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Министерство образования и науки

Российской Федерации

Санкт-Петербургский государственный
архитектурно-строительный университет»

Факультет экономики и управления

Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ЗАДАНИЕ № 131

для студентов всех специальностeй II курса


факультета безотрывных форм обучения

Санкт-Петербург
2012
1
УДК 378.6:811.111(075.8) Урок 1
Рецензент д-р филол. наук, доцент Е. И. Варгина (СПбГУ) Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

Текст A. Ground Stability


Английский язык: 3адание № 131 для студентов всех специаль-
ностeй II курса факультета безотрывных форм обучения / сост.: Ground is the term used for the earth’s surface, which varies in composi-
Т. Б. Воеводская, Л. Я. Лапшина; СПбГАСУ. – СПб., 2012. – 46 с. tion. There are five groups of ground: rocks; non-cohesive soils; cohesive
soils; peat and organic soils; made-up ground and fill. Rocks include the
hard, rigid, strongly cemented geological deposits such as granite, sandstone
Задание предназначено для аудиторного чтения для студентов II курса фа- and limestone. Soils include the comparatively soft, loose, geological depos-
культета безотрывных форм обучения всех специальностей для развития навы-
ков технического перевода. В задании использованы тексты, взятые из ориги-
its such as gravel, sand and clay. Unlike rocks, soils, made-up ground and fill
нальной литературы. are compacted under the compression of the loads of buildings on founda-
Каждый урок включает тексты для устного и письменного перевода, лек- tions. The foundation of a building is designed to transmit loads to the ground
сические и грамматические упражнения, направленные на развитие навыков so that any movements of the foundation are limited. Movement of the foun-
устного и письменного перевода со словарем. В конце задания имеется англо- dations may be caused by the load of the building on the ground or by the
русский словарь, составленный на основе употребляющейся в задании лексики. movements of the ground that are independent of the load applied to the
building.
The applied load of buildings on foundations may cause settlement either
through the compression of soil below foundations or because of shear fail-
ure due to overloading. Settlement movements on non-cohesive soils, such
as gravel and sand, take place as the building is erected and this settlement is
described as ‘immediate settlement’. On cohesive soils, such as clay, settle-
ment is a gradual process as water, or water and air, are expelled from pores
in the soil. This settlement, which is described as ‘consolidation settlement’,
may continue for several years after completion of the building.
If the building loads are not properly distributed and foundations not de-
signed and constructed correctly, differential settlement may occur. Differen-
tial settlement occurs when different parts of the building settle into the ground
at different rates.
Correctly designed and constructed, the foundations will provide a firm
and durable base, helping to prevent distortion of the structure and damage to
underground services.

Notes:
 Санкт-Петербургский государственный
made-up ground – искусственный грунт
архитектурно-строительный университет, 2012
fill – насыпной грунт
immediate settlement – начальная осадка фундамента
2 3
consolidation settlement – консолидационная осадка 1. There are five groups of a. to transmit loads to the ground.
cohesive soils – связный грунт ground:
non-cohesive soils – несвязный грунт 2. Soils include the comparatively b. granite, sandstone and
soft, loose, geological deposits limestone.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: such as
surface, ground, soil, rock, granite, sandstone, limestone, gravel, clay, rigid, 3. On cohesive soils c. used for the earth’s surface.
durable, soft, loose, transmit, prevent, apply, cause, occur, movement, settle- 4. Ground is the term d. gravel, sand and clay.
ment 5. If the building loads are not e. settlement is a gradual process.
properly distributed
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте A причастия II и определите их функции. 6. The foundation of a building is f. rocks; non-cohesive soils;
designed cohesive soils; peat and organic
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских soils; made-up ground and fill.
слов и словосочетаний. 7. Movement of the foundations g. settlement.
may be caused by
8. Rocks include the hard, rigid, h. the load of the building on the
1. soil a. встречаться, иметь место
strongly cemented geological ground.
2. granite b. насыпной грунт
deposits such as
3. surface c. мягкий
9. Correctly designed and i. may continue for several years
4. rock d. глина
constructed, after completion of the building.
5. fill e. почва
10. The applied load of buildings j. when different parts of the
6. sandstone f. жесткий
on foundations may cause building settle into the ground at
7. limestone g. рыхлый
8. clay h. применять, прикладывать different rates.
11. Differential settlement occurs k. differential settlement may
9. rigid i. вызывать, быть причиной
occur.
10. durable j. горная порода
12. Consolidation settlement l. the foundations will provide a
11. soft k. осаждение, осадка
firm and durable base.
12. loose l. известняк
13. prevent m. поверхность
14. cause n. препятствовать Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
15. occur o. передавать, переносить языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
16. settlement p. песчаник русский язык.
17. transmit q. движение, перемещение
18. apply r. долговечный 1. (Грунт) is the term used for the earth’s surface. 2. (Горные породы
19. movement s. гранит включают) the hard, rigid, strongly cemented geological deposits. 3. Soils
include the (сравнительно мягкие, рыхлые) geological deposits such as
gravel, sand and clay. 4. The (приложенная нагрузка) of buildings on foun-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу dations may cause settlement. 5. Movement of the foundations (может быть
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. вызвано) by the load of the building on the ground. 6. Settlement move-
ments (на несвязных грунтах, таких как гравий и песок) take place as the

4 5
building is erected. 7. On cohesive soils, (таких как глина), settlement is a Урок 2
gradual process. 8. If the building loads are not properly distributed and foun-
dations not designed and constructed correctly, differential settlement (может Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
иметь место). 9. Correctly designed and constructed, the foundations will
provide a (долговечное основание). Текст A. Foundations

Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем. The primary functional requirements of foundations are strength and sta-
bility. The combined dead, imposed and wind loads of the building should be
Текст B. Dimensional Stability safely transmitted to the ground without causing movement of the ground.
The foundation should be designed so that the combined loads from the build-
Stability of the building as a whole will be determined by the independent ing are spread over an area of the ground capable of sustaining the loads
movement of different materials and components within the structure over without undue movement. The pressure on the ground from the foundations
time. of a new building increases the load on the ground under the foundations of
Moisture movement. Dimensional variation will occur in porous materials an adjoining building and so increases the possibility of instability.
as they take up or lose moisture through evaporation. Seasonal variations in The building should also be constructed so that ground movement caused
temperature will occur in temperate climates and affect many building mate- by swelling, shrinking or freezing of the subsoil will not impair the stability
rials. of any part of the building.
Thermal movement. All building materials exhibit some amount of ther- The natural foundation of rock or soil on which a building is constructed
mal movement because of seasonal changes in temperature and day fluctua- should be capable of supporting the loads of the building without such settle-
tions. Dimensional variation is usually linear. The extent of movement will ment due to compression of the ground that may fracture connected services
be determined by the temperature range, the coefficient of expansion of the or impair the stability of the structure. For the majority of small buildings the
material, its size and its colour. bearing capacities for rocks and soils will provide an acceptable guide in the
Loading. Dimensional variation will occur in materials that are subjected design of foundations. For heavy loads on foundations some depth below the
to load. Deformation under load may be permanent. However, some materi- surface, it may not be sufficient to accept the bearing capacities because of
als will return to their natural state when the load is removed. Thus live and the uncertain nature of the subsoil. The descriptions of hard clays and soft
wind loads should be considered too. clays may not in practice give a sufficiently clear indication of an allowable
bearing pressure to design an economical, safe foundation. Clay soils, when
overloaded, may be subjected to shear failure due to the plastic nature of the
soil. It is necessary to have some indication of the nature of subsoils under a
foundation by soil exploration.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:


foundation, requirement, strength, dead load, imposed load, wind load, trans-
mit, spread, pressure, increase, allowable, shear failure

Задание 3. Найдите в тексте A модальные глаголы.

6 7
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
слов и словосочетаний. языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1. foundation a. постоянная нагрузка
2. requirement b. допустимый 1. (Давление) on the ground from the foundations of a new building in-
3. strength c. ветровая нагрузка creases the load on the ground under the foundations of an adjoining build-
4. dead load d. передавать, переносить ing. 2. The natural (фундамент) of rock or soil should be capable of support-
5. imposed load e. основание, фундамент ing the loads of the building. 3. The primary functional requirements of foun-
6. wind load f. увеличиваться dations are (прочность и устойчивость). 4. For small buildings the (несущие
7. transmit g. прочность, сила способности) for rocks and soils will provide an acceptable guide in the
8. spread h. приложенная нагрузка design of foundations. 5. The descriptions of hard clays and soft clays may
9. pressure i. требование not in practice give a clear indication of an (допустимого) bearing pressure.
10. increase j. давление 6. Clay soils, when overloaded, may be subjected to (разрушению от сдвига)
11.allowable k. разрушение от сдвига due to the plastic nature of the soil. 7. For heavy loads on foundations some
12. shear failure l. распространять depth below the surface, it may not be sufficient to accept the bearing capaci-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу ties because of the uncertain nature of the subsoil. 8. The combined
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. (постоянные, приложенные и ветровые нагрузки) of the building should
be safely transmitted to the ground without causing movement of the ground.
1. The primary functional a. may not give a clear indication of an
requirements of foundations are allowable bearing pressure to design Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
an economical, safe foundation.
2. The natural foundation of b. strength and stability. Текст B. Foundation types
rock or soil
3. Clay soils, when overloaded, c. safely transmitted to the ground. Foundations may be classified as:
4. The pressure on the ground d. should be capable of supporting the
1) Strip foundations
from the foundations of a new loads of the building.
2) Pad foundations
building
3) Raft foundations
5. It is necessary to have some e. increases the load on the ground
indication of the nature of under the foundations of an adjoining 4) Pile foundations.
subsoils building. Strip foundations consist of a continuous, longitudinal strip of concrete
6. The combined dead, imposed f. the bearing capacities for rocks and designed to spread the load from uniformly loaded walls of brick, masonry or
and wind loads of the building soils will provide an acceptable guide concrete to a sufficient area of subsoil. The spread of the strip depends on
should be in the design of foundations. foundation loads and the bearing capacity and shearing strength of the sub-
7. The descriptions of hard clays g. may be subjected to shear failure. soil. The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the founda-
and soft clays tion material.
8. For the majority of small h. under a foundation by soil The foundation to piers of brick, masonry and reinforced concrete and
buildings exploration. steel columns is often in the form of a square or rectangular isolated pad of
concrete to spread a concentrated load. The area of this type of foundation

8 9
depends on the load on the foundation and the bearing and shear strength of Урок 3
the subsoil. The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the
foundation material. Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
A raft foundation is a continuous slab of concrete. It usually covers an area
equal to or greater than the base of a building. This slab should provide Текст A. Structural Frame
support for wall and serve as a base for the ground floor. Raft foundations are
used for lightly loaded structures on soil with poor bearing capacity. The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the material
The word “pile” is used to describe columns, usually of reinforced con- used in the fabrication of the members of the frame. It also depends on the
crete, driven into or cast in the ground in order to carry foundation loads. The stability of the frame. Steel is the material most used in framed structures
main function of a pile is to transmit loads to lower levels of ground. because of its good compressive and tensile strength, and good strength to
weight ratio. Concrete has good compressive strength but poor tensile strength
and so it is used as reinforced concrete in structural frames. Concrete also
provides protection against corrosion and damage by fire to steel.
Timber is often used in the fabrication of roof frames because it has ad-
equate tensile and compressive strength to support the comparatively light
loads. Timber is often used instead of steel to form lightweight roof frames
because of its ease of handling and fixing.
Reinforced concrete is highly durable and the surface will need little main-
tenance.
All load bearing structures should be designed so that they do not fail
during a fire. Elements of the structure that give support or stability to an-
other element of the building must have no less fire resistance than the other
supporting elements. If a roof provides stability and support to columns then
the roof must have at least the same fire resistance as the columns.
Medium- and long-span flat roof structures are less efficient structurally
and therefore less economic than truss, lattice or portal frames. The advan-
tage of a flat roof is that there is little unused roof space to be heated, com-
pared with pitched roofs. The main disadvantage is a deflection of the flat
roof structure under load that leads to ponding of water on the surface of the
roof. The most common form of framed flat roof construction is with lattice
beam or with space frames.

Notes:
space frame – пространственная стержневая конструкция
load bearing structure – несущая конструкция

10 11
the columns.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: 5. The strength of a structural e. most used in framed
fabrication, frame, connect, compressive strength, tensile strength, ratio, re- frame depends on structures.
inforced concrete, timber, lightweight, handling, maintenance, flat, pitched 6. The surface will need f. highly durable.
roof, lattice beam, due to, at least, same 7. The most common form of g. are less efficient structurally
framed flat roof construction is than truss, lattice or portal
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А глаголы в форме пассивного залога. frames.
8. Reinforced concrete is h. little maintenance.
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 9. The advantage of a flat roof is i. so that they do not fail during
слов и словосочетаний. that a fire.
1. fabrication a. легковесный 10. Medium- and long-span flat j. The most common form of
2. frame b. прочность на растяжение roof structures framed flat roof construction is
3. compressive strength c. древесина 11. All load bearing structures k. there is little unused roof
4. tensile strength d. скатная крыша should be designed space to be heated, compared
5. ratio e. изготовление with pitched roofs.
6. reinforced concrete f. подача, транспортирование
7. timber g. техническое обслуживание Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
8. lightweight h. прочность на сжатие языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
9. handling i. тот же самый русский язык.
10. maintenance j. каркас, рама
11. flat k. по крайней мере 1. The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the mate-
12. connect l. соотношение, коэффициент rial used in the (изготовление) of the members of the frame. 2. Steel is the
13. pitched roof m. вследствие material most used in (каркасных конструкциях) because of its good
14. lattice beam n. железобетон compressive and tensile strength. 3. (Железобетон) is highly durable and the
15. due to o. плоский surface will need little maintenance. 4. Timber is often used in the fabrication
16. at least p. соединять of roof frames because it has adequate (прочность на растяжение и сжатие)
17. same q. решетчатая балка to support the comparatively light loads. 5. If a roof provides stability and
support to columns then the roof must have (по крайней мере ту же самую)
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу fire resistance as the columns. 6. (Бетон) also provides protection against
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. corrosion and damage by fire to steel. 7. All (несущие конструкции) should
1. Concrete has good compressive a. to form lightweight roof be designed so that they do not fail during a fire. 9. The advantage of a flat
strength but frames because of its ease of roof is that there is little unused roof space to be heated, compared with. 10.
handling and fixing. The most common form of framed flat roof construction is with (решетчатая
2. If a roof provides stability and b. the strength of the material балка) or with space frames.
support to columns used in the fabrication of the
members of the frame.
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
3. Steel is the material c. poor tensile strength
4. Timber is often used instead of d. then the roof must have at
steel least the same fire resistance as
the columns.
5. The strength of a structural 12 e. most used in framed 13
Текст B. Flat Roof Construction Урок 4

The terms ‘beam’ and ‘girder’ are used in a general sense to describe lat- Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
tice construction. The term ‘beam’ is used to describe small depths associated
with most roof construction and ‘girder’ for deeper depths associated with, Текст A. Cement
for example, bridge construction. For flat and low pitch roofs it is convenient
to fabricate the top boom to provide a fall for the roof decking. The majority The cement used today was first developed by Joseph Aspdin, a Leeds
of lattice beams used for flat and low pitch roofs are fabricated from hollow builder, who took out a patent in 1824 for the manufacture of Portland ce-
round and rectangular steel sections. ment. He developed the material for the production of artificial stone and
Where there is a requirement for a large unobstructed floor area, such as named it Portland cement because, in its hardened state, it resembled natural
exhibition areas and sports halls, a space deck roof can be used. A two-layer Portland limestone in texture and colour. The materials of Aspdin’s cement
space deck comprises a grid of standard prefabricated units, each in the form were limestone and clay. These materials were later burned at a high tempera-
of an inverted pyramid. The units are bolted together and connected with tie ture by Isaac Johnson in 1845. A clinker was produced and ground to a fine
bars to form the roof structure. powder. This is what we now term Portland cement. A variety of Portland cements
Space deck roofs may be designed as a two-way spanning structure with a are produced, each with characteristics suited to a particular use.
square grid, or as a one-way spanning structure with a rectangular grid. Eco- Ordinary Portland cement is the cheapest and most commonly used ce-
nomic grid sizes are 12 × 12 m, 18 × 18 m and 12 × 18 m. The main advan- ment. It is made by heating limestone and clay to a temperature of about
tages of the space deck roof are:1) the wide spacing of the supporting col- 1300єC to form a clinker, rich in calcium silicates. The clinker is ground to a
umns, 2) the economy of the structure in the use of standard units and 3) the fine powder with a small proportion of gypsum, which regulates the rate of
speed of erection. One disadvantage is that the members tend to attract dust setting when the cement is mixed with water.
and will require regular cleaning. Regular maintenance is also required to Rapid hardening Portland cement is similar to ordinary Portland except
prevent rust. that the cement powder is more finely ground. The effect of the finer grinding
is that the constituents of the cement powder react more quickly with water, and
the cement develops strength more rapidly. Rapid hardening cement develops in
three days a strength which is similar to that developed by ordinary Portland in
seven days. Although rapid hardening is more expensive than ordinary Portland
cement, it is often used because of its early strength advantage.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:


artificial, develop, harden, clinker, fine, grind (ground, ground), suit (v), com-
mon, ordinary, constituent, rapid, expensive, cheap, although

Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А прилагательные в сравнительной и


превосходной степени сравнения.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских


слов и словосочетаний.

14 15
1. artificial a. дорогой Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
2. harden b. мелкий языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
3. grind c. искусственный русский язык.
4. suit d. общий, общепринятый
5. clinker e. составная часть 1. Joseph Aspdin developed the material for the production of
6. develop f. твердеть, затвердевать (искусственного камня) and named it Portland cement. 2. This material in
7. fine g. быстрый its (затвердевшем состоянии) resembled natural Portland limestone in tex-
8. expensive h. молоть, размалывать ture and colour. 3. A clinker was produced and ground to a (мелкий) powder.
9. common i. обычный 4. Ordinary Portland cement (самый дешевый) and most commonly used
10. constituent j. дешевый cement. 5. The clinker (перемалывают) to a fine powder with a small propor-
11. rapid k. удовлетворять, соответствовать tion of gypsum. 6. (Быстро затвердевающий) Portland cement is similar to
12. ordinary l. хотя ordinary Portland cement. 7. The (составляющие) of the cement powder react
13. cheap m. развивать, разрабатывать quickly with water. 8. (Хотя) rapid hardening is (более дорогой) than ordinary
14. although n. клинкерный кирпич
Portland cement, it is often used because of its early strength advantage.
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
1. The cement used today was a. Portland cement. Текст B
first developed by
2. The materials of Aspdin’s b. for the production of artificial
Reinforced concrete is one of the primary materials used in engineering
cement stone.
and building works. French engineer Josef Monier got a patent in 1867 for
3. These materials were later c. in texture and colour.
burned at a high temperature by the process of strengthening concrete by embedding steel in it. Since the
4. Joseph Aspdin developed the d. Joseph Aspdin, a Leeds builder. early days of reinforcing concrete with steel to enhance its strength, rein-
material forced concrete has become a common material on construction sites. It is
5. This is what we now term e. Isaac Johnson in 1845. used extensively for civil engineering works and widely applied in the con-
6. The material resembled f. it is often used because of its struction of buildings.
natural Portland limestone early strength advantage. The three materials used in the production of concrete are cement, aggre-
7. The clinker is ground to a g. are limestone and clay. gate, sand and water.
fine powder The strength and durability of concrete are affected by the voids in con-
8. Ordinary Portland cement is h. with a small proportion of crete caused by poor grading of aggregate, incomplete compaction or exces-
gypsum. sive water in the mix.
9. Rapid hardening cement i. to ordinary Portland cement.
develops in three days Note: voids – пустоты
10. Although rapid hardening is j. a strength which is similar to that
more expensive than ordinary developed by ordinary Portland in
Portland cement, seven days.
11. Rapid hardening Portland k. the cheapest and most commonly
cement is similar used cement.
16 17
Урок 5 1. concrete a. потеря
2. paste b. пыль
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. 3. dry c. усадка
4. quarter d. бетон
Текст A. Aggregates 5. dust e. удобоукладываемость
6. volume f. пластичная смесь
Concrete is a mix of particles of hard material, the aggregate, bound with 7. mix g. легкость, удобство
a paste of cement and water. At least three quarters of the volume of concrete 8. shrinkage h. сухой
are occupied by aggregate. Cement is generally more costly than aggregate 9. aggregate i. частица
10. measure j. четверть
and it is advantageous, therefore, to use as little cement as necessary to pro-
11. ease k. мера
duce a dense, durable concrete.
12. occupy l. смесь
A wet concrete mix is spread in the form of slabs and compacted into a
13. particle m. объем
dense mass. There is a direct relation between the density and strength of 14. loss n. занимать
finished concrete and the ease with which concrete can be compacted. The 15. workability o. заполнитель
characteristics of the aggregate play a considerable part in the ease with which
concrete can be compacted. The measure of the ease with which concrete can Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
be compacted is described as the workability of the mix. Workability is af- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
fected by the characteristics of the particles of the aggregate such as size and
shape. So workability can be improved by careful selection of aggregate. 1. Aggregate should be clean a. by careful selection of
The grading of the size and the shape of the particles of aggregate affects aggregate.
the amount of cement and water required to produce a mix of concrete. The 2. Aggregate for concrete should b. the aggregate.
more cement and water are needed for workability, the greater the shrinkage be
will be as the concrete dries and hardens. 3. The more cement and water are c. to produce a dense, durable
Aggregate for concrete should be hard, durable and contain no materials needed for workability, concrete.
which can affect reinforcement. Clay, coal or pyrites in aggregate may sof- 4. Concrete is a mix of particles of d. decompose and cause stains
ten, decompose and cause stains in concrete. Aggregate should be clean and hard material, in concrete.
free from organic impurities and coating of dust or clay as they can lower the 5. Workability can be improved e. are occupied by aggregate.
strength of the concrete. 6. It is advantageous to use as little f. hard, durable and contain no
cement as necessary materials which can affect
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: reinforcement.
aggregate, concrete, paste, quarter, occupy, bind (bound, bound), volume, 7. Clay, coal or pyrites in aggregate g. and free from organic
may soften, decompose impurities.
mix, measure, ease, workability, particle, shrinkage, loss, dry, dust
8. At least three quarters of the h. water required to produce a
volume of concrete mix of concrete.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А модальные глаголы.
9. The grading of the size and the i. the greater the shrinkage will
shape of the particles of aggregate be as the concrete dries and
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских affects the amount of cement and hardens.
слов и словосочетаний. water
18 19
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском Урок 6
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык. Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.

1. (Заполнитель) for concrete should be hard, durable and contain no Текст A. Functional requirements of a wall
materials which can affect reinforcement. 2. Concrete is a (смесь) of parti-
cles of hard material, the aggregate, bound with a paste of cement and water. The main functional requirements of a wall are:
3. At least three quarters of the (объема) of concrete are occupied by aggre- 1. Strength and stability.
gate. 4. Workability is affected by the characteristics of the (частиц 2. Resistance to weather.
заполнителя) such as size and shape. 5. (Удобоукладываемость) can be 3. Durability and freedom from maintenance.
improved by careful selection of aggregate. 6. Aggregate should be free from 4. Fire safety.
(пыли или глины) as they can lower the strength of the concrete. 7. It is Strength and stability. A wall structure should have adequate strength to
advantageous to use as little cement as necessary to produce a dense, support its own weight between points of support or fixing to the structural
(долговечный бетон). 8. The (мера) of the ease with which concrete can be frame, and sufficient stability against lateral wind pressures.
compacted is described as the workability of the mix. Brick and precast concrete cladding do not suffer the rapid changes of
temperature between day and night. Thin sheet wall materials such as metal
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем. and glass suffer rapid changes in temperature and consequent expansion and
contraction. These may cause damage to fixings or the thin panel material.
Текст B. Natural and Artificial Aggregates Resistance to weather. The traditional walling materials, brick, stone and
block, serve to exclude rain from the inside of buildings by absorbing rain-
Sand and gravel are the cheapest and most commonly used aggregates. water that evaporates to outside air during dry periods. Common practice is
They consist of particles of broken stone deposited by the action of rivers. to construct a wall as a cavity wall with an outer leaf of masonry as rain
Crushed rock aggregates are generally more expensive than sand and gravel, screen, a cavity and an inner leaf that provides adequate thermal resistance to
because of the cost of quarrying and crushing the stone. If the stone is hard, the passage of heat, and an attractive internal finish.
inert and well graded, it serves as a good aggregate for concrete. Natural Durability and freedom from maintenance. The durability of a wall struc-
granite is hard and dense and serves as an excellent aggregate. Hard sand- ture is a measure of the frequency and extent of the work necessary to main-
stone and limestone, when crushed and graded, are commonly used as aggre- tain minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance.
gate in areas where sand and gravel are not readily available. Walls of brick and natural stone will very gradually change colour over
Clean broken brick is used as an aggregate for concrete with good fire the years. This slow change of colour is generally accepted as one of the
resistance. The strength of the concrete produced with this aggregate de- attractive features of these traditional materials. Walls of brick and stone fac-
pends on the strength and density of the bricks from which the aggregate is ing require very little maintenance over the expected life of most buildings.
produced. Crushed engineering brick aggregate will produce a concrete of Fire safety. The design of cladding and curtain wall construction must
medium crushing strength. Porous brick aggregate should not be used for take into account fire safety. Primary concerns are the internal spread of fire
reinforced concrete work in exposed positions as the aggregate will absorb across the surface materials of walls and ceilings, external fire spread over
moisture and encourage the corrosion of the reinforcement. the fabric and fire spread within concealed spaces such as cavities.

Note: take into account – принимать во внимание

20 21
such as cavities.
Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова: 5. The durability of a wall e. suffer rapid changes in
resistance, durability, maintenance, weight, precast concrete, cladding, fac- structure is a measure temperature.
ing, finish, damage, change, feature, inside, outside, appearance, requirement, 6. The traditional walling f. of the frequency and extent of
sufficient materials, brick, stone and block, the work necessary to maintain
serve to exclude rain from minimum functional
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А инфинитивы и определите их функции. requirements and acceptable
appearance
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 7. The design of cladding and g. fixings or the thin panel
слов и словосочетаний. curtain wall construction must material.
8. Thin sheet wall materials such h. very gradually change colour
1. feature a. появление, внешний вид
as metal and glass over the years.
2. maintenance b. внутренний
9. These may cause damage to i. between day and night.
3. precast concrete c. долговечность
4. cladding d. особенность, характерная черта Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
5. inside e. повреждение, ущерб языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
6. durability f. перемена, менять
русский язык.
7. damage g. техническое обслуживание
8. weight h. облицовка, обшивка
1. Walls of brick and natural stone will very gradually (менять) colour
9. resistance i. внешний
over the years. 2. Walls of brick and stone facing require very little
10. change j. требование
11. outside k. сборный бетон (технического обслуживания) over the expected life of most buildings.
12. appearance l. вес 3. A wall structure should have adequate strength to support its own (вес)
13. requirement m. достаточный between points of support or fixing to the structural frame. 4. A wall structure
14. sufficient n. сопротивление should have (достаточную) stability against lateral wind pressures. 5. The
design of (облицовки) must take into account fire safety. 6. The main func-
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу tional (требование) of a wall is strength and stability. 7. (Облицовка из
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. кирпича и сборного бетона) do not suffer the rapid changes of temperature
between day and night. 8. Rapid changes in temperature may cause
1. A wall structure should have a. must take into account fire (повреждения) to fixings or the thin panel material.
adequate strength safety.
2. Walls of brick and natural stone b. the inside of buildings by
will absorbing rainwater. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
3. Primary concerns are c. to support its own weight.
4. Brick and precast concrete d. the internal spread of fire
cladding do not suffer the rapid across the surface materials of
Текст B
changes of temperature walls and ceilings, external fire
spread over the fabric and fire
spread within concealed spaces The interiors of buildings are heated by the transfer of heat from heaters
such as cavities. and radiators to air. This internal heat is transferred to and through colder
5. The durability of a wall e. suffer rapid changes in enclosing walls, roof and floors by conduction, convection and radiation to
22 23
colder outside air. As long as the interior of buildings is heated to a tempera- Урок 7
ture above that of outside air, transfer of heat from heat sources to outside air
will continue. Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
The natural exchange of outside and inside air is necessary to provide
ventilation of buildings. For comfort there should be a continuous change of Текст A. Prefabrication and Off-Site Production
air inside buildings to provide an adequate supply of oxygen, and to limit
humidity, fumes and smells. The necessary movement of air inside sealed Prefabrication is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or
buildings may be induced artificially by mechanical systems of air condition- building components at a location, usually a factory, remote from the build-
ing. These systems filter, dry and humidify air through a complex of ducting, ing site. Off-site production is another term widely used to describe the manu-
connected to one or more air treatment plants. facture of a prefabricated building. The manufactured building or building
parts are then delivered to the site and assembled in their final position. This
method of construction enables a high degree of accuracy and quality control
of the component parts, which are then transported to the site to a precise
timetable and erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. Component
parts as well as joints between them should be accurately designed. Attention
must be given to fixing and positioning tolerances. On a large scale, prefab-
rication may be a more efficient alternative to more traditional site-based
construction methods. For commercial applications the saving in time on the
site is an important economic consideration. Improvements in accuracy, quality
and safety are other important considerations.
The majority of components that make up buildings are factory produced,
e.g. doors, windows, staircases, sanitary ware etc., and are readily available
from manufacturers’ catalogues of standard products. Construction is essen-
tially a process of assembly, fixing and fitting of manufactured components
in a precise location.

Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:


prefabrication, remote, off-site, assemble, accuracy, timetable, staircase, qual-
ity, improvement, application, enable, site, deliver, as well as

Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А причастия II и определите их функции.

Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских


слов и словосочетаний.

24 25
1. off-site a. предварительное изготовление Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
2. component b. расписание, график языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
3. remote c. лестница, лестничный марш русский язык.
4. improvement d. доставлять
5. prefabrication e. деталь, элемент 1. The manufactured building or building parts (доставляются) to the site
6. accuracy f. вне стройплощадки and assembled in their final position. 2. This method of construction enables
7. staircase g. дистанционный a high degree of (точности) and quality control of the component parts.
8. timetable h. применение 3. Component parts are transported to the site to a precise (расписанию) and
9. assemble i. стройплощадка erected in position in a clearly defined sequence. 4. (Предварительное
10. deliver j. улучшение, усовершенствование изготовление) is a term used to describe the construction of buildings or
11. as well as k. точность building components at a location, remote from the building site. 5. (Вне
12. site l. собирать стройплощадки) production is another term widely used to describe the
13. enable m. давать возможность
manufacture of a prefabricated building. 6. Component parts (а также) joints
14. application n. а также
between them should be accurately designed. 7. (Усовершенствования)
in accuracy, quality and safety are important considerations.
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.

1. Prefabrication is a term a. to the site and assembled in their Текст B


final position.
2. Attention must be given to b. accurately designed. The early British settlers to America took prefabricated timber houses with
3. Improvements in accuracy, c. to describe the manufacture of a them in the 1620s, and records show that prefabricated buildings of timber
quality and safety prefabricated building. were exported from the UK for use in other countries. With the development
4. The manufactured building or d. which are then transported to the of cast iron, and in particular the development of prefabricated cast iron com-
building parts are delivered site to a precise timetable and
ponents in the 1840s and 1850s, came the development of prefabricated iron
erected in position in a clearly
buildings. Many houses were shipped to Africa, Australia and the Caribbean.
defined sequence.
Steel fabrication was developed in the 1930s in America and the UK, and
5. This method of construction e. used to describe the construction
enables a high degree of accuracy of buildings or building aluminum fabrication followed after the Second World War. Concrete panels
and quality control of the components at a location remote were developed during the 1900s and have proved to be popular in some
component parts, from the building site. countries (such as Denmark) but have had more limited application in the
6. Component parts as well as f. fixing and positioning tolerances. UK. Advances in the development of lightweight concrete panels and mate-
joints between them should be rial technologies, such as carbon reinforcement, have helped to keep con-
7. Off-site production is another g. are important considerations. crete an effective choice for some developers. The majority of systems are
term widely used based on a framed construction of timber or lightweight steel. Concrete sys-
tems are primarily based on load bearing concrete panels.

26 27
Урок 8 Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
shell structure, thin, curve, curvature, slab, formwork, concrete mix, utilize,
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. rigid, rigidity, strength, thickness, stiffness, property, span, vault, floor, dis-
advantage, cast, both … and
Текст A. Shell Structures
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте причастия I и определите их функции.
A shell structure is a thin, curved membrane or slab, usually of reinforced
concrete, that functions both as a structure and covering, deriving its strength Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
and rigidity from the curved shell form. The term “shell” is used to describe слов и словосочетаний.
these structures by reference to the considerable strength and rigidity of thin, 1. shell structure a. свойство
natural, curved forms such as the shell of an egg. The material most suited to 2. vault b. недостаток
the construction of a shell structure is concrete, which is a highly plastic 3. function c. изогнутый
material when wet and which can take up any shape inside formwork. Small 4. thin d. оболочка
section reinforcing bars can readily be bent to follow the curvature of shells. 5. curved e. использовать, применять
Wet concrete is spread over the formwork and around the reinforcement, and 6. rigidity f. функционировать
compacted to the required thickness with the stiffness of the concrete mix. 7. formwork g. жесткость, твердость
The reinforcement prevents the concrete from running down the slope of the 8. thickness h. тонкий
curvature of the shell while the concrete is wet. Once the concrete has hard- 9. utilize i. жесткость
ened, the reinforced concrete slab acts as a strong, rigid shell, which serves as 10. property j. опалубка
both structure and covering to the building. The strength and rigidity of curved 11. stiffness k. отливать
shell structures makes it possible to construct single curved barrel vaults 12. disadvantage l. толщина
60 mm thick and double curved hyperbolic paraboloids 40 mm thick in rein- 13. span m. перекрытие
forced concrete for clear spans up to 30 mm. 14. cast n. пролет
The attraction of shell structure lies in the elegant simplicity of the curved 15. floor o. свод
shell form that utilizes the natural strength and stiffness of shell forms with
great economy in the use of material. The main disadvantages relate to their Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
cost and poor thermal insulation properties. The shell structure is more ex- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
pensive than, for example, a portal framed structure covering the same floor
area because of the considerable labour required to construct the formwork 1. A shell structure is a. concrete, which is a highly plastic
on which the shell is cast. material when wet.
2. Small section reinforcing b. spread over the formwork and around
Notes: bars can readily be bent the reinforcement.
by reference to – в связи с, относительно 3. Wet concrete is c. a strong, rigid shell.
section – сечение 4. The term “shell” is used d. a thin, curved membrane or slab.
both … and – и … и, как… так и 5. The reinforced concrete e. to follow the curvature of shells.
slab acts as
6. The attraction of shell f. relate to their cost and poor thermal
structure lies in insulation properties.
28 7. The material most suited to g. to
29describe these structures by
structure lies in insulation properties.
7. The material most suited to g. to describe these structures by Урок 9
the construction of a shell reference to the considerable strength
structure is and rigidity of thin, natural, curved Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А.
forms such as the shell of an egg.
8. The main disadvantages h. a portal framed structure. Текст A. Raised Floors
9. The shell structure is more i. the elegant simplicity of the curved
expensive than shell form. A raised floor is used to conceal services, usually electrical ca­bles and air
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском conditioning ducts, in the cavity between the raised floor and the structural
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на floor. Raised floors are particularly useful in large open plan spaces, such as
русский язык. offices, where it is not practical to house services in partition walls. Air-con-
ditioning grilles and services outlets, such as electrical and telephone sock-
1. The term (оболочка) is used to describe these structures by reference to ets, can be provided within the floor to provide a flat and even surface fin­ish.
the considerable strength and rigidity of thin, natural, curved forms such as The cables and air conditioning ducts are hidden from view in the cavity
the shell of an egg. 2. The material most suited to the construction of a between the raised floor and the structural floor finish. Concealing the cables
(оболочки) is concrete. 3. Small section reinforcing bars can readily be bent not only improves the visual appearance of the floor area but also helps to
to follow the (изгибам) of shells. 4. A shell structure is a thin, (изогнутая) keep trip hazards to a minimum. Most manufacturers of raised floor systems
membrane or slab. 5. Once the concrete has hardened, the reinforced con- also supply ancillary items such as electrical floor boxes, cable ports and
crete slab acts as a strong, (жесткая) shell. 6. Wet concrete is spread over the cable management systems.
(опалубку) and around the reinforcement. 7. Wet concrete is compacted to Raised floors are used in new building developments as well as in
the required (толщины) with the stiffness of the concrete mix. refurbish­ment work where there is sufficient vertical height between struc-
tural floors to add a raised floor. By adjusting the depth of the supports to suit
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем. uneven floors and changes in floor levels, it is possible to provide a flat level
surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of stairs.
Текст B. Reinforced Concrete Barrel Vaults The functional requirements are to: 1) accommodate and conceal services;
2) be flexible; 3) sustain and resist imposed loads; 4) have good appearance
Reinforced concrete barrel vaults consist of a thin membrane of reinforced and aesthetics; 5) resist passage of sound and provide acoustical control;
concrete positively curved in one direction so that the vault acts as both struc- 6) provide required thermal resistance and prevent formation of condensation;
ture and roof surface. The most common form of barrel vault is the long span 7) provide protection against fire; 8) resist wear and tear; 9) provide safety of
vault where the strength and stiffness of the shell lie at right angles to the installation and maintenance.
curvature. Typical spans range from 12 to 30 m. The width is usually about
half the span and the rise is about one fifth of the width. To cover large areas, Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
multi-span, multi-bay barrel vault roofs can be used. The concrete shell may raised floor, conceal, services, cable, socket, cavity, particularly, useful, par-
be from 57 to 75 mm thick for spans of 12 and 30 m respectively. The thick-
tition wall, uneven, wear, installation, imposed load, adjust, provide
ness of the concrete provides sufficient cover of concrete to protect the rein-
forcement against damage by fire and corrosion.
Задание 3. Найдите в первом абзаце текста А глаголы и определите их
Under loads the thin shell of the barrel vault will tend to lose shape. To
видо-временную форму и залог.
strengthen the shell stiffening beams or arches are cast with the shell. Stiffen-
ing members are provided between the columns supporting the shell.
30 31
Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских 1. (Фальшполы, в частности) are useful in large open plan spaces. 2. Air-
слов и словосочетаний. conditioning grilles and services outlets, such as (электрические
1. raised floor a. скрывать, прятать и телефонные розетки), can be provided within the floor to provide a flat
2. services b. в частности and even surface fin­ish. 3. Raised floors are useful where it is not practical
3. uneven c. установка to house services in (перегородках). 4. By adjusting the depth of the supports
4. conceal d. коммуникации to suit (неровным полам) and changes in floor levels, it is possible to pro-
5. wear e. прилагаемая нагрузка vide a flat level surface and eliminate the need for ramps and short flights of
6. cavity f. фальшпол stairs. 5. One of the functional requirements is to resist (износу). 6. A raised
7. partition wall g. регулировать floor is used to conceal services in the (полости) between the raised floor
8. installation h. износ and the structural floor.
9. imposed load j. предусматривать, обеспечивать
10. adjust k. полость Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем.
11. particularly l. стена – перегородка
12. provide m. неровный Текст B. Floor assembly
Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
частей и переведите предложения на русский язык. There are two primary components to a raised floor, the floor panel and
the support pedestal. Combined, the components provide a rigid and stable
1. A raised floor is used a. in partition walls. floor surface for a variety of uses. The design life of the floor panels tends to
2. Raised floors are used in new b. are particularly useful in large be anything up to 25 years, that of the supports around 50 years. Loading
building developments open plan spaces, such as offices. capacity will vary with different systems. In situations where heavy furniture
3. Air-conditioning grilles and c. helps to keep trip hazards to a or equipment is to be installed, the loading of the system can be improved by
services outlets can be provided minimum. the installation of additional support pedestals. Manufacturers will also pro-
4. Concealing the cables not only d. to conceal services in the cavity vide details of the air leakage, the fire rating, the combined weight of the
improves the visual appearance of between the raised floor and the system, which will vary with height. Acoustic performance of the system
the floor area but also structural floor. (which depends on the type of floor finish) should also be provided. Floor to
5. Raised floors e. as well as in refurbishment wall junctions are usually sealed with an air seal.
work.
6. it is possible to provide f. within the floor to provide a flat
and even surface finish.
7. It is not practical to house g. a flat level surface and eliminate
services the need for ramps and short flights
of stairs.

Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском


языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на
русский язык.

32 33
Урок 10 Задание 2. Переведите на русский язык и выучите следующие слова:
suspended ceiling, wire, grid, tile, smoke, alarm, attach, support, comprise,
Задание 1. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А. include, absorption, insulation, access, cable, additional, current, unit, within

Текст A. Suspended Ceilings Задание 3. Найдите в тексте А инфинитивы и определите их функции.

Suspended ceilings are primarily used to provide an attractive finish to the Задание 4. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских
ceiling while at the same time concealing services. A suspended ceiling com- слов и словосочетаний.
prises a lightweight structural grid, which is supported by wire hangers at-
1. suspended ceiling a. внутри, в пределах
tached to the underside of the structural floor, and into which lightweight 2. grid b. поддерживать
tiles are positioned. The structural grid is based on a 600 × 600 mm module. 3. comprise c. прикреплять
Suspended ceilings may also be used in refurbishment projects to provide 4. support d. дополнительный
a level ceiling finish to areas of the building that differ in height. 5. attach e. сетка
Suspended ceilings not only provide an attractive, level ceiling finish, with 6. insulation f. электрический ток
convenient access to services when required, but are also used to house 7. sound g. включать
a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventilation grilles, light fit- 8. absorption h. подход, доступ
tings, fire sprinklers, detectors (e.g. smoke, heat), security cameras, move- 9. wire i. элемент, блок
ment sensors and alarms. 10. additional j. подвесной потолок
The functional requirements include: 11. current k. поглощение
1. Concealment of structure – to hide changes in the structure, beams, 12. access l. изоляция
floors and ties, and to provide a level and attractive ceiling finish. 13. within m. проволока, провод
2. Concealment of services – to hide services such as ducts, equipment 14. unit n. звук
and cables, and allow easy access for maintenance.
3. Thermal insulation - thermal insulation may be introduced if the ceiling Задание 5. Составьте предложения из двух, подходящих по смыслу
is adjacent to the roof. It must be designed and positioned to prevent conden- частей и переведите предложения на русский язык.
sation.
4. Acoustic control: sound insulation and absorption – the two main as- 1. The functional requirements a. the suspended ceiling unit.
include
pects of acoustic control are absorption of a sound within an enclosed space,
2. Suspended ceilings are b. to prevent condensation.
and the reduction of sound passing through a material or structure.
primarily used
5. Fire control: control the development and spread of a fire.
3. The services may form an c. independently supported from the
6. Ventilation – the services may form an integral part of the suspended
integral part of structure.
ceiling unit. Where services are concealed within the ceiling they may need
4. A suspended ceiling d. a lightweight structural grid.
additional support. 5. Thermal insulation must be e. to provide an attractive finish to
7. Heating, air conditioning, illumination – the luminaries may be surface designed and positioned the ceiling while at the same time
mounted or independently supported from the structure. concealing services.
8. Electrical earthing – the ceiling grid must be earthed. In the event of any 6. Heating, air conditioning, f. electrical earthing.
electrical fault, the parts of the ceiling capable of carrying an electrical cur- illumination may be surface
rent are earthed and protected. mounted or
34 7. A suspended ceiling g.
35 the ceiling is adjacent to the roof.
mounted or
7. A suspended ceiling g. the ceiling is adjacent to the roof. Лексический минимум
comprises
absorption n. поглощение, apply v. применять, прикладывать
8. Thermal insulation may be h. is supported by wire hangers впитывание arch n. арка, свод, дуга
introduced if attached to the underside of the acceptable adj. приемлемый, area n. область, площадь, зона,
structural floor. допустимый сфера
access n. подход, доступ artificial adj. искусственный
Задание 6. Замените данные в скобках слова и словосочетания на русском
accommodate v снабжать, as long as cj. пока
языке их английскими эквивалентами и переведите предложения на согласовывать assemble v. собирать
русский язык. accuracy n. точность, тщательность associate v. объединять, присоединять
acoustical adj. акустический associate adj. объединенный,
1. Suspended ceilings provide an attractive, level ceiling finish, with add v. прибавлять, присоединять соединенный
convenient (доступ) to services when required. 2. (Подвесные потолки) are additional adj. дополнительный, at least по крайней мере
also used to house a wide variety of equipment, which may include ventila- добавочный attach v. присоединять, прикреплять
tion grilles, light fittings, fire sprinklers, detectors (e.g. smoke, heat), security adequate adj. соответствующий attraction n. притяжение,
adhere v. приклеиваться, приставать привлекательность
cameras, movement sensors and alarms. 3. A suspended ceiling comprises a
adhesion n. сцепление, трение attractive adj. привлекательный
lightweight structural (сетку), which is supported by wire hangers. adjacent n. смежный, примыкающий, bar n. стержень, арматурный прут
4. (Теплоизоляция) may be introduced if the ceiling is adjacent to the roof. соседний barrel n. бочка, цилиндр
5. Sound insulation and (поглощение) are main aspects of acoustic control. adjoin v. примыкать, прилегать, barrel vault цилиндрический свод
6. The functional requirements also (включают) heating, air conditioning соединять base v. основывать
and illumination. adjust v. регулировать beam n. балка
advantage n. преимущество bearing n. опора
Задание 7. Переведите текст В на русский язык письменно со словарем. adversely adv. неблагоприятно, вредно bearing capacity n. несущая
aesthetics n. эстетика способность
affect v. воздействовать, влиять bearing strength несущая
Текст B. Wallpaper after adv. позади, затем способность
after conj. после того как because of cj. из-за
Wallpaper is the term used to cover a wide variety of sheet papers pro- after prep. за below prp, adv позади, за, после, ниже
duced for use on internal walls. The papers are mainly used in domestic aggregate n. заполнитель bend v. гнуться, изгибаться
premises, applied by professional decorators or by householders. air adj. воздушный bind (bound, bound) v. связывать
Papers adhere to the wall by means of a water-based adhesive paste. The air conditioning n. bonding n. сцепление, склеивание
paste may be mixed with water and applied to the wall or more commonly to кондиционирование воздуха boom n. стрела, забральная балка
alarm n. сигнал тревоги, тревога, box n. короб, коробка
the back of the paper. The sheet of pasted paper is then ‘hung’ on the wall.
v. взволновать brick n. кирпич
The paper is carefully positioned and then the surface is brushed over with a allow v. позволять, допускать bridge n. мост
soft brush to apply enough pressure to remove any air bubbles that have allowable adj. допускаемый, broken stone щебень
formed under the paper. Once positioned, the sheet of wallpaper can be допустимый building n. здание, строительство
trimmed at the ceiling and skirting with a sharp knife. Some papers are amount n. количество, итог cable n. трос, канат
manufactured with an adhesive back which is activated by soaking the paper ancillary adj. вспомогательный capable adj. способный
in water for a few minutes or by brushing water to the back of the paper angle n. угол capacity n. способность, мощность,
before it is applied to the wall. Some skill is required in keeping the sheets of appearance n. появление, внешний производительность
вид carry v. нести, поддерживать
paper straight and patterns lined up at the joint.
36 37
cast v. отливать conceal v. скрывать, прятать dead load постоянная нагрузка equal adj. равный
cast iron n. чугун concentrated load сосредоточенная decking n. опалубка equipment n. оборудование
cause v. быть причиной, вызывать нагрузка deliver v. доставлять, передавать evaporation n. испарение
cavity n. полость, пустота concern v. касаться, иметь отношение dense adj. плотный, густой excessive adj. чрезмерный
ceiling n. потолок с, интересовать depend v. зависеть exclude v. исключать
cement v. цементировать, скреплять concrete n. бетон deposit v. давать осадок, n. отложение, exhibit v. проявлять, показывать
change n. изменение, v. менять condensation n. сгущение, осадок exhibition n. выставка, проявление,
characteristic n. характерная черта, конденсация depth n. глубина показ
особенность connect v. соединять, связывать derive from v. происходит от, отводить expansion n. расширение,
choice n. выбор consequent adj. последовательный describe v. описывать распространение, пространство
civil engineering гражданское consider v. считать, полагать description n описание. expel v. выталкивать, исключать
строительство considerable adj. значительный, design n. проект, конструкция, expensive adj. дорогой
cladding n. облицовка, обшивка важный v. проектировать exploration n. исследование
clay n. глина consideration n. рассмотрение, determine v. определять expose v. выставлять, подвергать,
clinker n. клинкер, клинкерный соображение develop v. развивать, разрабатывать открывать
кирпич consolidation n. затвердевание different adj. другой, непохожий external adj. внешний, наружный
coat v. красить, покрывать слоем, constituent n. составная часть, adj. differential settlement неравномерная fabric n. ткань, сетка, каркас здания,
облицовывать составной, составляющий осадка, относительная осадка структура
coefficient n. коэффициент contain v. содержать, вмещать dimensional adj. пространственный fabrication n. изготовление
cohesive adv. способный к сцеплению, content n. вместимость, емкость, distortion n. деформация, facing n. облицовочные работы,
связанный объем, основное содержание искривление облицовка
combine v. соединять, смешивать continue v. оставаться, продолжаться, distribute v. распределять, facing brick лицевой кирпич
combined loads комбинированная простираться размазывать failure n. разрушение, излом, потеря
(совместная) нагрузка continuous adj. непрерывный, drive v. забивать, управлять, несущей способности
common adj. общий, обычный сплошной приводить в действие fault n. недостаток, дефект, сдвиг
common brick обыкновенный кирпич contraction n. сжатие, уплотнение, dry adj. сухой feature n. особенность, характерная
compact v. уплотнять усадка duct n. канал, воздуховод черта
compacted adj. компактный, convection n. конвекция due to из-за fill n. насыпной грунт
уплотненный convenient adj. удобный, пригодный, durability n. долговечность fine adj. мелкий, высококачественный
compaction n. уплотнение подходящий dust n. пыль finish n. отделка, v. заканчивать,
comparatively adv. сравнительно, correctly adv. правильно, точно earth n. земля облицовывать
относительно corrosion n. коррозия, окисление earthing n. заземление firm adj. крепкий, твердый
complete v. завершать cover v. покрывать, закрывать ease n. легкость, удобство, fit v. устанавливать монтировать,
completion n. завершение, комплект covering n. облицовка, настил, v. ослаблять, уменьшать подходить
component n. компонент, элемент, покрытие egg n. яйцо fitting n. установка, сборка, монтаж
составляющая crush v. дробить, размельчать embed v. закапывать, укреплять, fix v. укреплять, закреплять
composite n. смесь, current n. электрический ток заделывать fixing n. крепление, закрепление
adj. составной, сложный curtain wall навесная стена, enable v. давать возможность flat adj. плоский
composition n. состав, смесь, сплав перегородка enclose v. окружать, огораживать floor n. перекрытие, пол, этаж
compression n. сжатие curvature n. кривизна, изгиб encourage v. способствовать fluctuation n. колебание, изменение
compressive strength прочность при curve v. сгибаться, гнуться engineering brick плотный кирпич foundation n. основание, фундамент
сжатии curved adj. изогнутый повышенной и высокой прочности fracture n. разрушение, трещина,
comprise v. включать, содержать damage n. повреждение enhance v. увеличивать, усиливать разрыв
38 39
frame n. каркас, рама increase n. увеличение, longitudinal adj. продольный outside adj. наружный, внешний
framework n. каркас, стержневая v. увеличиваться long-term adj. долгосрочный overloading n. перегрузка
конструкция independent adj. независимый loose adj. рыхлый owing to благодаря, в следствие
freeze n. замораживание, замерзание influence v. влиять, воздействовать loss n. потеря, затухание, ущерб pad v. заполнять мягкой прокладкой
function v. действовать, initial adj. начальный, исходный luminary n. светило pad foundation вибропоглощающее
функционировать innovation n. нововведение, machinery n. машинное основание
furniture n. мебель, обстановка, новшество оборудование, техника particle n. частица
содержимое inside prep. внутри, на внутренней made-up ground искусственный грунт particular adj. особый, определенный
girder n. главная балка, ферма стороне main adj. главный particularly adv. очень, в особенности
grade v. сортировать, отбирать instability n. неустойчивость mainly adv. главным образом partition n. перегородка, внутренняя
по сортам, категориям installation n. установка, сборка maintenance n. эксплуатация, стена
granite n. гранит insulating adj. изолирующий техническое обслуживание, ремонт pass v. переходить, превращать
gravel n. гравий integral adj. объединенный, majority n. большинство paste n. пластичная смесь
grid n. сетка комплексный manufacturer n. изготовитель, pattern n. образец
grill n. решетка interaction n. взаимодействие производитель peat n. торф
grind (ground, ground) v молоть, internal adj. внутренний masonry n. каменная кладка performance n. характеристика,
размалывать investigate v. исследовать measure n. мера, работа
ground n. земля, почва, грунт involve v. включать в себя v. измерять, оценивать permanent adj. постоянный,
handling n. транспортирование, isolate v. изолировать medium n. средство неизменный
подача junction n. соединение, стык meet the requirements отвечать pile n. свая
hanger n. подвеска ,крюк, балка свода just adj. точно, как раз, именно требованиям pile foundation свайный фундамент
печи keep up to date v. пополнять membrane n. диафрагма, перегородка, pitched roof скатная крыша
hard adj. твердый, жесткий последними данными экран plastic n. пластмасса
harden v. твердеть, застывать labour n. труд, рабочая сила mix v. смешивать plastic adj. пластичный, гибкий
heat n. тепло, нагрев, lateral adj. боковой mixture n. смесь ponding n. запруживание
v. нагревать lattice n. решетка moisture n. влажность poor adj. слабый
heating n. обогрев, отопление layer n. слой movement n. движение, перемещение pore v. пора, пустота
heavy adj. тяжелый, сильный, leaf n. лист, слой, перегородка multi-bay многопролетный, porous adj. пористый
нагруженный leakage n. утечка, течь многосекционный port n. порт, проходное отверстие
hidden adj. скрытый level adj. плоский, ровный, nature n. природа, характер portal n. портал
hide v. прятать, скрывать горизонтальный necessary adj. необходимый, важный position n. положение, место,
hollow adj. пустотелый life n. долговечность, срок службы, need v. требоваться размещение
however cj. однако ресурс non-cohesive adj. несвязанный possibility n. возможность,
humidity n. влажность lightly adv. легко, едва occupy v. занимать вероятность
immediate settlement начальная lightweight adj. легкий occur v. иметь место, случаться, possible adj. возможный
(первичная) осадка фундамента lime n. известь встречаться powder n.порошок
impair v. ослаблять limestone n. известняк off-site вне стройплощадки precast adj. сборный
imposed load прилагаемая, временная limited adj. ограниченный ordinary adj. обычный, заурядный precise adj. точный, определенный
нагрузка linear adj. линейный organic soil минеральный грунт prefabricated adj. сборный, готовый
include v. включать live load временная нагрузка органического происхождения prefabrication n. предварительное
incomplete adj. неполный, load n. нагрузка outer adj. наружный, внешний изготовление
незаконченный load bearing самонесущая нагрузка outlet n. выпускное отверстие, premise n. помещение
location n. местоположение водоотвод pressure n. давление, напор, сжатие
40 41
prevent v. предотвращать, мешать, resist v. сопротивляться, устоять site n. участок, местоположение, structural adj. структурный,
препятствовать против чего-либо стройплощадка строительный
primarily adv. первоначально, respectively adv. в указанном порядке, situation n. местоположение, structure n. конструкция, структур
в основном соответственно расположение, состояние subject v. подвергать
primary adj. первоначальный, result n. результат, исход v. приводить skill n. навыки, квалификация subsoil n. грунтовое основание
главный к чему-л. size n. размер suffer v. претерпевать, допускать
process n. процесс rigid adj. жесткий, твердый slab n. плита sufficient adj. достаточный
properly adv. как следует, должным rigidity n. жесткость, твердость slope n. наклон, откос sufficiently adv. достаточно
образом rock n. горная порода smell n. запах suit v. удовлетворять, соответствовать
property n. свойство roof n. крыша, кровля smoke n.дым suitable adj. подходящий, годный
protect v. защищать rust n. ржавчина so adv. таким образом sulphate n. сульфат
protection n. защита safety n. безопасность soak v. замачивать supply v. снабжать, обеспечивать
provide v. обеспечивать, sand n. песок socket n. штепсельная розетка support n. опора,
предусматривать sandstone n. песчаник soft adj. мягкий v. поддерживать
purpose n. цель screen n. сетка, экран soil n. почва, грунтовое основание surface n. поверхность
quality n. качество seal v. закрывать, изолировать source n. источник suspended ceiling подвесной поток
quarter n. четверть seasonal adj. сезонный space n. пространство sustain v. выдерживать
raft n. опорная фундаментная плита selection n. выбор space frame пространственная sustaining n. выдерживание
raised floor фальшпол services n. инженерные сети, стержневая конструкция swelling n. набухание, вспучивание
range n. ряд, диапазон инженерное оборудование (здания) span n. пролет, v. перекрывать tensile adj. растягивающий
rapid adj. быстрый set v. устанавливать spanning n. перекрытие tensile strength предел прочности при
rate n. скорость, степень, норма, сорт, settle n. усаживаться, оседать spread n. распространение растяжении
параметр, коэффициент settlement n. осаждение, осадка, spread v. распространяться, term n. термин
rating n. номинальная мощность, заселение растягивать, вытягивать texture n. текстура
нормативные характеристики settler n. поселенец sprinkler n. автоматическая than cj. чем
ratio n. коэффициент, соотношение several pron. несколько водораспыляющая насадка, therefore adv. поэтому, следовательно
raw material сырьевые материалы, shear n. сдвиг, поперечная сила опрыскиватель thermal adj. термический, тепловой
сырье shear failure разрушение от сдвига square adj. квадратный thick adj. толстый, плотный
recent adj. недавний shear strength сопротивление сдвигу, stability n. стойкость, устойчивость thickness n.толщина
rectangular adj. прямоугольный прочность при сдвиге staircase n. лестница, лестничный thin adj. тонкий
reduce v. уменьшать shearing strength сопротивление марш though cj. хотя
reduction n. уменьшение сдвигу, прочность при сдвиге steel n. сталь through prep. через, сквозь
reference n. отношение, ссылка shell n. оболочка, свод, остов, каркас stick v. клеить, приклеивать throughout prep. повсюду, везде,
refurbishment n. повторная очистка, shell structure оболочковая stiffness n. жесткость полностью
обновление конструкция, оболочка straight adj. прямой thus adv. так, таким образом
reinforced concrete железобетон, ship v. перевозить, грузить strength n. прочность tie n. анкерная распорка. скреплять
железобетонный shrinkage n. усадка strip n. лента, полоса, tile n. плитка, черепица
reinforcement n. арматура shrinking n. усадка v. демонтировать опалубку, снимать timber n. лесоматериал, древесина
remote adj. действующий на silicate n. силикат strip foundation ленточный timetable n. расписание
расстоянии, дистанционный similar adj. подобный, сходный фундамент tolerance n. допуск
remove v. удалять, устранять simplicity n. простота strong adj. прочный top adj. верхний
requirement n. требование single adj. единственный strongly adv.сильно total adj. общий, целый
transfer v. передавать
42 43
transmit v. передавать, переносить variation n. изменение, отклонение ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
treatment plant установка по очистке vary v. меняться, изменяться
trim v. подрезать, подравнивать vault n. свод Урок 1 ...................................................................................................................... 3
trip n. пробег ventilation n. вентиляция Текст A. Ground Stability ............................................................................... 3
truss n. сквозная ферма, стропильная vertical adj. вертикальный Текст B. Dimensional Stability ....................................................................... 6
ферма via через Урок 2 ...................................................................................................................... 7
type n. тип volume n. объем Текст A. Foundations ...................................................................................... 7
underground n. подпочва wall n. стена Текст B. Foundation types .............................................................................. 9
underside нижняя или оборотная ware n. изделия Урок 3 .................................................................................................................... 11
сторона wear n. износ Текст A. Structural Frame ............................................................................. 11
undue adj. чрезмерный weight n. вес Текст B. Flat Roof Construction .................................................................. 14
uneven adj. неровный wet adj. влажный, сырой Урок 4 .................................................................................................................... 15
unit n. элемент, блок which pron. который, какой Текст A. Cement............................................................................................ 15
unless cj. если не, без того чтобы whole adj. целый, весь Текст B .......................................................................................................... 17
unlike prep. в отличие от, width n. ширина Урок 5 .................................................................................................................... 18
adj. не такой как wind load ветровая нагрузка Текст A. Aggregates ...................................................................................... 18
unobstructed adj. беспрепятственный, wire n. провод, проволока Текст B. Natural and Artificial Aggregates ................................................... 20
свободный within prep. внутри, в пределах Урок 6 .................................................................................................................... 21
use n. применение, without prp. без Текст A. Functional requirements of a wall .................................................. 21
v. применять, использовать word n. слово Текст B .......................................................................................................... 23
useful adj. полезный workability n. удобоукладываемость, Урок 7 .................................................................................................................... 25
utilize v. использовать удобообрабатываемость Текст A. Prefabrication and Off-Site Production .......................................... 25
Текст B .......................................................................................................... 27
Урок 8 .................................................................................................................... 28
Текст A. Shell Structures............................................................................... 28
Текст B. Reinforced Concrete Barrel Vaults ................................................. 30
Урок 9 .................................................................................................................... 31
Текст A. Raised Floors .................................................................................. 31
Текст B. Floor assembly................................................................................ 33
Урок 10 .................................................................................................................. 34
Текст A. Suspended Ceilings ........................................................................ 34
Текст B. Wallpaper ........................................................................................ 36

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Задание № 131

для студентов всех специальностей II курса


факультета безотрывных форм обучения

Составители: Воеводская Татьяна Борисовна


Лапшина Лилия Ярославовна

Компьютерная верстка И. А. Яблоковой

Подписано к печати 02.02.12. Формат 60×80 1/16.Бум. офсетная.


Усл. печ. л. 2,7. Тираж 300 экз. Заказ 6. «С» 5.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет.
190005, Санкт-Петербург, 2-я Красноармейская ул., д. 4.
Отпечатано на ризографе. 190005, Санкт-Петербург, 2-я Красноармейская ул., д. 5.

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