2000

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2002

 681.3.06(075.8)
32.973-018
201
:
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201

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: . - 2- ., . . - .: - . .. , 2002. ~ 416 : .
(. .)
ISBN 5-7038-1957-1

- .
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.
.

.
(1- 2001 ) -
(UML).
Delphi, .
,
. .. .
, ,
. .

681.3.06(075.8)
32.973-018

ISBN 5-7038-1957-1

.. , 2002

. .. , 2002

1.

8
10
12

1.
1.1.
1.2. ,
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6. .

12
12
13
14
20
23
24

2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3. .
2.4.
2.5.
2.6. -
2.7. .

28
28
30
31
38
40
42
45

3.
3.1.
3.2. .
3.3.
3.4.
3.5. .

3.6.

50
50
52
56
58
63
69

4.
4.1.
4.2. .

77
77
87


4.3. . .

4.4. .
4.5.
.6. .
4.7.
4.8.
5.
5.1.
5.2. .

5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8. . .

96
104
113
120
127
136
144
144

:.

150
156
159
162
166
168
179

6. .
6.1. MS DOS
6.2. Borland Pascal
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6. DOS . . . .

188
188
190
196
201
207
209

7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6. .

212
212
218
223
226
238

8. MS DOS
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4. .
8.5.
8.6. .
8.7. .
8.8.
8.9. .

254
254
260
262
264
267
279
285
293
300

247


2. -

303

9.
9.1.
9.2. -
9.3.
9.4. -

303
303
305
306
312

10. Borland Pascal

10.1. .
10.2. .
10.3. .

10.4. .

314
314
316

.
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5. .
11.6. .

11.7. .
11.8. .
12.
12.1.

12.2.
12.3.
12.4.

319
321
327
327
330
332
334
336
344
348
354
360
360
365
367
373

1.
2. MS DOS
. scan-
4. Delphi Pascal Borland Pascal 7.0
5. Windows
Delphi

384
384
385
386
387
391

413

414



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Delphi Pascal Borland Pascal 7.0. ,
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Turbo (Borland) Pascal, Borland Internation ().
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Program example; { }
{ }
Var a,b:integer;
{ }
{ }
Begin
Write (' :'); {
}
Readln(a,b);
{ }
while a<>b do
{- ^}
if a>b then a:^a'b
{ a>b, a:=a-b}
else b:-b-a;
{ b:=b-a}
Writeln(*Hauou \a); {
End.
{ }
example.
(. 2.3).
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Borland Pascal .
2.3. .
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32

2.
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abs, chr, hi, length, lo, ord, odd, pred, round, sizeof, str, succ,
trunc (CM. 1).
;
Const min='23; =45;
aI6=$J0;
chl=#94;ch2='a';
stroka= *end\vl-[3,6,8..9];
center=(max'min) div 2;

{ }
{ }
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34

Integer

-32768..32767

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Shortlnt

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Longlnt

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Byte

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0..65535

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Var D:(Mon,The,Wed,Thu,Fri,Set,Sun); ...{ D
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Day=(Mon,The,Wed,Thu,FrhSet,Sun); { }
Var D.'Day;.., { }

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Var DataN:Data;..,
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VarDataN:L.31;...

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Borland Pascal.
35

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2.2

Real

,,

11..2

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Single

7...8

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Double

15...16

-324...+308

Extended

19...20

-4951...4932

10

Comp

19...20

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Real .

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const (. 2.7).
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36

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Const a:real=5, ;...
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37

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5 shl 4 - 5
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2.5.

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) Var a,b,c:real;
Begin ...
c:=(a*a'Sin(b)J/(a+25J); ...
) Var v: boolean; a: integer; b:real;
Begin a:=8;b:--]J;
v: =(a>5)and(b> =8); {v false}...

. 2.9.
< >
40

2.

, ,
.
:
;
;
;
;
.


, . :
Var
L:longint; { longint}
,: extended; { extended}
Linteger; { integer}
R:real; { real}
Begin...
R:=I*E/(x-^L);... { ,
, extended,
, R real,
}
End,

, .

:
() -
, ;
Round(x) -
, ;
Ord(x) - ;
Cltr(x) - ASCII .
:
)

Varn,nl:integer;xn,xk,h:real;
Begin
xn:=I;xk:=5.7; h:=OJ;
n:'=Round((xk'Xn)/h);

nl:=Trunc((xk'Xn)/h);

{n 16}

... {nl 15}

41

 1.
) Var c:char; x,y:integer:
Begin x:=3;
y:= Ord(*A*);{y 65 -
ASCII}
. = Chr(Ord('A*)-^x); ... { 'D'}
,
,
.
, :
Var h'.char;
... h:=Char(65); ... {h ''}
,
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. (
)
. (
) .
:
Month=(Jan,FabMcir,ApKMayJun,JulAug,Sep, Oct,Nov,Dec);
Var M:Month;
A,B:mteger;
C'char;
L:longint;
Begin
A:=10;
C-'E';
B:==Integer(C); { 69 - E - 2 }
: =Month(A'2); { Sep}
L:=Longint(M);.... { 8}
2.6. -
.
Read ReadLn (. 2.10).
, boolean, (string).
( )
.
,
.
42

2.
rU

Read V i

L^/ReadLnVI

. 2.10.
< >
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Enter.
Enter,
#13, #10.
ReadLn,
, ,
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char ( string, . 4.5),
.
:
)

Var a,b,c:real;
Begin
Read(a,b);

:integer;

{
}
ReadLn(c,n);,,. { ,
}

) Var a:real; c:char;

Begin ...
Read(a); ...
Write ('? (y/n)
*);
Read(c); { ,
, ,
, .. #13 (. 2.11)}
,
Read
ReadLn:
43

#13 #10

. 2.11.

Var a:real; c:char;

Begin...
ReadLn(a);... { }
Write('? (/) *);
Read(c); { :
}
.
Write WriteLn (. 2.12).
.
< 1> ,
,
. ,
. < 1> ,
.
< 2>
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,
23, - 14.
TRUE FALSE.
,
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h0^

0-

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<1

. 2.12. < >

44

2.
WriteLn
.
2.1.
2-1-+=0 , - .
:
-bVd
,2 =

'
2

d = ^ - 4.
:
:
, ,
d := b^ - 4
:= / (2)
X, := - + V d / (2)
2 := - - V^d / (2)
|, 2
.
.
Program ex;
Var a,bx,xl,x2,e,d:real; { }
Begin
WriteLnC : ');
ReadLn(a,b,c);
{ }
d:=b*b'4*a*c; { }
:=/(2*);
{ }
xl:=-e^sqrt(d)/(2'^a):
{ xj}
x2:^'e'Sqrt(d)/(2^a);
{ 2}
WriteLn('xl= \1:6:2, *2= \2::2); { }
End
2.7. .
,
.
- , -
,

= | - |.
45

 1.

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1001 11. ,
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2.2. 1/3
real.
46

2.
Program ex;
Var ,12,,4,5,6,:1;
Begin
y-l;
yl-y/3;
WriteLnCyl = ',yl:16:14); { yl=0.33333333333348}
y2:=sqrt(yl};
y3:=sqr(y2);
4:=/14;
5:=4*]4;
WriteLnCy6^ \6:16:14):
WriteLn(y = \y:16:14);
End

{ 6=1.00000000000182}
{ =1.06000000000000}

1/3 real:
,/3 = |1/3 - 1| = I 0.33333333333333 - 0.333333333333481 = 0.15-10-'2,
5,/ = 0.15 10-12/(1/3) = 0.45-10-10
,
real, :
= 1 - 1 = 11 - 1.00000000000182| = 0.182.1 -1',
5 = ' = 0.182.10-11/1= 0.182.10-11.
2.3. , ch^ - sh^ = 1.
, .

, = ( +-)/2,
2 = (>^--^)/2,
= 1^-2^ ], 2 .
Program ex;
Var X, , yly y2:real;
Begin
Write (' x: *);
ReadLn(x);
yl: ='(exp(x)-^exp('X))/2;
47

 1.
2:=(() - ('))/2;
y:=^sqr(yl) - sqr(y2):
WriteLnCyl^\yl:13:ll):
WnteLn(y2=\y2:13:ll);
WriteLn(y=^\y:13:ll);
End.
x = 5, 6, 7, ..., 14, , = 1,
. =15 =0 (!!!). ,
, = , 5, 10, 14, 15,
20 . 2.4
. , ch sh
X . , .
, , =15
. , ch
sh X, ,
.
,
, ,
(. . 2.2)
:
ch^ X - sh^ X = (ch X - sh x)(ch x + sh x ) ,
.
2.4

1,2
1=1.00000000000
2=0.00000000000

1=74.2099485248
2=74.2032105778

10

1=11013.2329201
2=11013.2328747
1=601302.142083
2=601302.142082

14
15
20

48

1=1634508.68623
2= 1634508.68623
1=242582597.704
2=242582597.704

, 5

1.00000000000

=0,
6=0%

0.99999999989

=0.00000000011
5=0.000000011%

1.00008608813

=0.00008608813
6=0. 008608813 %
=0.14689281583
6=14.689281583%
=1
6=100 %
=1
6=100 %

1.14689281583
0.00000000000
0.00000000000

2

3.5.

1. 2.3 double.
.
2. ,
sin^ X + cos2x= 1.
,
. ?

3.
, -
, .
, .

,
. Borland Pascal,
, ,
,
.

3.1.
(. 3.1)
, . . ,
, . ,
:
true, , then,
- , else.
(
jf) .
Borland Pascal
, begin...end.
;. end
. else
, .
if

then

else

. 3.1. < >

50

i.

. 3.2.

() else.

, , ,
(. 3.2) :
[/'<1> then
if < 2> then
< ]>
else < 2>;
:
else if,
. 3.2, .
, . 3.2, , :
//'<1> then
begin
if < 2> then
< 1>
end
else < 2>;
3.1. ,
, :

|| < 1;
1 < || < 2;
4
.

1I ^'

.
, , 51

 1.

. 3.3.
, ,
.
. 3.3.
:
Program ex;
Var x,y:real;
Begin
WriteLnC .');
ReadLn(x);
ifabs(x)<=l then y:=abs(x)
{ }
else
ifabs(x)<=2 then
y:=sqr(x)
{ }
else y:-4;
{ }
WriteLnCTIpu x= \ x:8:5, * y=^ \ y:8:5);
End.
3.2, .
1.4,
,
.
52

3,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. .
,
. :
( );
.

,
. :
.

, ,
,
.
,
.
3,2. ,
. .
. ,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
. 3.4 ,
:
Program ex;
Var ,'1;
Begin
Write : *);
ReadLn(A,B,C);
if (A<=0)or(B<^0)or(C<^0) then
WriteLn(' .')
else
if(A+B<=C) or (A+C<^B) or (B+C<^A) then
WriteLn( . *)
53

 1.

^ < ^

"
" i

+ <. + < + <.

==
=
=
=
^"/ /"
" / / " /

P:=(A+B-fC)/2

I
S:=\/P(P.A){P.B)(PnC)
I

/
{

. 3.4.

else
begin
tf(A^B)and(B=C)then
WriteLn( ,')
else
if(A^B)or(A=C)or(B^C)then
WriteLn( , *)
else WriteLn( , *);
P-(A+B+C)/2;
S:=sqrt(P*(P'A) ""(P-B) ""(P-C));
54

J.

, 8=0.43

, S=1.98

, S~5.56

2.5

2.5

, 8=3.00

1 3.1

2.6

, 8=4.03

'

>0

-1.5

>0

>0

>0

^ .

3.1

WriteLnCwioufadb: \S:8:2, '/);

end

End

. 3.1

1. , ,
, (, )
(. 3.5). .
2. , , < .
, ,
:

(
. 3.5.
1

^ X < ;
X ^ ^ ;
I X ^.

55

 L
3. f(x) [-1, 1]
x^+l. , f(x)
XQ. .
3.3.

,
.
. 3.6.
3.3. ,
.

,
():
:
1 - y=sin(x)
2 - y=cos(x)
3 - =()

. . 3.7 .
, .
Program ex;
Var x,y:real; Kod:byte; Key:boolean;
Begin
WriteLn(' :');
WriteLn(4 - sin(x)');
WriteLnC2 - cos(x) ');
WriteLn(*3 - exp(x) *);
ReadLn(Kod);
>( case y-A h*/ of JTA/

-
else

'

. 3.6. < >

56

end

3.
(

Kod=l

Kod
Kod=2 " ^ ^ v - ^ Kod=3

y:=sin(x)

y:=cos(x)

y=Q>

Key:=false

Key

>

J
1
^
(

. 3.7.
Write('Beedume :');
ReadLn(x);
Key:=true; { }
case Kod of
1:
y:-sin(x);
2: y:=cos(x);
3: y:=exp(x);
else Key:=false; { }
end;
if Key then
WriteLn(^npu x= \x:12:6, y= \y:12:6)
else
WriteLnCBeeden ,');
End
57

 1.

3.4.
.
1.3,
:
- (. 3.8, )\
- (. 3.8, );
(. 3.8, ).
Borland Pascal . -
-
. -
.
- -
(. 3.6).
-. -
. 3.9. .
, .
. ,
.
,
.
-. ,
, ..

- * - <K=nl.n2,h>

1
(

. 3.8. , Borland Pascal:

- -; - -; -

while V-*^

do

. 3.9. <->

58

3'.

repeat

\*\

until

V-*J

. . <->
. -
. 3.10. ,
;.
. , ()
.
. 3.11.
. 1
, 2 - .

, . to,

.
downto,
.
, .
. - ,
Borland Pascal, ,
( +1 -1).

3.4.
.
.
, .
,
1 .

*^

|.(;:>1"7-'^"""'

L^^downtoV
. 3.11.
< >

59

 1.
(

. . 3.12
. .

S:=0
:
i:=l,n,l
S:=S+i
"

Program ex;
Var
/, , S: integer;
Begin
WritelnCBeedume n');
ReadLn(n);
S:=0;
for /;=/ to n do
S:=SH;
WriteLn(' \ n / \ S);
End,

3.5. ,
1 - 1/ + 1/2 - 1/^ + ...
S ().
. 3.12.

, ,

, .
, ^ -
. , ,
I

Tj^+i ~ - n+1- .
, ,

|s-sj^kn+iU
S - , S^ ~ .
,
,
:

1 <
. 3.13 .
, , 60

3.
, , -,
.


,

.

,

-.
S=S+R
:
, ~ .
S=0 S=S+R,
,
S=l, R=l.

.

-
. 3.14, .
:
Program ex;
. 3.13.
Var S,R,X,eps:real;

Begin
WriteLnC x : *);
ReadLn(X,eps);
ifabs(x)>l then { x > 1, }
begin
S:=l;
R:=I;
while abs(R)>eps do
begin
R:='R/X;
S:=S+R;
end;
61

 I.

. 3.14. :
-

-; - -

WriteLnCnpu = \ :6:2,' S= \ 3:8:2, \ /?=', R:8:6)

end
else Writeln('PHd*);
End.
,
- (. 3.14, ).
.
Program ex;
var S,R,X,eps:real;
Begin
WriteLnC x :');
ReadLn(X,eps);
ifx>l then
begin
S:=0;
R:-l;
repeat
S:=S+R;
R:='R/X
until abs(R ^^x) < =eps;
WriteLnCnpu x= \x:6:2,' S= \S:8:2, \ a /?= \R:8:6)
end
62

i.
else Writeln(THd ');
End,

3.4.
3.5. .


,
, , ..
,
.

,
,
.
3.6.
f(x) [, ] .
,
, ,
. ,
,
- [,], -
(, , . 3.15).

Sl= f(xi)x5 + f(x2)x6 + f(x3)x5 + ...+ f(x)x5 = 5xZ f(xi),

i=l

5 = (b-a) / n.
SI,
,
,
S1 .
,
,

,
, .

b X

=6

. 3.15.

63

/
a,b,eps /

S1:=0

Sl:=10''

r^i:=l,n,lVn

n:=5
S2:=S1
n:=2n
1

d:=(b-a)/n
x:=a
^

. 3.16.
- , ,
, , S1,
S1 S2. ,
S1 S2 s.
S2 ,
.

f(x) = ^ - 1 . 3.16.
, .
Program ex;
Var , b,Sl,S2,d, eps,x:real:n, i.'longint;
Begin
WriteLnC a, b :');
ReadLnfa, b, eps);
S1:=1E+10;
n:=5;
64

3.
repeat
S2-S1;
:=*2;
d:^(b'a)/n;
:=;
S1-0;
for i:=l to do
begin
S]:=SI+x*X'l;
x:=x+d;
end;
SJ:=SJ*d;
until abs(Sl-S2)<eps:
WriteLnCI=\Sl:10:6);
End
eps
[0,2] I (. 3.2).
2/3.
.

eps, .
.
3.7. ,
f(x) [, ] .
,
, .. ,
.
, , , .
.
.
.
,
3.2
eps

Al

5i,%

640

0.660420

0.006

0.9

0.001

5120

0.665885

0.0002

0.06

0.0001

40960

0.666569

0.00004

0.012

0.01

65

 1.
,

,
.
. 3.17
.
. 3.18

f(x) = ^ - 1.

, ,
,
-, .
-

. 3.17.

j
/
/

a,b,eps

fa:=a*a-l
fb:=b*b-l

-^^2-<fa*fb>0

' "

. 3.18.
66

. 3.19. ^ :
~ 45**; - 45**

. ,
, (. 3.19), , ,
.
,
,
eps (
3.6).
, 45.
,
, .

1.
arctg X = X - ^/ + 5/5 - ^/7 + ...
10*^, 10"^.
.
2. ,
.
F, = l,

Fn = F.-1 + F,-2

> 2.
3. [0,4].
=^^. 10'^, ""*.
.
4. , ,
.
__,
,,
5. :

68

3,
, 3.3. :
, , ,
-. -
, . ,
, :
Program ex;
Var a,bjjajb,eps,x:real;
Begin
WriteLnCBeedume a, b : *);
ReadLn(a, b, eps);
fa:^a*a-l;
Jb:^b''b'l;
iffa*fb>-0 then WriteLn(* . *)
else
begin
x:=(b'a) *abs(fa)/abs(fa'fb)+a;
while abs(f)>-eps do
begin

{ }

iffaj<0 then
begin b:=x; Jb:=f; end
else begin a:=x; fa:=f; end;
:-() *abs(fa)/abs(fa'fb)'^a;
f:-x*x-l;
end;
WriteLnCnpu x= \ x:9:6, ' y= \ f:10:8);
end;
End
,
(. 3.3). =1,
.
,
3.3
eps = Ay

5, %

0.01

0.997260

-0.00547195

0.003

0.3

0.001

0.999695

-0.00060948

0.00031

0.03

0.0001

0.999966

-0.00006774

0.000034

0.003

67

3,
3.6.

,
.
,
, ,
.

.

goto .
.
, (. 3.20).

label (. 3.21).
, .

:
Break - ;
Continue - ,
;
Halt (<, >) - ,
. ,
, .
, , ,
- .
,
;
Exit- (. 5).
,
Halt.
-*/^ label - j
-*/

goto V-H

. 3.20.
<

>

. 3.21.
< >
69

 1.

.
1.3,
,
. ,

, ,
: , , -
.
3.8. ,
sin
, h [, ].

.


( J
,
/
7
,
/
a,b,h /

.
n:=(b-a)/h+l

:=
,

^1:=1,\ .
,

y:=sin(x)

.

<0

. 3.22.

/
x:=x+h

/

IZZJ
break
goto,
goto

/
1
, break -
,
( )
( .
3.22).
break
. 3.22.

( ) ( )

70

3.

X,

/
/

/"
1

/
'

. 3.23. :
- break; -
, , ,
, (. 3.23, )
:
- ,
. ,
,
, (. 3.23, ).
.
g o t o :
Program ex;
Var /, n: integer; x,y, a, b, h:real;
Label konec;
{ }
Begin
Write (* a,b,h:');
Readln(a,b,h);
n:=round((b'a)/h-^I.5); { }
x:=a;
for i:=l to n do
begin
y:=sin(x);
71

 1.
ify<0 then
begin
WnteLn(y== \y:8:6,' := \x:6:3);
goto ; {
, }
end;
x:=x+h;
end;
WriteLnC ,');
:
{, }
End

break:

Program ex;
var in:integer; x,y,a,b,h:real;
Begin
Write (* a,b,h:');
Readln(a,b,h);
n:=round((b-a)/h-^J.5); { }
x:=a;
for i:=l to n do
begin
y:=sin(x);
ify<0 then
begin
WriteLn(y= ',y:8:6,' x= \x:6:3);
break; { }
end;
end;
{, break}
ify>-0 then WriteLn(' ,');
End.
:
Program ex;
var ,, , 6, h:real;
Begin
Write a,b,h: *);
Readln(a,b,h);
x:=a'h;
repeat
72

J.
x:=x+h;
y:=-sm(x);
until (x+h>b) or (y<0); { }
ify<0 then WnteLn(y= \ :8:, ' :=', :6:3)
else WriteLn(* . *);
End
,

, , .
goto
break
. ,
,

.
,


continue.
3.9.
,
10 ,
50.

,

.

,

,
,
-.

. 3.24.

goto, continue
if.
- . 3.24.
.
10 , 50
73

 I,
.

goto:

Program ex;
Var i,s,a:integer;
Label cycl;
Begin
i:=J;
s:=0;
while i<=10 do
begin
Read(a);
ifa>50 then
begin
WriteLn(' 50 *);
goto cycl; { }
end;
s:=s-^a; {, }
cycl: end;
WriteLn(s);
End

continue:

Program ex;
Uses crt;
Var i,s,a:integer;
Begin
i:^l;
S:=0;
while i<=10 do
begin
Read(a);
ifa>50 then
begin
WriteLn(' 50*);
continue; { }
end;
s:^s^a;
i:=i-^l;
end;
WriteLn(s);
End
74

3,

Program ex;
Uses crt;
Var hs,a: integer;
Begin
i:-l;
S:^0;
while i<=10 do
begin
Read(a);
ifa>50 then
WriteLn(' 50*)
else
begin
s:=s-\ra;
i:=^i+I;
end
end;
WriteLn(s);
End

. . goto continue
. ( continue
.
,
goto,
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
, - .
, - .
. -
(. 3.25),
goto. ,
:
,
.
75

 L
(

-.

/ /

sin(x)

/
/

/
/

^"

/__t/

Program ex;
Var x:real;ch:char;
Begin
repeat
Write(' x: ');
ReadLn(x); { Read,
(. 2.6)}
WriteLn(* \ sin(x):8:4);
WriteLn(*poo^cum? (/)
*);
ReadLn(ch);
until ch= * V
End.

.
1.
goto Borland Pascal
.
. 3.25.

, goto,

, goto,

,
[3, 4, 9].
2. break continue
,
, . ,
- .
.
Halt Exit
,
.

1. ,
, ^ =
= X - sin X [,] h.
2, ,
= (in ) / tg X [, ] h.
,
.

76

4.

: , , ..
. Borland Pascal
:
- ;
- () ;
- ;
- .

4.1.
- .
^
.
.
. 4.1.
.
(boolean, char, integer,
, ), longint
.
: ,
, - .
, - , .

<^>0&

. 4.1. < >

77

 I.

"

-8 1

12 54

" N

-5

-4

-3

-5

"ii'l
[]

46 83
54 0 "93]

255

. 4.2. 5 (), 256

(), 9 ()
- Borland Pascal (
), ..
:
, :
Var a:array[L.10] of integer; { 5 , . . 4.2, )
: array[byte] of char;
{ 256 ,
255, . . 4.2, 6}
:['\, 'C\-5'3J of byte; { 9 , . . 4.2, }
d:array[*\. V*] of array[-5..-3] of byte; { 9 ,
}
, :
mas =array[l. JO] of integer; { }
{ }
Var a:mas;
Borland Pascal .
65537 .

. -,
.
-,
(. 6). -, ,
, ,
,
.
.
Borland Pascal .
.

78

4,
, .
. :
Const : arrayfl..5Jo/real = (0,-3,6,7.8,3.789,5.0);
b: arrayfboolean, L.5,]ofreal = ((0,-3.6,7.8,3.789,5.0),
(6.1,0,-4.56,8.9,3.0));
{ :
false,! " ' bfaise,2= "3.6, bfaise,3 = 7.8, ..., b ^^ue,! = 6.1, ..}
c:array[1..3,0..1,-2..1]ofbyte = (((3,6,9,6),(0,4,3,9)),
((5,7,3,1),(45,8,0,2)),
((5,9,2,3),(1,5,8,4)));...
.
~ .

.
.
,
, :
Var , : array[boolean] of real;
... a:-b;...
, , :
mas =[boolean] of real;
Const a:mas=(3.6, -5.1);
Var b: mas;
... b-a;...
. , ,
.

, :
Vara:array[char,boolean]ofreal; { }
... a[^A\true]:=5.1;... { ^^}
,
[3], , , ,
, a[i] (. 4.3).

. ,
,
79

 I.
1

1 3.5 -5.1

3
0

4
8.4

5
-0.3

4.9

1
3.5

-5.1

3
0

4
5
8.4 |-0.3

1 ^^

[3]

a[i] -

. 4.3. () ()
.
, :
Var a:array[L.6] of integer;...
for /V=7 to do a[i]:=i;... { i=l a| 1,
i=2 a2 2
i=3 ' ..}
,
, . ,
, : -
, - .

, ,
, , , . ,
, - , :
mas=array[boolean] of real; { }
Const a:array[L.2]ofmas^((3.6,-5,l),(7.0,-4.2)); {
}
Var b:mas;
Begin b:=a[IJ;... { b }
- . - ,
, :
Var a:array[L.5] of real;
Begin
for i:-l to 5 do Read(afiJ); { }
ReadLn;
{ ,
(. 2.6)}

, , : |, 2, , 4, -
Enter
.
80

4.
:
^) 2_-6_8_56_34 J - J Enter;
6)2 J
-6 J
8 J
56 J
34 J
-
.
:
Var a:arrayfl..5, LJ] of real; { a 5 7 }
Begin
for /;=7 to 5 do
{ : aj, 2, , 4, )
begin
forj:-l to 7 do
{ i- :}
Read(a[iyj]);
{aj j , aj 2, a,-3, aj 4, aj 5, a^ 5, aj 7}
ReadLn; { }
end;...
4.L
(5) .
.
.
.
, . .
imax .
, , .
,
imax (. 4.4).

, 2 5,
. ,
. ,
.
. 4.5 .
- ,
, ,
. /,
81

 1.

|3.5|
imax

1
2
1 3.5 -5.1

3
0

4
8.4

5
-0.3

amax

8.4
max

L "J*
a

UU

1
2
3.5 -5.1

3
0

4
8.4

5
-0.3

LiJ

. 4.4, :
- ; -

,
. .

. 4.5.


82

Program ex;
Var a:array[l.,5] of real;
amax:real;
/, imax:byte;
Begin
{ }
WriteLn(* 5 : *);
{ }
for /.-=7 to 5 do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
{ }
amax:=aflj;
imax:-J;
for i:=2 to 5 do
ifa[i]>amax then
begin
amax:=a[ij;
imax.'^i;
end;
{ }
WriteLnC : *);
for /.=; to 5 do Write(a[i]:5:2);
WriteLn;
{ }
WriteLnC \
:5:2, \ \ imax);
End

4.

3.1 5.7 8.1 -0.7 3.6

4.3 6.8 -0.3 5.7 9.2
3 6.4 2.7 5.5 -5.3 2.7
4 5.1 -2.7 7.7
1.7 5.1

1
2
3
4

19.8
25.7 1
12.0
16.9

. 4.6. () () 4.2
4.2.
(4,5). .
, , 4 5 (. 4.6, ).
,
(. 4.6, ).
,
, . 4.6.

J
. -
. i
/

7
1 4. i-
/
(4,5) /
.
,
=1,4,1

j
1
j
i- ,
.
\
B[i]:=0

. . 4.7
r*^j:=I,5,l\-,
(
i- ).
1 B[i]:=B[i]+ 1 j
.

11

-^t'ji

1 h

Program ex;
1
1
;
Var : array[L .4J5J of real;

/
B:array[1..4] of real;
/
ij:byte;
Begin
{ j
WriteLn(* Mampuify : *);
for i:=J to 4 do
{ }
begin
. 4.7.
forj:^l to 5 do Read(A[iJ]);


ReadLn;

end;

_m_J

83

 L
WriteLn(*:');

for i:=^l to 4 do
{ }
begin
B[i]:=0;
{ }
forj:-l to 5 do BfiJs^BfiJ-^AfiJJ; { }
forj:=I to 5 do Write(A[ij]:7:2);
( }
WriteLnC \B[i]:7:2); { }
end;
End
. ,
.
, .
Borland Pascal
.
1. ,
:
Const d:array[l,JO] of char ^0\

\ '2\ '3\ *4\ '5\ '6'/7\

'8\ V*);

, ,
:
Const d:array[L.10] of char =

VI23456789';...

2. ,
,
:
Var S: array[LJl] of char;...
S:- '*;
3.
, :
Var S: array[1 10] of char;...
for i:=l to 10 do Read(S[i]); { ABODE FILN J }
4. ,
, - , Write
WriteLn:
WriteLn(S); { }
5.
() , +.
, 84

4.
, , :
WriteLn(stl + ' * + st2): { }

, .
.
4.3. 40 , ;
, .
. ,
.
:
:
ABC DE
: ABC_DE__FGH.""

FGH

:

. ,
, .
.
, , , ,
( . 4.8). ,
,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, . ,
, .

"
"

true
false

F G

XZZZL

F G

. 4.8.

85

 1.
Program Stroka;
Var ij\n:byte; key: boolean;
s:array [L.41] of char; { - }
Begin
WriteLnC 40 :
*);
i:-l;
{ , 40 }
Read(s[i]);
while (i<40) and (s[i]o\') do
begin
i:-i+l;
Read(sfiJ);
end;
ReadLn;
ifsfij= \ ' then n:=i'l else n:=i; {
}
Writef'BeedeHHaM : *); WriteLn(s);
j:=0; { }
key:=false; { " "}
for i:=J to do
ifs[i]^* * then { }
begin
if key then { }
begin
key:=false; { }
j:=j+J:
{ }
s[j]:^s[i];
end;
end
else {}
begin
key:=true; { " "}
s/jj:=sfi];
end;
if key thenj:=j+l;

{ }

{ ,
}
S[/]:'= \ V { }
WriteLn('npeo6pa3oeaHHaM ');
for i:=J toj do Write(s[i]); WriteLn;
End.
86

4.

4.2. .
,
, :
;
;
;
.
, ,
, .
.

}.
.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
, , 2*i+l.
.
,
, : ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, , .. ,

, .
4,4.
(),
< 40, .
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, Borland Pascal
^ . . ,
.
87

 1,

s:=s+A[i]
kol:=kol+l
I

. 4.9.

, 3

,
(. 7).


S 1,

,
.
,
,

S, 1
.



. (
,

,

.)
,
.
. 4.9.
.

Program ex;
Var a:array[L JO] of integer; s, kol /, n:integer;
Begin
WriteLn(* <=40*);
Readlnfn); { }
WriteLn(* \ , * :
*);
for i:=l to do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn; { }
WriteLnf* *);
for i:'=J to n do { 10 }
if mod 10) =0 then WriteLn(a[i]:5)
else Write(a[i]:5);
WriteLn;
kol:-0;
{ , 3}
s:-0\
{ }
88

4,
for i:=l to do
if(a[i] mod 3)=0 then { 3}
begin
kol:=kol+l\ { 1}
s:-s-a[i]; { }
end;
ifkol='0 then { , }
}, , *)
else WriteLnC ^ 1:3,
^ , 3-*,(s/kol):7:2);
End
4.5. (), <10,
,
, .
, .
,
2, 4, 6 ..
: div 2, ,
: 2*i.

kol, 0.
, kol .
kol
.
Program ex;
Var a:array[L. 10] of integer; kol Lj, n: integer;
Begin
WriteLnCBeedume <=10*);
ReadLn(n); { }
WriteLnCBeedume \, * *);
for i:=l to do ReadfafiJ); { }
WriteLnC ');
for i:=l to n do Write(a[i]:3); WriteLn; { }
kol:-0; { }
for i:-l to div 2 do
ifa[2*i]<0 then
{ , }
kol:=kol+l; { 1}
ifkol-=0 then
WriteLnC *)
else
WriteLnCKouecmo 1-\ 1:3);
End
89

 L
.
,
. ,
.
,
,
.

.
.
4.6. (), < 10, .
, .

. ,
, ,
. ,
.
:
.
:
- , ,
- . . (. 4.10).
, ,

. , ,
,
, . ,
i
. 1

I 2\|

0.5

-2.1

9.8

I 2\1

[ 3.5 1 0.5 [ 9.8

=4

=5

. 4.10. :
- ; -
, i

90

4,

3 . 5 ^ ^ 0.5]-2.1 9

3.5 I 0.5 { 1-2.1 I 9.8

. 4.11. :
- , ,
; - :
- ,

, ,
. ,
(. 4.11).
. ,
, .
,
, ,
.

. 4.12.
.
Program ex;
Var a:array[l.,10] of integer;
/, k n:integer;
Begin
WriteLnf' <= 10');
ReadLn(n);
WriteLn(* \n,' *);
for i:^l to n do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn; { }
WriteLnCBeedume :
*);
ReadLn(B); { }
WriteLnC ');
for i:-l to n do Write(a[i]:5);
FTrteZw; { ^}
k:-0; { }
91

 I.

/
(), /
{

/"
/

" /

N.

(!

. 4.12. :
- ; -

for /:=i to do
begin
ifA[i]>^B then
begin
A[k]:^A[i];
end
end;
ifk^O then WriteLnCBce . . ^)
else
92

4.
begin
WriteLnC % , * :^);
for i:-l to do Write(a[i]:5);
WriteLn;
end;
End,

.
(., , 4.3).
.
,
, , ,

. . ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
(. 4.2), , .
4.7.
(), < 40, ,
.

, .
.
i,
,
.
, .
Program ex;
Var a,b:array[L,40] of integer;
/, k n:integer;
Begin
WriteLn(* <=40*);
ReadLnfn);
WriteLn(* \, * *);
for i:=] to do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLn(* : ');
fori:=ltondo
Write(a[i]:3);
WriteLn;
93

 1.
;=0;{ }
for i:-l to do
ifa[i]>0 then { > 0}
begin
k:=k+l; { }
b[k]:-a[i]; { }
end;
ifk=-0 then
WriteLnCB A . *)
else
begin
WriteLnC ');
for i:^l to do Write(b[i]:3); WriteLn;
end;
End,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
.
.
.
, .
.
, ,
, ,
(. 4.19).
-,
(. 3.6): - ,
- .
, .
4.8. ,
.
, ..
,
. 3.6 ,
.
94

4.
,
, goto
break, .
,
- :
. ,
, ,
.
Program ex;Var : array[L, 100] of integer;
iJ,n: integer;
Begin
WriteLn(*Beedume n <= J00');
ReadLn(n);
WriteLn(* \n, * *);
for i:=I to n do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLnC ');
for i:=I to n do Write(a[i]:5); WriteLn;
i:-l; { }
while (afij>=0) and (i<n) do i:=i+l; {
- }
ifi<-n then
WriteLnCnepebiu ^,afij:5,
* %'4)
else WriteLnCTuKux , ;
End

1. (), < 50.
, ,
,
.
, .
2. (), < 40,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
3. , (), < 30,
-20 130, 95

 I.
.
.
Flag True,

, False, . ,
.
4. (), < 20, .
,
,
. ,
.
5. D(n), < 10, .
,
. ,
. .
4.3. . .

-
. -
. ,
.
,
, .
, . ,
, - ,
.


t(n).

( -).
. t(n)
g(n), ,
t(n)
lim
= const 0.
n->oo g(n)
t(n) = 0[g(n)].
96

4.

, f(rt) = 20"* - ^ + 5 - 6,
"*, f(n) = (^),
lim
->

24 - + 5 - 6

=2.

j|4

,
,
. ,
O(const) ,
, 0() -
, 0(v?-) -
. .
,
,
.

,
(, . .), -
, ^
() , ,
, .
. ,

.
,
,
, .
.
:
;
;
( ).
.
4.9,
(), < 20, , .
.
.
.
.
.
. -1 97

 1,

7.8 -6.3

5.8

,^
2-

!^

1.2

8.4

4.5

8.4

4.5

5.8

1.2

imin

amin

imin

5.8

7.8

8.4

IF] []
amin

4.5

n-3

4-

amm
1

n-2
3-

[ID
amin

mwm^f^
wtm^xi^f^

imin

on
amin

5-

imin

7.8

imin

[] H

^^^
. 4.13.
, , -2 , ..
, , (.
4.13).
. 4.14.
, .
Program sortl;
Var a:array[L.20] of real;
y, /, w, imin:mteger;
mm:real;
Begin
WritelnCBeedume n<=20: *);
Readln(n);
Writeln(' : *);
for i:=^l to n do Read(a[i]);
Readln;
forj:-l to n-l do { }
begin
mn:^4i[j]; { }
imin:^j; { }
for i:-jH to do { }
ifa[i]<min then {
}
98

4.
begin
min:a[i]; {
}
imin:-i
{
}
end;
{

}
a[imin]:=a[j];
a[iJ:=ntin;
end;
for i:=] to n do Write(a[i]:6:2);
Writeln;
End.

,
.

:
-1, -2, ..., 1 , ..
(-1)/2 .
,
0(2).
.
.
. 4.14.
.

,
:
( - )
, .

,
. ,
; :.
aj :, aj^.], :
] . ,
.
aj (. 4.15).
,
. , ,
. ,
99

 1.
( J
1 7.8 -6.3 5.8

1.2

8.4

4.5 1

"> ^">

7
/

i:=2,n,l
1-

2-

1.2

.
-6.3

1.2

31

^\/
5.8

-6.3

5.8

7.8

4.5

B:=A[i]
[0]:=

MJ

jH-l

4.5

7.8

MJ
A[i]>B
.
AD+1]:=AD]
j:=j.l

n-l
-

-6.3 1.2 4.5

5.8

%%

-2

0+1]:=

4-

-6.3

1.2

4.5

$\1\\

-3
/
[-6.3

1.2

4.5

5.8

7.8

8.4 1

. 4.15.

()

/
j

. 4.16.

.
, 0.
.
. 4.16.
, .
Program sort2;
Var a:arrayfO.,20J of real; .real;
ij\n:mteger;
Begin
WriteLn(* n<=20,');
100

4,
ReadLn(n);
WriteLnC .');
for /V=7 to do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
for i:-2 to n do { }
begin
B:-a[i]; { i- }
afOJ:=^B; { [0] - }
j:=i'l;
{ i j}
while B<a[/J do {
i-ro }
begin
^//"^^/'"^/// { }
;=-7;
{ j 1}
end;
[/+1]:=;
{ , }
end;
WriteLnC :');
for i:=l to do Write(a[i]:6:2);
WriteLn;
End
,
.
i-ro 1
i-1 , .. i/2 . i
2 , .. -1 ,
1 /2 . ,
(-1)(/2 + 1)/2 = (^ + - 2)1
.
^^), ,
. . ,
.
, , ,
,
-1. , 0^(n).
,
,
: 1, 2, 3, ..., -1 , , (-1)/2
, . .
, .
, , Oj^(n2).
,
, .
101

 1.

.
, .
, .
, , ,
: ,
(. 4.17).

. 4.18. , .

7.8 -6.3 5.8 1.2 8.4 4.5

1-

-6.3

5.8

1.2

2-

-6.3

1.2

5.8 4.5 7.8

-1

3-

-6.3 1 1.2 1 4.5 1 5.8 1 7 1 8.4 1 1 1 1

7.8 4.5 8.4

^-^

-2
4-

-6.3 1 1.2 1 4.5 1 5.8 ( 1 { 8.4 | 1 0 1

-
-6.3 1.2 4.5 5.8 7.8 8.4

. 4.17.
102

4.18.

4.
Program ex;
Var : array[L.20] of Real;
ij,nj,k: integer;
b:real;
Begin
WriteLn(* N< =20');
ReadLn(n);
for i := 1 ton do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLnC :');
for i := J to n do Write(a[i]:7:2);
WriteLn;
k:-l; { , }
i;=7; { , 1}
while koQ do { }
begin
:-0; { }
forj:-l to 4 do { }
if (^^^'^ ^f^^^ { , }
begin
{ }
b:=a[j];
a[i+lj:^b;
:=-^1; { 1}
end;
i;=/+i; { 1}
end;
WriteLn(' *);
for i := J to do Write(a[i]:7:2);
WriteLn;
WriteLnC \ i:3);
End
. ,
. ,
, , -1
, . .
0^().
, ,
-1, -2, ...1 , . . (2-)/2
, ,
(2).
,

.
, , ,
103

4.
:

:=0
i:=l, , 1
max i- .
?^,

:=+1
i- -
-
-
.
-
(. 4.1).
.
i- - :
] = 1,, 1
A[kJ]:=A[ij]
-.
.
.
Program ex;
Var : arrayfI..JO,LJOJ of integer;
, max, n, m, k, i,j: integer;
Begin
WriteLnC n,m<=10');
ReadLn(n,m);
WriteLnC \n:4,' no \m:4,' ');
for i:'=l to n do
begin
forj:=l to m do ReadfafiJJJ;
ReadLn;
end;
WriteLnC :');
ReadLn(B);
WriteLnC ');
for i:=l to n do
begin
forj:=l to m do Write(a[iJ]:4);
WriteLn;
end;
k:=0;
{ }
105

 1.
, ,
, .
,
, .
^^).
. ,
0(2). ,
, ,
. ,
0( log2 ).
, ()
[3,5]. 7.5.

4.4. .

. ,
, , ,
, . ,

.
.

,
.
,
.
4.10. , A(n,m),
< 10, m < 10, , .
:
:
.
.
.
.

, .
.
, 4.6.
104

 1.
for i:=l to do
{ }
begin
max:-a[ij];
{ }
forj:-l to do { }
if a[ij]>max then max:-afiJJ;
ifmaxoB then { }
begin
{ }
:=+1;
{ }
forj:=l to do afkjj:=afi,jj; { }
end;
end;
ifkoO then { }
begin
(' *);
for i:^l to do
begin
forj:^l to m do Write(a[iJ]:4);
WriteLn;
end;
end
else
WriteLn(*Bce ');
End

. ,
,
.
. . 4.19
. ,
, ,
, .
: .
. :
for i:=l ton do
forj:-l to m do
< a[iJ]>

:
forj:=l to do
for /.=7 to n do
< a[ij]>
106

4,

4 4+

11

Jf
. 49. :
~ ; ~ ; - ;
- ; - ; ~

, .

(. 4.20).
,
. , ,
[,] , :

2,1

3.1
4,1
5,1

^ : i + j = +1

X
X
1.4

1,2

2J

3.2

5,2

7^\

3.4

3,5

4,3
5,3

, ^ [, ],
) : ! - j ' ^ p - k ,
) : i + j = + .
:
) : s ~ - | |,
) : s = - | + I - ( + ).|

2.5

4.5

5,4

5,5

: i = j

. 4.20,

107

 L
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

if '>0 then s:=n-p+k else s:=n-k-^p;

for i:=l to s do
< a[i,i-p+k]>

4.1L ,
, . 4.21.
. 4.21.

. ,

, - .
:
- (i-l)*n + - j + 1,
- n*(i -1) + j ,
i - , j ~ .
,
.
,
, . ,
, .
Program exi
Var : array[1..3J.A] of integer;
k ij:integer;
Begin
k:-l;
for i:=l to 3 do
if (i mod 2)=0 then { }
forj:-4 downto 1 do { }
begin

^^ ; :=+1;
end
else
{ }
forj:=l to 4 do
{ }
begin
afiJJ:=k; k:-k+I;
end;
WriteLn(' :');
for i:=l to 3 do
begin
forj:=l to 4 do Write (a[iJJ:3) ;
WriteLn;
end;
End
108

4.

1,1

12

1,3

1,4

!,5

1,1

1,2^^1

2,1

22

2,3

2,4

2,5

2^

%2-^ |2^^'

1 \?v*

1 ii
J

;J>^

:7,*l

'^ 4

'^ s
^P

4,1

42

^fi?

A*

4,;5

5,1

52

1 " 1

..^-. .;i

X
m

1,5
-^,5

:'
4>
':0'0 4J
^
5.1 5 . ^
4, 5,5

1 ..'

:,pS'^,:t

. 4.22. :
- ; -

.
, ,
, .
, ,
(. 4.22).
,
.
4.12. ,
(. 4.23),
, [,].
,
.

1.3
. , [,
] 1
, , ^4':7^\ ]
, , , -
3,3 O^i^
. ;}

4.2 4,3 4,4 \
^
.
.
5.1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5

1 wviii-"mi"ii

Program ex;
. 4.23.
Var a:array[LJ5,L,15] of integer;

s,nXpXj:integer;
,
Begin

WriteLn('Beedume n< ==15 *);
[2,3]

109

 1,
ReadLn(n);
WriteLnC \/() \/ ():*);
for i:=J to doforj:=^l to n do ReadfafiJJ);
ReadLn;
WriteLnC p,k:');
ReadLn(p,k);
WriteLn(*McxodHbiu ');
for i:=l ton do
begin
forj:=ltondo
Write(a[iJ]:4);
WriteLn;
end;
s:-0; { }
for i:-l to do { }
begin
forj:l to i'p-^k-l do { }
s:=s+afiJJ;
for j:-p^k'i-^l to n do { }
s:^s+a[ij];
end;
for i:=p+l to n do { }
begin
forj:-l to p+k-i'l do { }
s:-s+a[ij];
for j.'-i'p+k'l to do { }
s:=s+afiJJ;
end;
WriteLn(VyMMa \s);
End
.
. , ,
- ,
.
4.13. ,
, , . (
(. 4.24), =6
D

^
S = Sj+Sj

. 4.24.

4,

x[i,l]

x[i,2]

S:= S+x[i,2]-xk
xk:=x[i,2]

x[U]

x[i,2]

S:=S+x[i,2]-x[i,l]
xk:=x[i,2]

x[i,l] x[i,2]
S X-

. 4.25. i-ro :
- ; - ;
- ();
S - , -

.) .
.
,
. ,
,
, .
(. 4.25).

,
.
Program ten;
Var : array[1. .100J..2] of real;
iJ,n,k: integer;
xk,SyW:real;
Begin
Write('Beedume : *);
Readln(n);
WriteLnC . *);
for i:==I to n do ReadLn(x[iyl],x[i,2]);
{ }
yV=7; :=1;

while <>0 do
begin

:=0;
for i:=J to n-j do
ifx[ij]>x[i-^lj]then
begin k:=k-^I;
{ }
w:=x[ij]; x[ij]:^x[i-^lj];
x[i+l,l]:==w;
w: =xfi, 2J; x[l 2]: =xfi+J, 2J; xfi+ 7,2J: =w;
end;
111

end;
{ }
S:'=x[l,2]'X[lJ];
( }
xk:=x[]JJ;
{ }
for i:=2 to do
ifxfi, 1]> =xk then
{ }
begin S: =S-^xfi,2]'X[i, 1];
xk:=x[i,2J;
end
else ifx[i,2J>xk then { a}
begin S: =S+xfi, 2J'Xk;
xk:=xfi,2J;
end;
Write In (' \ S:6:2);
End.

1. D(n,m), , m < 20.
, ,
. -
,
.
2. A(n,m), , m < 15. ,
(),
,
. ,
0. ,
.
3. ,
D(n,n), < 15,
D[iJ]=

I sin(i+j)
1
I (i+j)/(2i+3j)

npHi<j;
npHi=j;
npHi>j,

i - , a j - .
,
, ,
. ,
, .
112

4.
4.5.
,
4.1, ,
.
, ,
: , ,
. Borland
Pascal - ,
.

. 4.26.
- ,
255 . ,
- 255 .
, ,
:
, :
Var Sly S2:string[40]; { 40 }
S3:strmg:

{ 255 }

, :
S40 = strmg[40]; { - 40 }
ST = string; { - 255 }
Var SJ,S2: S40; { S40}
S3:ST;
{ ST}
4.27, ,
,
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
/ string V j -

^
\J^

I | v L /

. 4.26.
< >
113

 1.
^ 255

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ...

[si

lAJ |_

_^

^II

1 1 1 )
V

. 4.27.
, -
, :
Const S:strmgf40]= V
SJ:string= '*;... { }
.

, () .
.
, . .
, st[l] s[i].
, - ,
.
.
, i - , S3 -
, S3 :
1) /. = byte(S3[0]); { }
2) i:-ord(S3[0]): { }
, Length,
.
.
.
CTpoity-, :
S1:- 'ABCD V { }
52.= ' V
{ }
5.-=57;
{ CTpoiQ^ }

. - ,
-.

114

4.
,
. ,
. :
*fdc'+ 'ghj V { ' fdcghj'}
S4+ Vvv V
{ S4 'vvv'}
-
.
.
: = , , >, <, >=, <=.

. ,
ASCII .
,
#0. ,
, false true.
,
.
,
S4:='ABCD';

S3:='ADFH';

C:='L';

:
S4
S4
S3
S3

= S3
> S3
> S4
=

{
{
{
{

false}
false}
true}
false}

- . -
Read (ReadLn) Write (WriteLn), :
ReadLn(S]);
WriteLn(Sl):

ENTER.
, ,
.
.
ENTER,
, , , .
Enter,
, , .
115

 L
.

.
1. Length(st):word- st, :
n:=Length(stl);

{
}

2. Delete(sU index, count) - count st,

index, :
S1: = ^dddddsssssfffff;
Delete(Sl,6,5); { 'dddddfflfff'}
3. UpoixQjjypa. Insert(St2,Stl,index) - St2
Stl, index.
, ,
:
SJ = 'dddddddddd';
S2 = '';
Insert(Sl, S2,6);
{ 'dddddaaaaaaddddd'}
Insert(Tas\ S2,6);
{ 'dddddPasaaaaaaddddd'}
4. Str(x[:w [:d]], St) - x
st,
( ).
.
,
.

w, , ,
d, -
, :
:=-5.67;
Str(x:7:3,sl);

{ ' -5.670'}

,
.
5. Val(St, , Code) - St

.
Code : ,
, , st
.
116

4.
,
, :
Var S:strmg; Code:mteger; a:real; ...
.repeat
Write('Beedume a:');
ReadLn(S);
{ }
Val(S,afCode); { }
ifCodeoOthen
WriteLn(' *);
until Code-0;...
{ }
6. Copy(St,index,count):string - St
count , index, :
S1 = 'qqqEEEEEEuuuuu';
S:= Copy(SlJ,6);
{ ''}
7. Pos(St2,Stl):integer -
St2 Stl. ,
, :
S] = 'qqqEEppEEuuuuu':
i:= Pos('EE\Sl);
{ i=4}
8. UpCase(ch):char - ,
ch, ,
ch, .
,
4.3 .
4.14. 40 , ,
. .
,
.

. Pos,
,
, .
, ,
(. 4.28).
.
Program ex;
Var st:string[40];
k:byte;
117

 I.

1.
delete
(St, 1,1)

k:=length{st)
:st[k] = 'J>

1
delete
(st,k,l)

. 4.28.
Begin
WriteLnC <= 40 ');
ReadLn(st):
Write (* :');
WriteLn(^);
k:-posC^^ \st); {, ?}
while <>0 do { }
begin
delete(st,k,l);
{ }
k:=posC^^ ^,st); {, ?}
end;
ifst[l]= ^^^ then delete(stJJ);
{ }
:;= length(st);
ifst[kj= ^^^ then delete(st,kj); { }
WriteLn(':');
iflength(st.)<>0 then WnteLn(st)
else WriteLn(' codepjfcana .');
End
118

4.
45. , ,
, , , - ,
, . :
1956 => .. 45
- .

. .
,
. Pos,
1. ,
. !^.

, .

2. - .
, ,
, !^,
.
. ,
.
.
. 4.29.
Program stroka;
Var st,strez,strab:string[40]:
cl, c2, c3, n, old, code:word;
cl

[T|
St T""^
1| 1 a 1HI 01 1 | | | | | | | | [ [ )( | | | |
^
2

|1|9|5||

1 4 1
strab
^
''
||||
| | | | | () | 1 1 ] 9] 5 |]

1 1
""^^
bxaxastrez j ^
|||||||

\.\2^

t ] 1 1 1 1 1 II

. 4.29.

119

 I.
Begin
WriteLn(' . - .');
ReadLn(st);
while sto^^ do { , }
begin
cl:=Pos(' ',^/);{ }
strez:=Copy(stJ,c] + lJ+ \ V { ,
}
strab:=Copy(st,cl+2,Length(st)-cJ-l);
{
}
c2:=Pos(' \strab); { }
strez:=strez+strabfc2+lj+ \ V {
}
Delete(strabJ,c2+l);
{ }
c3:=PosC \strab); {onpmQ^HQM }
Delete(strabJ,c3);
{ }
Val(strab,n,code);
{ }
old:=2001'n;
{ }
Str(old,strab);
{ }
strez:=strez-^ ' '+strab;
{ }
WriteLn(strez);
{ }
WriteLnC . - . ');
ReadLn(st);
end;
End.
4.6. .
, ,
.
4.16. ,
. .
.
, . , .
, ,
, , ,
. ,
.
.
Program strokal;
Var St: string;
p, spos: integer;
120

4.

Begin
WriteLn(' ');
ReadLn(st); { }
:=0;
{ }
ifst[Length(st)] <> ' ' then st:=st-^ ' V { ,
}
while Length(st)<>0 do
begin
spos:^ Pos(' \ St);
ifspos>5 thenp:=p+J;
{ }
Delete(st,l,spos);
{ }
end;
WriteLnCB \ p, ' (), . ) ;
End.
4.17. ,
.
.
.
, .
Program Stroka;
Var mbyte; s, si, s2:string;
Begin
WriteLnCBeediwie );
ReadLn(s);
WriteLnC : ) ;
ReadLn(sl);
WriteLn(' : ) ;
ReadLn(s2);
n:=Pos(sl,s);
{ }
while > do
begin
Delete(s,n,Length(s 1)); { }
Insert(s2,s,n);
{ }
n:=Pos(sl,s); { }
end;
WriteLn(Teymam : \s);
ReadLn;
End
4.18. ,
. ,
.
121

 1.
1.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
Program Stroka2;
Var nsl, ns2, ks, nl, 2, dll, dl2,ns ,dls, i, w:byte;
s, si, s2:string;
Begin
WriteLn(* '); Readln(s);
ks:=0; { }
for /.= 1 to Length (s) do
if(s[i]=' ') or (i=length(s)) then { }
ks:=ks-\-l: { }
WriteLn('Beedume ');
ReadLn(nl,n2); { }
while (nl>ks) or(n2>ks) (1=2) do { }
begin
WriteLnC \ks:5,
\ .
. *);
ReadLn(nl,n2); { }
end;
ifnl>n2 then
{ }
begin w:-nl; 1:=2; n2:=w; end;
ns:=l;
{ 1}
dls:=0; { 0}
ks:=0; { 0}
122

4.
for i:^l to Length(s) do {no }
begin
if(sfij=' ') or (i=Length(s)) then { }
begin
if (i=Lengt/t(s)) and (sfij <>' ') then {
}
dls:=dls+l; { }
b:=ks+l;
ifks=nl then { }
begin { }
ns 1: =ns; dll: =dls;
end;
ifks=n2 then { }
begin { }
ns2:=ns; dl2:=dls;
end;
dls:=0; { }
ns:=i+l; { }
end
else
dls:=dls+l; { }
end;
sl:=Copy(s, nsJ, dll); { }
s2:=Copy(s, ns2, dl2); { }
Delete(s, ns2, dl2);
{ }
Insert(sl, S, ns2);
{ }
Delete(s, nsl, dll);
{ }
Insert(s2,s,nsl);
{ }
WriteLnf' : \ s);
End.
2.
.
. , , .
. -,
. - ,
.
, ,
,
.
Program StrokaS;
Var ks, nl, 2, i, kbyte; 5, si .string;
MasStr:array[L. 100] ofstring[20];

{ }
123

 L
Begin
WriteLnC '); Readln(s);
ks:^0; { }
ifs[length(s)]<>' ' then 5;='+' V { ,
}
{ }
while s<> *' do
{ }
begin
b:=ks+l;
{ }
k:=Pos(' \s); { }
masStr[ks]:=Copy(sJ,k); { }
Delete(sJ,k);
{ }
end;
{ }
WriteLn('Beedume ');
ReadLn(nl,n2); { }
while (nl>ks) (2>) (]=2) do { }
begin
WriteLn(' \ks:5,
\ . ');
ReadLn(nl,n2); { }
end;
sl:=MasStrfn]J;
{ }
MasStrfnlJ: =MasStrfn2J;
MasStr[n2]:=sl;
{ }
for /;=7 to ks do s:=s-^MasStr[iJ; { }
Delete(s,Length(s),l);
{ }
WriteLnC : \ s); { }
End
4.19. , .

MasStr[n], <100.
.
-.
.
. 99 ,
,
.
.
1. - .
124

4,
.
. .
,
.
, - .
(n-fl)/2 , ..
().
2.
. ^ ,
. .
,
. ,
. , , ,
, - . ,
, .
, ,
.
. 4.30 ,
10 . 5-
, : 1 ...4 6... 10.
- 2-, 5- , 8-,
5- .
. .

1

2 .3

1-
1

2-
3-

11

11

10

9 10
1
9 ^10

~1

1 I \

6^7

4-

10

I ,

. 4.30.
10
125

 1.
. ,
, ..
= 2J-1, j=l, 2, 3 .., log2 .
,
, ,
(log2 +1)/2, .. 0^,p(log2 ),
,
.
. ,
, .

.
Program ex;
Var MasStr:array[L. 100] ofstring[22];
n, k, I: integer; st:strmg[22];
key:boolean;
Begin
n:=l;
WriteLnC 100 - ');
ReadLn(MasStr[n]);
while (MasStr[n]<> 7 and (n<100) do
begin
n:=n+l;
ReadLn(MasStr[n]);
end;
ifn<100 then :='1; { }
WriteLnC .');
ReadLn(st);
:=1; key:=false;
while ('>=0) and not key do {
}
begin
1:-(') div 2+;
{ }
ifst=MasStr[l] then key:-true
{ }
else
{ }
if s(>MasStr[l] then k:-lH
{ }
else n:-l'l;
{ }
end;
if key then
WriteLn(' . \1)
else WriteLnCCmpoKa .');
End.
126

4.

1. 80 , ,
, . ,
, .
. ,
.
2. 40 , ,
, . ,
, .
. -
.
3. , 40 .
, , . ,
,
, . ,
0.
.
4. , , .
, ,
. .
5. ,
, 4.
,
.
4.7.


. .
.
Borland Pascal ,
.
, -
.
.

(. 4.31).
,
255.
127

 l.

integer
. 4.3L
longint, < >

255.
.
.
.
,
, :

set \

I
^ ^0 1
I

Digits = set of L. 100; { 1 100}

Setchar = set of char; ( ASCII}
letter=set of ''.. *z V { }
logic = set of boolean; { }
Var
mychar:setchar; { - ASCII}
bool: logic;
{ - }
mydig: Digits; { - 1 100}
simst: letter; { - }

, :
Var number:set <9/"7..37; { - 1 31}
cif: set of 0,,9; { - }
kods: set /#0..#255;{ - ASCII}
workweek, week: set /; { - }
.

,
,
. ,
,
, , :
[] - ;
[2,3,5,7,11] - , ;
['\ 'd\ f\ 7 - , ;
[1,] - , 1
;
[.,2*] -
2*;
128

4.

[2100] - 2 100;
/"/, 2, i.. 7] - , 1,2,3,4,5,6,7;
[red,yellow,green] - ,
.
.
.
:
setnum =set of byte;
Const S:setnum=[LJOJ; { ,
,
1 10}
.
,
, : ^
. ,
- ,
.
. Borland
Pascal . 4.1
.
4.1

AuB

Borland Pascal

'

((

J )

,
,

1

~
,
,

,
,

129

 I.
:
[1,2] + [3,4] = [U,3,4];
[1..10] * [3,8,9,15,23,45] = [3,8,9];
[1..15] - [3,8,9,15,23,45] = [1,1,4..7,10.4];
[red,blue,green,black] * [bIue,magenta,yeIlow] = [blue].
.
.

. . 4.2
,
Borland Pascal.
.
,
in (. 4.32). ,
in
. in,
,
.

. 4.32.
< > .

4.2

Borland Pascal

130

TRUE

FALSE

<>

<=

- j

>=

4.
[*% ''] = ['% ''] - TRUE;
[4, 5, 6] = [4..6] - TRUE;
['c%'b'] = ['% 'b% '] - FALSE;
[2,3, 5,7] <= I1-9] - TRUE;
[3, 6..8] <= [2..7, 9] - TRUE;
[3, 6..8] <= [2..7, 9] - FALSE;
[5..8, 9.2] >= [6, 8,11] - TRUE;
10 in [2, 4, 6, 8,10,12,14] - TRUE;
in [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] - TRUE =1,3,5
FALSE =2,4,6
,
.
, , :
*^~// { }
Read(n);
while not Eofdo
begin
S:=S+[n]; { }
Read(n); { }
end;...
,
:
, , :
fori:='a4o
'z'do
if i in S then Write(i:3);

.
4.20. , ,
, ..
.
, :

:
rA'..'Z','a'..'z','J] .
,
, :
['A'..'Z','a'..V,'J/0'..'9'].
,
, .
131

 1.
Program ex;
Var St: string;
key: boolean;
i: integer;
Begin
WriteLn(* ');
ReadLn(st);
ifstflj in f^A\. 'Z^'a\, 'z\^__7 then { }
begin
i:=2;
key:=true;
while (i<=length(st)) and key do { }
ifst[i] in \. 'Z\'a\. 'z\ 1 ^'0\. '] then inc(i)
else key: =false;
if key then WriteLn(' \st,' - . *)
else WriteLnf' \st,' .');
end
else
JVriteLnCCmpoKa \st,' .');
End.
4.21.
.

, .
, 9, ,
, .
Program ex;
Var n:longint;
st:string;
mnoj:setof'0\.'9';
i: integer; j:char;
Begin
WriteLn(' : ');
ReadLn(n);
Str(abs(n),st);
mnoj:-[];
{ }
for i:=l to length (st) do
mnoj:=mnoj-^[st[i]]; { }
WriteLn(' \n,' : *);
forj:= ''to '9'do
{ , }
if j in mnoj then Write(/+' ');
End
132

4.
4.22. , ,
,
, , :
;
;
;
.
ASCII.

.
:
resl - , ,
res2 - , ,
res3 - ,
res4 - , ,
mnsl - , .
.
.
mnsl.
,
resl = res2 = res3 = mnsl,
a res4 .
,
:
1) , ,
, ,
:
resl mnsl;
2) , , res4
() :
res4 U (res3 n mnsl);
3) res3 ()
:
res3 U mnsl .
, , res2

,
:
res3 \ res4.
133

 I.
Program ex;
Type setchar=set of char;
Const G: setchar - ['\'\\'\'\'''\'\^\'^];
{
}
Var resl, { , }
res2, { , }
res3, { }
res4, { , }
mnsUsetchar; { }
st,slovo: string;
ch: char;
ik:integer;
first: boolean;
Begin
WriteLn(' :');
ReadLn(st); { }
st:=st'^ * V { }
first:"^true; { }
while st<> " do { }
begin
k:=pos(* \st);
slovo:=Copy(stJ,k'l);
{ }
Delete(stJ,k);
{ }
{ , }
mnsl:=fj;
{ }
for i:=l to '1 do
ifslovofij in G then
{ , }
mnsl:=mnsl+fslavefiJJ; { }
{ }
if first then { , }
begin
resl:=mnsl; { }
res2:=mnsl; { }
res3:-mnsl; { }
res4:-[];
{ }
first:=false;
{ }
end
else
{ , }
begin
resl:=resl*mnsl;
{ }
res4:='res4+res3*mnsl; { }
res3:=res3-^mnsl;
{ }
end
end;
res2:=res3'res4; { }
134

4.
{ }
WnteLn(*DiacHbie, : *);
for ch:=#0 to #255 do ifch in resl then Write(ch:2);
WriteLn;
WriteLn(', :');
for ch:=#0 to #255 do ifch in resl then Write(ch:2):
WriteLn;
WriteLn(Tace, :');
for ch:=#0 to #255 do ifch in res3 then Write(ch:2):
WriteLn;
WriteLn(', : ');
for ch:=#0 to #255 do ifch in res4 then Write(ch:2);
WriteLn;
End

1. , , ,
. , , ,
, @, #, $, ^, &, _,
*, %, ~. , ,
.
2. , , ,
. , , ,
, .
. ,
.
3. ,
. (: 345 6785 1235 54
657). , ,
.
. (
. 5.)
4. , ,
. .
, :
( ),
.
5. ,
, . , ,
, i, j , , I, m, .
.
135

 1.

4.8.
- , , .
, .
, .
Borland Pascal :
(. 4.33).
.
. 4.34.
,
:
, :
Var ZapLZapl: record { , 5 }
F,S:real; { }
, .'integer; { }
C:char;
{ }
end;
Zap3: record {, 3 }
S: string /80/; { 80 }
: array [1..20] of real; { 20
}
Flag:: boolean; { }
end;...
, :
record j I

to,

end

. 4.33. < >

J

-- "0--

. 4.34.
< >

136

4.

Ztl = record
{ , 5 }
F,S:real;
{ }
AyB:integer;
{ }
C'char;
{ }
end;
Zt2 = record
{ , 3 }
S: string [80]; { 80 }
: array [1..20] /^^/;{
20 }
Flag: boolean; { }
end;
Var ZapU Zap2:Ztl;
{ Ztl}
Zap3:Zt2; ...
{ Zt2 }
,
, , :
Human=record
{ }
Fio: record
{ 3 }
Fam,
{}
Name,
{}
Otch: string;
{ }
end; {Fio}
BirthDay: record
{ 3 }
Day:!.,31;
{}
Month: 1..12;
{}
Year: word;
{ }
end; {Birthday}
end; ...{Humein}

Type Data = record

Day:L.31;
Month: L.12;
Year: word;
end;
Famio = record
Fam, Name, Otch: string;
end;
Human = record { }
Fio: Famio;
{ Famio }
BirthDay: Data { Data }
end;...
137

 1.

. 4.35.
< >
,
, :
Var Sotr: Human;
Otdel: array [1..20J of Human;
.
, .
,
, :
Const
BirthDay: Data = (Year: 1973; Month:6; Day:30); ...
.
.
.
. 4.35.
, Sotr Human, ,
:
Sotr. BirthDay Day: =-25;
: =SotKBirthDay. Year;...
, ,

with (. 4.36). , Sotr Human
Day
with:
with

^)

. 4.36. < >

138

4.
)
)
)
r)

with
with
with
with

Sotr do BirthDay.Day:=30;
SotnEirthDay do Day: =24;
Sotn BirthDay do Daay:=31;
Sotr do
with BirthDay do Day:= 7;...

.
. :
OtdelfiJSotr;...

.
4.23. ,
: .
,
.
Program ex;
Type
data=record
( }
year: word; {}
month:LJ2; {}
day:L.31;
{}
end;
zap-record
{ }
fam:stringfl 6J; { }
birthday: data;
{ }
end;
Var fb:array[L.25] of zap; { }
fff:string; { }
ij,m,n:byte;
key.'boolean; { , - true}
Begin
WriteLnC <=25');
ReadLn(n);
:=0;
{ }
repeat
:=-^1;
Write(*Beedume :');
Readln(fb[m].fam);
Write(* : '); Readln(fb[m]Mrthday.year);
WriteC

: ');
ReadLn(fb[m].birthday.month);
WriteC

: *);
ReadLn(fb[m].birthday.day);
until n=m;
WriteLn;
139

 /.
{ with}
WnteLn(' '); WriteLn;
for /;=7 to do
withfbfijdo
begin
Write(i:2,fam:17);
with birthday do
WriteLn(year:6, month:4y day:4);
end;
WriteLn;
{ }
WriteLn('Beedume ');
ReadLniffJ):
i:=0;
key:=false; { }
repeat i: =1+1 ;
if/bfij.fam =fffthen key: = true
until key or( i=m);
{ }
if key then { , }
withfb[i]do
begin
WriteLnCae : ');
Write(fam:18/ ');
with birthday do
WriteLn(day:2,': \month:2, V \year:5,' ');
end
else WriteLn(' : \fff:18,' .');
End.
.
, . .

.
(4.37).
,
, ,
. ,
.
:
:
140

4.

case

\<

hGKDH

hi

. 4.37. < >

Var : record
case { }
byte of { }
0: (by: array [0..3J of byte); { 4 }
1: (wo: array [O..IJ of word); { 2 }
2: (lo: longint); { 4 }
end;...
:

Figure = (Square, Triangle, Circle); { }

Paramf^" record
{ ~ }
X,Y: real;
{ }
case
{ }
Fig:Figure of {
}
Square:
(Side: real);
Triangle: (Sidel,Side2,Side3: real);
Circle:
(Radius: real);
end;
Var Param: Paramf; { }

, : ,
.

.
141

 ].
, ,
(, - , ).

Forma = record { }
case { }
boolean of { , }
{ }
True: (Birthplace: string[40]; { }
{ }
False: (Country: stringf20J; {}
EntryPort: string[20]; {}
EntryDate: array[L.3] of word; {}
Count: word) {}
end;.,.
:
Object2 - . Object 1 -
:
Const

Object J: Forma = (Country: '*;

EntryPort: '';
EntryDate: (16,3,89);
Count: 12);
Object2: Forma = (BirthPlace: '');...

,
,
. , ,
,
().
,
. ,

, , . .
,
.
,
. ,
.

.
.
142

4.
,
,
, , .
:

= record { }
case byte of
0: Wo:word;
{ word}
1: Lodongint; { longint}
2: Re:real;
{ real}
end;
Var OPerem;
Begin...
C.Lo:=0; { }
C.Wo:=10; {
10}
WriteLn(C.Lo:10);... {
}
6
.
,
.

1. , , ,
, :
, , , .

.
, .
2. ,
, : ,
.
,
: 5 - (+ 25%), 4 - (+10%),
- , - (-15%),
- 0.
.
.

143

5.
.
., , ,
,
. Borland Pascal
: .

5.1.

,
( ). Borland Pascal
- , .
,
, (
). ,
, .. ,
, , (. 5.1).
.
(
, , ).
begin...end.
-.
,
.
(. 5.2).

>

. 5.1.
< >
144

5.
- ^ procedure V

- ^ function V

I I \1^

,<7>

[!

\^^

. 5.2.
< > {) < > ()

.

.
.
:
- ;
- .
.
,
.
. .
,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
, . 5.3
, .
,
. z ,
z .
z, .
,
,
, ,
. , , 145

 1.
Program ex;
Var xrreal; z:real;

-----t":
Procedui^ A;
Var z: integer;
PrdeodurfesB;
Var irtfitegerK^
Begin i:=z; x:=5;
End;
B^gin
\
-round(x);
End;
Begin
End.

. 5.3.
, ,
.
- .
.
(. 5.4). ,
, ,
.
- ,
, .
(
, . ). ,

var

'-*/ const V

U|OLJ
11 V

L/7V

I [

. 5.4. < >

146

5.

,
.
Borland Pascal
:
-
,
;
-
,
,
;
var; -
\
( ) -
, ,
,
;
const.
. , ,
-,
. , ,
-
, .
,
.
. ,
, ,
( ,
..), :
<>:=< >(< >).
,
:
< >(< >).
-
: - ,
.

, ,
- return.
147

 1.
J
i

Stf(x,y,z) J
.

a,b,c,d,e

'

p:=(x+y+z)/2
I

Strf(.)+Stf(,

{ j

Return

a,b,c,d,e

p:=(x+y+z)/2

Stp
(a,b,e,SI)

s=v:.

stMT..
i

81(,,,5
.

Stp
(c,d,e,S2)

Return

SHS2
f

. 5.5.
{) ()
5.1. ,
.

, .
.
- .
, -
-. -
, , .
, .
. 5.5.
.
:
Program ex;
Var A,B,C,D,E:real;
{ }
{ }
Function Stf(const X, Y,Z:real):real;
Varp:real;
{ }
begin
{ }
p:=(X^Y+Z)/2;
Stf:=sqrt(p^(p^X)^(p-Yr(p^Z)):
end;
148

J.
{ }
Begin
WriteLn ');
ReadLn(A,B,C,D,E);
]1('1 ', Stf(AjB,E)+Stf(CyD,E):7:3);
End.

Program ex;
Var A,B,C,D,E:real; SJ,S2:real; { }
{ }
Procedure Stp(const X, Y,Z:real;var S:real);
Varp.real;
{ }
begin
{ }
p:=(X+Y+Z)/2;
S: =sqrt(p *(p'X) Y;?- Y) *(p-Z));
end;
{ }
Begin
WriteLnC );
ReadLn{A,B,C,D,E);
Stp(A,B,E,Sl); { }
Stp(CyD,E,S2); { }
\S1+S2;7:3);
End
, , ,
( string), , , ,
:
type.
:
mas^arrayfl.JOJ /real;
str80=stringf80J;
procedure (M:mas; fout:str80);...
5.2.
, < 10.
- ,
-. 10
. mas 149

 I.
,
-. .
Program ex;
Type mas-arrayll.AO] of integer; { 10 }
Var aimas;
i,n: integer;
Function sum(b:mas; n:integer).'integer;
Var s: integer;
i: integer;
Begin s:=0;
for i:=I to n do s:=s+b[ij;
sum:=s;
End;
Begin
ReadLn(n);
for i:=l to n do Read(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLn(VyMMa= \sum(a,n));
End
5.2. .


, , ,
.
5.3.
, = sin , = cos , = tg , = In , = ^
:

;
;
.

. : ,
, ,
.
(. 5.6, )
.
(. 5.6, ). ,
,
(. 5.6, '). ,
150

5.
:
1 - sin X
2 - cos X
3-Inx
4-'^
5 -
: _

:
1 - ;
2 - ;
3 - ;
4 - .
: _

: _
: _

1 : _
: _
.

1 =...

=...
=

=...

=...
=...
=...
=...
.
.

.
J

: _
: _
=... =...
=... =...
.

. 5.6. :
- ; - ; - -

.
, .
,
, 4 ().
,
.
. 5.7
, ,
() .
151

 1.

. 5.7.


. , ..
.
.
. ,
5, ,
. ,

:
:
__.
_.
- _ 5
_, (_)
___.
_.
-.
.
: __ __ (__).
__ :
152

J.
^^:
_^.
.
1 - sin ;.
2 - cos ;.
3 - In ;.
4 - '^;.
5 - ..
.
_ (_)
:
_ ():
^_.
_.
- _ 4
__ :
1: (_);
2: (_);
3: (_);
-.
__. .
_ .
-.
.
___ ___:
^__:
_.
:.
1 - ;.
2 - ;.
3 - ;.
. 4 - ..
: .
.
(_)
:
153

 I.
(__):
__.

, .
.
h.
=
- X <
(_, , )
=, , =,
=, ,
-
x=x+h
-.
___.
.
(_) (_) . ,

.
: true , false - .

- :
(_, , ):
=1
:
1: y=sin(x);
2: y=cos(x);
3: >0
=1()
=18
-
4: =()
-
.
, ,

( __ ^^
(^ ).
154

5.

. 5.8.

, (. 5.8).

.
,
(,
begin end). ,
..

1. B(n,m), , m < 20, m > . ,
(,)
m-n .
,
, .
.
2. SIM(n,m), n,m20).
,
,
. SIM , :
. ,
.
155

 I.

5.3.

, , , , ,

.
-
, .
: -
, -
.
:
Unit < >;
Interface
< >
Implementation
< >
[Begin
< >7
End,
,
.
.tpu.
. Borland Pascal
, :
Compile - ,
< >.1
, , .tpu
(Options/Directories);
- , .tpu,
.pas, ,
;
Build - .tpu
.
Build,
- Compile.

(
), .
,
, ( 156

5.

, , ).
, .
CeKifUH UHuifuanwaifuu ,
, (
, , ..).
(
) .
.
, ,
:
Uses < !>, < 2>, ...;
uses ,
( )
. ,
.
.
5.4. ,
.
5.2 :
,
.
, .
{ Summa.pas}
Unit Summa;
Interface
{ }
mas=array[L.]OJ of integer;
Function sunt(b:mas;n:integer).'integer;
Implementation .
Function sum; { }
Var
s: integer; i: integer;
begin 8:^=0;
for i:=J to n do s:^s+b[i];
sum:=s;
end;
End.
: mas
Sum.
Program ex;
Uses Summa; { }
Var a:mas; { mas}
i,n: integer;
157

 L
Begin

readln(n);
for i:=l to n do re ad(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLn('CyMMa= \sum(a,n));

{ sum}

End
Bee , ,
. ,
,

< >.< >.
, X:
Unit ;
Interface
VarX:real; ...
End
, ,
X:
Program ex;
Uses ;
Var X:integer;
Begin
X:=10;
{ }
A.X:=0.45; ... { A}
Borland Pascal ,
.
Borland Pascal
.
System ~ -
, , ,
, ..
.
Crt - -
, ,
, .
Graph - -
, ,
.
158

5.

Dos -
MS DOS - ,
.
, Printer, Graph3,
Overlay .
. , System, Crt, Dos, Printer
Turbo.tpl, Graph Graph.tpu.

, ,
:
, .
5.4.
Borland Pascal ,
, . ,
,
-, .
- ,
.
-
, :
array of real;
array of integer;

. , ,
, ,
.
. - -
, -- .
^/^('< >) - ,
, -
.
/,(?'('< >) -
, - .
.
5.5. 5.4. -
,
, .
159

 I.

, 5.4,
: mas.
,
.

.
Unit Summa2;
Interface
Function sum(b:array of integer; n: integer): integer;
Implementation function sum;
Var s: integer; i: integer;
begin s:=0;
{ ,
-1,
}
for i:=0 to '1 do s:=s+bfij;
sum:=s;
end;
End.

.
Program ex;
Uses Summa2;
Var a:array[l.. 10] of integer;
i,n: integer;
Begin ReadLn (n);
for i:=I to n do Re ad(a[i]);
ReadLn;
WriteLnCCyMMa=\sum(a,n));
End.
5.6.
, , .
.
,
High.
Unit ;
Interface
Function sum(b:array of integer): integer;
160

5.

Implementation
Function sum;
Var s: integer; i: integer;
begin s:=0;
for i:=0 to High(b) do s:-=s+b[i];
sum:=s;
end;
End.

Low High, -5 -3.
Program ex;
Uses SummaS;
Const a:array['5..'3,3,. 7] ofinteger=((], J, /, 7,1),
(2X2X2).
(3X3,3,3));
Var i:integer;
Begin
for i:=Low(a) to Higlt(a) do WriteLn(sum(a[i]));
end.
. ,
, - a[i].

,
- , (. 5.5).

.
Borland Pascal,
-, .
, -
. ,
,
{$+} - openstring.
5.7. , ,
.
,
,
:
Unit Stroka;
Interface
Procedure Add(var s: openstring);
161

 L
Implementation
Procedure Add;
begin
s:=^s+chr(succ(Ord(s[length(s)J)));
end;
End
s ,

,
(Error 26: mismatch).
Program ex;
Uses Stroka;
Var S:string[26]; i:integer;
Begin
s:^'A\for i: =2 to 26 do Add(s);
WriteLn(s);
End

.

1. ,
, . . .
2. ,
. .
. .
5.5.
Borland Pascal ,
.
( -),
.
, -
, - .

:
162

5.
;
.

(. 2.5), :
Procedure Proc(Var:a);...
...b:=Integer(a)-^IO;,..

absolute (. 2.3), :
Procedure Proc(Var:a);...
Var r:real absolute a;...

, , , ,
.
5.8. ,
,
.

, .
.

64 /< >.
.
treal, mr, tinteger - mi.
Unit Summa4;
Interface
Type ttype=(treal, tinteger); { }
Function sumfvar x;n:integer;t:ttype).real;
Implementation
Function sum;
Var mr:array[L.maxint*2 div sizeof(real)] of real absolute x;
mi: array[L.maxint^l div sizeof(integer)] of integer absolute x;
s:real;i:integer;
begin s:=0;
if t=treal then
for i:-I to n do s:=s+mr[ij
else for i:=I to n do s:-s+mifij;
sum:=s;
end;
End
163

 I.

.
Program ex;
Uses Summa4;
Var a:array[L.10] of integer;
b:array[L.15] of real;
i,n; integer;
Begin
for i;=l to 10 do Read(a[iJ); ReadLn;
WriteLnCCyMMa= \stim(a,10,tintegerJ:8:J);
for i:=l to J 5 do Read(b[i]); ReadLn;
WriteLn('CyMMa= \sum(b, 15jreal):8:l);
end.
.
1 ,
{$R-}.

,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. , (2,3,2)
:
bl,l,l' ^^1,1,2' bi,2,i, b | 2,2^ b] 3,1, b] 3 2, b 2 | j , ^2,\,b ^2,2,1' ^2,2,2^ 21, 2.

5.9.
.
. 5.9 , (,)
, <, , ,
.
, i j
(i-l)*P+j, ..
.
.
, ,
.
. ,
* div 2.
* , ,
.
164

5.

1-

..

. 5.9. (,) {) {)
Unit Matrica;
Interface
Procedure tran(Var x;n,P:integer);
Implementation
Procedure tran;
Var a:array[1..2*maxint div sizeof(real)] of real absolute x;
ij: integer;
t.real;
begin
for i:=2 to n do
forj:=l to i-I do
begin t: =a[(i-l) ''P+jJ;
af(i-l) *P+jJ: =afO'l) *P+i];
a[0'l)''P+i]:=t;
end;
end;
End.
:
Program ex;
Uses Matrica;
Var a:array[L .10J,. 10] of real;
ij.'integer;
Begin
WriteLnC a(5 *5);');
for i:=l to 5 do
begin
for j:=l to 5 do Read(a[i,j]);
ReadLn;
end;
165

 I.
tran(a,5,10);
WriteLn(': *);
for i:-l to 5 do
begin
forj:=l to 5 do Write(a[iJ]:6:2);
WriteLn;
end;
End

1. ,
nxm . .
2. ,
nxm . .
.
5.6.
,
.

, , :
proc=procedure (a,b,c:real;Var d:real):
func=function(x: real): real;

:

Var f:func;
/:1;...
,
,
(
{$+} far).
4- (. 7.1)
2- ,
, .
166

5.

: 1.
(. 5.2), ,
.
2. , System,
.
,
, ,
.

5.10. ,

[,] .

. :
UnitSFun;
Interface
Type func-functwn(x:real):real;
Procedure TabFun(f:func;a,b:real;n:integer;
Var Masf:array of real);
Implementation
Procedure TabFun;
Var h.real; i:integer;
Begin
h;=(b-a)/(n'l);
for i:=0 to n-l do Masf[i]f(a+h*i);
End;
End

. sin
.
Program ex;
Uses SFun;
Var masFl: array[L, 10] of real; masF2: array[L. 20] of real;
i: integer;
function Fl(x:real):real; far;
Begin Fl:-sin(x); end;
function F2(x:real):real; far;
Begin F2:-exp(x)+cos(x); end;
Begin
WriteLnC sin x:);
TabFun(FIA2J0,masFI);
167

 1.

for i:=l to JO do Write(masFl[i]:7:l);

Writeln;
WriteLnC exp x+cos x:);
TabFun(F2A2,20,masF2);
for i:=l to 20 do Write(masF2[i]:7:l);
Writeln;
End

1. ()
, h:
' = (- + 41 -22; = (- + 22; '= (^1+2)/2.
. .
2.
. . .
5.7.

.
. , :
N1=

I 1,

=0;

I Nx(N-l)!,

>0.

.
. .
.
,
.
/76?/cy/?cwe;/(9w ,
.
:
-
;
-
,
.
168

5.

3tofi . ,
, mueaifuu.
:
;
-;
- -
;
( string);
- 12 ,
( )
.
5.11.
, .

1.2. .
: ,
.
:
.
,
.
- R.
(. 5.10, ). ,
, .
1(,) J

1(,))

>

R=A

>

Nod = A
Nod
(.,)

Nod
(A,B-A,R)

Nod =
Nod(A-B,B)

Return

Nod =
Nod(A,B-A)
I

Return

. 5.10. :
- ; -

169

 1.

1
[_
<
1

=4

1
<
1
>

|_
<
1
1
V

~4

-8
=4

8
=12
,

-
-

-
-
J

. 5.11.

Program ex;
Var a,b,r:integer;
Procedure nod(a,b:inieger; var rnnteger);
Begin ifa-b then r:-a
{}
else ifa>b then nod(a'b,b,r)
else nod(a,lhayr)
End;
Begin ReadLn(a,b);
nod(a,b,r);
WriteLn(r);
End,

- . , =12
=8
, . 5,11 ( , . . 2
, ).
1^ (. 5.10, ),
, .
:
Program ex;
Var ,b,r:integer;
Function nod(a,b: integer) .integer;
begin ifa=b then nod:'=a {}

170

5.

else
{ }
ifa>b then
nod:=nod(a'b,b)
else
nod:=nod(a,b'a)
end;
Begin
ReadLn(a,b);
r:=nod(a,b);
WriteLn(r);
End
, ,
, ,
. ^
.
.
. ,
16 , 64 .

5.12.
( , -
..).
.

.
- :
, - . .
, ,
.
:
Function reversel (const st: string): string;
Begin iflength(st)=0 then reverserl:= "
else
reverserl: = reversel (copy (st, 2, length(st)'l)) +stflj;
End;
:
V = 4 ( ) + 256 (-) +
+ < > 270 ().
171

 I.

Procedure reverse2(var ss:string; ri:integer);

Var temp:char;
Begin ifn<=Iength{ss) div 2 then
begin temp:'=ss[n];
ssfnj: =ssflength(ss)' i+1];
ss[length(ss) '+IJ: = ^emp;
reverse2(ss, n+1);
end;
End;
:
=4( 1- )-2( 2- ) +
+ 1( )+< >17 ().
, .

, , ,
, , ,
.
,
, , , ,
,
.

, .
5.13.
=2-2 .
,
, 3.7,
,
, .. .
.
:
,
.
:
,
(. 5.12).
Program ex;
Var a,b,eps,x:real;
172

5.

Root
(. ,) J

. 5.12.

Procedure root(a,b,eps:real;var r:real);
Varf,x:real;
Begin x:=(a+b)/2;
f:=x*X'l;
ifabs(f)<=eps then r:=x
else
if (a *a'l) y> 0 then root(x, b, eps, r)
else root(a,x,eps,r)
End;
Begin ReadLnfa, b, eps);
root(a,b,eps,x);
WriteLn(' x^ \x:9:7);
End
, ,
,
.

.

: ,
,
Borland Pascal.
forward, : 173

 1.

. 5.13.

,
forward;
(

).
,
,
(. 5.13),
:

procedure (j:byte); forward;

procedure A (j: byte);
begin ... B(i); ... end;
procedure B;
begin ... A(j); ... end;
5.14.
( ~ ).
:
, ;
, .
: ,
.

. ,
, , . , , ,
. -
. : , .
Program ex;
Var s.string;
Function f_char(var st: string; i: word): boolean; forward;
Function f_value(var st: string; i:word): boolean;
Begin
if i>length(st) thenf_value:=true
else iffstfij in f'0\. *9'J)thenf_value:=f_char(st,i-^l)
elsef_yalue:=false;
End;
174

5.
Function f_char;
Begin
if i>length(st) then f_char:=true
else
if Mi] in ['A \. 'Z\ 'a'.. *z']) then
f_Shar: =f_value(st, /+1)
else
fjohar:=false;
End;
Begin
WriteLnC : *);
Readln(s);
iff_char(s, 1) then
WriteLnCCmpoKa *)
else WriteLnCCmpoKa *);
End

, . 5.14, ,
.
.
, ,

.

f

,
V (-0 J
, . 5.15.

,
,

, (
" "
) ~

, ~ ,
(...)

\
.

.
"
5.15.
"
,
, ,
( Return j
,
-
.
. 5.14.


.

175

 J.

" "

" "

. 5.15.


, , , .

.
:
, -
,
.
Program ex;
Type mas =array[I.. JOJ of real;
Var x:mas;
i: integer;
Procedure print(var x:mas;i: integer);
Begin
ifx[i]=Othen WriteLnf'***')
else
begin
ifx[i]>0 then WriteLnfi,': xfij);
print(Xyi+l);
{ }
ifx[i]<0 then WriteLn(i,' ^ xfiJ);
end
End;
Begin
i:=0;
repeat i:=i+l; Read(x[i]) until x[ij=0;
ReadLn;
print(xj);
End.
\16

5,

. , i
,
:
, .

1 2 li
12
13

21 23
23

311 32

,
. 123 132 213 231 312 321

. 5.16.
.

,
=3
.
5.16. ,
. ,
, ABC,
: ABC, , , , CAB, .
,
m .
-1 . -
1-2 ..
Perest
- --
(,,,)
J
. +1-
.
. 5.16

r^^:=l,m-n+lV-|
=3.
,

p[n]:=i

p[m]
n-m+1 ,

rl
1.

Perest
(n+l,m,rl,p)|

. 5.17.

1 1I I 1 1

Program ex;
Type
mas=array[L,5] of char;
Const a:mas= 'ABCDE V
Var pole:mas;

Return

. 5.17.

177

 I.
procedure Perest(n,m:integer; Const :mas; Var pole:mas);
Var rl:mas;
kjJ: integer;
Begin
ifn>m then
begin
for i:=l to m do Write (pole fij);
WriteC '):
end
else
for i:-l to m-n+l do
begin
pole[n]:^r[i];
k:=l;
forji^l to m-n^l do
ifjoi then
begin
rl[k]:-r[j];
k:=k+];
end;
Perest(n-^l,m,rl,pole);
end;
End;
Begin
Peres t(l, 5, a.pole);
End
.
:
V, = 2*2 + 4 + 4;
: V2 = m + 3*2;
: V3 12.

V = V, + V2 + = 12 + m + 6 + 12 30 + .

+ 1 .

^ = (30 + ^)(1 + 1) = 2 4- 31 + 30.

, = 5

Vj^^^^ ="210 ().

. ,
, , ,
.
178

5.

1. ,
:

DDDD

FFFFFF . . 26 . .
2.
:
, m>n>0;
C{m,n} = ^ U ^ (=0 >0) (m=n=0);
I C{m-l,n-l} + C{m,n-1} .
3.
( [3, 6]).
. , , ,
, ,
- .
, .
.
. .,
.
( Iog2 ).
4. .
. m .
.
,
.
5.8. . .

,
().
,

, .. .
.
0(!) 0(").
179

 I.

:

;
. .
,
, ,

, .
( )
, .

, ,
.

.
-

,

-
-

( , ,
). .
5.17.
: 1111, 1112, 1113, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1211,..., 3333.
1.
. - 4. ,
4 , (. 5.18, ).
m - ,
1111 mmmm.
,
,
.
2.

,
1 . .

1
(. 5.18, ). ,
< 10.
180

5.
(

a=(I,l,l,
1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

i=l,m,l

a[l] = i

J=b"^i
/

a(n)

/
/

a[21=j
k=l,m,l

a[3] = k

n=I,m,I

a[4] = n

a(4)

/
/

. 5.18. :
-

;-- ^

Program ex;
Const
a:array[L, 10] ofbyte^d
Fbr Im^n:integer;

7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7;;

181

 I.
Begin
ReadLn(ri,m);
while aflj<m+l do { }
begin
for i:=] to n do Write(a[i]); ( }
WriteC ;
a[n]:=afnj+l; { 1 }
for i:=n downto 2 { }
ifa[i]>m then
begin
afij:=l;
a[i'l]:^a[i'l]+l:
end;
end
End

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
5.18. . ,
m (m>3)
mxm , .
.
, ,
- * . ,
, .
,
- ,
12 3 4
(. 5.19).
*
,
. j
*
(=:0> 1 3 I 1 4 | 2 | i,
*
12 3 4
,
*
.

,
. 5.19.
,
:

182

5.
pole[j] = poIe[i] - ;
I Pol^LJ] " pole[i] I =1 j - i I - .
,
,
.
.
, .
, .
:
.

: true - , false -
. -
pole.

. ,
.
Program ex;
Type p=arrayfl.. 100] of integer;
Var pole.'p;
i,m: integer;
{ }
Function newj-(m:integer;pole:p).boolean;
Var iJ: integer;
Begin
new_r:=false;
for i:=I to m-J do
forj:=i+l to m do
if(pole[i]='polelj]) or(abs(polelj]'pole[i])==j'i) then exit;
new_r:-true;
End;
{ }
Function Variantfm:integer; Var pole:p):boolean;
Var i: integer;
Begin
polefmJ:=pole[mJ+I;
{
}
for i:=m downto 2 do
{ }
if pole [i] > m then
begin pole[i]:=l;
polefi'l]: =^polefi'IJ+1;
end;
183

 I.
ifpoIefJJ <= then { }
Variant: =true
else Variant:'='false;
End;
{ }
Begin
WritelnC ');
ReadLn(m);
for i:=l to m dopole[i]:=l;
{ }
repeat
if Newr(m,pole) then
{ }
begin
for i:=l to m do Write(pole[i]:2);
Writein;
end;
until not Variant(m,pole); { ,
}
End
, ,
, 0("^).
, .
,
m .

. 4x4.

,
]..., 2...,3...,4....

. 4
:
11..,
21..,
31..,
41..,

12.., 13.., 14..

22.., 23.., 24..
32.., 33.., 34..
42.., 43.., 44..

,
: 11.., 12.., 21.., 22.., 23.., 32.., 33.., 34.., 43.., 44..
,

.
184

5,

1421 1422 1423 1424

2411 2412 2413 2414

. 5.20.

, .
.
. 5.20 m = 4
. -
2413.
. 5.21 , 1^
ferz
new_r,
.
Program ex;
Type p=arrayfl.. lOOJ of integer;
Varpole:p;
km: integer;
{ }
Function new_r(n:integer;poIe:p):boolean;
Varj:integer;
Begin
newjr:-false;
for j:-l to n-1 do
if (pole lj]'='pole[n])or(abs(pole[j]-pole[n])=n-j) then exit;
newJ*:-true;
End;
{ }
Procedure ferz(n,m:integer; varpole:p);
Var i: integer;
185

 1.

C
(
/

newr "\
(n,pole) J

V(n,m,pole)y

new r=true

LJZJ
ferz
(l,m,poIe)

. 5.21. {),
()
{)
Begin
ifn=m+I then { m , }
begin
for i:=J to m do Write (pole[ij: 2);
WriteLn;
end
else
{ - }
for i:=I to m do {m }
begin
pole[nJ:=i; { - }
if new_r(n,pole)
{ }
thenferz(n'^l,m,pole); {
}
end;
End;
{ }
Begin
WriteLn('Beedume : *);
ReadLn(m);
186

5.
5.1

, ,

4x4

44 = 256

17

5x5

55 = 3125

54

10

6x6

66 = 46656

153

7x7

V = 823543

552

40

8x8

88=16777216

2057

92

:=0;
ferz(hmypole);
End,
new_r
( - ).
ferz . m
( ).
,
, . 5.1.

I. ,

. ,
.
,
.
2. ,
,
, .

187

6. ,
(
), , , : , ,
CD , -.
, , ,
.. Borland Pascal
MS DOS.

6.1. MS DOS
, .
MS DOS :

;
,
;

a-z, A-Z,
, , _
$;

,
, : PRN, CON, NUL, COMI, COM2, AUX, LPT1, LPT2,
LPT3.
Windows
, ,
.
Borland Pascal MS DOS.

, .
.
188

6. .

,
, :
, ~ ( );
PAS, BAS, -
, C++ .

* ?, *
, ? - , :
* - ;
*. - ;
??. PAS - PAS, ,
;
PRG1.* - PRG1;
*.* - .
MS DOS ,
().
.
, ,
.
, (
).

, .
,
.
, , .

, .. (),
. ,
(. 6.1).
. , ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
, .
.
\,
\,
. :
189

. 6.1.
\katl\kat3\
,
. :
c:\katl\ kat3\file5.dat

. ,
.
6.2. Borland Pascal
Borland Pascal
, : , ,
. .
,
. .
, ,
.
.

, ,
. -
. , 190

6. .

, ,
, .

- , -
, ,
.
, ,
.

-, ,
. . , :
CON - : , ;
1 - ;
NUL - ,
.

- ,
,
- .
.

(. 6.2).
Borland Pascal
,
,
(. 6.3).
.

< > =
Jile /< >;...
< > - , .

. 6.2.
191

 I.

r&i

~*/^|1text
. 6.3.
< >
,
/
(, ..).
- :
< > = text;...
,
.
:
< >

=/ile;...

.
Borland Pascal,
, :
Var

F1: file of real;

F2:file:
F3: text;...

:
FF =file of integer;
VarFLFF;.,.

. ,
-, :
FF ^file of integer;
Procedure Print (Var F1:FF);...

192

6. ,

:
-
;
-
/;
- -;
(
).
.
( )
.
Assign (Var f; sUstring) -
f, ,
St.
,
.
, :
FI1 = text;

Var flfifi:

FIl;

Assign (fl, Tl.dat'); {

}
Assign (f2, 'd:\iva\a.dat'): {
}
Assign(f3, VON'); { }
.
. Borland Pascal
. .
, ,
.
1. ReSet(VarJ) - ,
f .
(
).
.

, lOResult Word ,
(. ).
- lOResult,
:
193

 1.
Var f: file of char;
Begin
Assign(f, *a. dat * ) ; { }
{$ I'} { -}
ReSet (f); { }
{$ /+/ { }
iflOResult then WriteLn (' *);
else WriteLn('0awi *);...
2. ReWrite(VarJ) - ,
f, .
. ,
( ~ ).
.
3. AppEnd(Var fiiext) - ,
f, .

, , , , ,
.
,

:
INPUT - ;
OUTPUT - .
,
-. -
(. 2.6).

.
MS DOS
. - .
.
. ,
MS DOS,
< , -
> .
.
:
A:\>example.exe <a.dat >a.res - a.dat, a.rez.
194

. .
, crt
(. 8.1), - ,
.

.
- .
:
- ;
- ,
;
.
-
(. 6.3 - 6.5).
. , ,

Close(VarJ).
.
,
, , .
.
,
Assign
.
.
MS DOS Borland Pascal
,
.
1. ReName(Varf; name:string) -
, f.
name.
, ,
. -
.
2. Erase(Var J) -
.
, .
3. EOF(Var J):boolean - .
, .
.
TRUE, (
). , , ,
, , .
FALSE, .
195

 1.

, EOF -
. ,
. EOF
TRUE, , .
, EOF .
ASCII 26 (#26).
CTRL-Z. ,
, , ,
, .

4. IOResult(Var J): word -

/. ,
0.
{$!-}- /
.
5. Truncate(Var/) - ,
, ( ).
6. ChDir(path:string) - :
, path.
7. GetDir(drive:word: Var dir:string) -
, drive: -
; 1 - ; 2 - ..
8. MkDir(dir:string) - . dir
.
9. RmDir (dinstring) - .
.
63.
- ,
,
(. 6.4).

PI 2 | |

. 6.4.

196

6. .
, -
ASCII #13, #10. 13
, 10 -
. ,
ENTER.

,
(. 6.2). , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.

: , , .

.
,
,
, Borland Pascal.

.
1. EOLn( [Var J]): boolean - TRUE,
;
INPUT,
.
, EOLn, EOF, -
. ,
.
EOLN TRUE, #13.
EOLN TRUE,
#13.

2. Read( [Var f:text;] vl, v2,... vn) -

, .
CHAR, STRFNG,
.
INPUT.
CHAR
,
. 2.6,
, , .
,
#13, , - #26.
197

 L
STRING
,
,
. ,
, . Read
(. 2.6). , Read
,
, .
Read ,

, .

.
, -.
, ,
.
Read ReadLn
.
,
ENTER 127 ,
.
3. ReadLn( [Var f;] vl,v2, ,..,vn ) -
, . ,
Read,
,
ReadLn Read .
,
.
Read ReadLn
.
INPUT. ReadLn
Read .
Read
, ..
ENTER,
.
4. Write( [Var /] v7,v2, ...,vn ) -
.
- CHAR,
STRING, BOOLEAN, .
.

OUTPUT, .
198

6. .
:
<> [: <1> [: < 2> ]],
<1> <2> ,
2.6.
5. WriteLn( [Var /;] vl,v2, ...,vn ) ~

.
OUTPUT, .
Write,
, #13 #10.
WriteLn ,
(
).
6. SeekEOLn( [Var /] ):boolean -

TRUE .
, INPUT.
7. SeekEOF( [Var /]):boolean - ,

TRUE .
,
INPUT
.
6.1. ,
26 ,
, :

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
..
Program formjextjile;
Var
fitext;
{ }
:char; n,i:integer; fname,st:string[30];
Begin
WriteLnC '); ReadLn(fiiame);
Assign(f/name);
{ }
ReWrite(f);
{ }
Randomize;
{ }
199

 1.
for :='' to 'Z' do
begin

{ }

n:=Random(30)+l:
for i:=l to n do st:=st+a:
WriteLn(fySt); { }
WriteLn{st);
{ - }
end;
Close(f); { }
End,
,
(, ).
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, - ,
, .
6.2. ,
: , , ,
.

, ,
.
Program ex;
VarflJ2:text;
{ }
st.name: string;
Begin
WriteLnC :'); ReadLn(name);
Assign(fl,name); { }
{$!'}
{ }
Reset(fl);
{$
ifIOResult=0 then { }
begin
Assign(f2/temp.dat');
{ }
Rewrite(f2);
{ }
while not EOF(fl) do { }
begin
if SeekEOLn(fl) then ReadLn(flySt) { ,
}
200

6. .
else

begin
ReadLn(fl,st);
{ }
WriteLn(f2,st); { }
end;
end;
Close(fl);
{ }
Close(f2); { }
Erase(fl);
{ }
ReName(f2,name); { }
end
else WnteLn('0au/i .
*);
End

1. , ,
, . ,
,
, , #.
.
2. ,
. .
.
,
.
6.4.
- , ,
(. 6.5).
()
0. ,
,
.

1 2

. 6.5.
201

 1.

.
1. Read(Var /; 1, 2, ...,) -
.
, ,
. ,
-.
2. Write(Var f; cly 2 ...) -
.
, , .
3. Seek(Var f; numcomp:word) ~
numcomp.
4. FileSize(Var f):longint -
, .
Seek():
Seek(f, 512);,.,
5. FilePos(Var fi.iongint-
, -
.

, 0.

. ,

. , ,
,

.
.
(
), .

: ,
,
, , ,
, .
.
6.3. , ,
, .
, ,
( ),
.
202

6. .

Program ex;
Varfyflifile of char; { }
chyVchar;
j:longint;
name:strmg[8];
Begin
WriteLnC : *); ReadLn(name);
{ }
Asslgn(f, name-^\dat^); { }
ReWrite(f);
{ ()}
WriteLnC CTRL-Z:');
{ }
while not EOF do { CTRL-Z }
begin
ReadLn(ch); { }
Write(fyCh); { }
end;
WriteLn;
{ }
ReSet(P;
{ }
while not EOF(/) do
{ }
begin
Read(f,ch);
{ }
Write(cK ' ');
{ }
end;
WriteLn;
{ }
ReSet(f);
{ }
while not EOF(f) do
{ }
begin
Read(f,i);
{ }
Write(i,' ');
{ }
i:=chr(ord(i)+10); { }
WriteLn(i);
{ }
Seek(fyFUePos(f)'l); { }
Write(fyi);
{ }
end;
WriteLn;
{ }
ReSet(f);
{ }
/=0;
{ 0}
while not EOF(f) do
{ }
begin
203

 I,
Read(fJ); { }
Write(i);
{ }
Seek(fyFileSize(f)-FilePos(f)); {
}
Read(fyi); { }
Wnte(i);
{ }
j:=j+l:
{ }
Seek(fJ); {
}
end;
WriteLn;
WriteLnC : *); ReadLn(ch);
{ :
}
Close(f);
{ }
ReName(fyname-^\bak^); { }
ReSet(f);
{ }
Assign(fl,name+\dat');
{ }
ReWrite(fl);
{ }
{ - }
while not EOF(f) do
begin
Read(fyi);
{ }
ifioch
then Write(fJ,i); { ,
}
end;
Erase(f);
{ ,
, }
{ }
ReSet(fl);
{ }
while not EOF(fl) do
begin
Read(flyCh); { }
Write(ch ' ');
end;
WriteLn;
End
6.4. , ,
.
.
204

6. .
Program ex;
Type fam=record
{ }
ff:string[20]; {}
year:word;
{ }
month:L.12;
{ }
day:L,31
{ }
end;
Varf:file offam; { }
jbifam:
J: integer;
fffistring;
key;boolean;
Begin
Assign(f,'(udat'); { }
ReWrite(J);
{ }
WriteLnC CTRL-Z);
while not EOF do {, CTRL-Z}
begin
ReadLn(/b.ff, fb.year, fb.month, fb.day); { ,
,
Enter}
Write(fjb); { }
end;
Close(f);
{ }
WriteLnC ');
Readln(ffJ);
key;=false;
{ }
ReSet(f);
{ }
while (not EOF(f)) and (not key) do {
}
begin
Read(fjb);
{ }
iffbjf^fffthen
{ , }
begin { }
WriteLnCJlama: \fb.year,fb. month; 3,fb. day;3);
key;=true; { }
end;
end;
if not key then
{ }
WriteLn('Hem ) ; { }
Close(f); { }
end,
205

 I.
,
CHAR.
,
#13
#10.
6.5. ,
CHAR .
Program charjextjile;
Type ff=file of char; { - }
Var
/
{ }
a:char;
n,i: integer;
Jhame,st:string[30];
Begin
WriteLn('Beedume ');
ReadLn(fname);
Assign(ffname);
{ }
ReSet(f); { }
while not EOF(f) do { }
begin
St-'';

Read(f^a);
{ }
while (#13) and not EOF(f) do {
}
begin
st:='st+a; { }
Read(f,a);
{ }
end;
if not EOF(f) then Read(f,a); { #10}
WriteLn(st);
{ }
end;
Closeif);
End

1. , ,
: ,
, , .
, (
), .
, .
206

6, .
2. ,
-50 +120,
( 1 100),
.

.
3. .
, .
, .

.
6.5.
,
.
.
, /
.
, ,
.
,
ReSet Re Write.
recsize
. , 128 :
ReSet (Var f; [recsize:word\);
ReWrite(Var f; [recsize:word ] /
recsize - , 65535
.
, (512 ),
: 1024,2048.

,
, Read Write.
BlockRead BlockWrite.
1. BlockRead(Var f:file;Var buf; CounCword [;res:word] ) .
buf ,
. Count
ReSet .
207

 L
res
. - , ..
, res ,
2, BlockWrite(Var fifile; Var buf; Count:word [;res:word\) buf .
6.6, .
, ,
.
1, 2048 .

.
Program copir;
Const recs=1024; { }
Var y7,yi7.y/fe;{ }
buf: array [L.2*recs] of byte;
{ 2048 }
i:word;
namein,nameout: string;
Begin
WriteLnC - :');
ReadLn(namein);
{ }
Assign(fiynamein);
{$
ReSet(fiyl); { }
{$!+}
iflOResulto
then
begin
WriteLn(#7,' \namein);
Halt
end;
WriteLn - ');
ReadLn(nameout);
Assign(fo,nameout);
ReWrite(fOyl); { }
while not EOF(fi) do
begin
BlockRead(ft,buf,sizeof(buf),i);{ }
BlockWrite(fo,bufi);{ }
end;
Close(fi);
Close(fo)
End
208

6. .
6.6. DOS

Borland Pascal
MS DOS,
.
Dos Uses Dos,
, .
Dos
.
1. DiskFree((lrive:byte):LongInt-
drive . drive
: - , 1 - , 2 - ..
2. DiskSize(drive:byte):LongInt -
. drive ,
.
3. GetFTime(Var f; Var time:LongInt) -
f.
, .
4. UnPackTime (time:LongInt; Var DT:DateTime) -
time,
, DateTime, Dos
:
DateTime = record
year:
word; {}
month: word; {: 1..12}
day:
word;
{: 1..31}
hair:
word; {: 0..23}
min:
word;
{: 0..59}
sec:
word;
{: 0..59}
end;
5. PackTime(DT:DateTime;Var time:LongInt) -
DT DateTime time.
6. SetFTime(Varf; time:LongInt) -
; time -
.
7. GetFAttr (Varf; Var Attnword) -
, .
( , , ..)
.
. Attr.
209

 1.
Dos
1 :
Const

Readonly
Hidden
Sysfile
VolumelD
Directory
Archive
Anyfile

= $01:
= $02;
= $04;
= $08;
= $10;
= $20;
= $3F;

{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }

, ,
, :
GetFAttr(fMrF);
if Lo(AttrF) && Readonly oO then
WriteLn('0am '' '**);
8. SetFAttr(Var f; Attr:word) -
.
9. FSearch(path:PathStr; DirList:s(rlng):PathStr -
, path,
;
;. , .
\0. FSpllt(patlt:PathStr; Var DinDlrStr; Var name:NameStr;
Var Ext:ExtStr) - , path,
. . dir, name
ext.
.
11. FExpand(path:PathSrt):PathStr -
. ,
.
6.7. ,
Dos :
;
;
.
Program fundos; { dos}
Uses dos,crt;
Var fiJo:text;
{ }
, i:word;
tinte,size:longint;
date:DateTime;
patltf:DirStr;
namef:NameStr;
extfiExtStr;
atribyte; { }
name:string;
210

6. .
Begin
ClrScr;
WriteLnf' :');
ReadLn(name);
Assign(fhname);
{$!-} ReSet(ft);{$!+} { name}
iflOResulto
Othen
begin
WriteLn(#7, * \namej;
Halt;
end;
GeiFTime(fiyiime);
{ }
UnPackTifne(time,date); { }
WriteLn(^ama = \date.year:5,date.month:3, date,day:3);
WriteLnC = \dateMour:3,date,min:3ydate.sec:3);
with date do
begin year:=200J; month: =3; day: =8
end;
PackTime(date,tinte); { }
SetFTime(fi,time); { }
WriteLn(*oce : ');
WriteLn('dama = \date,year:5,date,month:3,date.day:3);
WriteLn(*pe =\date.hour:3,date,min:3,date,sec:3);
FSplit(nameypathf,namef,extJ); { }
WriteLn(*ooe =\pathf:25,namef:J2,extf:8);
GetFAttr(ft,k);
{ }
atr:=lo(k);
WriteLnC \atr);
size: =DiskFree(l);
WriteLn(*Ceo6odHoe \size:10, * ');
Close(fi);
End
:
:
c:\iva\primer.pas\file\primer.txt
= 2001 3 7
= 10 47 22

= 2001 3 8
= 10 47 22
= c:\iva\primer.pas\file\
32
9104

primer .txt

211

?

,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
.
, , .
,
. Borland Pascal
, ,
, .
,
, .

MS DOS.

7.1.
,
Intel ,
. ,
.
, .
, .
2 , ~ 4 , - 16 .
+
(. 7.1).
5 ( ) +
AQ^ (),
212

7.

Intel
( i8086)
, 16. 0 1 2 3 4 5
,

,
.
. 7.1.
,
+
64
, 16 (0,16,32, ), .
.
.
16 ().
,
(. 7.2), 20 2^^
1 .
2^^-1, 64 .
, 64
, .
.
, Pascal,
Windows, + .

,
. : ,
. .
.
:
,
, -, -
- .. (.
5.6).

:
16

CS - ;
DS - ;
SS - .

0000

20
. 7.2.

213

 1.


(. 7.3).
Borland Pascal
-
.
word

. 7.3.

.
: .
,
.
, ,
.
. 7.4.
:
tpi=4nteget;
Varpi.tpi;

{ }
{ }

:
Varpi: ^integer; { }
,
.
pointer. :
Var:pointer;...
- ,
.
:
= ^;
{ person !}
= record
{ person}
: string:
next: ;
end;...

-<

. 7.4.
<
>
214

,
,
nil. nil
.
.

,

7.
,
- nil. :
Constp:^real=nil;...
.
.
,
nil.
.
:
Var

1, 2: ^integer;
: ^real;
: pointer;

{ }
pJ:=p2; :=; 1:=; pl:=nil; :=;
( }
:=2; pJ:=p3;,..
. ,
- @ ( ) -
. - pointer,
.
:
Var i.integer;
pi: ^integer;...
pi:=@i; { pi i}
( ).
, '^.
, .
.
:
j:=pi^; {] ,
pi}
pi^:=pi^-^2; { , pi,
2}
. 7.1 , .
215

 1.
1

pi

Const i:integer=];
Var pi: ^integer;

1
1
?

1 ^ 1

i
pi

pi

\1

pi:=@i;

N'1

pi^:^pi^j^2;

pi
i

1 1

pi

\1
\ .

,
pi, 2

1 3 1
pi:-nil;

pi

0 1
\|

pi

I ^1
.
(=) (< >).
.
:
sign:=pl=p2; { sign
true false }

ifplonil

then ... { }

,
. , ppi
:
216

7.
Const i:integer^ 1;
Var pi: integer;
ppi: ""pi;

ppi

\
\

pi

pi:=@i;
ppi:=@pi; ...

\
\

i
1

. 7.5.

TO ,
. 7.5.
i

. ppi^^

integer 1.
, .
,
.
1. ADDR(x): pointer - ,
, , .
, @.
2. SEG(x): word -
.
3. OFS(x): word- .
4. CSEG: word-
CS - .
5. DSEG: word-
DS - .
6. PTR(seg,ofs:word):pointer -
seg ofs.

. ,

, .
,

.
.
,
,
.
:
Var L:longint;
{ }
1:^[1..4] of byte; { 4 }
k:byte;
217

 J.
Begin
1:423456789;
P1:=@L; { @ }
:^1^[1]: { L,
,
}
,
, ,
.
7.2.

.
~ .
,
. ,
200 ... 300 , . 7.6.
(GooTBeTCTBeHHO, ,
.)
Borland Pascal,
:
HeapOrg - ;
HeapEnd - ;
HeapPtr - !0^
.

, .
1. New (Var < >) -
-.
.

. 7.6.
218

7.
:
Varpi: ^integer; ...
New(pi); { pi ,
}
2. New (<^ >^;/7<?/^~
.
.
:
tpi: ^integer;
Varpi:tpi; ...
pi:- New(tpi); {pi ,
}

New, New.
3. Dispose ('< >^ -
, .
:
Dispose(pi);...
,
nil, , .
New Dispose
-
.
:
, -
.

.
4. / (Varp:pointer)- HeapPtr
, .
5. UpoiXQjxypa. Release (Var p:pointer) -
, , Mark.
:
new(pl);
new(p2);
mark(p);
new(p3);
219

 J.
new(p4);
release(p);.,.
. Dispose Release ,
Release ,
Dispose.

,
.
6. GetMem (Var p:pointer; size:word) -
, size (
64),
pointer . ,
,
, .
7. SizeOf(x): word-
.
8. FreeMem (p:pointer; size:word) -
, GetMem.
,
, ,
.
.
.

.
9. Maxavail: longint ~
.
10. Memavail: longint -
- .

.
,
, ,
Heapfunc:=l, :
Function HeapFuncfsize: word) : integer; far;
begin HeapFunc: =7; end;

, HeapFunc:
HeapError:=@HeapFunc; ...
,
New GetMem ,
220

7.

nil, .
,
.
7.1.
( < 10000, m < 10000, nxm ^ 50000).
nxm (real)
= 300000 , 64 , ,
.
nxm,
4xnxm = 200000 , 64 .

ptrstr ( ),
-
(. 7.7).
64000/4 =
= 16000 . ^
, 64000/6 = 10677
real, .. , .
, ,
(1^).

.

1, j .
, - Seg(ptrstr[i]), ,
,
- Ofs(ptrstr[i]), j-1
- (j-l)xSizeOf(real).
-,
^eal.

I I
I I
JiL

I IZI
I I ZE

hid

>!

. 7.7.

221

 1.
Program exjargejnas;
Const =76000; { }
Var iJ,n,m:word; s.real;
ptrstr: array[L.nn] of pointer; {
}
tpreal=^real;
{ }
Function AddrR(iJ :word) :tpreal:
begin
AddrR: =Ptr(Seg(ptrstr[i]''), OfsfptrstrfiJ'^)+(/-1) *SizeOf(real))
end;
{ }
function heapfunc(size:word):integer; far;
begin heapfunc:^!; end;
{ }
begin
Randomize;
heaperror:=@heapfunc; {
}
WriteLnC ,');
ReadLn(n,m);
for i;=] to do
begin
GetMem(ptrstrfiJ,m*sizeof(real));{
}
ifptrstr[ij=nil then
{ ,}
begin
{ }
WriteLnC ^,');
forj:'==l to i'l do
FreeMem(ptrstr[j]ym*sizeof(real)); {
}
Halt(2);
end;
forj:=l to m do AddrR(iJ)\'=Random; { ,
}
end;
s;=0;
for i;==I to n do forj:=l to m do s:=s + AddrR(ij)^;
WriteLn('3Ha4eHue =\s;15:10);
WriteLn(VpedHee =\s/(n*m):]5:J0);
for i:=] to n do FreeMem(ptrstr[iJ,m*SizeOf(real)); {
}
End
222

7.
7.3.
,
,
.
,
.

. :
,
(. 7.8, );
, ,
- (. 7.8, );
,
, (. 7.8, ).
()
(. 7.8, ).

(. 7.8, ).
, , , ,

. -

"l

J^

"

^1 ^ ^ 3

^4

. 7.8. :
- ; - ; - ; - ; -

223

 I.
, (
) .
,
. : ,
, ,
.
:
-
, ,
nil (. 7.9, )\
-
,
(. 7.9, );

" ^

^^^^

I3HIIB*C

. 7.9. :
- ; 5- ;
- ; - ; - -

224

7.
-
, ^
, -
nil (. 7.9, );
-
,
,
- (. 7.9, );
' -
, nil (. 7.9, ).
, ,

:
= ^element;
{ }
element = record
name: string[16]; { 1}
telefon:string[7]; { 2}
: ;
{ }
end;
,
:
= ^element;
{ }
element = record
name: stringfldj; { 1}
telefon:string[7]; { 2}
prev: ;
{ }
next: ;
{ }
end;
-
.
,
,
)^ nil, .
, , ,
, ..
, :
Varfirst, last, q: ;...

, .
225

 1.

.
7.4.

, ,
:
,
;
,
.
,
,

.
.
,
.
.
:
tpel=^element; { }
element^record
num:mteger; {}
p:tpel;
{ }
end;
-
-,
:
Varfirst,
{ - }
n,f,q:tpel; { }
:
first :^ml;
.

.
.

:
226

7.
,
;
;
( )
;
.

,
nil:
new(first);
first ^.:=5;
first \:^;

{ }
{ }
{ nil }

. 7.10
.
.

,
(. 7.11):
new(q);
{ }
q^.num:=4; { }
q\p:=first; {
}
first: =q; ... { }
( ).
,
,
first

first

first:-nil:

first

I
I I
\ new(first):
= ^

first

\ S \ I
%
^ =5;
first :

I 5 101
"%
first ; =//;

. 7.10.
:
- ; - ;
- ; - nil

227

 I.
first

1=^

first

to

new(q);

q\ : =4;

first

first

q\p:=^first;

. 7.11.
:
- ; - ; - ;
, -

(. 7.12). f- ,
- , :
new(q):
{ }
q\num:=3; { }
q\p:='n;
{
}
f".p:^q;
... {
}

,
-

f^.p:
new(q);
q\num:=3;
q\p:=f\p;
f^.p:=q;

228

{ }
{ }
{
}
... {
}

7.
first

first

JL

8~rg1
q

Dn34ZI34 8T0I

first

1XEEW3IEHX1S)
q^.num:=3;

I 3 I

.=;

T O

first

f^-p-q:

. 7.12. ( ):
- ; - ;
- ; , -

.
, (. 7.13):
new(q):
q\num:=7;
q\p:=nil;
f^.p:=q;...

{ }
{ }
{ nil}
{
}
229

 1.
first
first

'

801
new(q);

first

I I

q mwi: = 7;

L~i-JI

//?; =^;

first

ixr34zi3bzz
^;?; ==//;

. 7.13. :
- ; ~ ;
- ; .-

, ,
nil:
new(q);
{ }
q^Mum:=7; { }
q^.p:=f^.p; {
nil}
f^.p:=q; ... {
}
230

7.
,
.
7.2, ,
, . ,
. - CTRL-Z (
).
:
,
:
ReadLn(a);
new(first);
{ }
first \:=;
{ }
first \:=;
{ nil , }
while not EOF do
begin
ReadLn(a);
new(q);
{ }
q\num:-a;
{ }
q^.p:-first; {
}
first:=q; { }
end; ...
7.3. ,
, .
, . - CTRL-Z (
).

,
, , nil
:
ReadLn(a);
new(first);
first \:=;
f:=first;

{ }
{ }
{f - ,
}

while not EOF do

begin
ReadLn(a);
new(0;
{ }
q\num:-a;
{ }
231

 1.
f\p:=q;
f:-f\p;
end;
q\p:=nil;

{
}
{ }
(
nil}

, ,
:
ReadLn(a);
new(first);
first ^.:=;
f:-first;

{ }
{ }
{f- ,
}

while not EOF do

begin
ReadLn(a);
new(f\p);
{ }
f:-f^'P;
{ }
f\num:=a;
{ }
end;
f\p:=nil; .. {
nil}
7.4. , ,
, , .
, . ~
CTRL-Z ( ).
, , ,
:
, , .
, .
new(first);
{ }
ReadLn(first \nuin); { }
first\p:=nil;
while not EOF do
begin
new(q);
{ }
ReadLn(q\num); { }
if q\num<first\num then {
, }
232

7.
begin
{ }
q\p:=first;
firsU-q;
end
else
( }
begin
n:-first;
{ }
f:-first;
{ }
flag:^false;
{" "}
{ }
while (n\ponil)
and (not flag) do
begin
n:=n\p; { }
if q^,num<n\num then { }
begin
{ }
q\p:^f\p;
f''>p:^q;
y7ag;=/rwe; {" "}
end
elsef:-n;
{ }
end;
if not flag then { , }
begin
{ }
q\p:-nil;

f\p:^q;
end;
end;
end;
.

:
f:-=first;
while fonil do
begin
< f>
end;

...

:
233

 I.
f:=first;
while fonil do
begin
WriteLn(f\num, * *);
end; ...
.
, , ,
, ,
, :

fi^flrst;
flag:--false;
while (fonil) and (not flag) do
begin
iff \num=k then flag:^notflag
elsef:^f\p;
end;
if flag then < >
else < >; ...
.
:
;
( ) ;
, ;
.
.
,
,
, nil first (. 7.14):
first
^

234

first

'

'

first
[1]

Dispose(first);
first:^nil; ...

*
( Disposefflrst); first: ^; ) .

"^
. 7.14.
f, :

- ; -
; - nil


(. 7.15):

7.
first

rJL

f:^firsi\p;

first
iiiM

- ,1

first

TT0l
Dispose(first):
e

0
first: =/

. 7.15. ( )
:
- ; -
; - ; -

f:='first\p;
( }
Dispose(first); { }
first:"=/; ...
(
}

:
qfirst;
first :=first\p;
Dispose(q);...
, ( ).
, ,
,
(. 7.16).
n:=f^,p;
f^,p:=n\p;

( }
(
}
Dispose(n); ... ( }
235

 L
first

first

.
,


nil:
n:=f^p;
f\p:=nil;
Dispose(); ...

n-.^f'^.p;

,
first
f
n
,
nil.
9";?80]

,

f\p:=n\p;

.
7.5.
first
f
,

7TT]
"801 .

Dispose(n);

, ,

. 7.16. ,
,
( ):
:
- ; -

; -

; -
-
;
-
.
, true, ,
- false.

n.-'^Jirst;

nft:=true;
{ }
repeat
ifn^.num<kthen
begin
236

7.
ifnft then { }
begin { }
q:^firsi;
first:=first^.p;
Dispose(q);
n:-first; { }
end
else
{}
begin
{ }
q:^n;
:-\; { }
188(;

f\p:^n;
end
end
else { }
begin
f:-n;
{ }
:-\;
{ }
nft:='not nft { }
end;
until n-nil;...
{ }

1. ,
#, ,
.
.
2. ,
#, :
XI + ^; 2 + Xj,.,; + .2; ... ^ + ,.
, .
3. ,
. . . ,
, . . .
.
, .
237

 L
7.5.
()
, ,
,
.
,
.
, - . ,
, ,
, - . ,
, (. 7.17).
-
. ,
.
.
, .
:

, .

.
, :
, ,
-
.

.

. 7.17.
238

7.
.
:
topjptr-^top;
{ }
top=recorci
value:integer; {}
left,
{ }
right:top_ptr; { }
end;

, :
Var root,
{ - }
pass, next, q:topjptr; { }
- :
root:=nil;
.
. , {5, 2, 8, 7, 2, 9,
1, 5}. 5 (. 7.18, ).
2 , ,
(. 7.18, ). 8
, (. 7.18, ).
7 , , ,
, .
7 - 8.
, -

5
i2)

. 7.18. :
( - ) ()

239

 I.
(. 7.18, ).
. 7.18, .
, ,
: , ,
, , , ,
:
{ }
new(q); { }
with q^ do { }
begin value:=;
left:=nil;
right:=nil;
end;
{ }
pass:=root;
{ }
while passonil do { }
begin next:=pass; { -}
if q\value<pass^.value then pass: =pass\left
{}
elsepass:^pass^,right; {}
end;
{ }
if q\value<next\value then
{ }
next\left:=q
{ }
else next^.right:=q;
{ }
^ ,
.

.
Procedure Add(Var r:top_ptr; pass:top_ptr);
begin
ifr=nil then r:=pass { , }
else { }
if (pass\ value<r\value) then Add(r\ left,pass)
else Add(r^.right,pass);
end;...
.
:
.
, ,
. - .
, . , 240

7.

7
(. 7.19).
,
,
.

( )
:

^ ^.^
'^"'-li'l "P""!L!!f'^ "

pass:^root;
flag:=false;
while (passonil)

{ }
{ }
and not flag do {
}
ifn=pass^.value thenflag:^'true { }
else
ifn<pass\value then pass:-pass\left
{}
else pass:-pass\right; {}
(/[;7ag rAew < >
else < > ...

, .
,
true, , false ~ .
pass:
Function Find(r:topj>tr; Varpass:topj)tr; n:integer):boolean;
Begin
ifr^nil then Find:=fiilse { }
else
ifn=r^.value then
begin
Find:-true; { }
pass:=r;
{ }
end
else
ifn<r^.value then
Find:^Find(r^Jefl,n) {}
else Find: =Find(r^.right,n); {}
End;

, :
241

 1.

. 7.20. :
- ; -

if Find(r,pass,n) then < , pass>

else < > ...
.
(. ).
, :
() - (. 7.20);
(. 7.21, ):
,
, (. 7.21, );
(. 7.22, ):
,
, .
:
,
(. 7.22, ).

(: - , - ).

. 7.21. :
-> ; -

242

7.

. 7.22. :
- - ;
- ;
-

Procedure Delete(var : topj)tr; : integer);

{
. : -
, q - }
Procedure delfvar r:topj)tr; q:topj)tr);
Var ql:topj)tr;
begin
ifr\right=^nil then
{ }
begin
q\value:-r\value; { }
{ }
r:-r\left;
{
}
Dispose(ql);
end
{ }
else del(r\right,
End;
Var q:topj)tr;
begin
ifr=nil then WriteLnCeem *)
else
{ }
243

 L
if k<r\value

then
{ , }
Delete(r\lefUk)

else
ifk>r^.value then
{ , }
Delete(r\right,k)
else
begin { , }
{ }
ifr\right=nil then { }
begin
r:=r\left;
188(;
end
else
ifr\left=nil
begin

then { }

r:=r\ right;
188(;
end
else { }
del(r^Jeft,r);
end
End;...
.
,
.
, , .
:
, ,
.. (. 7.23).
7.6.



.


,
. 7.23.

.
244

7.
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
Program Sort4;
Type topjptr^^top; { " "}
top=record
{ )
value:integer;
{ }
left, right:top_ptr; { }
end;
Var next number: integer;
n pass:topj)tr;
{ }
{ }
Procedure AddfVar r:top_ptr; pass: top_ptr);
begin
ifr=nil then r:=pass { , }
else { }
if (pass\value<r\value) then Add(r^.left,pass)
else Add(r\right,pass);
end;
{ - }
procedure Tree(r:top_ptr);
begin
ifronilthen
begin { }
Tree(r\left);
{ }
Write (revalue: 4); { }
Tree(r\right);
{ }
end;
end;
{ }
begin
{ }
WriteLnC ');
:=;
Read(nextjiumber);
while not EOF do
245

 L
begin
new (pass); { }
withpass^do { }
begin
value: -nextjiumber;
left: =nil;
right: ==nil;
end;
Add(r, pass); { }
Readfnextjiumber)
end;
ReadLn;
WnteLnCCopmupoeaHuan :);
Tree(r);
End

.
.
.
.
,
(. 7.24, , ),
(+1)/2 , , , ,
{\),

(. 7.24, ). (Iog2 4-1)/2 ,
. . Ocp(Iog2 ).
.
, ,
, ,
. : -1 , 1 - (

. 7.24. :
, - ; -

246

7.
). [(-1)+1]/2 ;
-1 , (-1)/2 , OyivP-),
.
(log2 (-1 )+1)/2;
, (-1), 0^p(nlog2 ).

. ,

, .. 2. ,
0().
0^,( Iog2 ).

1. ,
: ,
, , , , , .
,
(. 4.6),
10, 100, 1000 .
2.
, 300 .
, .
7.6. .

,
, ,
, ,
, (
, ..).

,
.
, . ,
,
(+1,5)(-10)(+5)/(.)
, . 7.25
( ^).
247

 I.

\^ v^ v^ ^ \^

@000
. 7.25.

:
) , ,
,
( ,
);
) , :
,
;
)
..
,
,
.
: ,
, , .
:
- ,

,
- ,
, - ,
.

,
, ,
sin X In X. ,
,
.
. 7.26.
(x+l,5)*cos(2*x+5), ,

,
,
.
7.26.

248

7.
7.7.
, . (
,
.)
,
:
, - ,
:
- -- .
Constr_Tree
:
.
: ,
.
: ,
.
, Set_Of st.

Count.
. ,
, ,
.., ; Count
Key=false.
Program ex;
Type setChar=set of char; { }
str80=strmg[80]; { 80 }
='^;
{ }
Top=record
{ }
operator:string[5];
{ }
value:single;
{ }
lefUrighUpTop; { }
end;
Var st:str80;
{ - }
Root:pTop;
{ }
:1; { }
x,xn,xe,dx,y:single; {,
, }
n,i:word;
{ }
{
st}
Procedure Constr_Tree(r:pTop;st:str80);
Var next.'pTop; SetOp:setChar; po,code:integer;
stlstri:str80; :single;
249

 1.
{ st:
SetOp - ;
0}
Function PosOp(st:str80;SetOp:setChar):byte;
Var ij,k,p:byte;
begin
j:=0;k:=0;p:=0;i:=l;
while (7<= length(st)) and (p'=0) do
begin
ifst[ij= Y* ^hen inc(j) {
}
else ifst[i]'=')' then inc(k) {
}
else ifQ'^k) and (st[i] in SetOp) thenp:=i;
inc(i):
end;
PosOp:=p;
end;
{ }
Begin
po:='PosOp(st,[*+ \'- 7' { + -}
ifpo=0 thenpo;=PosOp(st,f'*\ /']); {
* /}
ifpo=0 thenpo:=PosOp(st,f'^*J);{ '^}
ifpooO then
{ }
begin
\operator: =st[]; { }
stl:=copy(st,l,po-l);
{ }
if(stlf]J= ) and (PosOpfstlJ'"' \ V\ \'.; '^ 7>= then
stl:=copy(stl,2,length(stl)-2);
{ }
stri:=copy(st,po-^lJength(st)'poJ;
{
}
if(stri[l]= ' and (PosOpfstriJ'* \ 7\ \'-', '^'])^0) then
stri:=copy(stri,2Jength(stri)'2); { }
new(r^.left);
{ }
Constrjrree(r\left,stl);
{ }
new(r^.right);
{ }
Constr_Tree(r^,right,stri); { }
end
else
ifst[lj= '' then {}
begin
r^.operator: = 'x\'
250

7.
r4eft:=nil;
r^.right:=ml;
end
else
begin
val(st,c,code); { }
if code=0 then {}
begin
\:^';
r\left:=nil;
r\right:^nil;
r^. Value :=";
end
else
{}
begin
po:=Pos('(\st);
r^.operator:-copyfst, 1 ,pO'J); { }
r^.right:^nil;
stl:=copy(st,po+l,length(st)^pO'l);
{
}
new(r^Jeft);
Constr_Tree(r\left,sd); { }
end;
end;
end;
{ :
Key=false, }
Function Count(r:pTop;x:single;Var key:boolean):single;
Var s,sl: single;
begin
if not key then
{ }
begin
Count:=0;
exit;
end;
ifr\operator='o'
then
Count:^rWalue {}
else
if r^.operator^ 'x' then
Count: =x
{ x}
else
case r\ operator[1] of
*+ V Count:=Count(r^Jeft,x,key)'^Count(r^.right,x,key);
251

 I.
'-V Count:=Count(r^Jeft,x,key) - Count(r^.nght,x,key);
'* V Count: ^Count(r^.left.x,key) *Count(r^.nght,x,key);
V begin
s: =Count(r^, rightyX, key);
ifabs(s)<le'10
then { }
begin
Count: "=0; key:=false;
end
else Count: =Count(r^Jeft,x,key)/s;
end;
'^\' begin
s: =Count(r\ left.x, key);
si: =Count(r^,nght,x,key);
ifsoO then
Count: =exp(sl *ln(abs(s)))
else
if s 1=0 then Count:=1
else Count: =0;
end;
's': Count: =sin(Count(r\left,x,key));
*cV Count: =cos(Count(r\left,x,key));
else
{ }
begin
Count:=0;
Key:=false;
end
end
end;
{ }
Begin
WriteLnC :);
ReadLn(st);
Write (' xn, xe, n: ) ;
ReadLn(xn,xe,n);
new (Root);
Constr_ Tree(RootySt);
dx:=(')/(' 1);
WritelnC X V
y);
x:=xn;
for i:=l to n do
begin
key:=true;
y: =Count(Root,x, key);
252

7.
if key then
WnteLn(x:6:3,y:20:3)
else
WriteLn(x:6:3/ ');
x:=X'^dx;
end;
End

1. ,
,
: cos, tg, ctg, ^ . .
2.
.
3. ,
.

8.
MS DOS

MS DOS .
- , .
: , ,
-,
, , -. .
-
, BIOS ( -)
MS DOS.
Borland Pascal MS DOS
, Crt,
Graph Dos.

8.1.
,
,
,
. ,
,
, .

.
.
.
, .
. Borland Pascal
, MS DOS, .. ,
25 80 .
254

8, MS DOS

[)

'

T j [
:

0
V

I


. 8.1.
,
, 2 ,
:
ASCII,
;
,
(. 8.1).
},

. i ^
1, .
. ,
, .
:
(ci ,
1) - (. 8.1).

255

 1.
8.1
,

1^
0
0
0
0
0
0

()

g
()

b
()

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

1
0
1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

-
-
-
-

crt .
crt .
- .
25x80 .

, .

Write WriteLn .
:
#7 - ;
#8 - ;
#10 - (
, );
#13 - .

256

8, MS DOS

yi

25
. 8.2.

, .

(. 8.2).
crt
.
1. Window(xl, 1, 2, y2:word) - .

(1, 1) (2, 2) .
crt :
WindMiUy WindMax:

word.

, 1
hi, :
xl-Lo(WmdMin) ] =Hi(WindMin) x2-Lo(WindMax) y2==Hi(WindMax) -

;
;
;
.

.
2. TextColor(color:byte) -
.
3. TextBackGround(color:byte) -
.
TextColor TexfflackGromid ,
crt:

257

 1.
Black = 0;
Blue = 1;
Green-2;
Cyan = 3;
Red-4;
Magenta = 5;
Brown = 6;
LightGrey =7;
Blink -128;

{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{-}
{}

DarkGrey = 8;
{-}
LightBlue = 9;
{-}
LightGreen = 10; {-}
LightCyan = / / ;
{-}
LightRed-12;
{}
LightMagenta = 13; {}
Yellow = 14;
{}
White = 75;
{}

TextAttr:word,

(TextAttr div 16) mod S,

a
TextAttr mod 16.
4. ClrScr - ,
. .
, .
,
.
5. WltereX:word -
.
6. WhereY:word -
.
7. GotoXY(x,y:word) -
X .
ctr ,
(, ).
8. DelLine - .
9. InsLine - ,
.
10. ClrEol - .
8.1.
, <10.
, . 8.3.
.
, , .
,
. .
.
258

8. MS DOS

:5

1 '*
'
25

!.
57

-48

34

69
- . ^:

' ^^ - :

-!-J'' ..' ', U.

''

,. s-s^^ir.

=27.2
,. ,

',<**''

. 8.3.

.
.
.
Program ex;
Uses Crt;
Var a:array[L JO] of integer;
XyClx,nJ:integer; s:real;
Begin
ClrScr;
{ }
Window(20,3,50,5); { }
TexiAitr:=16+7; { - }
ClrScr;
{ }
GotoXY(2,2);
{ }
Write(*Beedume : *); { }
ReadLn(n);
{ }
dx:^(80'(n^l)*3)divn;
:=0;
s:=0;
TextAttr:=2*I6-^14; { }
for i:=I tondo
begin :-+3;
Window(x,7^+dx,9); { }
ClrScr;
{ }

259

 I.
GotoXY(2,2); { }
ReadLn(a[i]); { }
s:=s+afij;
x:=x-^dx;
end;
TextAttr:=4*16+14; { }
Window(18ylly53J3); { }
ClrScr;
{ }
GotoXY(3,2); { }
Write('CpedHee = \s/n:5:2);
ReadLn;
{ Enter}
Wmdow(l, 1,80,25); { }
TextAttr:=7;
{ }
ClrScr;
{ }
End.
8.2.
- ,
- .
/,
- ,
.
-,
.
- , ,
. .
- (<-, , ->, i .
Home, End, Tab, Page up. Page down), (Del, Backspace),
(Ins, Caps lock, Num lock, Scroollock),
(Esc, Break, Fl, F2, F3, ..., FI2) ..
.
- Shift, Ctrl Alt.
. ,

, Shift-a
.
400 ,
.
/ BIOS (
-) BIOS .
260

8. MS DOS
,
256, , ,
1 (. 2),
, .
,
ASCII, , :
, - scan- (. 3).
-
Read ReadLn, ASCII
BIOS .
.
Read ReadLn ,
, ,
, ( #13, #10).
crt ,
.
1. KeyPressed: boolean - true,
, false - BIOS ;
, ;
2. ReadKey:char - BIOS
, ,
.
ReadKey
: , - scan-:
chl:=ReadKey; { }
ifchl=#0 then ch2:=ReadKey; { =0, }
8.2.
. Esc.
Program ex;
Uses crt;
Var cl,c2:char;
Begin
repeat cl:=ReadKey;
{ }
ifcl=W then
{ }
begin
c2:=ReadKey;
{ scan-}
WriteLn(ord(cl):5, ord(c2):5) { }
end
else WriteLn(ord(cl):5)
{ ASCII}
until c7 =#27;{ Esc}
End.
261

 1.
. ReadKey
BIOS

/
,
1 -
scan-, ,
1 - Caps Lock
~"2 ~
,
1 - Num Lock
.
1 - Scroll Lock

1 - Alt
BIOS
1 - Ctrl

1 - Shift |
(. 8.2),
1 - Shift | $0:$417.

Mem:array of byte, :
Mem[$0:$4J7],
;
8.2

Var KeyState.byte absolute $0:$417;... .

8.3.

crt ,
.
\. Sound (f:word) - .
, :
- 330 , - 349 , 370 , 392 , 415 , 440 ,
466 , 494 , 523 , 554 , 588 , 622 , ,
- 660 . .
2. NoSound - .
3. Delay (Uword) -
, .


, Delay ,
.
, .
4. GetTime (VarHour, Minute, Second, SeclOO:word) -
. Dos.
8.3. .

.
262

8. MS DOS
Program ex;
Uses Crt;
Const f: array[L.13] of word = (330, 349, 370, 392, 415, 440,
466, 494, 523, 554, 588, 622, 660);
Var i:byte;
Begin for i:=l to 13 do
begin
Sound(f[i]);
forf^l
to 5000 do Delay(lOOO); { ?!}
NoSound;
end;
End.
,
,
GetTime:
Program ex;
Uses Crt, Dos;
Procedure NewDelay(dTime:word);
Var key:boolean;
Hour, Min, Sec, SeclOO, MyHour, MyMin, MySec, MySeclOO: Word;
Begin
GetTime(Hour, Min, Sec, Sec100); { }
{ }
MySeclOO:^SeclOO+dTime; MySec:=Sec+MySecl00 div 100;
MySeclOOc^MySeclOO mod 100;
MyMin:=Min-^MySec div 60;
MySec:=MySec mod 60;
MyHour:-Hour-^MyMin div 60; MyMin:=MyMin mod 60;
key:=false;
while not key do { }
begin
GetTime(Hour, Min, Sec, Seel00); { }
{, }
if (>) or ((=) and ((Min>MyMin) or
((Min-MyMin) and ((Sec>MySec) or
((Sec^MySec) and ((SeclOO>^MySeclOO)))))))
then key:=true;
end
End;
Const f array[L.13] of word = (330, 349, 370, 392, 415, 440,
466, 494, 523, 554, 588, 622, 660);
Var iibyte; j:integer;
263

8. - MS DOS
{ }
Const menu:array[L,4] ofwin=
((xl:5:yl:4;x2:15;y2:4;text: 'new '),
(xl:5;yl:5;x2:15;y2:5;text: 'open'),
(xl:5;yl:6;x2:15;y2:6;text: save'),
(xl:5;yl: 7;x2:15;y2:7;text: 'exit'));
{ }
Procedure DrawWin(w:win;attr:byte);
Begin
with w do
begin
TextAttr:=attr;
{ }
Window(xl,1 ,2,2); { }
Clrscr;
{ }
GotoXY(2,l);
{ }
Write(text);
{ }
end;
End;
{ npos}
Procedure DrawMenu(npos: integer);
Begin
Clrscr;
for i:=l to 4 do
ifi=npos then DrawWin(menu[i],94) { }
else Draw Win (menufij, 30);
{ }
End;
{ }
Begin
npos:=I; { }
DrawMenu(npos); { }
repeat
chl: =ReadKey; ifchl =#0 then ch2: =ReadKey;
case chl of
W: case ch2 of
#72: begin
{ }
ifnpos>l then { }
bemi
DrawWin(menu[npos],30); {
}
npos:=npos-l; { }
DrawWm(menu[npos]y94); { }
end;
end;
265

 L
Begin for i:=l to 13 do
begin
Sound(f[i]):
NewDelay(50);
NoSound;
end;
End
8.4. .
,
,
.
1 (>1<, ,
-^, <-\ .
Enter.

.
Esc.
8.4. : new,
open, save, exit. ,
.
(. 8.4). exit
Esc.
:
;
.

.
25x80 MS
DOS.
Program ex;
1
5
15
8(
Uses crt;
1
Var nposJ: integer;
--!..,
4
; :'-i'f;;'; '
chlyCh2:char;
Type
open
'-^^:;: , \
win=record {
save
exit
}
7
xI,yJ,x2,y2:word; {
-;
}
'' V:-'-^^'''''25
text:string[8]; {
}
. 8.4.
end;
.W.,,,...;

264

 1.
#80: begin
ifnpos<4 then { }
begin
DrawWin(menu[npos],30); {
}
npos:=npos-^l;
{ }
DrawWin(menu[npos]y94); { }
end;
end;
end; {case }
#13: begin
Window(U,80y25);
TextAttr:=7;
ClrScr; { }
case npos of
1: begin
Write (' \ menu[npos].text);
ReadLn;
end;
2: begin
Write(*BbinonHeH \ menu[npos].text);
ReadLn;
end;
3: begin
WriteC \ menu[npos],text);
ReadLn;
end;
end; {case}
DrawMenu(npos); { }
end;
end; {case}
until (ch]=#27) or ((chl=#13) and (npos=4));
Window(l.180,26);
TextAttr:=7;
ClrScr; { }
End

1. ,
(. 5.2).
,
.
.
266

8. MS DOS
2.
. 6 ,

, .
, ,
. . ,

.
.
8.5.

() .
.
.
.
,
. .
1. 1 - 1 - :
, 1,
, 0.
2. 1 - 2 - :
:
01-;
10 - ;
11 - .

!:
01--;
10 - ;
11 - .

00, .
3. 1 - 4 - , 16- .

, , (. 8.5).
6 RGBrgb,
2/3 , - 1/3
. ,
:

R
1

j G
1

!
i

I
i

, : , 1/3, 2/3,
I, 4^ = 64 . 267

 1.

. 8.5, 16-
16 ,
16 .
. , , ,
:
, , , .
.

4. 1 - 8 - , 256 .
,
, , 256
, 18 . 18
6 ,
64 .
:

268

8. MS DOS

1 1

Red
1 1

^^^^^

Green
0

;
Blue
!
; I

, 256
64^ = 262144 .
,
. ,
256
Borland Pascal 7.0.
,
, ,
(
- ) .
,
, Borland Pascal 7.0
- ,
,
, .

VGA,
. EGAVGA.BGI Graph
VGA = 9.
Borland Pascal . 8.3.
,
, Graph.

. Graph ,
.
1. InitGraplt(Var driver, mode:integer; patlt:string) -
.
,
, .
8.3
i ^

\ i
^

!
^
: VGALo =0
|
16

; ,^
,
'

!
^
640x200

i
!
i

^^ .

,.^^,.^^
I
1
4

VGAMed =1

16

640x350

'

VGAHi =2

16

640x480

\
269

 L
: ,
, detect = 0.
path ,
, (
BGI Borland Pascal).
,
- ".
2. GrapliResult:integer - ,
.
3. GraphErrorMSG(ErrNum:integer):string -
.

:
Var dnver,mode,erwr: integer;
Begin
driver: =detect; { driver: =0;}
InitGraph (driver, mode, 'd: \BP \BGI');
error: =GraphResult;
iferroroO then { }
begin
WriteLn(' ',
GraphErrorMSG(error));
Hah(l); { }
end;
{ }...
4. CloseGraph - :
.
, , MS
DOS , MS DOS .
. Borland Pascal,
.

5. RestoreCrtMode -
.
6. SetGraphMode(mode:integer) -
,
RestoreCrtMode.
7. GetGraphMode:integer -
.
,
:
270

8. MS DOS

RestoreCrtMode; { }
... { }
SetGraphMode(GetGraphMode); { }
. Graph
.
1. GetPalette(Var Palette:PaletteTy) -
.
PaletteType, Graph:

PaletteType = record
size:byte; { }
Colors:array[O..MaxColorsJ of short in t; { }
end;
63.
2. SetAllPalette(Palette: PaletteType) -
.
PaletteType,
:
EGABlack = 0;
EGABlue = 1;
EGAGreen- 2;
EGACyan = 3;
EGARed = 4;
EGAMagenta=5;
EGABrown-20;
EGALiglitGrey=7;

{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{}
{-}

EGADarkGrey=56;
{-}
EGALightBlue= 57; {-}
EGALightGreen = 58; {-}
EGALightCyan = 59; {-}
EGALightRed = 60; {}
EGALightMagenta = 61; {}
EGAYellow = 62;
{}
EGAWhite = 63;
{}

3. SetPalette(ColorNum,Color:word) -
ColorNum Color.
4. SetBkColor(Color:word) - .
(
). ,
, . SetBkCoIor
, Color.

SetPalette(0,Color).
5. SetColor(ColorNum:word) -
ColorNum .
6. GetDefaultPalette(var Palette: PaletteType) -
.
271

 1.

,
,
, :
SetPalette(5,18); { 5-
010010 - -}
SetColor(5); { - 5- }
SetBkColor(5); { 0-
000101 - : }
GetPalette(p); { PaletteType}
for i:=0 to p.size do Write(p.colors[i]:5); {
}
,
. Graph ,
, .
1. SetLineStyle(styley patterity thickness: word) -
style pattern thickness.
:
SolidLn=0; {}
DottedLn=l; {}
CenterLn=2; {}
DashedLn=3; {}
UserBitLn=4; { }
0..3, .
4, .
- 16 48 , ,
, : 1010
1010 1010 1010, $,
. 48
.
,
:
NormWidth=l; { }
ThickWidth=3; { }
:
SetLmeStyle(UserBitLn,$AAAA,NormWidth); {
: , }
272

8. MS DOS
2. SetFUlStyle(fillstyle, color: word) -
fillstyle color .
:
EmptyFill-O;
SolidFill-l;
LineFill-2;
LtSlashFill-3;
SlashFiU=4;
BkSlashFill-5;
LtBkSlashFill=6;
HatchFill-J;
XHatchFill=8;
InterLeaveFill=9;
WideDotFill=10;
CloseDotFill=ll;
UserFill=12;

{ - }
{ }
{
}
{ - }
{ - }
{WW ~ }
{WW - }
{-f+++ - }
{ - }
{+ + + - }
{. . . . - }
{
- }
{, }

3. SetFillPattern (:FillPatternType; color:word) -

fillPatern color .
:
FillPatternType = array[L. 8J of byte;...
8x8 , ,
1, , ,
- .
:
Const J .'FillPatternType = ($, $55, $, $55, $, $55, $, $55);
1 8x8 :

10 10 10 10
0 10 10 10 1
10 10 10 10
0 10 10 10 1
10 10 10 10
0 10 10 10 1
10 10 10 10
0 10 10 10 1
.
4. FloodFill(x, , color: word) -
, SetFiIlStyle, ,
273

 1.
color,
(,). , .
. Graph
,
( ,
).
1. PutPixelfx, , color: word) - ,
color,
(X, ).

2. GetPixel(x,y:word):word -
, .
3. MoveTo(x,y:word):word- ,
.
4. MoveRel(dx,dy:word) -
.
5. GetX:word G^/K*>v^rrf-
X .
6. GetMaxX:word GetMaxY:word -
.
7. Line(xlyyl,x2,y2:word) - (1,1)
(2,2).
8. LineTo(x,y:word) -
(,).
9. LineRel(dXydy:word) -
, dx,dy.
10. Rectangle(xl,yl,x2,y2:word) -
.
11. Bar(xlyyl,x2,y2:word) -

.
12. Bar3D(xl,yl,x2,y2,depth:word; top: boolean) -
, :
1, 1, 2, 2; depth 25% ,
top , (, true, ,
false). ,
, .
.
13. DrawPoly(numPoints:word; var PolyPolnts) -
. ,
-
PointType:
274

8. MS DOS
Type PointType = record
x,y:word;
end;...
:
Var MP:array[5] of PointType; { }
DrawPoly(5,MP);

{ }

14. FillPoly (numPoints:word; Var PolyPoints) -

.
15. Circle (, , radius:word) -
radius (, ).
16. (, stangle, endangle, radius: word) -
radius stangle endangle.
.
,
.
17. GetArcCoord (Var ArcCoo:ArcCoordType) -
-
ArcCoordType, :
ArcCoordType = record
,
{ }
xstart, ystart, { }
xend, yend:word { }
end;
, :
Var ArcCoords: ArcCoordType;
ArcfJOO, 100, , 270, 30); { }
GetArcCoords(ArcCoords); { }
with ArcCoords do
LinefXstart, Ystart, Xend, Yend); { }
18. Pieslice (, , stangle, endangle, radius:word) -
(
).
.
19. Ellipse (, , stangle, endangle, radiusX, radiusY: word) .
275

 1.
20. Sector (, , stangle, endangle, radiusX, radiusY: word) .
21. FillEllipse (, , radiusX, radiusY: word) -
.
.
^ Write WriteLn,
.
Graph
.
1. SetTextStyle(font,direction,charsize:word) -
font, direction
charsize.
:
DefaultFont=^0;
TriplexFont=l;
SmallFont=2;
SanserifFont=3;
GothicFont=4;

{}
{ }
{ }
{ }
{}

,
:
HorizDir-0;
VertDir=l;

{ }
{ }

,
(8x8 ). ,
.
2. SetTextJustify(horiz, vert :word) -
goriz vert
.
:
LeftText=0;
CenterText=l;

{ }
{
}
RightText=2;
{ }
BottomText=0; { }
CenterText=l; {
}
TopText=2;
{ }
3. TextHeight(st:string):word - st
.
276

8. MS DOS
4. TextWidth(st:string):word - st
.
5. OutText (sUstring) - ,
.
6. OutTextXY(x,y:word; sUstring) - st,

(, ).
, .
, Graph
.
1. ClearDevice - .
2. SetVlewPort (1, 1, 2, y2:word; clip:boolean) -
. xl, 1, 2, 2 ,
clip - , .
3. GetViewSettings(Var mn:ViewPortType) -
- win ViewPortType:
ViewPortType^ record
xl,yl,x2,y2:word; {}
Clip:boolean; {}
end;...
4. ClearViewPort - ,
.
5. SetActivePage(pageNumber:word) -
- pageNumber.
,
. ,
.
6. SetVisualPage(pageNumber:word) -
.
:
SetVisualPage(O): { }
SetActivePage(l); { 1 }
Rectangle(10, 60, 30, 80); { }
Readln;
{, }
SetVisiialPage(l); { 1 }
.
Graph
.
277

 L
1. GetImage(xl,ylyx2yy2:word;varp:pointer) -
. 1,1,2,2
. ,
.
ImageSize.
2. ImageSize(xl,yl,x2,y2:word):word
, .
3. PutImage(x,y:word; var p:pointer; bitblt:word) -

(, ). .
bitbit :
NormalPut=0;
XorPut=l;
OrPut=2;
AndPut=3;
NotPut=4';

{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }

, (12 = 1IOO2)
(12 = 1IOO2),

NormalPut - 1100 - ;
XorPut - 0000 - ( );
OrPut - 1100 - ;
AndPut - 1100 - ;
NotPut - 0011 - .
.
:
Size:= ImageSize(0A99,99);
GetMem(p,Size); {
}
:=0;
:=0;
Pieslice(50,50,0J60J7); { }
Getlmage(0,0,99,99,p^); { }
repeat
PutImage(x,y,p^yO); { ,
}
delay (] 00);
{}
:=+3;
:=+1;
278

8, MS D
until x>getmaxx'50; { }
FreeMemfp, Size);
{ }

8.6. *

.
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
..
.

.
,
(. 8.6).

:
-
niy -
^ " ^1

-
"

, , kxj^, kyj^ - ;
i

max

/"^

min

\i

. 8.6. :
- ; -

279

1 ~
; ], Xj^ - ,
.
:
kxj = 1 (Xj - |) X ^^ + ,
^\ = 1 ( - yj) X + ^,,

1 - .
,
.

.
.
8.5. ,
y=cos(x+2)/2
,
.
.

.
Program Gr;
Uses Crt, Graph;
Const
n=5;
{ }
=2; { }
=100;
{ }
=^5; =5;
{ }
=60; =;
=45; ^'; { }
= array[1. .100 ] of real;
ari = array[L. 100] of integer;
Var
gd,gmj:integer; { }
X, y:arr;
{ }
, ky:ari;
{ }
ymin, ymax:real; { }
dx,dy:real;
{ }
dkx,dky:integer; { }
mx,my:real;
{ }
st:string[5];
{ }
h , : real;
{, }
280

8. MS DOS
Begin
ClrScr;
Write :');
ReadLn(xn,xk);
h:=(xk-xn)/(k-l);
{ }
[1]: =;
ymin:=le30;
ymax:=-lelO;
for i:=] to do { }
begin
yfiJ:=cos(x[iJ+2)/2;
if y[i]>ymax then ymax:=y[ij;
if y[i]<ymin then ymin:=y[ij;
if iolOO
thenx[i+]J:=x[iJ+h;
end;
mx:=(kxk-kxn)/(xfkj'xf]j);
{ }
my:=(kyk-kyn)/(ymax-yminj; { }
for i:=J to do
{ }
begin
kxfij: =round{(xfiJ'X[lJ) *) +;
kyfij: =round((ymax-y[iJ) *) +;
end;
gd: =detect;
InitGraph(gd,gm, "); { }
SetColor(4);
{ - }
OutTextXY( 180,20, T=cos(x-^2J/2'); { }
SetColor(17);
{ - }
SetBKColor(7);
{ }
Rectangle(,,);
{
}
SetColor(4);
{ ~ }
for i:=l to -1 do
{ }
Line (kx[i],ky[i],kx[i+l],ky[i^l]);
dkx:='round((kxk'kxn)/nx);
{ }
dky:=round((kyk'kyn)/ny);
{ }
SetColorf] 7);
{ - -}
for i:=J to do
{ , }
Line(kxn+dkx*r,kyn,kxn-^dkx*i,kyk);
for i:=] to ny do
{ , }
Line(kxn,kyk-dky*i,kxk,kyk'dky*i);
dx:=(x[kJ'X[]JJ/nx;
{ }
dy:=(ymax-ymin)/ny; { }
SetTextJustify(1,2);
{ }
281

 1.
Y = cos(x+2)/2
0.50
0.31
0.12
-0.07
-0.26
-0.46
2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

. 8.7.
for i:=J to +1 do
{ }
begin
Str((xflJ+dx*(i-])):n:m,st);{ }
OutTextXY(kxn+dkx*(i'l), kyk+6,st); {
}
end;
SetTextJustijy(2J);
{ }
for i:=l to ny+I do
{ }
begin
Str((ymin+dy*(i'l)):n:m,stJ;{ }
OutTextXY(kxn-6,kyk'dky*(i'l),st); { }
end;
ReadLn; { ENTER}
Closegraph;
End.

, . 8.7.

.
.
8.6.
12,
.

. 282

<^. MS DOS

.
.
.
Program difgramma;
Uses Graph;
Const
kmax=12; { }
r=J50;
{ }
=5;
{ }
=2;
{ }

mas=array[J..kmax+JJ of integer;
masl=array[L.kmax] of real;
Var
fmasl;
{ }
alfa:mas;
{ }
driver,err,
{ }

{ }
bet, { ,
}
,,
{ , }
1,1,
{ }
,,
{ }
i: integer;
st:string[5]; { }
s:real;
{ }
begin
WriteLnC ( 1 \:3,') ');
ReadLn(k);
{ }
for i:=l to do
begin
WriteLnCBeedume\i:3, '-e ');
ReadLn(f[i]);
while f[i]<0 do
begin
WriteLnC , ');
WriteLnCBeedume\i:3, '-e );
ReadLn(f[i]);
end;
283

 1.
s:-s+f[i]:
end;
if s=0 then
begin
WriteLn('Bce .');
ReadLn;
halt(l);
{ no }
end;
{ }
driver: =detect;
InitGraph(driver,err, ");
SetBkColor(15); { }
SetPalette(lO);
SetColor(l); { }
{ }
: =GetMaxX div 2;
: =GetMaxY div 2;'
{ }
alfa[l]:=0;
for i:= 2 to k+1 do
begin
ifi<>k+l then
alfa[ij:=alfa[i'lj+round(ffi']]/s*360)
else alfa[k+l]:^360;
SetFillStyle(i mod 10, i); { }
Pieslice(xn,yn,alfafi'lJ,alfafiJ,r); { }
{ }
bet:=(alfa[i'lj+alfa[ij) div 2;
x:==xn+round(r*cos(bet*pi/I80));
: =yn'round(r*sin(bet*pi/I80));
if ((bet> =0)and(bet< ^90))or((bet> =2 70)and(bet< -=360))
thenxl:=x-^10
elsexJ:=X'8*n']0;
if((bet>=0)and(bet<=J80))
thenyly-lS
else
yli^y^l;
Sir(f[i'l]:n:m,st);
{ }
OutTextXY(xl,yl,st);
{ }
end;
ReadLn;
CloseGraph;
End

, . 8.8.
284

8. MS DOS
56.00
79.00

35.00
24.00

23.00

44.00

66.00

38.00

79.00

. 8.8.

8.7. .
:


, .
()
(),
: .
, ,
,
.
,

,
.
.
: ,
.
.
285

 1.
(,,,)
(,)

( , ) ^ .

C(x,,yJ

(''''')

(,,

. 8.9. :
- ; - ; -

(. 8.9, )
| = X + dx,

y i = y + dy,
X, - ; xj, | -
; dx, dy - .
(^, ^>) (. 8.9, ):
] =(-) + ,
1 =(-) + ,
Mj^, My - ; ^., ^. - ,
.
(^,, ^,) (. 8.9, ):
| = ( - ^) cosa + ( - ^,) sin + ^,,
1 = ( - ) cosa - ( - x j sin + ^ ,
- .
8.7. ,
:
, .

.
:
( ).
.
-
.
.
.
286

8. MS DOS

. 8.10.
.
- .
( ).
.
-
.
! .
, , ,
.
Square.

(. 8.10):
,
, -
.

,
. :
Program ex;
Uses Crt,Graph;
Const
r=]00;
Type
mas =array[I.. 4] of integer;
Var
X, y, xl, yl:mas;
gd,gm,xn,yn,xc,yc, ij, kl: integer;
t,k:reaJ;
287

 L
{ }
Procedure Square(,:mas);
Begin
Line(x[lly[llx[2],y[2]);
Line(x[2],y[2],x[3],y[3]);
Line(x[3],y[3lx[4].y[4]);
Line(x[4M4Ml].y[l]):
End:
{ }
Procedure Pow(xc,yc,x,y:integer;t:real;var xl,yl:integer);
Begin
xl: =xc+round((X'Xc) ^cos(t)) -^rounddy-yc) '^sin(t));
yl: =yc+round((y'yc) *cos(t))'round((X'Xc) *sin(t));
End;
{ }
Procedure Massch(xc,yc,x,y: integer; k: real;var xJ,y J .'integer);
Begin
xJ :=round(x*k-^(]-k) *xc);
yl: =round(y*k+(l'k) *yc);
End;
{ }
Begin
gd: =detect;
InitGraph(gd,gm, 'd:\bp\bgi);
SetColor(2);
xn: =GetMaxX div 4;
yn: =GetMaxY div 3 *2;
xc: =GetMaxX'Xn;
yc:=GetMaxY'yn;
{ }
xflj: =xn-r; yflj: =';
x[2]: =xn+r; [2]: =yn-r;
x[3]: =xn+r; y[3]: =yn-^r;
x[4]: =xn-r; [4J: =yn+r;
k:=0.99;
t:=0;
{ }
while (t<l) and not KeyPressed do
begin
SetColor(2); { }
Square(x,y); { }
t:=t-^0.001; { }
288

8. MS DOS
{}
forj:=I to 4 do { }
Massch(xc,yc,xljJ,y/jJ,kx] [flyJ /jj):
Massch(xc,yc,xn,yn,kxn,yn); { }
{}
forj:=l to 4 do { }
Pow(xn,yn,x]/jJ.yW7rt,x]/jlylOJ)>'
forj:=I to 1500 do Delay(lOOO); { NewDelay . 8.3}
SetColor(O); { - }
Square(x,y);
{ }
x:=xJ;
{ }
y:=yJ;
end;
CloseGraph;
End
,
.
.
:
1)
,
;
2) , -
,
.
, .
2.
,

A4dxl,dyl)
,

(dx,dy)
(. 8.).
Square 1

. ,

,
~
. . 8.11.
.

289

 I.
Program ex;
Uses Crt,Graph;
Const r:real=100; { }
Var
X, , dx, dy, dxl, dyJ, xn, yn, xc, yc, xnl, ynl.real;
gd,gmJJ: integer;
tyk:real; { }
{ }
Procedure Squarel(x,ydx,dy:integer);
Begin
Line(x+dx,y-^dy,X'dy,y+dx);
Line(X'dy,y+dx,X'dx,y'dyJ;
Line(x-dx,y'dy,x+dy,y'dx);
Line(x+dyy-dx,x+dx,y+dyJ;
End;
{ }
Begin
gd:=detect;
InitGraph(gd,gm, *d:\bp\bgi');
{ }
: =GetMaxX div 4;
yn:--GetMaxYdiv3*2;
xc: ^'GetMaxX-xn;
yc:=GetMaxY'yn;
{ }
dy:=0;
: =0,95;
t:=0;
{ }
while (t<100) and not KeyPressed do
begin
SetColor(2); { }
Squarel(round(xn) round(yn), round(dx), round(dy));
{}
xnl: = xn *k+(]'k) *xc;
yn 1: =yn *k+ (J -k) *>'c;
r:= k'^r;
{}
t:=t+l;
{ }
dxl:=r'^cos(t);
dyl:= r*sin(t);
forj:=J to 5000 do Delay(lOOO); {}
290

8, MS DOS
SetColor(O); { }
Squarel(round(xn), round(yn), round(dx), round(dy));
dx:=dxl; { }
dy: =dyl
xn:=xnJ
yn:=ynl
end;
CloseGraph;
end.
.
:
- .
MS DOS
.
8.4,
.
VGA, Borland Pascal, 4
,
(
).
VGA ( 19: 200*320 256 262 144
), (8 ) .
,
.
8.8. ,
. - -.
Graph,
,
, 200*320,
.
( ).
, Borland Pascal
, , Dos, .
Program ex;
Uses Graph, CrU Dos;
Type
ScreenType=array [0,.199,0..319J of byte; {
- }
ImageType=array[0..999]ofbyte; { }
ScrTypePtr=^ScreenType; { }
ImageTypePtr=^^ImageType; { }
291

 L
{ mode}
Procedure SetBIOSMode(mode:byte);
Var r:registers;
Begin
r.AL:=mode;
{ AL}
:=0;
{ }
intr($10,r);
{ 0- 10- }
End;
{ }
Var
Driver, Mode .'Integer;
s:string;
ij, n, m, l,y, dy: integer;
Active_Ptr:ScrTypePtr; { " "}
Image:ImageTypePtr; { }
Begin
{ }
Driver: =Detect; InitGraph(Driver,Mode, ");
s:='ABCDEF\SetColor(4); SetTextStylefGothicFont, HorizDir, 3);
OutTextXY(2,2,s);
n:=TextHeight(s)+3;
m:^TextWidth(s)+3;
GetMem(Image,(n+l)*(m+])); {
}
1:=0;
for i:=0 to ndo
for J: =0 to mdo
begin
image^[l]:=Lo(GetPixel(j,i)); { }
1:4+1;
end;
CloseGraph;
{ }
SetBIOSMode($13); { 19- }
Active_Ptr:=Ptr($AOOO,0); { }

:-0;
dy~l;
{ }
repeat
{ }
1:=0;
for i:=0 to do
292

8. MS DOS
forj:=Oto do
begin
Active_Ptr''[y+i+]0j+20J:=image^flJ;
1:4+1;
end;
for i:=J to 1000 do Delay(3000); {}
Inc(y,dy); { }
if(y>120) or (y<0) then dy:='dy; {
}
until KeyPressed;
SetBIOSMode(3);
{ }
End.
8.8.
- ,
.
- ,
, .
, Borland Pascal,
, BIOS.
15 = 51 (int 33h ~
).
:
( );
;

( );
.
, Borland Pascal
,
, Dos.
Intr(numlnt:byte; Var Regs:Register) -
numlnt. Regs Registers
( ) :
Registers = record case Integer of
0: (AX,BXCXDXBP^DI,DS,ES,
Flags: word);
J: (AL,AH,BL,BH,CL,CH,DL,DH:byte);
end;...

, . , 293

 I.
,
, DX.
, ,
.
Unit Mouse;
Interface
Uses Dos;
Function ResetMouse:Boolean; { }
Procedure ShowMouseCursor; { }
Procedure HideMouseCursor; { }
{ }
Procedure ReadMouseStatefVar , :integer;{ }
Var LeftButton,
{ }
MiddleButton,
{ }
RightButton:boolean); { }
Procedure MoveMouseCursor(x,y:integer); {
}
Implementation
{ }
Function ReSetMouse.Boolean;
Var :Registers;
Begin
r.AX:^0;
intr($33,r);
ReSetMouse: =r.AX=$FFFF;
End;
{ }
Procedure ShowMouseCursor;
Var r: Registers;
Begin
KAX:=I;

intr($33,r);
End;
{ }
Procedure HideMouseCursor;
Var r: Registers;
Begin
KAX:^2;

intr($33,r);
End;
294

8. MS DOS
{ }
Procedure ReadMouseStatefVar ,:integer;{ }
Var LeftButton,
{ }
MiddleButton,
{ }
RightButton:boolean); { }
Var :Registers;
Begin
r.AX:=3;
intr($33,r);
:=;
y:==r.DX;
LeftButton-fr.BXAND 1)<>0;
RightButton:=(r.BXAND 2)<>0;
MiddleButton:^(KBXAND 4)<>0;
End;
{ }
Procedure MoveMouseCursor(x,y: integer);
Var r: Registers;
Begin
KAX:=4;

r.CX:=x;
KDX:=y;
intr($33,r);
End;
End
, , .
,
, (
) ,
. , , ,

.
. 8.12 ,
( , ,
Left true, - , false).
,
,
.
.
,
,
8x8 .
295

[
^

Left = tme

Left = false

I
Left = false

. 8.12. {

8.9. ,
.
.
,
(. 8.13).

. ,
(), i^pcop .
, .
, , ,
, , .
,
.
::||||?|^||
iiiii^iiasSs

|||||||||,

-?ciif:f|ii
. 8.13.

296

8. MS DOS
Program ex;
Uses CrtMouse;
Var x,y,xt,yt: integer;
l,m,r:boolean;
exit_m: boolean;
Begin Clrscr;
if not ReSetMouse then { }
begin
WriteLn('Mbitub ');
Halt(l);
end
else WriteLn('Mbiiub , *);
ShowMouseCursor; { :
}
MoveMouseCursor(0,0); {
}
Window(70,1,80,3); { - }
Textattr:=^]6*J+14;
Clrscr;
Gotoxy(2,2);
WriteCKoe');
Windowd 1M25);
Gotoxy(],3);
Textattr:=5*]6-^9;
repeat
{ }
ReadMouseState(x,y, /, , );
if I then { }
begin
{ }
xt:=x div 8+1;
yt:=y div 8+1;
exitjn:=(xt>=70) and (xt< =80) and (yt> =1) and (yt< =3);
if not exitjn then
begin
Gotoxy(xt,yt);
HideMouseCursor; { ,
}
Write('x= \ xt:4, ' = \ yt:4);
ShowMouseCursor; {
}
end;
repeat ReadMouseState(x,y,l,m,r) until not I; {
}
end;
until exitjn; { }
Textattr:=7;
Clrscr;
End
297

 1.

Drawing with mouse:

MJ.

. 8.14.
*

.
8.10.
: ,
. (
): ~ Exit
Esc (. 8.14).
Program ex;
Uses Mouse,Crt,Graph;
Var
x,y:mteger;
l,m,r: boolean;
exitjn: boolean;
driver,mode: integer;
ch:char;
{ }
Procedure Button(xI,yI,x2,y2:integer;s:string);
Begin
SetColor(O);
SetFillStyle(l8);

Bar(xl,yl,x2,y2);

{ }

SetFillStyleOJ);
(1-^2,1+2,2'3,2); { }
SetFillStyle(ll5);
Bar(x],ylxl+ly2);
298

8. MS DOS
Bar(xl+2,]+Ixl+2,y2-J);
Bar(x],yJ,x2,yI+J);
Bar(xl+lyl+1x2'lyl
+2);
SetColor(4);
SetTextStyle(lA3);
OutTextXY(xl^20,yl+3,s);
End;
{ }
Begin
Clrscr;
if not ReSetMouse then { }
begin
WriteLnCMouse not found, *);
halt(l);
end;
driver: ^'detect;
InitGraph(driver,mode,' ');
SetColor(4);
OuttextXY(10,]0, 'Drawing with mouse:');
ShowMouseCursor;
{ }
SetBkColor(3);
Button (500J0,600,50, 'Exit');
repeat { }
if keypressed then ch:-readkey {
, }
else { , }
begin
ReadMouseState(x,y,l,m,r); { }
Exitjn: ==(> =500)and(x< =600)and(y>=10)and(y< =50);
if not Exitjn and I then { Exit
}
begin { }
HideMouseCursor;
PutPixel(x,y4);
ShowMouseCursor;
end;
end
until (exitjn and I) or (ch=#27);
repeat ReadMouseState(x,y,l,m,r) until not I; {
}
CloseGraph;
End
299

 I.

1 8.4 ,
: .

8.9. .
MS DOS ()
.
MS DOS.
- ,
, DOS.
:
COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM

{
MS DOS}
PATH=C:\QEMM;C:\DOS;C:\NC
{
}
PROMPT=$p$q
{ MS DOS}
,
SET.
DOS .
1. EnvCount: integer -
, MS DOS.
2. EnvStr(Index:integer):strmg -
MS DOS .
3. GetEnv(EnvVar:string):string -
MS DOS .
, , ,
, MS DOS
work:
flag:--false;
while (i<EnvCount) and not flag do
begin
ifpos('work^\EnvStrli])^l then
begin
path: =copy(EnvStr[i], 6, length(EnvStr[i])-5);
flag:'=true;
end
else inc(i);
300

8. MS DOS
end;
if flag then < >
else < > ...
MS DOS - ,
MS DOS (
).
, :
A:\>C:\My\copyflle A.dat B.dat 80
DOS ,
.
1. unt:integer - B03Bpaui?ieT .
2. ParamStr(Index:integer):string -
, ,
:
ParamCount
ParamStrfOJ
ParamStrflJ
ParamStr[2]
ParamStr[3]

=3
= C:\My\copyfile
= 'A.dat'
= 'B.dat'
= W

- ,
. . .
, ,
,
, ,
.

DOS.
1. Exec < >,
< \\>:string) -
.
2. DosExitCode:word -
.
:
0123-

;
Ctrl - ;
;
.
301

 1.
(
Halt).
3. SwapVeciors - (,
) Borland Pascal
, :
DOS->Pascal -> 005( ) ^
Pascal->DOS
SwapVectors
SwapVectors
, ~
, , Borland Pascal.

,
:
{$ < >, < >,
< >}
- 1024 65520 ; -
655360 ; -
655360 .
8.11. ,
..

.
{$ $4000,0,0} { 16, }
Program ex;
Uses Dos;
begin
WriteLnC ,./);
SwapVectors;
Exec('c: \utils\bitmap.exe \ *r24.pcx');
SwapVectors;
WriteLn(\., ');
ifDosError then {
}
WriteLn(Vuiu6Ka DOS #', DosError)
else
WriteLn(* . = *,
DosExitCode); { }
End.

302

 2. -

9.
, ,
100 . . ,
, .
,
- ().
Windows,
Delphi, Visual C++, C++ Builder.

,
^ {),
[2].
, ,
, ,
.

9.1.

{
),
().

,
.
,
2i - .
303

 2. -

.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
,
. ,
.


, 5.2.
9.1.
, y=sin , y=cos , y=tg , =1 , =^
:

;
;
.

(. . 5.6 - 5.7). , , . . .
, , .
: . .
, . .
, .

(. 9.1).
,
.
,
.

,
.
,
: , .
: ,
, ,
,
, - .
304

p.

(fV

i ^

()
()

. 9.1.
,

, .

2
8.4.
9.2. -

- .
- ,
, , .

,
, ,
. ,
,
.
305

 2. -

. 9.2. ,
-

. ,
. ,
, ..
,
, ,
.
.
,
- . . 9.2
, -.
-
:
- ;
- ;
1. - , ,
.
-
,
, ,
.
9.3.
,

. ,
,
: , ,
.
,

306

9. /

. ,
, , ,
, - , ,
.

,
, .
. Borland Pascal ,
.
, .
, , C++.

.
, ,
.

, .
,
.
^,
- (. 9.3, , ).
(. 9.3, ).

,
.
10-12.
,
.
'

{>

()2

. 9.3. :
flf - ; - ; -

307

 2. -
2..4

. 9.4. , :
;

,
. .

, ,
(. 9.4, ).

.
(. 9.4, ).
^
, ,
,
.
. ,
(1 -
) ,
,
( ) .
,
(. 9.5),
.
, , 0..* 1 ..*, *,

.
0..*

-
-<
,
. 9.5.
.
,
,

, .
308

9.

-
.
.
()
.
.
:
~
; , ,
LISP SMALLTALK;
{ ) -
-
; ,
( , , ..);
, ', , --
, Borland Pascal

;
-
- -; ,
;
, -
( C++),
.

.
,
, , ,
, , , :
.
{ ).
,
, :
, ,
, ,
.
{ ),
.
, 11.5.

,
.
309

 2. -
,
,
, .
.
1. ,
/ ~
, .

,
,
.
2.
-

- .
3.
-
(
) .
.
9.2. ,
:

( );
;
;
;
;
;
.
,
,
. TWord
. TText
, .
TWord.

, , (. 9.6, ).
.
310

p.
TWord
font, size
SetFont()
SetSize()

TWord
font, size, next
SetFont()
SetSize()

L.nmax

0..*

TText
n, nmax, MasW(nmax)
Length (), Add (), Del(),
SetAttrO, Chang 1{),
Chang2()

TText
pFirst;^TWord
<>\ Length (), Add (), Del(),
SetAttrO, Chang 1(),
Chang2()

. 9.6. :
- ; 6-Q

TText
TWord (. 9.6, ). ,
, ,
,
.
.
9.3. ,
9.1.
,

. .
.
, ,
[, ], , ,
.
TMetod. Run

( ) ,
.
Task, Run.
TMetod ( ).

TMetod, Task (. 9.7).
, TMetod Task
. ,
abstruct.
311

 2. -
TMetod
, b.real
Run

TMainMenu

Task 0

h:real
Task ( )

TMaxMin
eps.real
TaskO

TRoot
eps:real
Task ( )

. 9.7.

. 9.8.

,
,
, .
.
, .
, ,
(. 9.8).

.
10 - 11.
9.4. -

- ,
: , ,
. , ,
. ,
, .
.
. -
.

.
, ,
.
.
:
,
.
(, 312

p.

, ).
,
.

, ,
/ (,
, ),
..
,
. .
. -
.
, .

.
, , , ,
, .
,
, .

. , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
. -
.
, ,
,
, .

,
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, .
, -
.

313

10. BORLAND PASCAL

, Borland Pascal,
, -
.
,
, .

. .

, (
) , .
.
, ,
, .
:
< > = object
< >
< >
end;...
.
,
, :
Procedure < >.< >;
< >
Begin
< >
End;...

314

10. Borland Pascal

TRoom
length, width
Square()

. 10.1. {) ()
Function < >. < >;
<; >
Begin
< >
End;...
10.1. ,

(. 10.1, ).
:
, ,
(. 10.1, ). ,
, - ,
, -,
.
TRoom = object
length, width:real;{: }
function Square .real; { }
end;
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square:= length"^ width;
End;...
,
.
. - .
,
. , ,
Self ,
.
.
:
315

 2. -
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square: = Self, length * Self, width;
End;...
Self , @Self , (,
, ,
).
10.2. .
,
, ,
.
:
Var A.'TRoom;
{ TRoom}
B:array[1..5] of TRoom; { TRoom}
Type pTRoom=^TRoom; { TRoom}
Var : pTRoom;
{ TRoom}
,
, --
.
New New.
:
New(pC);

pC:=New(pTRoom);...

Dispose. :
Dispose();...
,
, ,
11.7.
.
, :
:
< >.< > < >.< >;
with:
316

10. Borland Pascal

with < > do
begin
...< >...
...< >...
end; ...
:
) v:=A. length;
) s:= A.Square;
) s:=s+[i],Square;
T)pC4ength:=3;...
.
.
:
, :
Program ex;
Type TRoom = object
length, width:real;{: }
function Square;real;{ }
end;
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square:^ length"^ width;
End;
Var A:TRoom; { -}
Begin
AJength:-3.5;
{ }
4. width:-5J;
11(* \A.Square);
End
-
:
Program ex;
Type TRoom = object
length, width:real;{nonH: }
function Square;real;{MQTOJX }
end;
317

 2. -
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square:^ length"^ width;
End;
Const
A:TRoom = (length:3.5; width:5.1); { }
Begin
WriteLn(' \A.Square);
End
-
,
Init:
Program ex;
Type TRoom = object
length, width.real;{: }
function Square:real;{MQTOJX }
procedure //i//(7,H';/'^aO;{ }
end;
{ }
Function TRoom.Square;
Begin
Square: = length* width;
End;
{ }
Procedure TRoontlnit;
Begin
length:=l; width:-w;
End;
Var A:TRoom; { -}
{ }
Begin
AJnit(3.5y5.1); { }
WriteLn(' \A.Square);
End,
.
.
:
Const A:TRoom=(length:3.7;:5,2);
Var B:TRoom;..,
:=; { B.length=3.7, B.width=5.2}
318

10. Borland Pascal

.
11.1 11.5.
10.3. .


,
.
, - .
:
Unit Room;
Interface
Type TRoom = object
length, width:real; {: }
function Square:real; { }
procedure /w/Y(7,w.Te(2/j;{ }
end;
Implementation
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square:= length"^ width;
End;
Procedure TRoom.Init;
{ }
Begin
length: =1;
width: =w;
End;
End.

, , >
:
Program ex;
Uses /loom;{ TRoom}
Var A:TRoom; { -}
Begin
AJnit(3.5y5.1); { }
WriteLnC: = ', AJength,
V = \ A.width);
319

 2. -
WriteLnC = \A.Square);
End.
Borland Pascal
. :
public-,
;
private - ,
.
, ,
, ,
:
Unit < >;
Interface
< >= object
< >
private
< >
public
< >
private
< >
end;...
, , TRoom
,
private,
:
Unit RoomHiden;
Interface
Type TRoom = object
private { }
length, width:real; {: }
public
{ }
function Square.real;{ }
procedure Init(l,w:real);{ }
end;
Implementation
Function TRoom.Square; { }
Begin
Square:= length"^ width;
End;
320

10, Borland Pascal

Procedure TRoomJnit;
{ }
Begin
length: =1; width: =w;
End;
End.

, . . , ,

. ,
,
,
, .
10.4. .
,
,
.
,
.
10.2. ,
, . ,
,
(. 10.2).

8.6. , ,
. -,
, ,
. -, ,
, .
-, ,

DrawPoly.

. ,
: F,
[, ],
1, 1, 2, 2, . (...)
,

Fmin Fmax
, , , . 10.2.
321

 2, -
TWin_gr
1,1,2,2, F, xn, xk, n,
dx, Fmin, Fmax, mx , my,
xm, ym, xs, ys, s
Init, Run, Fminmax, Rx, Ry

dx,
XS, ys (
,
) . .

. - ,
, ,
.
. , Fmin, Fmax, xs ys Run, Rx, Ry,
.
Run, ,
, .
. 10.3. TWin gr

.
. Init
() Run ().
,
public. , Init
Fminmax,
. Run

Rx - , Ry - .
, Run,
.
TWin_gr . 10.3.
, TWin_gr.
Unit WinGr;
Interface
Uses crt.Graph;
Type
Fn =Function(X:real) :real;
arr=array[L. 200] ofpointtype;
TWin_gr=object
public
procedure Inlt(axn,axk:real;an:Integer; aF:Fn;
axl,ayl,ax2,ay2:Integer); { }
procedure Run;
{ }
private
xl,yl, x2, 2:Integer; { }
F:Fn;
{ }
n:Integer;
{ }
xn, xk,
{ }
322

10. Borland Pascal

dx, Fmin, Fmax, { }
, my:real;
{ }
, ,
{ }
xs,ys:integer;
{ }
s:string[10];
{ }
procedure Fminmax; { }
procedure Rx;
{, }
procedure Ry;
{, 0Y}
end;
Implementation
{ }
Procedure TWin_gKlnit;
begin
{ }
:=;
xk:=axk;
:=;
F:=aF:
{ }
1:=1;
1:=1;
2:=2;
2:=2;
{ }
:='2'1+1;
:=2-1+1;
dx:=(xk-xn)/n; { }
Fwmwox; {
}
{ }
xs:=60;
ys:=ym'Xs;
{ }
mx:=(xm'XS*2J/abs(xk'XnJ ;
: =(ym'XS *2)/abs(FmaX'Fmin);
end;
{ }
Procedure TWin_gr. Fminmax;
Var X, y:real;
i: integer;
Begin
x:=xn;
y:=F(x);
323

 2. -
Fmin:=y;
Fmax:-y;
for i:=2 ton do
begin
x:=x+dx;
y:=F(x);
if y>Fmax then Fmax:=y;
if y<Fmin then Fmin:=y;
end;
end;
{ }
Procedure JWinjgKRun;
Var x:real;
i: integer;
dinjirr:^arr; { }
Begin
SetViewPort(xl,1 ,x2,y2,true); { }
ClearViewPort;
{ }
SetColor(2);
{ }
Rectangle(0,0,x2'xJ,y2'yl);
{ }
SetColor(14);
{ }
SetLineStyle(0,0,3);
{ : 3}
:=;
GetMem(dinjarr,2*n); { }
for i:=J to do
begin
dinjarr^fij,x: =round((X'Xn) *mx+xs);
dinjarr^fij.y; =round((Fmin'f(x)) ^my+ys);
x:'=x+dx;
end;
DrawPoly(n,dinjarr^);
{ }
FreeMemfdinjarrJ'^n); { }
SetLineStyle(0,OJ); { : 1}
Rx;
{ , }
Ry;
{ , }
ReadKey; { }
end;
{ , }
Procedure TWin^gr.Rx;
Var jc, dxl:real;
Begin
x;=xn;
dxl:=(xk'Xn)/5;
324

10. Borland Pascal

SetColor(ll);
SetTextStyle(0,l,l);
repeat
Str(x:6:3,s);
OutTextXY(round((X'Xn) *mx+xs-3),ys+5,s):
Line(round((X'Xn) *mx-^xs),ym'20,round((x-xn) *mx+xs),20);
x:=x+dxl;
until x>xk+0.0000001;
end;
{ , }
Procedure TWin_gr.Ry;
Var , dyl.real;
Begin y:=Fmin;
SetTextStylefOAl);
dyl:=(fmaX'fmin)/5;
repeat
Str(y:6:3.s);
OutTextXY(5, round(- (y-Fmin) "^my+ys-10), s);
Line(10, round('(y'Fmin)*my^ys),
xm-10, round('(y'Fmin)*my+ys));
y:-=y+dyl;
until y>Fmax+0.0000001;
end;
End.
WinGr,
. : WinGr, ,
Init Run
.
,
WinGr.
Program Gr;
Uses WinGr, Graph;
{ }
Var
Wl,W2:TWin^_gr;
dr, mode: integer;
{ }
Function f(x:real) :real; far;
Begin
f: =abs(cos(x *x) *x)
End;
325

 2. -
{ }
Begin
dr:=detect;
InitGraphfdnmode, ");
WLInit('0.9,0.9,I00fA0,300,400);
Wl.Run;
W2.Init(l,3,200/,320J00,600,400);
W2.Run;
End

1.
. .
2.
.
: .
.
.

 .
-
. ,
,
. ,
: ( ),
.

11.1.


.
-
() -,
.
- -
, -, :
< -> = ]((<\\ ->)
< >
end;...
11.1.
,

(. 11.1).
10.3
TRoom Room, -

?
?

^
__ __ J

. 11.1.

327

 2. -
TRoom
length, width
Square(), Init'()

,
.
TRoom,

TVRoom
V,
height
Square (. 11.2).
V(), NewInitO
TRoom
. 11.2.
TVRoom height.

Room,
TRoom:

Program ex;
Uses Room;
Type TVRoom = object(TRoom)
heighUreal;
{ }
function V:real;
{ }
procedure Newlnit(lw,h:real); { }
end;
Procedure TVRoom.NewInit;
Begin
Init(lyW); { }
height:=h; { }
End;
Function TVRoom. V;
Begin
V:=^Square*height;{ }
End;
VarA:TVRoom;
Begin
A.NewInit(3.4.5.l2.8);
WriteLn(*nnoutadb = \
A.Square:6:2);
WriteLn(V6beM = ', A. V:6:2);
End

. 11.3.
TVRoom
328

TVRoom, ,
: length, width height (. 11.3)
: Square, Init, Newlnit V.
,
" .

IL

, -,
,
.
. Borland Pascal ,
.
,
1, , .
. ,
, .

. Borland
Pascal -
-. ,
-
.
:
VarA:TRoom;
B:TVRoom;...
:-;
{}
:-;... {: !}

. Borland Pascal -.

, (. 11.4).
:

-

-

"**

?

-
. 11.4.
-

329

 2. -
VarpC: ^TRoom;
E.TVRoom;...

{ }
{ }

:- @;

{
}
^.height: =2.7; {, -
height
TVRoom}
,
(. 2.5):
pTVRoom^'^TVRoom;
VarpC: ^TRoom; { }
:TVRoom;... { }
:= @;

{
}
pTVRoom(pC)^.height:=2.7; { }

1. , ,
,
. , ,
.
.
.
2. ,
, , ,
.
.
11.2.
,
.

?
- .

11.2.
?

,
. 11.5. (. 11.5).
330

//.
TRoom
length, width
Square(), Init ()

15

TFlat
n, roomsrTRoom
^
FlatSquare(), Init ()

. 11.6.
.
TRoom,
.
,
,
15 . TFlat 15
TRoom (. 11.6).
. FlatSquare,
Square - TRoom.

.
,
rooms,
.
.
Program ex;
Uses Room;
{ Room 10.3}
TFlat=object { }
n:byte;
{ }
rooms:array[L.15] of TRoom; { TRoom}
function FlatSquare:real;{MQTOJX }
procedure Init(an:byte;Var arooms);{MQTOJX }
end;
Procedure TFlatJnit; { }
Var a:array[L,15] of TRoom absolute arooms; {
- . 5.5}
Ubyte;
Begin
:=';
{ }
for i:=l to do { ,
TRoom
}
rooms[i].Inlt(a[i].length, [i],width);
End;
331

 2, -
Function TFlaLFlatSquare; { }
Var S:real;
i: integer;
Begin
S:=0;
for i:=l to n do { }
S: =S+rooms[iJ, Square;
FlatSquare:=S;
End;
Const mas:array[L.3]of TRoom- ((length:!.5; width:3.75),
(length:2.85; width:4.1),
(length:2.3; width:2.8));
Var F:TFlat; { -}
Begin
FInit(3,mas);
{ }
WriteLn(* = \FFlatSquare);{ }
End

1. , . 9.6, .
.
2. , ,
, ,
, - (. 8.4).
.
11.3.
,
:
( )
.
11.3.
,
(. 11.7).
?

. ,
. 11.7. . ,

332

//.

TRoom
TRoom (. 11.8).

,
.

0..1

TRoom
length, width
Square(), Init ( )

TBRoom
pB:^TRoom
BSquare(), InitAII ( )

Program ex;
Uses Room;
Type
TBRoom =object(TRoom)
. 11.8.
pB: ^TRoom;
TBRoom
function BSquare:real;
procedure InitAll(lw:real; lb,wb:real);
end;
Procedure TBRoom. InitAII;
Begin
Init(l,w);
if (Ib^O) or (wb-=OJ then
pBnil
else
begin
New(pB);
pB''Jnit(lb,wb);
end;
End;
Function TBRoom, BSquare;
Begin
ifpB=nil then BSquare: = Square;
else BSquare: = Square ^pB\ Square;
End;
Var B:TBRoom; { -}
Begin
, InitAll(3J,5J,L8A8); ( }
WriteLn(' = \B.BSquare);
End

.
, 7.2.
,
.
11.7.
333

 2. -

1. , . 9.6, .
.
2.
, , , ,
, - (.
8.4). .
.
.
11.4.
9.3,
.
11.4.
2,
(. 11.9).
, ,
TRoom.
. Square,
.
, Square
(. 11.10).
Square TVRoom2
Init,
height.
Borland Pascal
-.
inherited -
:
inherited Square

TRoom. Square

:
?

. 11.9.
2
334

TRoom
length, width
Square(), Init()

TVRoom2
height
Square(), Init()

. 11.10.
TV Room

//.

Program ex;
Uses Room;
Type TVRoom2 = object(TRoom)
height;real;
{ }
function Square:real; { }
procedure InU(l, w,h:real); {
}
end;
Procedure TVRoom2,Init;
Begin
{ }
inherited InitQyW); { TRooniInit(l,w) }
height:-h; { }
End;
Function TVRoom2.Square;
Begin
Square: ^inherited Square-^2'^height*(length'^width); {
}
End;
VarA:TVRoom2;
Begin
AJnit(3A5.l2.8);
WriteLnCrinouiadb = \A.Square);
End
,
.
: -, , ,
, (
).
,
.

. , Init TRoom
, Init TVRoom2 - .

.
,
,
:
< >(< >).< >.
335

 2. -

:
VarA: TVRoom2;,.,
TRoom(A),Square;..

{ }

^^
^ ,

(. 11.4).
,
,

.
11.5. .
,
, , ,
.
.
11.5, ,
,
, ,
, (. 11.11).
TRoom2 TRoom,
Print. TVRoomP TRoomP,

(. 11.11).
.
?

TRoomP
length, width
Square(), Init(), Print()

TVRoomP
height
Square(), Init()

7
?

_ .^

. 11.11. :
{)
()

336

. 11.12.

TVRoomP

//.
1 - !
Program ex;
Type TRoomP=object
length, width:real;{: }
/unction Square:real; { }
procedure Print;{ }
procedure /'.^;{ }
end;
Function TRoomPSquare; { }
Begin
Square: = length * width;
End;
Procedure TRoomPPrint; { }
Begin
WriteLnCIInouiadb =', Square:6:2); { }
End;
Procedure TRoomPJnit; { }
Begin
length: ="1;
width: ^^w;
End;
Type TVRoomP = object(TRoomP)
height:real;
{ }
function Square:real; { }
procedure Init(l,w,h:real); {
}
end;
Procedure TVRoomPInit;
Begin
////7(7,wj;{ }
height: =h;
{ }
End;
Function TVRoomPSquare;
Begin { }
Square :=inherited Square + 2*height*(length + width);
End;
Var A:TRoomP; B:TVRoomP; { -}
Begin
A.Init(3.5,5,1);
{ A}
A.Print;
{ = 17.85}
B.Init(3,5,5,1,2.7); { }
B.Print;
{ = 17.85 - !!!}
End
337

 2. -

TRoomP

TVRoomP

Print

Print

^1

Square
-*

Square

1 1

, 11.13.
- , Print,
TVRoomP, Square. Square
, Print -
Square TRoomP (. .
11.13).

, , ,
,
( ).
,
~ .
:
1) virtual;
2)
- - ,
procedure constructor;
3) ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
(),
.

.
,
2 (. 11.14).
,

.
338

IL

. 11.14.

,
, .

, .
11.5. .
, Square
Init .
2-
Program easel;
Type TRoomP-object
length, width.real;{: }
junction Square:real; virtual; { }
procedure Print;
{ }
constructor Init(lyW:real); {}
end;
Function TRoomPSquare; { }
Begin
Square: = length * width;
End;
Procedure TRoomPPrint; { }
Begin
WriteLnf' =', Square:6:2); {
}
End;
Constructor TRoomPInit;
{ }
Begin
length: "="1;
width: =w;
End;
339

 2. -
TVRoomP = object(TRoomP)
height:real;
{ }
function Square:real; virtual; { }
constructor Init(lyWyh:real); {}
end;
Constructor TVRoomP.Init;
Begin
/(^///(7,M^^;{ }
height: =h; { }
End:
Function TVRoomP Square;
Begin
Square:=inherited Square+2'^height*(length+ width);
End;
Var A:TRoomP; B:TVRoomP; { -}
Begin
A.Init(3,5,5J); { A}
A.Print; { = 17.85}
B.Init(3.5,5.],2,7); { }
B.Print; { = 94.64 - !!!}
End,
,
:
1) ,
-
;
2)
, ;
3)
, -,
(
).
. - - .
, .. . ,
.

, :
,
, .
, ,
,
340

11.

, ?


.
11.6.
:

,
?

(.

11.15).

.

. 11.15.
, ,
{)
.
()
. 11.16.

Square ,

.
, .
Square
,
.

,
,
11.6.
. ,
,
.
TRoomD
Unit RoomMod;
Interface
Type
TRoomD=object
lengthwidth:real;{non:
}
function Square:real; virtual; {
}
constructor Init(lyW:real); {}
end;

length, width
Square(), Init()

z^
TVRoomD
height
Square(), Init()

. 11.16.


341

 2. -
TVRoomD = object(TRoomD)
height:real;
{ }
function Square:real;virtual; { }
constructor Init(lyWyh:real); {}
end;
Implementation
Function TRoomD.Square;{ }
Begin
Square;= length"^ width;
End;
Constructor TRoomD.Init;
{ }
Begin
length: ;
width: ==w;
End;
Constructor TVRoomDJnit;
Begin
inherited Init(l,w); { }
height: =h; { }
End;
Function TVRoomD, Square;
Begin
Square: ^inherited Square+2 '^height*(length+ width);
End;
End.
.
Program case2;
Uses RoomMod;
VarpA: ^TRoomD; { }
:TVRoomD; { }
Begin
B.Init(3.5,5J,2,7); { }
WriteLn(*nnoujadb^ \ B.Square:6:2);
{ 11= 94.64}
:=@;
{
}
WriteLn(FInouiadb= \ ^.Square:6:2); { = 94.64}
End,
11.7. ,
,
, . 342

//.
,
-.
Square
, Print -
, -
Square .
Program case3;
Uses RoomMod;
Procedure Print(Var R:TRoomD); { }
Begin
}1('='\ R.Square:6:2);
End;
Var A.'TRoomD; B:TVRoomD; { -}
Begin
A.Init(3,5,5J);
{ A}
B.Init(3.5,5.1,2.7); { }
Print(A);
{ = 17.85)
Print(B);
{ = 94.64}
End

,
:
/(< &^>):pointer -
. ,
. :
ifTypeOf(SelJ) = /(<\\ >;
then < >
else < >
(
) , ,
, :
1) ,
;
2) ,
;
3)
, - ;
4)
.
343

 2. -
.
,
, , , ..
.
, :
, .
.

1. , . 9.7.
.
2. ,
9.1.
, 1, ,
9.1.
11.6. .

~
.
, .

.
11.8. ,
: ,
, .

. 11.17.

. 11.17.

344

//.
0,0

0,0

0,0

\
Y|

Y> '

:(

Y^

" "

'

. 11.18. :
- ;- ;
-

,
(. 11.18).
, , ,
.
,
, , ,
.
, Rel,
(. 11.19, ).
(
TVLChar - ..), .
,
, , TLineChar
ch, X, ,
Move(), Rel(), Init()

TChar
ch, X,
Move(), Rel(), Inlt()

TVLChar
yn
Rel(),lnit()
A

TCirChar
xc, yc, r, to
Rel(),Init()

TLineChar
xn
Rel(), Init()

TVLChar
yn
Rel(), Init()

TCirChar
xc, yc, r, to
Rel(),Init()

. 11.19. :
- ; -

345

 2. -
(. 11.19, ).
, ,
Rel Move, ,
Rel {). , ,
,
. .
Program ex;
Uses crt,Graph;
{ }
TChar=object
ch:char; {}
,:integer; { }
constructor Imt(ach:char;ax, ay: integer);
procedure Move(t:integer);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TChar.Init;
Begin
ch:='ach;
x:=ax;
y:=ay;
End;
Procedure TChar.Rel;
Begin End;
Procedure TChar.Move;
Begin
SetColor(GetBkColor);
OuttextXY(x,ych);
Rel(t); { }
SetColor(ord(ch) mod 16);
OutTextXY(x,ych);
End;
{ , }
TLineChar=object(TChar)
xn:integer; { }
constructor Init(ach:char;aXy ay: integer);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TLineChar.Init;
Begin
inherited Initfach, ax, ay); xn: =ax;
End;
346

//.
Procedure TLineChanRel;
Begin
x:=(xn+t) mod GetMaxX;
End;
{ , }
TVLineChar=object(TChar)
yn:integer; { }
constructor Init(ach:char;ax, ay: integer);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TVLineCharlnit;
Begin
inherited Initfach, ax, ay);
yn:=ay;
End;
Procedure TVLineChanRel;
Begin
y:=(yn+t) mod GetMaxY;
End;
{ , }
TCirChar=object(TChar)
,,:integer; { }
tO:real;
{ - }
constructor Init(ach:char;axc,ayc,ar:integer;atO:real);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TCirChar.Init;
Begin
inheritedInit(ach,axc+round(ar*sin(atO)), ayc+round(ar*cos(atO)));
xc:=axc;
yc:=ayc;
r:=ar;
tO:=atO;
End;
Procedure TCirCharRel;
Begin
x:=xc+Round(r*sin(tO-^t*0.05));
y: =yc-bRound(r *cos(tO-^t *0.05));
End;
{ }
Var A:TLineChar;
B:TVLineChar;
C:TCirChar;
347

 2. -
t: integer;
i: integer;
dn md: integer;
{ }
Begin
dr:=detect;
InitGraph(dnmd, :\\);
AJnitCa'A25);
B.InitCb\ 100,0);
CJnit('c \GetMaxXdiv 2,GetMaxY div 2,80,0);
t:=0;
{ }
while not Keypressed and (t< 1000) do
begin
A.Move(t); { }
B,Move(t);
C.Move(t);
t:=t+l; { }
for i;=l to 1000 do delay(lOOO); { }
end;
CloseGraph;
End.

1. ,
: , .

.
2. ,
, , .
.
3. ,
. .
11.7. .
Borland Pascal ,

, .

.
New, 348

//.

.
New(<T\m >[, < >]) -
, , .
, .

, .

- . ,
, procedure
destructor. ,
,
.
Done.

Dispose.
/)/5/;(?5^<>[, < >] ) -
, , .
1L9.
2, ,
2,
.

(2'
).

11.7 , .
,
.
Program ex;
Type
pTRoomD2=''TRoomD2;
TRoomD2 ^object
length, width:real;{: }
function Square .real; virtual; { }
constructor Init(lyW:real); {}
destructor Done;
{}
end;
Function TRoomD2.Square; { }
Begin
Square:= length"^ width;
End;
349

 2. -
Constructor TRoomD2.Imt;
{ }
Begin
length: =1;
width: ^w;
End;
Destructor TRoomD2.Done;
Begin
End;
Type pTVRoomD2^'' TVRoomD2;
TVRoomD2 = object(TRoomD2)
height:real;
{ }
function Square:real; virtual; {
}
constructor Init(l, Wyh:real); {}
end;
Constructor TVRoomD2,Init;
Begin
/?///(7,w^; { }
height:^h;
{ }
End;
Function TVRoomD2.Square;
Begin
Square: ^inherited Square+2*height*(length+ width);
End;
Var pA: pTRoomD2; pB:pTVRoomD2; { }
Begin
{ ~ }
pA:=New(pTRoomD2Jnit(3.5,5.1));
{ }
1('= \ pA\Square:6:2); { = 17.85}
Dispose(,Done);
{ }
{ - }
pB:=New(pTVRoomD2Jnit(3,5,5.I,2.7^^; { }
WriteLn('nnouiadb=', pB\Square:6:2); { = 94.64}
Dispose(pB,Done);
{ }
{ :
- }
pA:=New(pTVRoomD2Jnit(3,5,5.1,2.7)^;{ }
WriteLnCIInoujadb'^ \ pA^,Square:6:2); { = 94.64}
Dispose(pA,Done);
{ }
End.

. 350

//.

(
TRoomDS
0..1
),
length, width
,
Square(), Init (), Done()
- .

,
TBRoomD
.
-o! pBi^TRoom

Square(), Init(), Done()


, . 11.20.
7.2.
,
,
, ,
. , .
Borland Pascal fail,
.
, , nil,
, , ,
, false.
11.10.
,
. /
, -
- .

(. 11.20). TRoomD3,
TRoomD2, .
, ,
TBRoomD,
, .
Program ex;
Type pTRoomD3=^TRoomD3;
TRoomDS =object
length, width:real;
{: }
function Square:real; virtual; { }
constructor Init(l,w:real);
{}
destructor Done; virtual;
{}
end;
351

 2. -
Function TRoomDS,Square; { }
Begin
Square:= length"^ width;
End;
Constructor TRoomDS.Init; {}
Begin
length: ="1;
width: =w;
End;
Destructor TRoomD3.Done;
Begin
End;
Type pTBRoomD=^TBRoomD;
TBRoomD=object(TRoomD3)
pB:pTRoomD3;
function Square:real; virtual;
function BSquare:real; { }
constructor Init(l,w:real; lb,wb:real);
destructor Done;- virtual;
end;
Constructor TBRoomD.Init;
Begin
inherited Init(l, w);
if(lb^O)or(wb=OJ thenpB:=nil
else
begin
New(pB);
ifpB=nil then
begin
WriteLnCHe *);
Done; { ; ,
}
fail; { }
end
else pB\Init(lb,wb);
end;
End;
Function TBRoomD.BSquare;
Begin
ifpBonil then BSquare:=pB\Square
else BSquare:^0;
End;
352

//.
Function TBRoomD, Square;
Begin
Square: = inherited Square+BSquare;
End;
Destructor TBRoomD. Done;
Begin { , }
ifpBonil then Dispose();
End;
Function HeapFuncfsize:Word):integer; far;
Begin HeapFunc:=I; end;
Var A: TBRoomD; pBLpTBRoomD; pB2:pTRoomD3;
Begin { }
: =@HeapFunc;
{ }
if A.Init(3,2,5.1,2.5J) then { true false}
begin
WriteLn(A.Square:6:2,A.BSquare:6:2); { }
A.Done; { }
end
else WriieLn('He , *);
{ -
-}
pBl:'=New(pTBRoomD,Init(3.2,5J,2.5,l));{nQw nil}
ifpBlonil
then
begin
WriteLn(pBl\Square:6:2,pBl^.BSquare:6:2); { }
Dispose(pBl,Done);
{ }
end
else writelnf'He . *);
{ -
-}
pB2:='new(pTBRoomDJnit(3.2,5.1,2.5J));{nQv^ nil}
ifpB2<>nilthen
begin
WriteLn(pB2^.Square:6:2, { 2}
pTBRoomD(pB2)^.BSquare:6:2); {
, -
- "" (. 11.1)}
Dispose(2,Done); { - 2}
end
else WriteLn(*He . ) ;
End
353

 2. -
11.8. .
,
(). - ,
. ,
(, ),
. ,
, .
Borland Pascal
,
.

, .

.

,
(),
.
() (. 11.5),
.
,

. ,
,
.
.
11.11. ,
: , .

: -,
(. 11.21).
,
.
,
, ^, . ,
11.6, ,
.
-, -.
,
(. 11.22), Move.
354

11,

. 11.21.

.

Program ex;
Uses crtyGraph;
Type pChar^'^TChar;
{ }
TChar^object
ch:char;
x,y:mteger;
constructor Init(ach:char;aXy ay: integer);
procedure
Move(t:mteger);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
destructor Done;virtual; { ,
}
End;
TChar
ch, X,
Move(), Rel(), Init(), Done()

TLineChar

|1

TVLChar

yn

xn
Rel(),Init(),
Done()

ReI(),Init(),
1
1 Done()

0..10

TString
<^
Move(), Init(), Done()

TCirChar
xc, yc, , to
Rel(), Init(),
DoneO

. 11.22.
355

 2. -
Constructor TCharlnit;
Begin
ch:=ach;
x:'=ax;
ay:
End;
Procedure TCharRel;
Begin End;
Procedure TCharMove;
Begin
SetColor(GetBkColor);
OuttextXY(x,ych);
Rel(t); { }
SetColor(ord(ch) mod 16);
OutTextXY(x,ych);
End;
Destructor TChar.Done;
Begin End;
{ ,
}
pLChar=^TLineChar;
{ , }
TLineChar=object(TChar)
xn.'integer;
constructor Init(ach: char; .: integer);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TLineCharlnit;
Begin
inherited Init(ackax,ay);
xn:=ax;
End;
Procedure TLineChanRel;
Begin
x:=(xn-^t) mod GetMaxX;
End;
Type p VChar=^TVLineChar;
{ , }
TVLineChar=obJect(TChar)
yn:integer;
constructor Init(ach:char;ax,ay :integer);
procedure Relft:integer); virtual;
End;
356

//.
Constructor TVLineCharlnit;
Begin
inherited Init(ach,ax,ay);
yn:=ay;
End;
Procedure TVLineCharRel;
Begin
y:=(yn+t) mod GetMaxY;
End;
Type pCChar=^TCirChar;
{ , }
TCirChar=object(TChar)
,,:integer; tO:real;
constructor Init(ach: char; axc,ayc,ar: integer;atO:real);
procedure Rel(t:integer); virtual;
End;
Constructor TCirChar.Init;
Begin
inherited Init(ach,axc+round(ar*sin(atO)),ayc-^ round(ar* cos(atO)));
xc:=axc;
yc:=ayc;
r:=ar;
tO:=atO;
End;
Procedure TCirChanRel;
Begin
x: =xc+Round(r*sin(tO+t*0.05));
y: =yc+Round(r*cos(tO-^t*0.05));
End;
Type TString=object
mas:array[l.JO] ofpChar; { }
n:integer;
{ }
procedure Init(as:string; tmove:byte); { }
procedure Moveft:integer);
{ }
procedure Done;
{ }
End;
Procedure TStringlnit;
Var i: integer;
Begin
n:=length(as);
357

 2, -
for 1:=^] to do

begin
case tmove of
l:masfiJ:=new(pLCharJnit(asfiJ, 9*i, GetMaxYdiv 2));
2:mas[i]:=new(pVCharJnit(as[i], GetMaxXdiv 2'n*5-^J04 0));
3:masfiJ:=new(pCCharJnit(asfiJ, GetMaxXdiv 2, GetMaxYdiv 2,
100, 2*pi^(H)/n));
end;
end;
End;
Procedure TStringMove;
Var i: integer;
Begin
for i:==n downto J do masfiJ\Move(t);
End;
Procedure TString.Done;
Var i: integer;
Begin
for i:=] to n do dispose(masfiJ,Done);
End;
Var s:string; M:array[L.3] ofTString; ij,dr,md:integer;
Begin
Write(* 10 :');
ReadLn(s);
InitGraph(dr,md, 'd:\bp\bgi');
for i:=l to 3 do MfiJJnitfsJ);
t:-0;
while not KeyPressed and (t< =1000) do
begin
for i:=l to 3 do M[i].Move(t); { }
/;=/+7;
for i:=l to 1000 do delay(lOOO);
end;
for i:=l to 3 do MfiJ.Done;
CloseGraph;
End
-
, , , ,
.
358

//.

1. ,
: , .
, ,
,
.
2.
, .
.

12.

-
, .
, ,

.
,
.
.

12.1.


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.
12.1. ,
: (), (
, ), / .

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(. 12.1).

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,
Esc.
,
, . 12.2.
360

/2.

. 12.1.

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1 - 4 - , ,
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iliiiilll^
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[;-;:;f \*if i ^ r l

361

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12.2.
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,
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,
,
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365

 2. -

TWin
1, 1, 2, 2, attr, xt, yt, text
Draw(), SetAttr(), Init()

TInput
inp:TWin
Draw(), Init(), Input(),
Enov{ \ Clear()

TMessage
ok:TWin
Draw(), Init(),
RunQ

TMenu
nalt, npos,
masalt:array[1..10] of TWin
Run(), Draw(), EnterQ, InitQ

TForm
ninput, masinp:an-ay[1..5] ofTInput
Draw(), EnterO, Input(), CIear(), Init()

. 12.10.

.
TWin, ,
, ,
, .
attr - . 8.1.
Draw, SetAttr. Init (. 12.10).
TInput TWin
inp TWin,
( . 12.10 ,
).
Init Draw,
.
Input,
Error, Clear,
.
TMessage TWin.
.
Draw, Init
Run, .
TMenu TWin,
TMessage,
. , ,
TWin, masalt. ~ .

nalt. 366

12.
. Run .
Draw,
. Run
Enter, .
TMenu Init.
TForm TMenu,
. -
, masinp,
ninput. Run
, Draw Enter - .
, TMenu, TForm Draw Enter
(1-
).
TForm -.
, Input Clear.
,
, (
). ,
.
12.3.
.
,
.
T W i n Win: -
, - .
Unit Win;
Interface
Uses crt;
Type str80=stnngf80J;
TWin-=Object
xly yly x2, 2:integer; { }
attr: integer;
{}
xt, yt:integer;
{ }
text:str80;
{ }
procedure Init (ax 1, ay I, ax2, 2, aattr, axt, ayt: integer;atext:str80);
procedure SetAttr(aattr:integer); { }
procedure Draw;
{ }
End;
367

 2, -
Implementation
Procedure TWinJnit; { }
Begin
1:'=^1;
1:-^1;
2:='2;
2:^2;
attr:-aattr;
xt:=axt;
yt:=ayt;
text:==atext;
End;
Procedure TWin.Draw; { }
Begin
TextBackGround(attr div 16);
TextColorfattr mod 16);
Window(xl,yl,x2,y2);
Clrscr; { }
Gotoxy(xt,yt);
Write (text);
{ }
end;
Procedure TWin.Setattr; { }
Begin
attr: =aattr; { }
Draw;
{ }
end;
End
T I n p u t Input. Error
,
, ,
, (1-
).
Unit Input;
Interface
Uses crt, Win;
Type TInput=-Object(TWin)
inp:TWin; { }
Constructor Init(axl,ayl,ax2,ay2,aattr,axt,ayt:integer;atext:str80;
bxlybylybx2yby2ybattrybxtybyt:integer;btext:str80);
procedure Draw; { }
procedure Clear; { }
368

12.
procedure Input;
( }
function Error:boolean; virtual; { }
end;
Implementation
Constructor TInputJnit;
Begin
inherited Init(axl, ay I, ax2, ay2, aattr, axt, ayt, atext);
Inp.Init(bxI, by J, bx2, by2, battr, bxt, byU ');
end;
Procedure TInput.Draw;
Begin
inherited Draw;
inp.Draw;
End;
Procedure TInput. Clear;
Begin
inp.text:-**;
inp.Draw;
End;
Procedure TInput.Input;
Begin
Window (inp.xl, inp.yl, inp.x2, inp.y2);
TextBackGround(inpMttr div 16);
TextColorfinp.attr mod 16);
repeat
Gotoxy(inp.xt, inp.yt);
Clear;
ReadLnfinp, text);
Gotoxyfinp.xt, inp.yt);
Write(inp.text);
until not Error;
end;
Function TInput.Error; { }
begin
Error: "^false;
end;
End
T M e s s a g e Message.
Unit Message;
Interface
Uses crty Win;
369

 2. -
TMessage='Object(TWin)
ok:TWm;
{ }
procedure Init(axl, ayj, 2, 2, aattr, cat, ayt: integer;atext:str80;
bxl, by], bx2, by2, battn bxt, byt:integer;btext:str80);
procedure Run;
{ }
procedure Draw; { }
end;
Implementation
Procedure TMessage.Init;
Begin
inherited Initfaxl, ayl, ax2, ay2, aattr, cat, ayt, atext);
ok. Initfbxl, by], bx2, by2, battr, bxt, byt, btext);
end;
Procedure TMessage.Draw;
Begin
inherited Draw; { }
okDraw; { }
End;
Procedure TMessage.Run;
Begin
Draw;
{ }
ReadKey; { }.
End;
End.
T M e n u Menu.
-
. ,
, , , ,
.
Unit Menu;
Interface
Uses crt, Win;
Type TMenu'=^Object(TWin)
nalt:integer;
{ }
masalt:array[L.10] ofTWin; { }
npos'.integer;
{ }
constructor Initfaxl,ayl ,2,2,aattr,
axt, ayt: integer; atext:str80;n: integer;
const w:array ofTWin); { TWin}
procedure Run;
{ }
procedure Draw; virtual; { }
370

12.
procedure Enter; virtual; { Enter ...}
end;
Implementation
Constructor TMenu.Init;
Var i: integer;
Begin
inherited Init(axl, ay I, ax2, 2, aattr, axt, ayt, atext);
nalt:=n; { }
for i:=I to nalt do
masalt[i]Jnit(w[i-l],xly wfi-IJ.yl, wfi'lj.x2, w[i-lj.y2,
wfi'ljMttr, wfi'JJ.xt, wfi'IJ.yt, wfi-lj.text);
End;
Procedure TMenu.Draw;
Var i:integer;
Begin { }
TextBackGround(O);
TextColor(l);
Windowd 1M25);
Clrscr;
inherited Draw;
{ }
for i;=l to nalt do masaltfiJ.Draw; { }
End;
Procedure TMenu.Run;
Var chl,ch2;char;
temp: integer;
Begin
Draw;
npos:=nalt;
masalt[npos].Setattr(71);
repeat
chl:=Readkey; { }
ifchl =#0 then ch2: =Readkey;
case chl of
#0: case ch2 of
#75:begin
{ }
temp:'=npoS'l;
iftemp^O then temp:=nalt;
{}
masaltfnposJ.SetattrfJJ3);
{ }
masaltftempfSetattr(71);
{ }
npos:=temp;
end;
#77:begin
{ }
temp:=npos+I;
iftemp=nalt+J then temp:=l; {}
371

 2. -
masalt[npos].Setattr(113); { }
masalt[temp].Setattr(71); { }
npos:=temp;
end;
end;
#13: begin
masalt[npos].Setattr(113); { }
Enter; { Enter - }
Draw; { }
masalt[npos].Setattr(71); { }
end;
end
until((npos=nalt)and(chl=#13))or(chl=#27);{jxo }
End;
Procedure TMenu.Enter; { }
Begin end;
End.
T F o r m Form.
-
.
Unit Form;
Interface
Uses crt, WinJnputMenu;
Type TForm=Object(TMenu)
ninput:integer; { }
masinp:array[1..5] ofTInput; { }
constructor Initfaxl, ayl, ax2, ay2, aattr, axt, ayt: integer;atext:str80;
n:integer; const wl:array of TWin;k:integer;
const w2:array of TInput);
procedure Draw; virtual; { }
procedure Clear; { }
procedure Input; { }
end;
Implementation
Constructor TForm. Init;
Var i: integer;
Begin
inherited Init (ax 1, ayl,ax2, ay2, aattr, axt, ayt, atext, n, wl);
ninput: =k; { }
372

12.
for i:-l to ninput do
masmpfiJJnit(w2fi'JJ.xJ, w2fi'IJ.yI,
w2fi'lj,x2, w2[i'l].y2, w2[i'l],attr,
w2[i-l],xt, w2[i],yt,w2[i'l]Jext,
w2[i'l]Anp.xl, w2[i'l]Anp.yl,
w2[i-l].inp.x2, w2fi'JJJnp.y2,
w2[i-l],inp.attn w2[i'l]Anp.xU w2[hl].inp.yt,
w2fhlj, inp, text);
End;
Procedure TForm.Draw;
Var i: integer;
Begin
inherited Draw;
{ }
for i:=l to nalt do masalt[i].Draw; { }
for i:=l to ninput do masinpfiJ.Draw; { }
End;
Procedure TForm. Clear;
Var i:integer;
Begin
for i:=I to ninput do masinpfi],Clear; { }
End;
Procedure TForm.Input;
Var i: integer;
Begin
Clear;
for i:=I to ninput do mas inp[iJ, Input; { }
End;
End
12.4.

12.1
(. 12.7).
: ,
. ,
. : /,
. . 12.11
.
.
XBase (. 12.12).
373

 2. -

.--^

^""^^-^^^^^
^--.^^^

/^

/ ^^^-.^.^^

^
1

. 12.11.
f,
.

: p_family ~ - , kl, 2,
,
family, name, telefon. ,
Open,
Add, Find
FindNext.
,

. ,
, , . 2"* = 16
. (. 12.1), ..
.
:
ff = (kl 2 4) v (1 2 ) v ( i l 2 4),
TBase
f, family, name, telefon, p_family, p_name, kl, k2
Init(), Open(), Add(), Find(), FindNext(),
Closefi:)
. 12.12. TBase
374

-
, V -
.



.

12.
12.1

kl

1
!

fr

Base, .
Unit Base;
Interface
Type str30=string[30];
rec=record
rfamily rname, rtelefon:str30;
end;
Type TBase=Object
ffile ofrec;
family name, telefon:str30; { }
pjdmilypjiame:str30;
{ }
kly k2:boolean;
{ }
procedure Open(fname:str30);
{/ }
procedure Add(afamilyaname,atelefon:str30); { }
function Find(afamilyaname:str30):boolean; { }
375

 2. -
function FindNext:boolean;
{ }
procedure Closef;
{ }
End:
Implementation
Procedure TBase.Open;
Begin
Assign(f,fname); { }

{$
Reset:
{$1-^} { }
iflOResultoO then ReWrite(f): { }
End;
Procedure TBase.Add;
Var r:rec;
Begin
Seek(f,FileSize(f)); {ycTSLueiBnnBeiQM
}
r.rfamily:^afamily; { }
.'^;
rtelefon: =atelefon;
Write(f,rJ;
{ }
End;
Function XBase. Find;
Begin
Close(f);
{ }
ReSet;
{ }
pjdmily:=afamily;
{ }
_:=;
kJ:=p_family<> "; { }
2:=_<> 'V
Find:=FindNext;
{ }
End;
Function TBase.FindNext;
Var r:rec;
, k4, ff:boolean; { }
Begin
ff:^false; { }
while not Eof(f) and notjfdo
begin
Reader);
k3:=pjamily=r,rfamily;
{ }
4: =_ = ;
376

12.
if(kl and 2 and and 4) { }
or (not kl and k2 and k4) or (kl and not k2 and ) then
begin
ffi'^true;
{ }
family:^r.rfamily; { }
:= ;
telefon: = rtelefon;
end
end;
FindNext:=ff; { }
end;
Procedure TBase.Closef;
begin
18; { }
end;
End,

.
, , ,
, .
,
.

.
. 12.13 ,

TBase.
TIName
. Error TInput,
.
TMain .
Enter,
.
nalt. may
.
TAdd TFind
. ,
Enter - TMenu. TFind
,
, ,
Show ( ,
, ) .
377

 2, -

"

IL

TIName

TMain

TForm

Error()
TAdd
Enter()

may
Enter(), Init()
2_

TFind
Enter(), Input(), Show()

XBase

. 12.13.

, TMessage.

-,

.
.
Program Memory;
Uses crt,WmJnput,Message,Menu,Form,Base;
{ - }
TMain-Object () { }
:1;
{ }
Procedure Enter; virtual;
end;
Type TIName=Object(TInput)
{ }
Function Error:boolean; virtual; { }
end;
Type TAdd=Object(TForm)
{ }
Procedure Enter; virtual; { }
end;
378

12,
TFind=ObJect(TForm)
{ }
Procedure Input; virtual; { }
Procedure Enter; virtual; { }
Procedure Show;
{ }
end;
{ -}
Var M:TMain;
{ }
N:TIName;
{ }
A:TAdd;
{ }
F:TFind;
{ }
ND:TMessage;
{ }
B:TBase;
{ }
{ }
Procedure TMain.Enter; { }
Begin
case of
l:begin
N.Draw;
{ }
NJnput;
{ , }
B,Open(N.inpJext); { , ,
- }
may:=true; { }
end;
2:if may then { }
A.Run;
{ }
/ then
{ }
FRun;
{ }
end;
End;
Function TIName.Error; { }
Var L'integer;
Begin l:=Pos(\ \ inp.Text);
if 1=0 then l:=length(inp.Text);
if(l>0) and e<==8) then Error:=fahe
else Error:=true;
End;
Procedure TAdd.Enter; { }
Begin
casenpos of
l:begin
Input; { , }
B,Add(masinpf]J. inp. text, masinp[2]. inp, text,
masinp[3J.inp.text); { }
379

 2. -
end;
end; {case}
End;
Procedure TFindEnter; { }
Begin case npos of
]:begin
Input; { }
ifB,Find(masinp[l]AnpJexUmasinp[2]Anp.text) then Show
else ND.Run; { }
end;
2:begin
ifB.FindNext then Show
else ND.Run; { }
end;
end;
End;
Procedure TFindJnput; { }
Begin
Clear;
{ }
masinp[l].Input; { }
masinp[2],Input; ( }
End;
Procedure TFind.Show; { }
Begin
Clear;
masinpfJJ,inpJext:=B,family; masinpflJ.Draw; { }
masinpf2], inp. text: = name; masinp[2J, Draw; { }
masinpf3JjnpJext:=BJelefon; masinp[3J,Draw; { }
End;
{ -}
Const menul:array[l.J]
ofTWin=
((xl:I0;yl:14;x2:23;y2:18;attr:113;xt:3;yt:2;
text:' /
*),
(xl:26;yl:14;x2:39;y2:18;attr:113;xt:4;yt:2;
text: '
'),
(xl:42;yl:14;x2:55;y2:18;attr:113;xt:5;yt:2;
text: '
'),
(xl:58;yl:14;x2:71;y2:18;attr:113;xt:4;yt:2;
text: '
'));
menu2:array[L.2] ofTWin^
((xl:28;yl:18;x2:38;y2:21;attr:113;xt:2;yt:2;text: ''),
(xl:42;yl:18;x2:52;y2:2I;attr:113;xt:2;yt:2;text: ''));
380

12.
: array[1.. 3] of TWin=
((xl:23:yl:18;x2:33;y2:21;attr:113;xt:2;yt:2:text: ''),
(xl:35:yl:18;x2:45;y2:21;attr:113;xt:2;yt:2:text: ''),
(xl:47;yl:18;x2:57:y2:21:attr:113;xt:2:yt:2;textrBbixod')):
inpp:arrayfJ..3J ofTInput=
((xl:22;yl:8:x2:32;y2:8;attr:94;xt:l;yt:l;text:
'';
Inp:(xl:34;yl:8;x2:54;y2:8;attr:112;xt:l;yt:l;textr')),
(xl:22;yl:10;x2:32;y2:10;attr:94;xt:l;yt:l;text:
' ';
Inp:(xl:34:yl:10;x2:54:y2:10;attr:112;xt:l;yt:l;text:")),
(xl:22;yl:12;x2:32;y2:12;attr:94;xt:l;yt:l;text:
'';
Inp:(xl:34;yl:12;x2:54;y2:12;attr:112;xt:l;yt:l;text:")));
{ }
Begin
{ }
M.Imt(5,5,76,20,30,5,3, ' :',4,1);
A.Init(20,2,60,22,94,5,3, ' ',2,menu2,3,inpp);
N.Init(30,8,50,19,94,3,3, ' :',
35,12,45,12,112,1,1,' ');
FJnit(20,2,60,22,94,5,3, ' ',3, , 3, inpp);
NDJnit(30,6,50,14,30,6,2, ' ',
34,11,46,12,71,2,1, '');
{ }
.:'=false; { }
M,Run;
{ }
if may then B.Closef;
{ }
{ }
TextBackGround(O);
TextColor(l);
Window(l,1,80,25);
Clrscr;
End.
-
:
;
;
(
);

.
.
,
. ,
381

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,
-.
, - .
Create Destroy TObject,
Delphi. ,
.
,
:
Constructor < >,Create;
begin
inherited Create;
end;
Destructor < >,Destroy;
begin
inherited Destroy;
end;

, , ,
:
Borland Pascal 7.0:

Delphi Pascal:

Type pTNum = ^TNum;

TNum = Object
n: integer;
constructor Init (an:integer);
end;
Constructor TNum.Init;
begin
n;=an;
end;

Type
TNum = class
public n; integer;
constructor Create (an:integer);
end;
Constructor TNum.Create;
begin
inherited Create;
n:=an;
end;

Var p.pTNum;
Begin
New(p, Init(5));
WriteLn(p\n);
Dispose(p);
End.

Var A:TNum;
Begin
A:=TNum. Create (5);
WriteLn(A.n);
A. Destroy;
End;...
389


, Delphi Pascal :
< > = class (< >)
private
< >
protected
< >
public
< >
published
< >
automated <, ->
end;
protected ,
. published
, (.
6).
:
virtual, ,
, override.
, override,
TObject .
Delphi
abstruct, :
TNumber=class(TObject)
public
Procedure Print; virtual; abstruct;
end;
TIntNumber=class(TNumber)
private i: integer;
public
Constructor Createfai: integer);
Procedure Print;override;
end;
Delphi Pascal
:
;
(, , );
;
;
..
[5].

390

5. Windows
Delphi
Delphi (. 5.1)
32- Windows.
, MS DOS, Windows
,
- , ,
, , ..
,
, .

[11111

Foiml

|Form1: TForml

\\

! = cXas(T: )

. 5.1. Delphi
391


Delphi
,

, .
, Delphi.
(
, .)

. Properties
, ,
, Events - ,
.
.
,
, ,

.
Delphi ,
, .
, ,^
.dpr. , Delphi,
.

-,
.dfm Delphi Pascal .pas.

,
.
, , , ,
.

: ,
, .dcu
.res.

Delphi .
5. - Windows,
.
.
1. .
File\Save Project As...
MyProject.

392

(Forml), (Unitl). ,
File\Save As..., , ,
Calc.
2. .
. ,
, Propeties
Caption ()
.
3. / -
. Standart
Edit,
(. 5.2 , )
.
Properties Text
.
Delphi
TForml, TForm
(. 5.2, ).
4. .
Standart
Button. ,
Shift. ,
, .

Standart . ,

^^^^^^^^!
Cub

, '

<i^ ^ ">

\\_ jt3^e
^ B S E i

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iliii

iilliS

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TForrril = cXassfTForin)
E d i t l : TEdit;
B u t t o n l : TButton;
Button2: TButton;
Buttons: TButton;
Button4: TButton;
Buttons: TButton;

1^^1 .<;|
a

. 5.2. {) ()

393

, . ,
, (
Caption Properties ) ,
=, +, -, *, / Quit.
.
5. .
Events .
,
. Button 1 ,
, OnClick ( ).

:
Procedure TForml.ButtonlClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
EditLClear;
{ Editl}
operation:='@*; { }
EditLsetfocus; { Editl}
end;
,
.
:
Button2Click - =:
Procedure TForml.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
Var s:string;
begin
operate;
{ }
operation:-'-^'
{ =}
Str(sum:6:3,s);
{ }
EditLtext:=s;
{ Editl}
ButtonLsetfocus; { Button 1}
end;
Button3Click - +:
procedure TForml.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
operate;
{ }
operation:-*-\-^; { +}
EditLsetfocus;
{ Editl}
end;
394


Button4Click - -:
procedure TForml.Button4Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
operate;
{ }
operation:^*''; { -}
EditLsetfocus; { Editl}
end;
ButtonSClick - *:
procedure TForml.Button5Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
operate;
{ }
operation:='*^; { *}
EditLsetfocus; { Editl}
end;
Button6Click - /:
procedure TForml.Button6Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
operate;
{ }
operation:-V*; { /}
EditLsetfocus;
{ Editl}
end;
Button7Click - Quit:
procedure TForml.Button7Click(Sender; TObject);
begin
Close;
{ }
end;
. .
Operate.
, :
Procedure Operate;
Var s:string; code:integer; n:double;
Begin
s:-FormLEditLtext;
{ Editl.text}
FormLEditLclear;
{ Editl}
395

Val(s,n,code);
case operation of
'@'; sum:-n;
'+'; sum:=sum'^n;
'-': sum:=sum'n;
=sum*n;
: sum:=sum/n;
end;

{ }
{ }

end;
7. . ,
, ,
( implementation):
Var Sunudouble;
operation: 1=';
8. .
FiIe\SaveAll.
9. .
Ctrl-F9 Project\Compile.
, .
10. .
F9 Run/Run Run
.

. ,
,
,
.
5.2. Windows
.
.
.
. - ,
(. 5.3).

1 ^
^ , J
^^^ . I
"^^^
,

'V

. 5.3.
396

:
, -


OK

Enter
[
]

Enter
[
]
]

. 5.4.
(. 5.4).
,
- .
.
, Delphi (. 5.5),
, .
(.
5.6):

.
, (
Delphi, , ,
, ,
) :

1^^^||^^
TButton
TLabel

TEdit

TBevel

. 5.5.
397

^^!

!^

3]^^^'-;>;:.-:/"

*:-1
^ iiiii>w>it>'^>ijiiii>^;^i
./Ir^>.l...>..-l;l.'>:'.S'.J:..^...^....'^I;I-''

5^;<[ij 625

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!:|

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;B^fte-4MCif10^

. 5.6. :
- ( ); - ;
-

Forml - :
Name: MainForm ~ -;
Caption: ' ' - ;
Labell ~ :
Name: InputLabel - -;
Caption: ' ' ~ ;
Label2 - :
Name: OutPutLabel - -;
Caption: ' :' - ;
Editl - :
Name: InputEdit ~ -;
Edit2 - :
Name: OutPutEdit - -;
398


Enable: false - ;
Readonly: true - ;
Button 1 - :
Name: NextButton ~ -;
Caption: '' - ;
Button2 - :
Name: ExitButton - -;
Caption: '' - .
.
,
, TNumber
Num ,
.
TObject.
. 5.7 ( Delphi). TMainForm
TNumber ,
.
. TNumber
:
Unit UnitNumber;
Interface
Type
TNumber=class(TObject)
private Num:single;
public Constructor Create(aNum:single);
Function SqrNumber:single;
end;
-;-'.-^'.';j

V 'Sp0^- 1

TMainForm

^^:;,

-
^:

MainFormActivate
InputEditKeyPressed
NextButtonClick
ExitButtonClick

TNumber 1

Num
Create()
Sqr( )
Destroy()

1111
. 5. ?1
399


Var N: TNumber;
Implementation
Constructor TNumber. Create(aNum:single);
begin
inherited Create;
Num:=aNum;
end;
Function TNumber.SqrNumber:single;
begin Result: ^Sqr(Num);
end;
end.
MainForm
UnitNumber.
. ,
, ,
,
(. 5.1).
5.1

MainForm: On Activate (. 5.6, )

TEdit

,
Enter I
InputEdit: OnKeyPressed

(.
j - 5.6,
),

1
,

, (.
5.6, )
j

I

1
NextButton: OnClick
: -
I

(. 5.6, )

I

ExitButton: OnClick
i
400


,
Events
.
,
. MainForm,
(, ,
).
Unit MainForm;
Interface
Uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls; { Delphi}
Type
TMainForm= class(TForm){oimcdLUHQ - }
InputLabel: TLabel; OutputLabel: TLabel; {}
Input Edit: TEdit;
Output Edit: TEdit;
{}
NextButton: TButton; ExitButton: TButton; {}
Bevell: TBevel;
{}
procedure FormActivatefSender: TObject);
procedure InputEditKey Press (Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
end;
Var MainForm: TMainForm; {- }
Implementation
uses UnitNumber; { TNumber}
{$R \DFM}
Procedure TMainForm.FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
begin
OutputEdit Visible:=false; { }
OutputLabeLVisible:=false; { }
NextButton.Enabled:=false; {
}
InputEdit. Clear;
{ }
InputEdit.ReadOnfy:=false; { }
InputEditSetFocus;
{ }
end;
Procedure TMainForm.InputEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
Var k:single; Codennteger;
begin
ifKey-=#13 then
begin
Key:=#0; { }
401


Val(InputEdit. Text,k,Code);
if Code-0 then
begin
N:-TNumber.Create(strtofloat(InputEdit.Text)); { }
OutPutEditText:'=floattostr(N.SqrNumber); { }
KDestroy; { - TObject}
OutPutEditVisible:-true; { }
OutputLabel,Visible:=true; { }
InputEdit.ReadOnly:-true; { }
NextButton.Enabled:=true; {
}
NextButtonSetFocus; {
}
end
else { }
MessageDlgCCmpoKu codep:>/um ',
mtErrorJmbOkJyO)
end;
end;
Procedure TMainForm.NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
FormActivate(NextButton); end; { }
Procedure TMainForm,ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin Close; end; { }
End,
- Delphi
:
Program ProectXQ;
Uses
Forms,
MainFormUnit in 'MainFormUnit.pas', {Mainform}
UnitNumber in 'UnitNumber.pas';
{$R *.RES}
Begin
Application.Initialize; { }
Application.CreateFormfTMainForm, MamForw);{ }
Application,Run;
{ }
End.
,
, Delphi
(. 12.1).
402

:^:%|||||^^

IBBI&yfl

^^
;:;11*#:1

.111

':'1^^\

||1-:.1^
,;p.;.j|;;,,-^

::|1||;;|

1':|^|!5^^ ;

^'^':*1

^^-.^
' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

]
. 5.8. :
- ; - / ;
- ; -

5.3. .
. 5.8 .
.
. OS.9 .
, . 12.13, ,
Delphi, XBase
TObject. ,
, Delphi
MessageDlg,
.
TBase
Borland Pascal 7.0. :
Assign Close AssignFile CloseFile
Base TBase ,
.
403

TFonn
-

TMainFomi

TlnputFomi

TAddFomi

TFindFomi

XBase

TObject
. 5.9.

Unit BaseUnit;
interface
Type str30=-string[30J;
rec=record
rfamily, rname, rtelefon:str30;
end;
Type TBase=Object
public
ffileofrec;
family, name telefon:str30; { }
pjamilyp_name:str30;
{ }
kl, k2:boQlean;
{ }
procedure Open(friame:str30); {/ }
procedure Add(afamily,aname,atelefon:str30);{ }
function Find(afamilyaname:str30).boolean; { }
function FindNext:boolean;
{ }
procedure Closef;
{ }
End;
Var
Base:TBase;
implementation
Procedure TBase.Open;
Begin
AssignFile(fJhame);
404

{ }


{$!-}
; { }
iflOResultoO then ReWrite(f); { }
End;
Procedure TBase.Add;
Var r.rec;
Begin
Seek(f,FileSize(f)); { }
r.rfamily:=afamily; { }
: =;
rtelefon: =atelefon;
Write(f,r);
{ }
End;
Function XBase. Find;
Begin
CloseFile(f);
{ }
ReSet(f);
{ }
pjamily:=afamily;
{ }
:=;
kl:=p_family<>";
{ }
2:=_<>";
Find:=FindNext;
{ }
End;
Function TBase.FindNext;
Var r:rec; , k4,ff:boolean; { }
Begin
ff:=false; { " "}
while not Eof(f) and notffdo
begin
Read(f,r);
k3:=pj'amily=r.rfamily; { }
4: = = ;
if(kl and 2 and and 4) { }
or (not kl and k2 and k4)
or (kl and not k2 and ) then
begin
ff:=true;
{ " "}
jfdmily:=r.rfamily; { }
:=;
telefon: =^ rtelefon;
end
end;
405

FindNext:=ff; { }
end;
Procedure TBase.Closef;
begin
CloseFile(f); { }
end;
end.
MainForm TMainForm ,
,
. . InputForm,
/ .
, MainForm AddButton
FindButton Enable
false. .
InputForm
: true .
Unit MainUnit;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, StdCtrls;
type
TMainForm = classfTForm)
OpenButton; TButton;
AddButton: TButton;
FindButton: TButton;
ExitButton: TButton;
procedure OpenButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure AddButtonClickfSender: TObject);
procedure FindButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClickfSender: TObject);
end;
var MainForm: TMainForm;
implementation
uses AddUnit, FindUnit, InputUnit;
{$R *.DFM}
procedure TMainForm. OpenButtonClickfSender: TObject);
begin
if InputForm.ShowModal=mrOk then { InputForm}
begin
{ , }
AddButton.Enabled: =true;
{ }
406

:
FindButton.Enabled:=true; { }
end;
end;
procedure TMainForm.AddButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
AddForm.ShowModal;
{ AddForm}
end;
procedure TMainForm.FindButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
FindForm,ShowModal;
{ FindForm}
end;
procedure TMainForm.ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
Close; { }
end;
end.
InputForm
. .
Enter.
Unit InputUnit;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs,
StdCtrls;
type
TInputForm = class(TForm)
InputEdit: TEdit;
procedure InputEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
end;
var InputForm: TInputForm;
implementation
uses Base Unit;
{$R *.DFM}
procedure TInputForm.FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
begin
InputEdit. SetFocus;
end;
procedure TInputForm.InputEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey=#13 then
407

:
begin
:=#0;
Base. Open (InputEdit. Text);
ModalResult:= mrOK;
{ }
end;
end;
end.
AddForm . . 5.10
AddForm,
.
, ,
Enter,
, .
:
.

UnitAddUnit;
interface
uses
Windows Messages SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, StdCtrls;

Enter/

'

Enter

J
1

Enter

J
. 5.10.
AddForm

408

type
TAddForm = class(TForm)
FamLabel: TLabel;
NameLabel: TLabel;
FonLabel: TLabel;
AddButton: TButton;
ExitButton: TButton;
FamEdit: TEdit;
NameEdit: TEdit;
FonEdit: TEdit;
procedure FamEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure NameEditKeyPress (Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure FonEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
procedure AddButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
end;
var
AddForm: TAddForm;
implementation
uses Base Unit;
{$R *.DFM}
procedure TAddForm.FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
begin
ExitButton, SetFocus;
end;
procedure TAddForm.AddButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
FamEdit.SetFocus;
end;
procedure TAddForm.FamEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey=#]3 then
begin
Key:=#0;
NameEdit. SetFocus;
end; ^
end;
procedure TAddForm.NameEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey=#13 then
begin
Key:=#0;
409


FonEdit.SetFocus;
end;
end;
procedure TAddForm.FonEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey^#13 then
begin
Key:=#0;
Base,Add(FamEdit. Text,NameEdit. Text,FonEdit. Text);
ExitButton. Set Focus;
end;
end;
procedure TAddForm.ExitButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
ModalResult:= mrOK;
{ }
end;
end.
FindForm .
Enter.
unit FindUnit;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs,
StdCtrls;
type
TFindForm = class(TForm)
FamLabel: TLabel;
NameLabel: TLabel;
FonLabel: TLabel;
FindButton: TButton;
ExitButton: TButton;
NextButton: TButton;
FamEdit: TEdit;
NameEdit: TEdit;
FonEdit: TEdit;
procedure FamEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure NameEditKeyPressfSender: TObject; var Key: Char);
procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject);
procedure FindButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure ExitButtonClickfSender: TObject);
410


private

Procedure Show;
end;
var
FindForm: TFindForm;
implementation
uses Base Unit;
{$R *.DFM}
Procedure TFindForm. Show;
begin
FamEdit, Text: =Base/amily;
Name Edit. Text: =Base. name;
FonEdit. Text: =Base. telefon;
end;
procedure TFindForm.FormActivatefSender: TObject);
begin
ExitButton. SetFocus;
end;
procedure TFindForm.FindButtonClickfSender: TObject);
begin
FamEdit. SetFocus;
end;
procedure TFindForm.FamEditKeyPressfSender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey=#}3 then
begin
Key:=#0;
NameEdit. SetFocus;
end;
end;
procedure TFindForm.NameEditKeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);
begin
ifKey=#13 then
begin
Key:=#0;
if Base.Find(FamEdit. Text,NameEdit. Text) then
begin
Show;
NextButton. SetFocus;
end
else
begin
MessageDlg( 'Hem daHHbix\mtInformation,[mbOk],0);
411

[JpiuioDtceHue
ExitButton, SetFocus;
end
end;
end;
procedure TFindForm.NextButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
if BascFindNext then
begin
Show;
Next Button, SetFocus;
end
else
begin
MessageDlg( 'Hem daHHbix\mtInformationJmbOkJ,0);
ExitButton. SetFocus;
end
end;
procedure TFindForm.ExitButtonClickfSender: TObject);
begin
ModalResult:= mrOK;
{ };
end;
end.
Delphi
.
program BookProject;
uses Forms,
MainUnit in 'MainUnit.pas' {MainFormj,
InputUnit in 'InputUnit.pas' {InputForm},
AddUnit in 'AddUnit.pas' {AddForm},
FindUnit in FindUnit.pas' fFindForm},
Base Unit in 'BaseUnit.pas';
{$R *.RES}
begin
Application. Initialize;
Application. CreateForm(TMainForm, MainForm);
Application. CreateForm(TInputForm, InputForm);
Application. CreateFormfTAddForm, AddForm);
Application. CreateFormfTFindForm, FindForm);
Application. Run;
end.

412


1. . - . .:
, 1997.
2. . -
C++. .: ; .: , 1998.
3. . . .: , 1989.
4. ., ., . . .: , 1975.
5. .., .., .. -
. .: - . .. , 2001.
6. ., ., . : . .:
, 2000.
7. . . .: , 1982.
8. .. -. - . .: -
, 1992.
9. ., . . .:
, 1980.


212
- 213
- 212
15
- 18, 19,20
- 60, 69
- 15, 16, 17
- 61,71
- 17
38
11, 303, 309
- 10, 150, 155
238
- 246
- 238
- 247
218
- 220
- 218, 220
- 218, 220
- 219
136
- 140
- 138, 139
, 305, 315

- 307, 327
- 354
- 306
414

308, 330
77
- 79, 80
- 84, 85
150
93
- 96, 97
- 125
- 59, 83
-
, 89
-
94
- 81
- 24, 172 .
- 24, 104, 150
- 63, 64
- 13
- 99
- 179
- 97
- 102
- 110
- 244
- 65, 68
- 90, 91
- 65
156
127
- 128
- 129

..
.. , ..
.. , .
..

16.05.2002. 70x100/16. .
. . . . 33,8. .-. . 33,25. 5000 .
1433

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-
. 432980, . , . , 14


308, 332
306, 327
- 308, 336, 344
& 303
- 316, 348
- 340
56
- - 42
- 69
- 33, 37
- 35
- 58
- 40
- 50
146
- 147
- 147
- 162
- 159, 370
- 157
- 147
- 340
- 166
- 146
179, 183
- 180, 184
13, 33
- 145
- 36
- 145
- 37
- 87
144, 145
- 161
12

177, 180
- 85
- 99
- 120
10, 17
- - 11
14, 312, 365
- 20, 312
144, 145
168
- 177
- 175
- 168, 173
28
28
- - 28
- 28, 29
224, 226
113
52
33
- 33, 34
- 39, 217, 331
- 41, 163, 330, 335
- 41

35, 45
214
188, 190
- 207
- 192, 196
- 191,201

415