that they may carry among men the Work of
my new Creations. 6. And the Angel Gabriel went far and wide among men, he gathered together the
New Apostles of Creation. 7. And these were among the New Apostles: the Apostle John of the Neill; the
Apostle John of the Waistcoat; and the Apostle John of the Three Burghs. 8. And others among the New
Apostles were George of the Lions, who was from the South, and Emmet the Bleak, who was from the
North. 9. And the New Apostles learned of the work of the Lord God in Peru, and they cried aloud, Lord,
Lord, it is good! 10. And the Lord God was pleased at their praise, and he took up more of his new
Creations, and he placed them far and wide. 11. On the dry land did he place them, and upon the face of
the waters, on the islands and upon the Main. 12. In Australia and in far Afric did he place them, and
round about him in America of the South, beyond Peru the green and good; in Filipina did he place them,
and even unto Cathay, yea, even unto Puerto Rico. 13. And the New Apostles gathered unto them yet
more New Apostles, and the work of the Lord was made known unto men.
1. The Word of the New Apostles was brought to the Prophet Ernst. 2. And the Prophet Ernst
cried aloud, saying this is not a new species, nor that; Lo, this is but a subspecies and that but an age
class. 3. And men said unto the Prophet Ernst, Yea, but what of this fowl, and of that? 4. And the
Prophet Ernst looked upon the Creations of the Lord, and he saw that they were good, yea, they were
veritable species. 5. And the Prophet Ernst arrayed himself in sackcloth and ashes, and said, Forgive
me, Lord, for I have underestimated thee. 6. And the Lord God looked upon the Prophet Ernst, and
forgave him, saying, Go, my son, but verily, verily I say unto thee, ye shall doubt me no more, neither
shall ye lump. 7. And the Prophet Ernst went and was heard no more.
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INTRODUCTION
This list of Species and subspecies of the birds of Peru had its origin in 1969, when I realized the
necessity of a simple, modern list of species and subspecies, with their common names, for my private
use. The lack of such a list was also felt by governmental authorities, museum curators, field workers,
students and amateurs, especially in Peru, who did not have access to the vast ornithological literature.
Throughout the years, I have checked all the literature at my disposal and whenever necessary have
consulted specific problems with leading authorities. Periodic revisions have been made, as new
information became available.
The Republic of Peru has a territory of 1,285,216 square kilometers and is located on the west
coast of South America, from latitude 0º01’ S to 18º21’ S and from longitude 68º39’ W to 81º19’ W. It
borders Ecuador and Colombia in the north, Brazil and Bolivia in the east, Chile in the south, and the
Pacific Ocean in the west (Fig. 1). Geographically it is divided into three regions: Costa, Sierra, and
Selva or Montaña. Between these regions there are great topographic contrasts that cannot be fully
described. The Andes, a system of high and wide mountains cross the country longitudinally from NW to
SE, leaving on the west a narrow coastal belt and on the east an extensive plain of tropical forest. The
most obvious orogenic element of the Andes is the Cordillera Occidental. The Andes by their great
elevation forms a major meteorological barrier that affects the climate of the land on either side. It also
gave origin to three drainage systems: the Pacific, the Amazon, and the Titicaca basin (Fig. 2). The
famous ornithologist Frank M. Chapman (1926), writing on the faunal areas of the Andes commented
that: “... Peru, with its complex mountain ranges having arid, treeless western slopes and humid forested
eastern slopes, its highly developed river system, the broad grassy plains, marshes, and lakes of its puna
or tableland, is almost a world in itself.” Twenty-one ecoregions have been proposed based on
bibliographic sources and in consultation with experts (CDC-UNALM 2006) (Fig. 3). Altitudinal zones
delimited by Chapman (1917) have been slightly modified to conform to conditions existing in Peru.
Taczanowski, in his classic work (1884-1886), listed all the birds then known to occur in the
country. Zimmer (1931-1955) undertook a comprehensive study of Peru’s bird life, intending to prepare a
complete volume on its distribution, but at the time of his death he had published only a long series of
taxonomic papers. Maria Koepcke worked in Peru from 1950 to 1970, and had the intention of publishing
a book on the entire avifauna upon completion of her studies. Unfortunately, her untimely death
prevented this. Brack (1969-1972) attempted to bring up to date what was known of the distribution of
Peru’s birds. Parker et al. (1978, 1982) provided a checklist for bird-watchers based on Meyer de
Schauensee (1970), personal experience, and the fieldwork of others. Clements and Shany (2001) made
available the first field guide for Peru to mixed reviews. Schulenberg et al. (2007, 2010a, 2010b) first
published in English and later in Spanish the highly aclaimed award winning “Birds of Peru”.
Since the 1980’s, Peruvians have developed an interest in ornithology other than the guano birds
and practically all that we know today is due to the efforts of foreign scientists, professional collectors and
amateurs (Appendix 1). They have recorded 32 orders, 91 families, 739 genera, 1876 species and 2611
subspecies. Table 1 contains orders and families as well as the numbers of genera, species and
subspecies per family. The latter three categories can also be separated into:
Non-passerines Passerines
Genera 353 386
Species 801 1075
Subspecies 1004 1607
These figures represent 18.76% of the approximately 10,787 species found in the world and
54.68% of the approximately 3,431 species found in South America. Additional discoveries in the last
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years will soon alter these totals. Between 1951 and 2020, 57 new species were discovered, the highest
number from any country in the world, and additional species and subspecies have been discovered but
not yet described. There are still unexplored areas that may give us more surprises, especially in isolated
mountain ranges at the base of the eastern Andes. A total of 379 species have been described from
Peru in the 254 year period from 1766 to 2020 (1.5 per year) (Appendix 2). When this figure is grouped
by decades (Table 2), it shows roughly the different periods of ornithological exploration. Peru is the third
country with more different species of birds than any other in the world. Table 3 illustrates certain
zoogeographic patterns as to the number of species and subspecies for different areas or countries of the
world.
The list is taxonomically arranged by Order, Family, Genus, Species and Subspecies. All species
and subspecies known to have been collected or observed have been included. The English names
follow those used in Remsen et al. (2020). Because Peru did not have Spanish names for the majority of
the species registered and as there is no general agreement on names among Latin American
ornithologists, the criteria used for selecting them is the following in that order: the names most commonly
used in Latin America, in South America, in adjacent countries, and in Peru. New names were created in
cases that did not fit any of the mentioned conditions or because the names had no meaning in Peru. No
attempt has been made to include vernacular names. The names of the describers for each species and
subspecies are given with the year of publication; if the author’s name is in parenthesis, it indicates the
transfer of the original name from one genus to another. Species and subspecies reported as occurring
in Peru based on published documented sight records are without brackets. Unpublished specimen
records, undocumented sight records, photographs, videos, or audio-recordings are within brackets with
their corresponding localities and are included in Table 1. Enclosed in three brackets and not included in
Table 1, are those species and subspecies considered hypothetical, either because their occurrence has
not been confirmed (49) or because they are found in adjacent countries and should occur (10); citations
are given for the former and nearest locality to Peru for the latter. Also, in five brackets and not included
in Table 1, are species mentioned (9), that are not known to occur in Peru.
The sequence of orders and families has been and continues to be the subject of differences of
opinion among taxonomists. Throughout the years I followed the classification in use at the time until the
publication of the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list (1998), incorporating the families not covered
therein. The basic references for subspecies were drawn from Cory (1918-1919), Cory and Hellmayr
(1924), Hellmayr (1925-1938), Hellmayr and Conover (1942-1949), Peters (1931-1979), and Zimmer
(1931-1955). Any deviations and additions were made as new descriptions, taxonomic reviews,
systematic studies, nomenclature changes, etc., were published. The taxonomic remarks by Eisenmann
in Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Ridgely and Tudor (1989, 1994) were of immense value.
Since 2000, the sequence of orders, families, genera and species followed is that of Remsen et al.
(2020). The subspecies recognized are listed in Dickinson and Remsen (2013) and Dickinson and
Christidis (2014).
(2) The letter G denotes species and subspecies (9) that migrate from the Galápagos Archipelago
(Archipiélago de Colón) and/or from the coast of Ecuador (Appendix 4).
(3) The letter N denotes species and subspecies (109) that migrate from the northern hemisphere,
excepting northern South America (Appendix 5).
(4) The letter P denotes species and subspecies (38) that migrate from the Antarctic continent and
islands, subantarctic islands, and tropical islands in the southern hemisphere excepting the
Galápagos Archipelago (Archipiélago de Colón) (Appendix 6).
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(5) The letter S denotes species and subspecies (54) that migrate from continental southern South
America (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) (Appendix 7).
(6) The letter T denotes species and subspecies (1046) that have Peru as terra typica.
Fossil specimens of birds from Peru were known until recently by seven neospecies (Brodkorb
1963, 1964, 1971). Since then new paleontological species and genera of fossil birds have been
described from Peru (Appendix 8). Those interested in undescribed avian fossil elements from Peru
should read the “Note”, at the end of Appendix 8.
Peruvian bird collections, either as study skins, skeletons, preserved in fluid, mounted birds, fossils,
egg sets or nests, are deposited in the institutions and private collections (Banks et al. 1973, part) listed in
Table 4.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (1968-2000)
I have been very fortunate in meeting and corresponding since 1968, with practically all the
persons that have conducted studies or collected birds in Peru. They generously placed at my disposal
unpublished records of species and subspecies new to the country to be incorporated herein. To them I
wish to extend my gratitude: Paul K. Donahue, Gunnar Engblom, John W. Fitzpatrick, Robert A. Hughes*,
Niels K. Krabbe, John P. O’Neill, Theodore A. Parker, III*, Robert L. Pitman, Peter W. Post, J. V. Remsen,
Jr., Mark B. Robbins, Thomas S. Schulenberg, Derek A. Scott, Douglas F. Stotz, Barry Walker, and John
S. Weske.
I am deeply indebted for encouragement, helpful criticism, information and suggestions to: Emmet
R. Blake*, Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee*, Eugene Eisenmann*, Ned K. Johnson*, Kenneth C.
Parkes*, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr.*, Melvin A. Traylor, Jr.*, and John S. Weske. Special thanks are due to
John P. O’Neill, Theodore A. Parker, III*, and Thomas S. Schulenberg, for their stimulating conversations
and valuable aid. Many other individuals have given assistance of one sort or another, and I express my
appreciation to them.
No words can express the gratitude to my wife, Isabel, for the understanding and patience shown
during many late nights and weekends, which were the only moments I could dedicate to research,
writing, and typing, as my normal work was far removed from ornithology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (2001-2019)
Since 2001, I am grateful for assistance, information and comentaries to my questions regarding
taxonomic problems to: Edward C. Dickinson, Daniel F. Lane, J. V. Remsen, Jr., and Thomas S.
Schulenberg.
Marcelo Stucchi suggested that fossil birds from Peru be included in this work and participated in
preparing Appendix 8. I also wish to thank Fernando Angulo for his advise and enthusiasm in making this
work available in the website of the Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú.
Manuel A. Plenge
Los Capulies 771
Miraflores, Lima 18
Perú
E-mail: maplenge@hotmail.com
____________________________________________________________________________________
* deceased
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INTRODUCCION
Esta lista de Especies y subespecies de las aves del Perú tuvo su origen en 1969, cuando me dí
cuenta de la necesidad de una simple y moderna lista de especies y subespecies, con sus nombres
comunes, para mi uso personal. La falta de esta lista tambien se hizo sentir por autoridades
gubernamentales, conservadores de museos, investigadores en el campo, estudiantes y aficionados,
quienes no tienen acceso a la vasta literatura ornitológica, especialmente en el Perú. A través de los
años, he revisado toda la literatura a mi disposición y cuando era necesario, he consultado problemas
específicos con expertos competentes. Se han hecho revisiones periódicas cuando nueva información
ha estado disponible.
La República del Perú tiene un territorio de 1,285,216 kilómetros cuadrados y está ubicada en la
costa oeste de América del Sur, desde latitud 0º01’ S hasta 18º21’ S y desde longitud 68º39’ W hasta
81ºl9’ W. Limita con Ecuador y Colombia en el norte, Brasil y Bolivia en el este, Chile en el sur, y el
Oceano Pacífico en el oeste (Fig. 1). Geográficamente está dividida en tres regiones: Costa, Sierra, y
Selva o Montaña. Entre estas regiones existen grandes contrastes topográficos que no pueden ser
completamente descritos. Los Andes, un sistema de altas y anchas montañas, cruzan el país
longitudinalmente de NW a SE, dejando en el oeste una faja costera angosta y en el este una extensa
llanura de bosque tropical. La Cordillera Occidental es el elemento orográfico más definido de los Andes.
Por su gran elevación los Andes forman una enorme barrera meteorológica que afecta el clima de la
tierra en ambos lados. También dio origen a tres sistemas de drenaje: el Pacífico, el Amazonas, y el de
la cuenca del Titicaca (Fig. 2). El famoso ornitólogo Frank M. Chapman (1926), escribiendo acerca de
las áreas faunísticas de los Andes, comentó que: “... el Perú, con su compleja cadena de montañas
teniendo vertientes occidentales áridas sin árboles, y vertientes orientales húmedas boscosas, su
altamente desarollado sistema de ríos, las mesetas anchas de hierbas, pantanos, y lagos de su puna o
tablazo, es casi un mundo aparte”. Se ha propuesto veintiún ecorregiones basándose en fuentes
bibliográficas y consulta a expertos (CDC-UNALM 2006) (Fig. 3). Las zonas altitudinales delimitadas por
Chapman (1917) han sido ligeramente modificadas, para ajustarse a las condiciones existentes en el
Perú.
Taczanowski, en su clásica obra (1884-1886), catalogó todas las aves hasta entonces conocidas
en el país. Zimmer (1931-1955) inició un estudio comprensivo de la vida de las aves del Perú, con la
intención de preparar un volúmen completo acerca de su distribución, pero al momento de su
fallecimiento sólo había publicado una larga serie de trabajos taxónomicos. María Koepcke trabajó en el
Perú desde 1950 hasta 1970, y tuvo la intención de publicar al término de sus estudios un libro sobre
toda la avifauna. Lamentablemente su muerte impidió esto. Brack (1969-1972) trató de poner al día
todo lo que se conocía sobre la distribución de aves en el Perú. Parker et al. (1978, 1982)
proporcionaron una lista de comprobación para observadores de aves, basada en Meyer de Schauensee
(1970), en experiencia personal, y en trabajo de campo de otros. Clements and Shany (2001) elaboraron
la primera guía de campo para Perú la cual tuvo algunos cuestionamientos. Schulenberg et al. (2007,
2010a, 2010b) publicaron primero en inglés y después en castellano la altamente aclamada y premiada
“Birds of Peru”.
Desde los 1980, los peruanos han mostrado un interés en ornitología aparte de las aves guaneras,
y prácticamente todo lo que sabemos hoy en día se debe a los esfuerzos de científicos extranjeros,
colectores profesionales y aficionados (Apéndice 1). Ellos han registrado 32 órdenes, 91 familias, 739
géneros, 1876 especies y 2611 subespecies. La Tabla 1 contiene órdenes y familias así como el número
de géneros, especies y subespecies por familia. Las últimas tres categorías también pueden ser
clasificadas en:
-15-
No-paserinos Paserinos
Géneros 353 386
Especies 801 1075
Subespecies 1004 1607
La lista está arreglada taxonómicamente por Orden, Familia, Género, Especie y Subespecie. Han
sido incluídas todas las especies y subespecies que sabemos han sido colectadas u observadas. Los
nombres en inglés son aquellos usados en Remsen et al. (2020). Debido a que Perú no tenía nombres
en castellano para la mayoría de las especies registradas y como los ornitólogos latinoaméricanos no
tienen un acuerdo general de los nombres, el criterio utilizado en seleccionarlos es el siguiente en ese
orden: los nombres de uso común en América Latina, en América del Sur, en países vecinos, y en el
Perú. Se crearon nuevos nombres cuando habían casos que no reunían las condiciones mencionadas o
debido a que los nombres no tenían ningún significado en el Perú. No se ha hecho ningun intento de
incluir nombres vernaculares. El nombre de los autores que describieron cada especie y subespecie
están dados con el año de publicación; si el nombre del autor está en paréntesis, ello indica la
transferencia del nombre original de un género a otro. La ocurrencia de especies y subespecies en Perú
basadas en registros visuales documentados y publicados están sin corchetes. Los registros de
especímenes sin publicar, registros visuales, videos, o grabaciones sonoras sin documentación están
entre corchetes con sus correspondientes localidades y están incluídos en la Tabla 1, Indicadas entre
tres corchetes y no incluídas en la Tabla 1, están las especies y subespecies consideradas como
hipotéticas, ya sea porque no ha sido confirmada su presencia (49) o porque han sido encontradas en
países vecinos y debieran ocurrir (10); citaciones han sido dadas para las primeras, y la localidad más
cercana al Perú para las últimas. Además, entre cinco corchetes se mencionan especies (9), que no se
encuentran en Perú.
(2) La letra G indica especies y subespecies (9) que emigran del Archipiélago de las Galápagos
(Archipiélago de Colón) y/o de la costa del Ecuador (Apéndice 4).
(3) La letra N indica especies y subespecies (108) que emigran del hemisferio norte, exceptuando
el norte de Sudamérica (Apéndice 5).
(4) La letra P indica especies y subespecies (39) que emigran del continente e islas Antárticas,
islas subantárticas e islas tropicales en el hemisferio sur, exceptuando el Archipiélago de las
Galápagos (Archipiélago de Colón) (Apéndice 6).
(5) La letra S indica especies y subespecies (54) que emigran desde el sur del continente de
Sudamérica (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile) (Apéndice 7).
(6) La letra T indica especies y subespecies (1046) que tienen al Perú como terra typica.
Hasta hace poco se conocían especímenes de fósiles de aves del Perú por siete neoespecies
(Brodkorb 1963, 1964, 1971). Desde entonces nuevas especies y géneros paleontológicos de aves
fósiles han sido descritos del Perú (Apéndice 8). Los interesados en elementos de aves fósiles del Perú
sin descripción deben leer la “Nota”, al final del Apéndice 8.
Colecciones de aves del Perú, tales como pieles de estudio, esqueletos, aves preservadas en
fluído, aves montadas, fósiles, conjunto de huevos o nidos, se hallan depositadas en instituciones y
colecciones privadas (Banks et al 1973, parte) indicadas en la Tabla 4.
AGRADECIMIENTOS (1968-2000)
He sido afortunado de conocer e intercambiar correspondencia desde 1968 con casi todas las
personas que han realizado estudios o colectado aves en el Perú. Ellos generosamente pusieron a mi
disposición registros inéditos de especies y subespecies nuevas para el país, para incorporarlas en este
trabajo. A ellos deseo extender mi gratitud: Paul K. Donahue, Gunnar Engblom, John W. Fitzpatrick,
Robert A. Hughes*, Neils K. Krabbe, John P. O’Neill, Theodore A. Parker, III*, Robert L. Pitman, Peter W.
Post, J. V. Remsen, Jr., Mark B. Robbins, Thomas S. Schulenberg, Derek A. Scott, Douglas F. Stotz,
Barry Walker, y John S. Weske.
No tengo palabras para expresar mi gratitud a mi esposa, Isabel, por su comprensión y paciencia
demostradas durante muchas noches desveladas y fines de semana, que constituían los únicos
momentos que podía dedicar a la investigación, preparación y tipeo, ya que mi trabajo normal no estaba
relacionado con la ornitología.
AGRADECIMIENTOS (2001-2019)
Desde el 2001, estoy agradecido por toda la ayuda, información y comentarios a mis preguntas
sobre problemas taxonómicos a: Edward C. Dickinson, Daniel F. Lane, J. V. Remsen, Jr., y Thomas S.
Schulenberg.
Marcelo Stucchi sugirió que las aves fósiles del Perú sean incluídas en este trabajo y participó en
la preparación del Apéndice 8. Tambien deseo agradecer a Fernando Angulo por sus consejos y
entusiasmo en hacer disponible éste trabajo en la página web de la Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú.
-17-
Manuel A. Plenge
Los Capulies 771
Miraflores, Lima 18
Perú
E-mail: maplenge@hotmail.com
____________________________________________________________________________________
* fallecido
-18-
TABLE 1
The orders, families, genera, species and subspecies of birds found in Perú
TABLA 1
Las órdenes, familias, géneros, especies y subespecies de aves que se encuentran en el Perú
Order Rheiformes
Family Rheidae Rheas 1 1 1
Order Tinamiformes
Family Tinamidae Tinamous 7 27 40
Order Anseriformes
Family Anhimidae Screamers 2 2 2
Family Anatidae Ducks, Geese, Swans 13 24 27
Order Galliformes
Family Cracidae Chachalacas, Curassows, Guans 9 15 16
Family Odontophoridae New World Quails 1 4 7
Order Phoenicopteriformes
Family Phoenicopteridae Flamingos 2 3 3
Order Podicipediformes
Family Podicipedidae Grebes 4 7 10
Order Columbiformes
Family Columbidae Doves, Pigeons 10 29 39
Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae Cuckoos 8 17 21
Order Steatornithiformes
Family Steatornithidae Oilbird 1 1 1
Order Nyctibiiformes
Family Nyctibiidae Potoos 1 6 7
Order Caprimulgiformes
Family Caprimulgidae Nightjars 11 21 24
Order Apodiformes
Family Apodidae Swifts 6 13 16
Family Trochilidae Hummingbirds 67 126 192
Order Opisthocomiformes
Family Opisthocomidae Hoatzin 1 1 1
Order Gruiformes
Family Aramidae Limpkin 1 1 1
Family Psophiidae Trumpeters 1 2 2
Family Rallidae Rails, Gallinules, Coots 12 29 35
Family Heliornithidae Finfoots 1 1 1
Order Charadriiformes
Family Charadriidae Plovers 5 14 15
Family Haematopodidae Oystercatchers 1 2 2
Family Recurvirostridae Stilts, Avocets 2 2 3
Family Burhinidae Thick-knees 1 1 1
Family Scolopacidae Sandpipers, Snipes 10 37 38
Family Thinocoridae Seedsnipes 2 3 4
Family Jacanidae Jacanas 1 1 2
Family Stercorariidae Skuas 1 5 5
Family Rhynchopidae Skimmers 1 1 1
Family Laridae Gulls, Terns 17 30 30
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Order Eurypygiformes
Family Eurypygidae Sunbittern 1 1 2
Order Phaethontiformes
Family Phaethontidae Tropicbirds 1 2 2
Order Sphenisciformes
Family Spheniscidae Penguins 2 3 3
Order Procellariiformes
Family Diomedeidae Albatrosses 2 6 6
Family Oceanitidae Southern Storm-Petrels 3 5 5
Family Hydrobatidae Northern Storm-Petrels 1 7 7
Family Procellariidae Petrels, Shearwaters 9 25 25
Order Ciconiiformes
Family Ciconiidae Storks 3 3 3
Order Suliformes
Family Fregatidae Frigatebirds 1 2 2
Family Sulidae Gannets, Boobies 2 7 8
Family Anhingidae Anhingas 1 1 1
Family Phalacrocoracidae Cormorants 1 3 3
Order Pelecaniformes
Family Pelecanidae Pelicans 1 2 2
Family Ardeidae Herons, Bitterns 14 21 22
Family Threskiornithidae Ibises, Spoonbills 6 9 9
Order Cathartiformes
Family Cathartidae New World Vultures 4 6 8
Order Accipitriformes
Family Pandionidae Osprey 1 1 1
Family Accipitridae Kites, Hawks, Eagles 24 48 54
Order Strigiformes
Family Tytonidae Barn Owls 1 1 1
Family Strigidae Owls 10 29 37
Order Trogoniformes
Family Trogonidae Trogons 2 12 17
Order Coraciiformes
Family Momotidae Motmots 3 5 6
Family Alcedinidae Kingfishers 2 5 6
Order Galbuliformes
Family Galbulidae Jacamars 4 13 13
Family Bucconidae Puffbirds 9 24 26
Order Piciformes
Family Capitonidae New World Barbets 2 7 15
Family Ramphastidae Toucans 5 19 24
Family Picidae Woodpeckers 8 39 57
Order Falconiformes
Family Falconidae Falcons, Caracaras 8 17 27
Order Psittaciformes
Family Psittacidae Parrots 22 52 65
Order Passeriformes
Family Thamnophilidae Antbirds 44 116 180
Family Melanopareiidae Crescentchests 1 2 2
Family Conopophagidae Gnateaters 1 4 7
Family Grallaridae Antpittas 4 30 42
Family Rhinocryptidae Tapaculos 4 24 26
Family Formicariidae Antthrushes 2 7 12
Family Furnariidae Ovenbirds 54 150 238
Family Pipridae Manakins 14 24 38
Family Cotingidae Cotingas 18 30 37
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TABLE 2
TABLA 2
Total 379
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TABLE 3
The number of species and subspecies of birds for different areas or countries of the World
TABLA 3
El número de especies y subespecies de aves para diferentes áreas o países del mundo
____________________________________________________________________________________
Note: The number of species shown for countries in the Neotropical Region are based on the criteria
used by the South American Classification Committee (SACC). However, due to information in
other sources that use a different criteria, their number of species are included here for comparison
purposes.
Nota: Los números de especies mostrados por países en la Región Neotropical están basados en el
criterio usado por el South American Classification Committee (SACC). Sin embargo, debido a
información en otras fuentes con criterios diferentes, sus números de especies están incluídos acá
para propósitos comparativos.
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TABLE 4
TABLA 4
Suggested citation/Cita sugerida: Plenge, M. A. Version [date/fecha] Species and subspecies of the birds
of Peru / Especies y subespecies de las aves del Perú. Unión de Ornitólogos del Perú:
https://sites.google.com/site/boletinunop/subespecies.