Министерство образования и науки

Российской Федерации

Санкт-Петербургский государственный
архитектурно-строительный университет»

Факультет экономики и управления

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ЗАДАНИЕ № 131

для студентов всех специальностeй II курса

факультета безотрывных форм обучения

Санкт-Петербург
2012
1
УДК 378.6:811.111(075.8)
Рецензент д-р филол. наук, доцент Е. И. Варгина (СПбГУ)
Английский язык: 3адание № 131 для студентов всех специаль-
ностeй II курса факультета безотрывных форм обучения / сост.:
Т. Б. Воеводская, Л. Я. Лапшина; СПбГАСУ. – СПб., 2012. – 46 с.
Задание предназначено для аудиторного чтения для студентов II курса фа-
культета безотрывных форм обучения всех специальностей для развития навы-
ков технического перевода. В задании использованы тексты, взятые из ориги-
нальной литературы.
Каждый урок включает тексты для устного и письменного перевода, лек-
сические и грамматические упражнения, направленные на развитие навыков
устного и письменного перевода со словарем. В конце задания имеется англо-
русский словарь, составленный на основе употребляющейся в задании лексики.
 Санкт-Петербургский государственный
архитектурно-строительный университет, 2012
2 3
Урок 1
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Ground Stability
Ground is the term used for the earth’s surface, which varies in composi-
tion. There are five groups of ground: rocks; non-cohesive soils; cohesive
soils; peat and organic soils; made-up ground and fill. Rocks include the
hard, rigid, strongly cemented geological deposits such as granite, sandstone
and limestone. Soils include the comparatively soft, loose, geological depos-
its such as gravel, sand and clay. Unlike rocks, soils, made-up ground and fill
are compacted under the compression of the loads of buildings on founda-
tions. The foundation of a building is designed to transmit loads to the ground
so that any movements of the foundation are limited. Movement of the foun-
dations may be caused by the load of the building on the ground or by the
movements of the ground that are independent of the load applied to the
building.
The applied load of buildings on foundations may cause settlement either
through the compression of soil below foundations or because of shear fail-
ure due to overloading. Settlement movements on non-cohesive soils, such
as gravel and sand, take place as the building is erected and this settlement is
described as ‘immediate settlement’. On cohesive soils, such as clay, settle-
ment is a gradual process as water, or water and air, are expelled from pores
in the soil. This settlement, which is described as ‘consolidation settlement’,
may continue for several years after completion of the building.
If the building loads are not properly distributed and foundations not de-
signed and constructed correctly, differential settlement may occur. Differen-
tial settlement occurs when different parts of the building settle into the ground
at different rates.
Correctly designed and constructed, the foundations will provide a firm
and durable base, helping to prevent distortion of the structure and damage to
underground services.
Notes:
made-up ground – искусственный грунт
fill – насыпной грунт
immediate settlement – начальная осадка фундамента
consolidation settlement – консолидационная осадка 1. There are five groups of a. to transmit loads to the ground.
cohesive soils – связный грунт ground:
non-cohesive soils – несвязный грунт 2. Soils include the comparatively b. granite, sandstone and
soft, loose, geological deposits limestone.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: such as
surface, ground, soil, rock, granite, sandstone, limestone, gravel, clay, rigid, 3. On cohesive soils c. used for the earth’s surface.
durable, soft, loose, transmit, prevent, apply, cause, occur, movement, settle- 4. Ground is the term d. gravel, sand and clay.
ment 5. If the building loads are not e. settlement is a gradual process.
properly distributed
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте A причастия II и определите их функции. 6. The foundation of a building is f. rocks; non-cohesive soils;
designed cohesive soils; peat and organic
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских soils; made-up ground and fill.
слов и словосочетаний. 7. Movement of the foundations g. settlement.
may be caused by
8. Rocks include the hard, rigid, h. the load of the building on the
1. soil a. встречаться, иметь место
strongly cemented geological ground.
2. granite b. насыпной грунт
deposits such as
3. surface c. мягкий
9. Correctly designed and i. may continue for several years
4. rock d. глина
constructed, after completion of the building.
5. fill e. почва
10. The applied load of buildings j. when different parts of the
6. sandstone f. жесткий
on foundations may cause building settle into the ground at
7. limestone g. рыхлый
8. clay h. применять, прикладывать different rates.
11. Differential settlement occurs k. differential settlement may
9. rigid i. вызывать, быть причиной
occur.
10. durable j. горная порода
12. Consolidation settlement l. the foundations will provide a
11. soft k. осаждение, осадка
firm and durable base.
12. loose l. известняк
13. prevent m. поверхность
14. cause n. препятствовать Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
15. occur o. передавать, переносить языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
16. settlement p. песчаник русский язык.
17. transmit q. движение, перемещение
18. apply r. долговечный 1. (Грунт) is the term used for the earth’s surface. 2. (Горные породы
19. movement s. гранит включают) the hard, rigid, strongly cemented geological deposits. 3. Soils
include the (сравнительно мягкие, рыхлые) geological deposits such as
gravel, sand and clay. 4. The (приложенная нагрузка) of buildings on foun-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу dations may cause settlement. 5. Movement of the foundations (может быть
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. вызвано) by the load of the building on the ground. 6. Settlement move-
ments (на несвязных грунтах, таких как гравий и песок) take place as the

4 5
building is erected. 7. On cohesive soils, (таких как глина), settlement is a
gradual process. 8. If the building loads are not properly distributed and foun-
dations not designed and constructed correctly, differential settlement (может
иметь место). 9. Correctly designed and constructed, the foundations will
provide a (долговечное основание).
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
Текст B. Dimensional Stability
Stability of the building as a whole will be determined by the independent
movement of different materials and components within the structure over
time.
Moisture movement. Dimensional variation will occur in porous materials
as they take up or lose moisture through evaporation. Seasonal variations in
temperature will occur in temperate climates and affect many building mate-
rials.
Thermal movement. All building materials exhibit some amount of ther-
mal movement because of seasonal changes in temperature and day fluctua-
tions. Dimensional variation is usually linear. The extent of movement will
be determined by the temperature range, the coefficient of expansion of the
material, its size and its colour.
Loading. Dimensional variation will occur in materials that are subjected
to load. Deformation under load may be permanent. However, some materi-
als will return to their natural state when the load is removed. Thus live and
wind loads should be considered too.
6 7
Урок 2
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Foundations
The primary functional requirements of foundations are strength and sta-
bility. The combined dead, imposed and wind loads of the building should be
safely transmitted to the ground without causing movement of the ground.
The foundation should be designed so that the combined loads from the build-
ing are spread over an area of the ground capable of sustaining the loads
without undue movement. The pressure on the ground from the foundations
of a new building increases the load on the ground under the foundations of
an adjoining building and so increases the possibility of instability.
The building should also be constructed so that ground movement caused
by swelling, shrinking or freezing of the subsoil will not impair the stability
of any part of the building.
The natural foundation of rock or soil on which a building is constructed
should be capable of supporting the loads of the building without such settle-
ment due to compression of the ground that may fracture connected services
or impair the stability of the structure. For the majority of small buildings the
bearing capacities for rocks and soils will provide an acceptable guide in the
design of foundations. For heavy loads on foundations some depth below the
surface, it may not be sufficient to accept the bearing capacities because of
the uncertain nature of the subsoil. The descriptions of hard clays and soft
clays may not in practice give a sufficiently clear indication of an allowable
bearing pressure to design an economical, safe foundation. Clay soils, when
overloaded, may be subjected to shear failure due to the plastic nature of the
soil. It is necessary to have some indication of the nature of subsoils under a
foundation by soil exploration.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
foundation, requirement, strength, dead load, imposed load, wind load, trans-
mit, spread, pressure, increase, allowable, shear failure
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте A модальные глаголы.
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
слов и словосочетаний. языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. foundation a. постоянная нагрузка
2. requirement b. допустимый 1. (Давление) on the ground from the foundations of a new building in-
3. strength c. ветровая нагрузка creases the load on the ground under the foundations of an adjoining build-
4. dead load d. передавать, переносить ing. 2. The natural (фундамент) of rock or soil should be capable of support-
5. imposed load e. основание, фундамент ing the loads of the building. 3. The primary functional requirements of foun-
6. wind load f. увеличиваться dations are (прочность и устойчивость). 4. For small buildings the (несущие
7. transmit g. прочность, сила способности) for rocks and soils will provide an acceptable guide in the
8. spread h. приложенная нагрузка design of foundations. 5. The descriptions of hard clays and soft clays may
9. pressure i. требование not in practice give a clear indication of an (допустимого) bearing pressure.
10. increase j. давление 6. Clay soils, when overloaded, may be subjected to (разрушению от сдвига)
11.allowable k. разрушение от сдвига due to the plastic nature of the soil. 7. For heavy loads on foundations some
12. shear failure l. распространять depth below the surface, it may not be sufficient to accept the bearing capaci-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу ties because of the uncertain nature of the subsoil. 8. The combined
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. (постоянные, приложенные и ветровые нагрузки) of the building should
be safely transmitted to the ground without causing movement of the ground.
1. The primary functional a. may not give a clear indication of an
requirements of foundations are allowable bearing pressure to design Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
an economical, safe foundation.
2. The natural foundation of b. strength and stability. Текст B. Foundation types
rock or soil
3. Clay soils, when overloaded, c. safely transmitted to the ground. Foundations may be classified as:
4. The pressure on the ground d. should be capable of supporting the
1) Strip foundations
from the foundations of a new loads of the building.
2) Pad foundations
building
3) Raft foundations
5. It is necessary to have some e. increases the load on the ground
indication of the nature of under the foundations of an adjoining 4) Pile foundations.
subsoils building. Strip foundations consist of a continuous, longitudinal strip of concrete
6. The combined dead, imposed f. the bearing capacities for rocks and designed to spread the load from uniformly loaded walls of brick, masonry or
and wind loads of the building soils will provide an acceptable guide concrete to a sufficient area of subsoil. The spread of the strip depends on
should be in the design of foundations. foundation loads and the bearing capacity and shearing strength of the sub-
7. The descriptions of hard clays g. may be subjected to shear failure. soil. The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the founda-
and soft clays tion material.
8. For the majority of small h. under a foundation by soil The foundation to piers of brick, masonry and reinforced concrete and
buildings exploration. steel columns is often in the form of a square or rectangular isolated pad of
concrete to spread a concentrated load. The area of this type of foundation

8 9
depends on the load on the foundation and the bearing and shear strength of
the subsoil. The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the
foundation material.
A raft foundation is a continuous slab of concrete. It usually covers an area
equal to or greater than the base of a building. This slab should provide
support for wall and serve as a base for the ground floor. Raft foundations are
used for lightly loaded structures on soil with poor bearing capacity.
The word “pile” is used to describe columns, usually of reinforced con-
crete, driven into or cast in the ground in order to carry foundation loads. The
main function of a pile is to transmit loads to lower levels of ground.
10
Урок 3
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Structural Frame
The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the material
used in the fabrication of the members of the frame. It also depends on the
stability of the frame. Steel is the material most used in framed structures
because of its good compressive and tensile strength, and good strength to
weight ratio. Concrete has good compressive strength but poor tensile strength
and so it is used as reinforced concrete in structural frames. Concrete also
provides protection against corrosion and damage by fire to steel.
Timber is often used in the fabrication of roof frames because it has ad-
equate tensile and compressive strength to support the comparatively light
loads. Timber is often used instead of steel to form lightweight roof frames
because of its ease of handling and fixing.
Reinforced concrete is highly durable and the surface will need little main-
tenance.
All load bearing structures should be designed so that they do not fail
during a fire. Elements of the structure that give support or stability to an-
other element of the building must have no less fire resistance than the other
supporting elements. If a roof provides stability and support to columns then
the roof must have at least the same fire resistance as the columns.
Medium- and long-span flat roof structures are less efficient structurally
and therefore less economic than truss, lattice or portal frames. The advan-
tage of a flat roof is that there is little unused roof space to be heated, com-
pared with pitched roofs. The main disadvantage is a deflection of the flat
roof structure under load that leads to ponding of water on the surface of the
roof. The most common form of framed flat roof construction is with lattice
beam or with space frames.
Notes:
space frame – пространственная стержневая конструкция
load bearing structure – несущая конструкция
11
 the columns.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: 5. The strength of a structural e. most used in framed
fabrication, frame, connect, compressive strength, tensile strength, ratio, re- frame depends on structures.
inforced concrete, timber, lightweight, handling, maintenance, flat, pitched 6. The surface will need f. highly durable.
roof, lattice beam, due to, at least, same 7. The most common form of g. are less efficient structurally
framed flat roof construction is than truss, lattice or portal
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А глаголы в форме пассивного залога. frames.
8. Reinforced concrete is h. little maintenance.
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 9. The advantage of a flat roof is i. so that they do not fail during
слов и словосочетаний. that a fire.
1. fabrication a. легковесный 10. Medium- and long-span flat j. The most common form of
2. frame b. прочность на растяжение roof structures framed flat roof construction is
3. compressive strength c. древесина 11. All load bearing structures k. there is little unused roof
4. tensile strength d. скатная крыша should be designed space to be heated, compared
5. ratio e. изготовление with pitched roofs.
6. reinforced concrete f. подача, транспортирование
7. timber g. техническое обслуживание Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
8. lightweight h. прочность на сжатие языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
9. handling i. тот же самый русский язык.
10. maintenance j. каркас, рама
11. flat k. по крайней мере 1. The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the mate-
12. connect l. соотношение, коэффициент rial used in the (изготовление) of the members of the frame. 2. Steel is the
13. pitched roof m. вследствие material most used in (каркасных конструкциях) because of its good
14. lattice beam n. железобетон compressive and tensile strength. 3. (Железобетон) is highly durable and the
15. due to o. плоский surface will need little maintenance. 4. Timber is often used in the fabrication
16. at least p. соединять of roof frames because it has adequate (прочность на растяжение и сжатие)
17. same q. решетчатая балка to support the comparatively light loads. 5. If a roof provides stability and
support to columns then the roof must have (по крайней мере ту же самую)
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу fire resistance as the columns. 6. (Бетон) also provides protection against
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. corrosion and damage by fire to steel. 7. All (несущие конструкции) should
1. Concrete has good compressive a. to form lightweight roof be designed so that they do not fail during a fire. 9. The advantage of a flat
strength but frames because of its ease of roof is that there is little unused roof space to be heated, compared with. 10.
handling and fixing. The most common form of framed flat roof construction is with (решетчатая
2. If a roof provides stability and b. the strength of the material балка) or with space frames.
support to columns used in the fabrication of the
members of the frame.
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
3. Steel is the material c. poor tensile strength
4. Timber is often used instead of d. then the roof must have at
steel least the same fire resistance as
the columns.
5. The strength of a structural 12 e. most used in framed 13
 Текст B. Flat Roof Construction
The terms ‘beam’ and ‘girder’ are used in a general sense to describe lat-
tice construction. The term ‘beam’ is used to describe small depths associated
with most roof construction and ‘girder’ for deeper depths associated with,
for example, bridge construction. For flat and low pitch roofs it is convenient
to fabricate the top boom to provide a fall for the roof decking. The majority
of lattice beams used for flat and low pitch roofs are fabricated from hollow
round and rectangular steel sections.
Where there is a requirement for a large unobstructed floor area, such as
exhibition areas and sports halls, a space deck roof can be used. A two-layer
space deck comprises a grid of standard prefabricated units, each in the form
of an inverted pyramid. The units are bolted together and connected with tie
bars to form the roof structure.
Space deck roofs may be designed as a two-way spanning structure with a
square grid, or as a one-way spanning structure with a rectangular grid. Eco-
nomic grid sizes are 12 × 12 m, 18 × 18 m and 12 × 18 m. The main advan-
tages of the space deck roof are:1) the wide spacing of the supporting col-
umns, 2) the economy of the structure in the use of standard units and 3) the
speed of erection. One disadvantage is that the members tend to attract dust
and will require regular cleaning. Regular maintenance is also required to
prevent rust.
14
Урок 4
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Cement
The cement used today was first developed by Joseph Aspdin, a Leeds
builder, who took out a patent in 1824 for the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment. He developed the material for the production of artificial stone and
named it Portland cement because, in its hardened state, it resembled natural
Portland limestone in texture and colour. The materials of Aspdin’s cement
were limestone and clay. These materials were later burned at a high tempera-
ture by Isaac Johnson in 1845. A clinker was produced and ground to a fine
powder. This is what we now term Portland cement. A variety of Portland cements
are produced, each with characteristics suited to a particular use.
Ordinary Portland cement is the cheapest and most commonly used ce-
ment. It is made by heating limestone and clay to a temperature of about
1300єC to form a clinker, rich in calcium silicates. The clinker is ground to a
fine powder with a small proportion of gypsum, which regulates the rate of
setting when the cement is mixed with water.
Rapid hardening Portland cement is similar to ordinary Portland except
that the cement powder is more finely ground. The effect of the finer grinding
is that the constituents of the cement powder react more quickly with water, and
the cement develops strength more rapidly. Rapid hardening cement develops in
three days a strength which is similar to that developed by ordinary Portland in
seven days. Although rapid hardening is more expensive than ordinary Portland
cement, it is often used because of its early strength advantage.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
artificial, develop, harden, clinker, fine, grind (ground, ground), suit (v), com-
mon, ordinary, constituent, rapid, expensive, cheap, although
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А прилагательные в сравнительной и
превосходной степени сравнения.
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
слов и словосочетаний.
15
1. artificial a. дорогой Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
2. harden b. мелкий языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
3. grind c. искусственный русский язык.
4. suit d. общий, общепринятый
5. clinker e. составная часть 1. Joseph Aspdin developed the material for the production of
6. develop f. твердеть, затвердевать (искусственного камня) and named it Portland cement. 2. This material in
7. fine g. быстрый its (затвердевшем состоянии) resembled natural Portland limestone in tex-
8. expensive h. молоть, размалывать ture and colour. 3. A clinker was produced and ground to a (мелкий) powder.
9. common i. обычный 4. Ordinary Portland cement (самый дешевый) and most commonly used
10. constituent j. дешевый cement. 5. The clinker (перемалывают) to a fine powder with a small propor-
11. rapid k. удовлетворять, соответствовать tion of gypsum. 6. (Быстро затвердевающий) Portland cement is similar to
12. ordinary l. хотя ordinary Portland cement. 7. The (составляющие) of the cement powder react
13. cheap m. развивать, разрабатывать quickly with water. 8. (Хотя) rapid hardening is (более дорогой) than ordinary
14. although n. клинкерный кирпич
Portland cement, it is often used because of its early strength advantage.
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
1. The cement used today was a. Portland cement. Текст B
first developed by
2. The materials of Aspdin’s b. for the production of artificial
Reinforced concrete is one of the primary materials used in engineering
cement stone.
and building works. French engineer Josef Monier got a patent in 1867 for
3. These materials were later c. in texture and colour.
burned at a high temperature by the process of strengthening concrete by embedding steel in it. Since the
4. Joseph Aspdin developed the d. Joseph Aspdin, a Leeds builder. early days of reinforcing concrete with steel to enhance its strength, rein-
material forced concrete has become a common material on construction sites. It is
5. This is what we now term e. Isaac Johnson in 1845. used extensively for civil engineering works and widely applied in the con-
6. The material resembled f. it is often used because of its struction of buildings.
natural Portland limestone early strength advantage. The three materials used in the production of concrete are cement, aggre-
7. The clinker is ground to a g. are limestone and clay. gate, sand and water.
fine powder The strength and durability of concrete are affected by the voids in con-
8. Ordinary Portland cement is h. with a small proportion of crete caused by poor grading of aggregate, incomplete compaction or exces-
gypsum. sive water in the mix.
9. Rapid hardening cement i. to ordinary Portland cement.
develops in three days Note: voids – пустоты
10. Although rapid hardening is j. a strength which is similar to that
more expensive than ordinary developed by ordinary Portland in
Portland cement, seven days.
11. Rapid hardening Portland k. the cheapest and most commonly
cement is similar used cement.
16 17
 Урок 5 1. concrete a. потеря
2. paste b. пыль
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. 3. dry c. усадка
4. quarter d. бетон
Текст A. Aggregates 5. dust e. удобоукладываемость
6. volume f. пластичная смесь
Concrete is a mix of particles of hard material, the aggregate, bound with 7. mix g. легкость, удобство
a paste of cement and water. At least three quarters of the volume of concrete 8. shrinkage h. сухой
are occupied by aggregate. Cement is generally more costly than aggregate 9. aggregate i. частица
10. measure j. четверть
and it is advantageous, therefore, to use as little cement as necessary to pro-
11. ease k. мера
duce a dense, durable concrete.
12. occupy l. смесь
A wet concrete mix is spread in the form of slabs and compacted into a
13. particle m. объем
dense mass. There is a direct relation between the density and strength of 14. loss n. занимать
finished concrete and the ease with which concrete can be compacted. The 15. workability o. заполнитель
characteristics of the aggregate play a considerable part in the ease with which
concrete can be compacted. The measure of the ease with which concrete can Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
be compacted is described as the workability of the mix. Workability is af- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
fected by the characteristics of the particles of the aggregate such as size and
shape. So workability can be improved by careful selection of aggregate. 1. Aggregate should be clean a. by careful selection of
The grading of the size and the shape of the particles of aggregate affects aggregate.
the amount of cement and water required to produce a mix of concrete. The 2. Aggregate for concrete should b. the aggregate.
more cement and water are needed for workability, the greater the shrinkage be
will be as the concrete dries and hardens. 3. The more cement and water are c. to produce a dense, durable
Aggregate for concrete should be hard, durable and contain no materials needed for workability, concrete.
which can affect reinforcement. Clay, coal or pyrites in aggregate may sof- 4. Concrete is a mix of particles of d. decompose and cause stains
ten, decompose and cause stains in concrete. Aggregate should be clean and hard material, in concrete.
free from organic impurities and coating of dust or clay as they can lower the 5. Workability can be improved e. are occupied by aggregate.
strength of the concrete. 6. It is advantageous to use as little f. hard, durable and contain no
cement as necessary materials which can affect
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: reinforcement.
aggregate, concrete, paste, quarter, occupy, bind (bound, bound), volume, 7. Clay, coal or pyrites in aggregate g. and free from organic
may soften, decompose impurities.
mix, measure, ease, workability, particle, shrinkage, loss, dry, dust
8. At least three quarters of the h. water required to produce a
volume of concrete mix of concrete.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А модальные глаголы.
9. The grading of the size and the i. the greater the shrinkage will
shape of the particles of aggregate be as the concrete dries and
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских affects the amount of cement and hardens.
слов и словосочетаний. water
18 19
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. (Заполнитель) for concrete should be hard, durable and contain no
materials which can affect reinforcement. 2. Concrete is a (смесь) of parti-
cles of hard material, the aggregate, bound with a paste of cement and water.
3. At least three quarters of the (объема) of concrete are occupied by aggre-
gate. 4. Workability is affected by the characteristics of the (частиц
заполнителя) such as size and shape. 5. (Удобоукладываемость) can be
improved by careful selection of aggregate. 6. Aggregate should be free from
(пыли или глины) as they can lower the strength of the concrete. 7. It is
advantageous to use as little cement as necessary to produce a dense,
(долговечный бетон). 8. The (мера) of the ease with which concrete can be
compacted is described as the workability of the mix.
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
Текст B. Natural and Artificial Aggregates
Sand and gravel are the cheapest and most commonly used aggregates.
They consist of particles of broken stone deposited by the action of rivers.
Crushed rock aggregates are generally more expensive than sand and gravel,
because of the cost of quarrying and crushing the stone. If the stone is hard,
inert and well graded, it serves as a good aggregate for concrete. Natural
granite is hard and dense and serves as an excellent aggregate. Hard sand-
stone and limestone, when crushed and graded, are commonly used as aggre-
gate in areas where sand and gravel are not readily available.
Clean broken brick is used as an aggregate for concrete with good fire
resistance. The strength of the concrete produced with this aggregate de-
pends on the strength and density of the bricks from which the aggregate is
produced. Crushed engineering brick aggregate will produce a concrete of
medium crushing strength. Porous brick aggregate should not be used for
reinforced concrete work in exposed positions as the aggregate will absorb
moisture and encourage the corrosion of the reinforcement.
20
Урок 6
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Functional requirements of a wall
The main functional requirements of a wall are:
1. Strength and stability.
2. Resistance to weather.
3. Durability and freedom from maintenance.
4. Fire safety.
Strength and stability. A wall structure should have adequate strength to
support its own weight between points of support or fixing to the structural
frame, and sufficient stability against lateral wind pressures.
Brick and precast concrete cladding do not suffer the rapid changes of
temperature between day and night. Thin sheet wall materials such as metal
and glass suffer rapid changes in temperature and consequent expansion and
contraction. These may cause damage to fixings or the thin panel material.
Resistance to weather. The traditional walling materials, brick, stone and
block, serve to exclude rain from the inside of buildings by absorbing rain-
water that evaporates to outside air during dry periods. Common practice is
to construct a wall as a cavity wall with an outer leaf of masonry as rain
screen, a cavity and an inner leaf that provides adequate thermal resistance to
the passage of heat, and an attractive internal finish.
Durability and freedom from maintenance. The durability of a wall struc-
ture is a measure of the frequency and extent of the work necessary to main-
tain minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance.
Walls of brick and natural stone will very gradually change colour over
the years. This slow change of colour is generally accepted as one of the
attractive features of these traditional materials. Walls of brick and stone fac-
ing require very little maintenance over the expected life of most buildings.
Fire safety. The design of cladding and curtain wall construction must
take into account fire safety. Primary concerns are the internal spread of fire
across the surface materials of walls and ceilings, external fire spread over
the fabric and fire spread within concealed spaces such as cavities.
Note: take into account – принимать во внимание
21
 such as cavities.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: 5. The durability of a wall e. suffer rapid changes in
resistance, durability, maintenance, weight, precast concrete, cladding, fac- structure is a measure temperature.
ing, finish, damage, change, feature, inside, outside, appearance, requirement, 6. The traditional walling f. of the frequency and extent of
sufficient materials, brick, stone and block, the work necessary to maintain
serve to exclude rain from minimum functional
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А инфинитивы и определите их функции. requirements and acceptable
appearance
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 7. The design of cladding and g. fixings or the thin panel
слов и словосочетаний. curtain wall construction must material.
8. Thin sheet wall materials such h. very gradually change colour
1. feature a. появление, внешний вид
as metal and glass over the years.
2. maintenance b. внутренний
9. These may cause damage to i. between day and night.
3. precast concrete c. долговечность
4. cladding d. особенность, характерная черта Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
5. inside e. повреждение, ущерб языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
6. durability f. перемена, менять
русский язык.
7. damage g. техническое обслуживание
8. weight h. облицовка, обшивка
1. Walls of brick and natural stone will very gradually (менять) colour
9. resistance i. внешний
over the years. 2. Walls of brick and stone facing require very little
10. change j. требование
11. outside k. сборный бетон (технического обслуживания) over the expected life of most buildings.
12. appearance l. вес 3. A wall structure should have adequate strength to support its own (вес)
13. requirement m. достаточный between points of support or fixing to the structural frame. 4. A wall structure
14. sufficient n. сопротивление should have (достаточную) stability against lateral wind pressures. 5. The
design of (облицовки) must take into account fire safety. 6. The main func-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу tional (требование) of a wall is strength and stability. 7. (Облицовка из
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. кирпича и сборного бетона) do not suffer the rapid changes of temperature
between day and night. 8. Rapid changes in temperature may cause
1. A wall structure should have a. must take into account fire (повреждения) to fixings or the thin panel material.
adequate strength safety.
2. Walls of brick and natural stone b. the inside of buildings by
will absorbing rainwater. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
3. Primary concerns are c. to support its own weight.
4. Brick and precast concrete d. the internal spread of fire
cladding do not suffer the rapid across the surface materials of
Текст B
changes of temperature walls and ceilings, external fire
spread over the fabric and fire
spread within concealed spaces The interiors of buildings are heated by the transfer of heat from heaters
such as cavities. and radiators to air. This internal heat is transferred to and through colder
5. The durability of a wall e. suffer rapid changes in enclosing walls, roof and floors by conduction, convection and radiation to
22 23
colder outside air. As long as the interior of buildings is heated to a tempera-
ture above that of outside air, transfer of heat from heat sources to outside air
will continue.
The natural exchange of outside and inside air is necessary to provide
ventilation of buildings. For comfort there should be a continuous change of
air inside buildings to provide an adequate supply of oxygen, and to limit
humidity, fumes and smells. The necessary movement of air inside sealed
buildings may be induced artificially by mechanical systems of air condition-
ing. These systems filter, dry and humidify air through a complex of ducting,
connected to one or more air treatment plants.
24
Урок 7
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Prefabrication and Off-Site Production
Prefabrication is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or
building components at a location, usually a factory, remote from the build-
ing site. Off-site production is another term widely used to describe the manu-
facture of a prefabricated building. The manufactured building or building
parts are then delivered to the site and assembled in their final position. This
method of construction enables a high degree of accuracy and quality control
of the component parts, which are then transported to the site to a precise
timetable and erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. Component
parts as well as joints between them should be accurately designed. Attention
must be given to fixing and positioning tolerances. On a large scale, prefab-
rication may be a more efficient alternative to more traditional site-based
construction methods. For commercial applications the saving in time on the
site is an important economic consideration. Improvements in accuracy, quality
and safety are other important considerations.
The majority of components that make up buildings are factory produced,
e.g. doors, windows, staircases, sanitary ware etc., and are readily available
from manufacturers’ catalogues of standard products. Construction is essen-
tially a process of assembly, fixing and fitting of manufactured components
in a precise location.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
prefabrication, remote, off-site, assemble, accuracy, timetable, staircase, qual-
ity, improvement, application, enable, site, deliver, as well as
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А причастия II и определите их функции.
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
слов и словосочетаний.
25
1. off-site a. предварительное изготовление Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
2. component b. расписание, график языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
3. remote c. лестница, лестничный марш русский язык.
4. improvement d. доставлять
5. prefabrication e. деталь, элемент 1. The manufactured building or building parts (доставляются) to the site
6. accuracy f. вне стройплощадки and assembled in their final position. 2. This method of construction enables
7. staircase g. дистанционный a high degree of (точности) and quality control of the component parts.
8. timetable h. применение 3. Component parts are transported to the site to a precise (расписанию) and
9. assemble i. стройплощадка erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. 4. (Предварительное
10. deliver j. улучшение, усовершенствование изготовление) is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or
11. as well as k. точность building components at a location, remote from the building site. 5. (Вне
12. site l. собирать стройплощадки) production is another term widely used to describe the
13. enable m. давать возможность
manufacture of a prefabricated building. 6. Component parts (а также) joints
14. application n. а также
between them should be accurately designed. 7. (Усовершенствования)
in accuracy, quality and safety are important considerations.
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.

1. Prefabrication is a term a. to the site and assembled in their Текст B

2. Attention must be given to
3. Improvements in accuracy,
quality and safety
4. The manufactured building or
building parts are delivered
5. This method of construction
enables a high degree of accuracy
and quality control of the
component parts,
6. Component parts as well as
joints between them should be
7. Off-site production is another
term widely used
final position.
b. accurately designed.
c. to describe the manufacture of a
prefabricated building.
d. which are then transported to the
site to a precise timetable and
erected in position in a clearly
defined sequence.
e. used to describe the construction
of buildings or building
components at a location remote
from the building site.
f. fixing and positioning tolerances.
g. are important considerations.
The early British settlers to America took prefabricated timber houses with
them in the 1620s, and records show that prefabricated buildings of timber
were exported from the UK for use in other countries. With the development
of cast iron, and in particular the development of prefabricated cast iron com-
ponents in the 1840s and 1850s, came the development of prefabricated iron
buildings. Many houses were shipped to Africa, Australia and the Caribbean.
Steel fabrication was developed in the 1930s in America and the UK, and
aluminum fabrication followed after the Second World War. Concrete panels
were developed during the 1900s and have proved to be popular in some
countries (such as Denmark) but have had more limited application in the
UK. Advances in the development of lightweight concrete panels and mate-
rial technologies, such as carbon reinforcement, have helped to keep con-
crete an effective choice for some developers. The majority of systems are
based on a framed construction of timber or lightweight steel. Concrete sys-
tems are primarily based on load bearing concrete panels.

26 27
 Урок 8 Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
shell structure, thin, curve, curvature, slab, formwork, concrete mix, utilize,
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. rigid, rigidity, strength, thickness, stiffness, property, span, vault, floor, dis-
advantage, cast, both … and
Текст A. Shell Structures
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте причастия I и определите их функции.
A shell structure is a thin, curved membrane or slab, usually of reinforced
concrete, that functions both as a structure and covering, deriving its strength Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
and rigidity from the curved shell form. The term “shell” is used to describe слов и словосочетаний.
these structures by reference to the considerable strength and rigidity of thin, 1. shell structure a. свойство
natural, curved forms such as the shell of an egg. The material most suited to 2. vault b. недостаток
the construction of a shell structure is concrete, which is a highly plastic 3. function c. изогнутый
material when wet and which can take up any shape inside formwork. Small 4. thin d. оболочка
section reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells. 5. curved e. использовать, применять
Wet concrete is spread over the formwork and around the reinforcement, and 6. rigidity f. функционировать
compacted to the required thickness with the stiffness of the concrete mix. 7. formwork g. жесткость, твердость
The reinforcement prevents the concrete from running down the slope of the 8. thickness h. тонкий
curvature of the shell while the concrete is wet. Once the concrete has hard- 9. utilize i. жесткость
ened, the reinforced concrete slab acts as a strong, rigid shell, which serves as 10. property j. опалубка
both structure and covering to the building. The strength and rigidity of curved 11. stiffness k. отливать
shell structures makes it possible to construct single curved barrel vaults 12. disadvantage l. толщина
60 mm thick and double curved hyperbolic paraboloids 40 mm thick in rein- 13. span m. перекрытие
forced concrete for clear spans up to 30 mm. 14. cast n. пролет
The attraction of shell structure lies in the elegant simplicity of the curved 15. floor o. свод
shell form that utilizes the natural strength and stiffness of shell forms with
great economy in the use of material. The main disadvantages relate to their Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
cost and poor thermal insulation properties. The shell structure is more ex- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
pensive than, for example, a portal framed structure covering the same floor
area because of the considerable labour required to construct the formwork 1. A shell structure is a. concrete, which is a highly plastic
on which the shell is cast. material when wet.
2. Small section reinforcing b. spread over the formwork and around
Notes: bars can readily be bent the reinforcement.
by reference to – в связи с, относительно 3. Wet concrete is c. a strong, rigid shell.
section – сечение 4. The term “shell” is used d. a thin, curved membrane or slab.
both … and – и … и, как… так и 5. The reinforced concrete e. to follow the curvature of shells.
slab acts as
6. The attraction of shell f. relate to their cost and poor thermal
structure lies in insulation properties.
28 7. The material most suited to g. to
29describe these structures by
structure lies in insulation properties.
7. The material most suited to g. to describe these structures by
the construction of a shell reference to the considerable strength
structure is and rigidity of thin, natural, curved
forms such as the shell of an egg.
8. The main disadvantages h. a portal framed structure.
9. The shell structure is more i. the elegant simplicity of the curved
expensive than shell form.
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. The term (оболочка) is used to describe these structures by reference to
the considerable strength and rigidity of thin, natural, curved forms such as
the shell of an egg. 2. The material most suited to the construction of a
(оболочки) is concrete. 3. Small section reinforcing bars can readily be bent
to follow the (изгибам) of shells. 4. A shell structure is a thin, (изогнутая)
membrane or slab. 5. Once the concrete has hardened, the reinforced con-
crete slab acts as a strong, (жесткая) shell. 6. Wet concrete is spread over the
(опалубку) and around the reinforcement. 7. Wet concrete is compacted to
the required (толщины) with the stiffness of the concrete mix.
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
Текст B. Reinforced Concrete Barrel Vaults
Reinforced concrete barrel vaults consist of a thin membrane of reinforced
concrete positively curved in one direction so that the vault acts as both struc-
ture and roof surface. The most common form of barrel vault is the long span
vault where the strength and stiffness of the shell lie at right angles to the
curvature. Typical spans range from 12 to 30 m. The width is usually about
half the span and the rise is about one fifth of the width. To cover large areas,
multi-span, multi-bay barrel vault roofs can be used. The concrete shell may
be from 57 to 75 mm thick for spans of 12 and 30 m respectively. The thick-
ness of the concrete provides sufficient cover of concrete to protect the rein-
forcement against damage by fire and corrosion.
Under loads the thin shell of the barrel vault will tend to lose shape. To
strengthen the shell stiffening beams or arches are cast with the shell. Stiffen-
ing members are provided between the columns supporting the shell.
30
Урок 9
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
Текст A. Raised Floors
A raised floor is used to conceal services, usually electrical ca­bles and air
conditioning ducts, in the cavity between the raised floor and the structural
floor. Raised floors are particularly useful in large open plan spaces, such as
offices, where it is not practical to house services in partition walls. Air-con-
ditioning grilles and services outlets, such as electrical and telephone sock-
ets, can be provided within the floor to provide a flat and even surface fin­ish.
The cables and air conditioning ducts are hidden from view in the cavity
between the raised floor and the structural floor finish. Concealing the cables
not only improves the visual appearance of the floor area but also helps to
keep trip hazards to a minimum. Most manufacturers of raised floor systems
also supply ancillary items such as electrical floor boxes, cable ports and
cable management systems.
Raised floors are used in new building developments as well as in
refurbish­ment work where there is sufficient vertical height between struc-
tural floors to add a raised floor. By adjusting the depth of the supports to suit
uneven floors and changes in floor levels, it is possible to provide a flat level
surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of stairs.
The functional requirements are to: 1) accommodate and conceal services;
2) be flexible; 3) sustain and resist imposed loads; 4) have good appearance
and aesthetics; 5) resist passage of sound and provide acoustical control;
6) provide required thermal resistance and prevent formation of condensation;
7) provide protection against fire; 8) resist wear and tear; 9) provide safety of
installation and maintenance.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
raised floor, conceal, services, cable, socket, cavity, particularly, useful, par-
tition wall, uneven, wear, installation, imposed load, adjust, provide
Задание 3. Найдите в первом абзаце текста А глаголы и определите их
видо-временную форму и залог.
31
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 1. (Фальшполы, в частности) are useful in large open plan spaces. 2. Air-
слов и словосочетаний. conditioning grilles and services outlets, such as (электрические
1. raised floor a. скрывать, прятать и телефонные розетки), can be provided within the floor to provide a flat
2. services b. в частности and even surface fin­ish. 3. Raised floors are useful where it is not practical
3. uneven c. установка to house services in (перегородках). 4. By adjusting the depth of the supports
4. conceal d. коммуникации to suit (неровным полам) and changes in floor levels, it is possible to pro-
5. wear e. прилагаемая нагрузка vide a flat level surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of
6. cavity f. фальшпол stairs. 5. One of the functional requirements is to resist (износу). 6. A raised
7. partition wall g. регулировать floor is used to conceal services in the (полости) between the raised floor
8. installation h. износ and the structural floor.
9. imposed load j. предусматривать, обеспечивать
10. adjust k. полость Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
11. particularly l. стена – перегородка
12. provide m. неровный Текст B. Floor assembly
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. There are two primary components to a raised floor, the floor panel and
the support pedestal. Combined, the components provide a rigid and stable
1. A raised floor is used a. in partition walls. floor surface for a variety of uses. The design life of the floor panels tends to
2. Raised floors are used in new b. are particularly useful in large be anything up to 25 years, that of the supports around 50 years. Loading
building developments open plan spaces, such as offices. capacity will vary with different systems. In situations where heavy furniture
3. Air-conditioning grilles and c. helps to keep trip hazards to a or equipment is to be installed, the loading of the system can be improved by
services outlets can be provided minimum. the installation of additional support pedestals. Manufacturers will also pro-
4. Concealing the cables not only d. to conceal services in the cavity vide details of the air leakage, the fire rating, the combined weight of the
improves the visual appearance of between the raised floor and the system, which will vary with height. Acoustic performance of the system
the floor area but also structural floor. (which depends on the type of floor finish) should also be provided. Floor to
5. Raised floors e. as well as in refurbishment wall junctions are usually sealed with an air seal.
work.
6. it is possible to provide f. within the floor to provide a flat
and even surface finish.
7. It is not practical to house g. a flat level surface and eliminate
services the need for ramps and short flights
of stairs.

Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском

языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.

32 33
 Урок 10 Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
suspended ceiling, wire, grid, tile, smoke, alarm, attach, support, comprise,
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. include, absorption, insulation, access, cable, additional, current, unit, within

Текст A. Suspended Ceilings Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А инфинитивы и определите их функции.

Suspended ceilings are primarily used to provide an attractive finish to the Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
ceiling while at the same time concealing services. A suspended ceiling com- слов и словосочетаний.
prises a lightweight structural grid, which is supported by wire hangers at-
1. suspended ceiling a. внутри, в пределах
tached to the underside of the structural floor, and into which lightweight 2. grid b. поддерживать
tiles are positioned. The structural grid is based on a 600 × 600 mm module. 3. comprise c. прикреплять
Suspended ceilings may also be used in refurbishment projects to provide 4. support d. дополнительный
a level ceiling finish to areas of the building that differ in height. 5. attach e. сетка
Suspended ceilings not only provide an attractive, level ceiling finish, with 6. insulation f. электрический ток
convenient access to services when required, but are also used to house 7. sound g. включать
a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventilation grilles, light fit- 8. absorption h. подход, доступ
tings, fire sprinklers, detectors (e.g. smoke, heat), security cameras, move- 9. wire i. элемент, блок
ment sensors and alarms. 10. additional j. подвесной потолок
The functional requirements include: 11. current k. поглощение
1. Concealment of structure – to hide changes in the structure, beams, 12. access l. изоляция
floors and ties, and to provide a level and attractive ceiling finish. 13. within m. проволока, провод
2. Concealment of services – to hide services such as ducts, equipment 14. unit n. звук
and cables, and allow easy access for maintenance.
3. Thermal insulation - thermal insulation may be introduced if the ceiling Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
is adjacent to the roof. It must be designed and positioned to prevent conden- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
sation.
4. Acoustic control: sound insulation and absorption – the two main as- 1. The functional requirements a. the suspended ceiling unit.
include
pects of acoustic control are absorption of a sound within an enclosed space,
2. Suspended ceilings are b. to prevent condensation.
and the reduction of sound passing through a material or structure.
primarily used
5. Fire control: control the development and spread of a fire.
3. The services may form an c. independently supported from the
6. Ventilation – the services may form an integral part of the suspended
integral part of structure.
ceiling unit. Where services are concealed within the ceiling they may need
4. A suspended ceiling d. a lightweight structural grid.
additional support. 5. Thermal insulation must be e. to provide an attractive finish to
7. Heating, air conditioning, illumination – the luminaries may be surface designed and positioned the ceiling while at the same time
mounted or independently supported from the structure. concealing services.
8. Electrical earthing – the ceiling grid must be earthed. In the event of any 6. Heating, air conditioning, f. electrical earthing.
electrical fault, the parts of the ceiling capable of carrying an electrical cur- illumination may be surface
rent are earthed and protected. mounted or
34 7. A suspended ceiling g.
35 the ceiling is adjacent to the roof.
mounted or
7. A suspended ceiling g. the ceiling is adjacent to the roof. Лексический минимум
comprises
absorption n. поглощение,
8. Thermal insulation may be h. is supported by wire hangers впитывание
introduced if attached to the underside of the acceptable adj. приемлемый,
structural floor. допустимый
access n. подход, доступ
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
accommodate v снабжать,
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на согласовывать
русский язык. accuracy n. точность, тщательность
acoustical adj. акустический
1. Suspended ceilings provide an attractive, level ceiling finish, with add v. прибавлять, присоединять
convenient (доступ) to services when required. 2. (Подвесные потолки) are additional adj. дополнительный,
also used to house a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventila- добавочный
tion grilles, light fittings, fire sprinklers, detectors (e.g. smoke, heat), security adequate adj. соответствующий
adhere v. приклеиваться, приставать
cameras, movement sensors and alarms. 3. A suspended ceiling comprises a
adhesion n. сцепление, трение
lightweight structural (сетку), which is supported by wire hangers. adjacent n. смежный, примыкающий,
4. (Теплоизоляция) may be introduced if the ceiling is adjacent to the roof. соседний
5. Sound insulation and (поглощение) are main aspects of acoustic control. adjoin v. примыкать, прилегать,
6. The functional requirements also (включают) heating, air conditioning соединять
and illumination. adjust v. регулировать
advantage n. преимущество
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем. adversely adv. неблагоприятно, вредно
aesthetics n. эстетика
affect v. воздействовать, влиять
Текст B. Wallpaper after adv. позади, затем
after conj. после того как
Wallpaper is the term used to cover a wide variety of sheet papers pro- after prep. за
duced for use on internal walls. The papers are mainly used in domestic aggregate n. заполнитель
premises, applied by professional decorators or by householders. air adj. воздушный
Papers adhere to the wall by means of a water-based adhesive paste. The air conditioning n.
paste may be mixed with water and applied to the wall or more commonly to кондиционирование воздуха
alarm n. сигнал тревоги, тревога,
the back of the paper. The sheet of pasted paper is then ‘hung’ on the wall.
v. взволновать
The paper is carefully positioned and then the surface is brushed over with a allow v. позволять, допускать
soft brush to apply enough pressure to remove any air bubbles that have allowable adj. допускаемый,
formed under the paper. Once positioned, the sheet of wallpaper can be допустимый
trimmed at the ceiling and skirting with a sharp knife. Some papers are amount n. количество, итог
manufactured with an adhesive back which is activated by soaking the paper ancillary adj. вспомогательный
in water for a few minutes or by brushing water to the back of the paper angle n. угол
before it is applied to the wall. Some skill is required in keeping the sheets of appearance n. появление, внешний
вид
paper straight and patterns lined up at the joint.
36
apply v. применять, прикладывать
arch n. арка, свод, дуга
area n. область, площадь, зона,
сфера
artificial adj. искусственный
as long as cj. пока
assemble v. собирать
associate v. объединять, присоединять
associate adj. объединенный,
соединенный
at least по крайней мере
attach v. присоединять, прикреплять
attraction n. притяжение,
привлекательность
attractive adj. привлекательный
bar n. стержень, арматурный прут
barrel n. бочка, цилиндр
barrel vault цилиндрический свод
base v. основывать
beam n. балка
bearing n. опора
bearing capacity n. несущая
способность
bearing strength несущая
способность
because of cj. из-за
below prp, adv позади, за, после, ниже
bend v. гнуться, изгибаться
bind (bound, bound) v. связывать
bonding n. сцепление, склеивание
boom n. стрела, забральная балка
box n. короб, коробка
brick n. кирпич
bridge n. мост
broken stone щебень
building n. здание, строительство
cable n. трос, канат
capable adj. способный
capacity n. способность, мощность,
производительность
carry v. нести, поддерживать
37
cast v. отливать
cast iron n. чугун
cause v. быть причиной, вызывать
cavity n. полость, пустота
ceiling n. потолок
cement v. цементировать, скреплять
change n. изменение, v. менять
characteristic n. характерная черта,
особенность
choice n. выбор
civil engineering гражданское
строительство
cladding n. облицовка, обшивка
clay n. глина
clinker n. клинкер, клинкерный
кирпич
coat v. красить, покрывать слоем,
облицовывать
coefficient n. коэффициент
cohesive adv. способный к сцеплению,
связанный
combine v. соединять, смешивать
combined loads комбинированная
(совместная) нагрузка
common adj. общий, обычный
common brick обыкновенный кирпич
compact v. уплотнять
compacted adj. компактный,
уплотненный
compaction n. уплотнение
comparatively adv. сравнительно,
относительно
complete v. завершать
completion n. завершение, комплект
component n. компонент, элемент,
составляющая
composite n. смесь,
adj. составной, сложный
composition n. состав, смесь, сплав
compression n. сжатие
compressive strength прочность при
сжатии
comprise v. включать, содержать
38
conceal v. скрывать, прятать
concentrated load сосредоточенная
нагрузка
concern v. касаться, иметь отношение
с, интересовать
concrete n. бетон
condensation n. сгущение,
конденсация
connect v. соединять, связывать
consequent adj. последовательный
consider v. считать, полагать
considerable adj. значительный,
важный
consideration n. рассмотрение,
соображение
consolidation n. затвердевание
constituent n. составная часть, adj.
составной, составляющий
contain v. содержать, вмещать
content n. вместимость, емкость,
объем, основное содержание
continue v. оставаться, продолжаться,
простираться
continuous adj. непрерывный,
сплошной
contraction n. сжатие, уплотнение,
усадка
convection n. конвекция
convenient adj. удобный, пригодный,
подходящий
correctly adv. правильно, точно
corrosion n. коррозия, окисление
cover v. покрывать, закрывать
covering n. облицовка, настил,
покрытие
crush v. дробить, размельчать
current n. электрический ток
curtain wall навесная стена,
перегородка
curvature n. кривизна, изгиб
curve v. сгибаться, гнуться
curved adj. изогнутый
damage n. повреждение
dead load постоянная нагрузка
decking n. опалубка
deliver v. доставлять, передавать
dense adj. плотный, густой
depend v. зависеть
deposit v. давать осадок, n. отложение,
осадок
depth n. глубина
derive from v. происходит от, отводить
describe v. описывать
description n описание.
design n. проект, конструкция,
v. проектировать
determine v. определять
develop v. развивать, разрабатывать
different adj. другой, непохожий
differential settlement неравномерная
осадка, относительная осадка
dimensional adj. пространственный
distortion n. деформация,
искривление
distribute v. распределять,
размазывать
drive v. забивать, управлять,
приводить в действие
dry adj. сухой
duct n. канал, воздуховод
due to из-за
durability n. долговечность
dust n. пыль
earth n. земля
earthing n. заземление
ease n. легкость, удобство,
v. ослаблять, уменьшать
egg n. яйцо
embed v. закапывать, укреплять,
заделывать
enable v. давать возможность
enclose v. окружать, огораживать
encourage v. способствовать
engineering brick плотный кирпич
повышенной и высокой прочности
enhance v. увеличивать, усиливать
39
equal adj. равный
equipment n. оборудование
evaporation n. испарение
excessive adj. чрезмерный
exclude v. исключать
exhibit v. проявлять, показывать
exhibition n. выставка, проявление,
показ
expansion n. расширение,
распространение, пространство
expel v. выталкивать, исключать
expensive adj. дорогой
exploration n. исследование
expose v. выставлять, подвергать,
открывать
external adj. внешний, наружный
fabric n. ткань, сетка, каркас здания,
структура
fabrication n. изготовление
facing n. облицовочные работы,
облицовка
facing brick лицевой кирпич
failure n. разрушение, излом, потеря
несущей способности
fault n. недостаток, дефект, сдвиг
feature n. особенность, характерная
черта
fill n. насыпной грунт
fine adj. мелкий, высококачественный
finish n. отделка, v. заканчивать,
облицовывать
firm adj. крепкий, твердый
fit v. устанавливать монтировать,
подходить
fitting n. установка, сборка, монтаж
fix v. укреплять, закреплять
fixing n. крепление, закрепление
flat adj. плоский
floor n. перекрытие, пол, этаж
fluctuation n. колебание, изменение
foundation n. основание, фундамент
fracture n. разрушение, трещина,
разрыв
frame n. каркас, рама increase n. увеличение,
framework n. каркас, стержневая v. увеличиваться
конструкция independent adj. независимый
freeze n. замораживание, замерзание influence v. влиять, воздействовать
function v. действовать, initial adj. начальный, исходный
функционировать innovation n. нововведение,
furniture n. мебель, обстановка, новшество
содержимое inside prep. внутри, на внутренней
girder n. главная балка, ферма стороне
grade v. сортировать, отбирать instability n. неустойчивость
по сортам, категориям installation n. установка, сборка
granite n. гранит insulating adj. изолирующий
gravel n. гравий integral adj. объединенный,
grid n. сетка комплексный
grill n. решетка interaction n. взаимодействие
grind (ground, ground) v молоть, internal adj. внутренний
размалывать investigate v. исследовать
ground n. земля, почва, грунт involve v. включать в себя
handling n. транспортирование, isolate v. изолировать
подача junction n. соединение, стык
hanger n. подвеска ,крюк, балка свода just adj. точно, как раз, именно
печи keep up to date v. пополнять
hard adj. твердый, жесткий последними данными
harden v. твердеть, застывать labour n. труд, рабочая сила
heat n. тепло, нагрев, lateral adj. боковой
v. нагревать lattice n. решетка
heating n. обогрев, отопление layer n. слой
heavy adj. тяжелый, сильный, leaf n. лист, слой, перегородка
нагруженный leakage n. утечка, течь
hidden adj. скрытый level adj. плоский, ровный,
hide v. прятать, скрывать горизонтальный
hollow adj. пустотелый life n. долговечность, срок службы,
however cj. однако ресурс
humidity n. влажность lightly adv. легко, едва
immediate settlement начальная lightweight adj. легкий
(первичная) осадка фундамента lime n. известь
impair v. ослаблять limestone n. известняк
imposed load прилагаемая, временная limited adj. ограниченный
нагрузка linear adj. линейный
include v. включать live load временная нагрузка
incomplete adj. неполный, load n. нагрузка
незаконченный load bearing самонесущая нагрузка
location n. местоположение
40
longitudinal adj. продольный
long-term adj. долгосрочный
loose adj. рыхлый
loss n. потеря, затухание, ущерб
luminary n. светило
machinery n. машинное
оборудование, техника
made-up ground искусственный грунт
main adj. главный
mainly adv. главным образом
maintenance n. эксплуатация,
техническое обслуживание, ремонт
majority n. большинство
manufacturer n. изготовитель,
производитель
masonry n. каменная кладка
measure n. мера,
v. измерять, оценивать
medium n. средство
meet the requirements отвечать
требованиям
membrane n. диафрагма, перегородка,
экран
mix v. смешивать
mixture n. смесь
moisture n. влажность
movement n. движение, перемещение
multi-bay многопролетный,
многосекционный
nature n. природа, характер
necessary adj. необходимый, важный
need v. требоваться
non-cohesive adj. несвязанный
occupy v. занимать
occur v. иметь место, случаться,
встречаться
off-site вне стройплощадки
ordinary adj. обычный, заурядный
organic soil минеральный грунт
органического происхождения
outer adj. наружный, внешний
outlet n. выпускное отверстие,
водоотвод
41
outside adj. наружный, внешний
overloading n. перегрузка
owing to благодаря, в следствие
pad v. заполнять мягкой прокладкой
pad foundation вибропоглощающее
основание
particle n. частица
particular adj. особый, определенный
particularly adv. очень, в особенности
partition n. перегородка, внутренняя
стена
pass v. переходить, превращать
paste n. пластичная смесь
pattern n. образец
peat n. торф
performance n. характеристика,
работа
permanent adj. постоянный,
неизменный
pile n. свая
pile foundation свайный фундамент
pitched roof скатная крыша
plastic n. пластмасса
plastic adj. пластичный, гибкий
ponding n. запруживание
poor adj. слабый
pore v. пора, пустота
porous adj. пористый
port n. порт, проходное отверстие
portal n. портал
position n. положение, место,
размещение
possibility n. возможность,
вероятность
possible adj. возможный
powder n.порошок
precast adj. сборный
precise adj. точный, определенный
prefabricated adj. сборный, готовый
prefabrication n. предварительное
изготовление
premise n. помещение
pressure n. давление, напор, сжатие
prevent v. предотвращать, мешать, resist v. сопротивляться, устоять site n. участок, местоположение, structural adj. структурный,
препятствовать против чего-либо стройплощадка строительный
primarily adv. первоначально, respectively adv. в указанном порядке, situation n. местоположение, structure n. конструкция, структур
в основном соответственно расположение, состояние subject v. подвергать
primary adj. первоначальный, result n. результат, исход v. приводить skill n. навыки, квалификация subsoil n. грунтовое основание
главный к чему-л. size n. размер suffer v. претерпевать, допускать
process n. процесс rigid adj. жесткий, твердый slab n. плита sufficient adj. достаточный
properly adv. как следует, должным rigidity n. жесткость, твердость slope n. наклон, откос sufficiently adv. достаточно
образом rock n. горная порода smell n. запах suit v. удовлетворять, соответствовать
property n. свойство roof n. крыша, кровля smoke n.дым suitable adj. подходящий, годный
protect v. защищать rust n. ржавчина so adv. таким образом sulphate n. сульфат
protection n. защита safety n. безопасность soak v. замачивать supply v. снабжать, обеспечивать
provide v. обеспечивать, sand n. песок socket n. штепсельная розетка support n. опора,
предусматривать sandstone n. песчаник soft adj. мягкий v. поддерживать
purpose n. цель screen n. сетка, экран soil n. почва, грунтовое основание surface n. поверхность
quality n. качество seal v. закрывать, изолировать source n. источник suspended ceiling подвесной поток
quarter n. четверть seasonal adj. сезонный space n. пространство sustain v. выдерживать
raft n. опорная фундаментная плита selection n. выбор space frame пространственная sustaining n. выдерживание
raised floor фальшпол services n. инженерные сети, стержневая конструкция swelling n. набухание, вспучивание
range n. ряд, диапазон инженерное оборудование (здания) span n. пролет, v. перекрывать tensile adj. растягивающий
rapid adj. быстрый set v. устанавливать spanning n. перекрытие tensile strength предел прочности при
rate n. скорость, степень, норма, сорт, settle n. усаживаться, оседать spread n. распространение растяжении
параметр, коэффициент settlement n. осаждение, осадка, spread v. распространяться, term n. термин
rating n. номинальная мощность, заселение растягивать, вытягивать texture n. текстура
нормативные характеристики settler n. поселенец sprinkler n. автоматическая than cj. чем
ratio n. коэффициент, соотношение several pron. несколько водораспыляющая насадка, therefore adv. поэтому, следовательно
raw material сырьевые материалы, shear n. сдвиг, поперечная сила опрыскиватель thermal adj. термический, тепловой
сырье shear failure разрушение от сдвига square adj. квадратный thick adj. толстый, плотный
recent adj. недавний shear strength сопротивление сдвигу, stability n. стойкость, устойчивость thickness n.толщина
rectangular adj. прямоугольный прочность при сдвиге staircase n. лестница, лестничный thin adj. тонкий
reduce v. уменьшать shearing strength сопротивление марш though cj. хотя
reduction n. уменьшение сдвигу, прочность при сдвиге steel n. сталь through prep. через, сквозь
reference n. отношение, ссылка shell n. оболочка, свод, остов, каркас stick v. клеить, приклеивать throughout prep. повсюду, везде,
refurbishment n. повторная очистка, shell structure оболочковая stiffness n. жесткость полностью
обновление конструкция, оболочка straight adj. прямой thus adv. так, таким образом
reinforced concrete железобетон, ship v. перевозить, грузить strength n. прочность tie n. анкерная распорка. скреплять
железобетонный shrinkage n. усадка strip n. лента, полоса, tile n. плитка, черепица
reinforcement n. арматура shrinking n. усадка v. демонтировать опалубку, снимать timber n. лесоматериал, древесина
remote adj. действующий на silicate n. силикат strip foundation ленточный timetable n. расписание
расстоянии, дистанционный similar adj. подобный, сходный фундамент tolerance n. допуск
remove v. удалять, устранять simplicity n. простота strong adj. прочный top adj. верхний
requirement n. требование single adj. единственный strongly adv.сильно total adj. общий, целый
transfer v. передавать
42 43
transmit v. передавать, переносить
treatment plant установка по очистке
trim v. подрезать, подравнивать
trip n. пробег
truss n. сквозная ферма, стропильная
ферма
type n. тип
underground n. подпочва
underside нижняя или оборотная
сторона
undue adj. чрезмерный
uneven adj. неровный
unit n. элемент, блок
unless cj. если не, без того чтобы
unlike prep. в отличие от,
adj. не такой как
unobstructed adj. беспрепятственный,
свободный
use n. применение,
v. применять, использовать
useful adj. полезный
utilize v. использовать
variation n. изменение, отклонение
vary v. меняться, изменяться
vault n. свод
ventilation n. вентиляция
vertical adj. вертикальный
via через
volume n. объем
wall n. стена
ware n. изделия
wear n. износ
weight n. вес
wet adj. влажный, сырой
which pron. который, какой
whole adj. целый, весь
width n. ширина
wind load ветровая нагрузка
wire n. провод, проволока
within prep. внутри, в пределах
without prp. без
word n. слово
workability n. удобоукладываемость,
удобообрабатываемость
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Урок 1 ...................................................................................................................... 3
Текст A. Ground Stability ............................................................................... 3
Текст B. Dimensional Stability ....................................................................... 6
Урок 2 ...................................................................................................................... 7
Текст A. Foundations ...................................................................................... 7
Текст B. Foundation types .............................................................................. 9
Урок 3 .................................................................................................................... 11
Текст A. Structural Frame ............................................................................. 11
Текст B. Flat Roof Construction .................................................................. 14
Урок 4 .................................................................................................................... 15
Текст A. Cement............................................................................................ 15
Текст B .......................................................................................................... 17
Урок 5 .................................................................................................................... 18
Текст A. Aggregates ...................................................................................... 18
Текст B. Natural and Artificial Aggregates ................................................... 20
Урок 6 .................................................................................................................... 21
Текст A. Functional requirements of a wall .................................................. 21
Текст B .......................................................................................................... 23
Урок 7 .................................................................................................................... 25
Текст A. Prefabrication and Off-Site Production .......................................... 25
Текст B .......................................................................................................... 27
Урок 8 .................................................................................................................... 28
Текст A. Shell Structures............................................................................... 28
Текст B. Reinforced Concrete Barrel Vaults ................................................. 30
Урок 9 .................................................................................................................... 31
Текст A. Raised Floors .................................................................................. 31
Текст B. Floor assembly................................................................................ 33
Урок 10 .................................................................................................................. 34
Текст A. Suspended Ceilings ........................................................................ 34
Текст B. Wallpaper ........................................................................................ 36

44 45
 ДЛЯ ЗАПИСЕЙ

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Задание № 131

для студентов всех специальностей II курса

факультета безотрывных форм обучения

Составители: Воеводская Татьяна Борисовна

Лапшина Лилия Ярославовна

Компьютерная верстка И. А. Яблоковой

Подписано к печати 02.02.12. Формат 60×80 1/16.Бум. офсетная.

Усл. печ. л. 2,7. Тираж 300 экз. Заказ 6. «С» 5.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет.
190005, Санкт-Петербург, 2-я Красноармейская ул., д. 4.
Отпечатано на ризографе. 190005, Санкт-Петербург, 2-я Красноармейская ул., д. 5.

46 47
ДЛЯ ЗАПИСЕЙ

48