6 Sigma Glossary

6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word 80:20

Description Hyperlink
Pareto Diagram
MiniTab
Topics
See Pareto Diagram
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Yield
Process Capability
Gage R&R
Variables & Attributes
Engineeri Vehicle ng Test
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE Symbol
Hypothesis Reliability Testing Testing
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
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6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word # %GRR
Description Number Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. 1. Multiplied by 2. An outlier on a box plot. To the power of. E.g. 3**2 means 3 squared. Alternative nomenclature: ^ (Caret), or superscript e.g. x2 Divide by 1. The Caret accent on a letter 2. The circumflex accent on a letter e.g. 3. The Mode. E.g. x with a caret represents the Mode of the x values 4. To the power of. E.g. 3^2 means 3 squared. Alternative nomenclature: **, or superscript e.g. x**2 or x2 1. Bar or Overscore character 2. The Mean. E.g. X-Bar, R-Bar. The mean of those values. See X-Bar, T-Bar, L-Bar.
Mode
Hyperlink
Gage R&R
MiniTab
Stat>Quality>Gage
Topics
Symbol Gage R&R
%R&R
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
* ** / ^
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
~ 2K Factorials
Mean
Symbol
1. The Tilde accent on a letter 2. The Median. E.g. x with a tilde represents the Median of the x values A DOE where each factor has only two levels. This enables rapid early assessment of a large Full Factorials number of factors with relatively few runs. May be used to conribute to further more complex study. See also: Full Factorials, Fractional Factorials, Standard Order. Nomenclature: 2 = # Levels, K = # Factors.
Step 1: State the Practical Problem Step 2: State the factors and levels of interest. Step 3: Select the appropriate sample size based on the effect you are trying to detect. Stat>Power&SampleSize>2Level Step 4: Create the Minitab experimental data sheet with the factors in their respective columns. Randomize the experimental runs in the data sheet. Conduct the experiment. Stat > DOE > Factorial> Create Factorial Design Step 5: Construct the ANOVA table for the full model: Stat>DOE>Factorial>Analyze-Graphs>EffectsPlots(normal/Pareto) Step 6: Review the ANOVA table and eliminate effects with p-values above .05. Remove these one at a time and then run the reduced model and plot the residual graphs for further analysis Stat>DOE>Factorial>Analyze-Graphs>EffectsPlots-Graphs>ResidualsPlots Step 7: Analyze the residual plots to ensure we have a model that fits Step 8: Investigate significant interactions (p-value < .05). Assess the significance of the highest order interactions first. For 3-way interactions unstack the data and analyze. Stat > DOE > Factorial> Factorial Plots > Interaction Plot Once the highest order interactions are interpreted, analyze the next set of lower order interactions. Step 9: Investigate the main effect of significant factors (p-value < .05) whose settings have not been determined by interaction analysis. Stat > DOE > Factorial> Factorial Plots > Main Effects Plot & Cube Plots Step 10: State the mathematical model obtained. If possible calculate the epsilon squared and determine the practical significance. Step 11: Translate the mathematical model into process terms and formulate conclusions and recommendations. Step 12: Replicate optimum conditions. Plan the next experiment or institutionalize the change.
Symbol Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Create>2Level Stat>ANOVA>1way.1 wayUnstck..Bal..GLM
5.15*Sigma 5M's and a P
Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Equivalent to range covering 99% of variance. See Gage R & R Machine (Equipment), Method (Procedures), Measurement system, Materials, Mother Nature Cause & Effect Diagram (Environment), People. Same as Fish Bone or Cause & Effect diagram. See also MEPEM.
Gage R&R
6-Sigma
1. A problem solving methodology - To ensure sources of variation in manufacturing and business processes are objectively identified, quantified and controlled or eliminated. 2. Process Sigma Level 6 - I.E. 6 Std Deviations between mean & nearest spec limit. Equivalent to 3.4 DPMO = "Pretty Darn Good" Mike Cifaratta Process Mapping methodology:
1) Define the scope of the process the team needs to map. Start & Stop 2) Document all tasks or operations needed in the production of a good product or service 3) Document each task or operation above as value add or non value add. 4) List both internal and external Y's at each process step. 5) List both internal and external X's at each process step. 6) Classify all X's as one or more of : Controllable (C), Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), Noise (N) 7) Clearly identify all data collection points.
http://www.6-sigma.ford.com/
7-Step Method
80:20
See Pareto Diagram

Greek letter Alpha. See Alpha value, Alpha Risk
Pareto Diagram Alpha Risk Alpha Risk Symbol Hyp Test
Risk ABC Flowcharter ABSCISSA ACCEPTANCE REGION Accuracy ACES-II
See ALPHA RISK.

Previous version of MicroGrafx iGrafx process mapping software
The horizontal axis of a graph. See also Ordinate The region of values for which the null hypothesis is accepted; Closeness of Mean to target. Measured as a bias from a true value. Improved through Calibration to remove measurement system bias. See also Precision.
Precision
Hyp Test
Gage R&R
Global Automated Claims Editor System. Ford Global warranty claim validation and payment AWS system. Feeds into AWS Analytical Warranty System. Supersedes previous Ford & Jaguar JVW, QIS & SEII systems late 2001 as warranty claims collection system. Both use AWS for analysis and sharing of warranty information. Automotive Industry Action Group - A standards body supported by The Big 3, defining quality and other standards for the automotive industry.
Warranty
AIAG Alpha Risk
The probability of accepting the alternate hypothesis when, in reality, the null hypothesis is true. See also Beta Risk
3
Beta Risk
Hyp Test
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6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Alpha Level
Description 1-(%Confidence). Nomenclature: . E.g. = 0.05 for 95% confidence. See also P-Value Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
Hyp Test Null Hypothesis Hyp Test
Alternative Hypothesis A tentative explanation which indicates that an event does not follow a chance distribution; What we want to prove/disprove - the contrast to the null hypothesis. Nomenclature: HA. Analyse Phase
Identify vital few Xs:
Establish baseline capability for key output variables (ys) To identify and manage high risk input variables (xs) (e.g. FMEA) To reduce the number of process input variables (xs) to a manageable number of critical variables (e.g. hypothesis testing, multi-vari studies and ANOVA techniques) Identify potential sources of variation To plan and document initial improvement activities
Improve
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance studies - A wide range of statistical tools including support for Gage R&R and DOE. Steps include Main Effcts graphical representation, Normality & equal variance determination to support 1 and 2 way ANOVA analysis of means. Steps: Test normality; Test for Equal Variances, ANOVA (n-way according to no of factors), Assess P-Value for H0, assess 2 for extent to which variation is explained by model/factors. Handles multiple sample sets. See also Gage R & R, P/TV, ANOM, MANOVA. If data is non-normal use Kruskal-Wallis or Moods Median Test. Automotive Performance, Execution & Layout. A J.D. Powers competitor vehicle quality survey- Focuses on the positive aspects of Things Gone Right (TGR) and examines how much consumers like or dislike virtually every aspect of their vehicle.
APQP Elements Advanced Product Quality Planning - The processes by which quality is designed into the product. A structured method for defining and executing the actions necessary to ensure the product satisfies the customer. An integrated, structured team approach to all system, subsystem & component manufacturing. Implemented by PD, mfg & suppliers. APQP has 23 elements from Sourcing through PSW part delivery at IPD - See APQP Elements. APQP uses QS-9000 elements 4.1, 4.2, 4.9 as its' timing structure. It is an automotive extension to QS9000 sections 4.1-4.20. See: www.quality.ford.com and, for APQP forms: web.bli.ford.com. http://www.jaguar.ford.com/qual/apqp/apqphome.htm?
Stat>ANOVA>
APEAL
APQP
QS
ASQC Assignable Cause
American Society for Quality Control
A source of variation which is non-random; a change in the source (Vital Few variables) will produce a significant change of some magnitude in the response (dependent variable), e.g., a correlation exists; the change may be due to an intermittent in-phase effect or a constant cause system which may or may not be highly predictable; an assignable cause is often signalled by an excessive number of data points outside a control limit and/or a nonrandom pattern within the control limits; an unnatural source of variation; most often economical to eliminate. May be identifiable and correctable by the operator. Also known as Special Cause. See also Common / Random Cause.
Common Cause
C&E PCM
ASSIGNABLE VARIATIONS Attribute
Variations in data which can be attributed to specific causes. See also Random Variation 1. A characteristic that may take on only one value, e.g.0 or 1. As opposed to a Variable which takes a measurable value. 2. Vehicle attributes e.g. Safety, Security, Cost, Performance.
Variable Variables Sys Eng
ATTRIBUTE DATA Numerical information at the nominal level; subdivision is not conceptually meaningful; data which represents the frequency of occurrence within some discrete category, e.g., 42 solder shorts. Attribute R & R AWS Risk BACKGROUND VARIABLES Bartlett Baseline DPMO Benchmarking Beta Risk Bias
The process for measuring the repeatability & reproducability of the value of an attribute
Stat>Quality>Gage
Variables
Gage R&R Variables Warranty
Analytical Warranty System - Records product problems addressed by dealer fix actions with http://www.quality.ford.com/aws/aws/ associated direct costs. Accessing this information requires detail system knowledge. CDA can provide this for you.
Beta Risk See BETA RISK. Variables which are of no experimental interest and are not held constant. Their effects are often assumed insignificant or negligible, or they are randomized to ensure that contamination of the primary response does not occur.
Symbol Hyp Test Variables
A form of f-Test for > 2 samples of data. Used for showing equal variances for normal data. Use Levene for non-normal data. The initial or starting value of the process DPMO. Also known as Initial DPMO. See DPMO. See also Baseline Capability. Study & Indetification of best in class process elements across vehicle lines, competotors, related processes and other industry and research sources so as to maximise variability reduction and quality improvement. See also BIC, CAB Events.
F-Test DPMO CAB Events
Stat>ANOVA>EqualV Hyp Test ariances
The probability of accepting the null hypothesis when, in reality, the alternate hypothesis is true. Beta risk is the converse of Power. See also Alpha Risk. Distance between True Value and the observed value. The measure of Accuracy. See also Linearity, Mallow's C-p Value.
Alpha Risk
Hyp Test
Linearity
Stats>QualityStats>G Gage R&R ageLinearity
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word BIC Big 3 Black Belt
Description Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
Best In Class - The highest quality level achievable in this class of process across current industry achievements. See also Benchmarking
The Big 3 US automotive manufacturers: Ford, Daimler-Chrysler & GM
A certified full time practicioner of 6-Sigma problem solving methodologies. Will deliver successful projects using the Breakthrough Strategy. Will train and mentor the local organization on Six Sigma. Mentored by a Master Black Belt. May train and/or be supported by Green Belts A relatively homogenous set of conditions within which different conditions of the primary variables are compared. Used to ensure that background variables do not contaminate the evaluation of primary variables. A Blocking Variable is a factor in an experiment that may have an undesired influence as a source of variability is called a block. A block can be lots of material, operators, days, etc, which are likely to produce experimental runs that are more homogenous within the block than between the blocks. A blocking variable is generally one which is not thought to be a Critical Few X, but which may be introducing noise which we want to spread across the sampling rather than having it confound (mask) variation in a specific Critical X. The blocking factor is placed into the DOE in place of the highest level interaction which is usually insignificant. e.g. Put the blocking value in place of ABCD and do not then look for ABCD in the DOE. See also: Confounding.
Green Belt
Blocking Variables
Confounding
Stat > DOE > Create Factorial Design
Variables DOE
Bonus Parts Boundary BPM BPU C
Surplus parts dropped of left in vehicle e.g. washers in door linings, potentially causing S&R or other TGW See Process Boundary Body Processor Module - Electronic control module for body & lighting systems. Also known as BPU Body Processor Unit - Electronic control module for body & lighting systems. Also known as BPM 1. See Controllable Variable. 2. Number of Censored data items. See Censored, F/C. 3. The Natural response rate of a Probit reliability analysis. 4. Number of defects. See c Chart. 5. Current APQP GYR status. 6. The Control phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. 7. The Characterize phase of a DfSS 6-Sigma project Ambiguous reference to C & E Diagram or C & E Matrix
Eng Eng F/C Variables Reliability QS
C & E Chart C & E Diagram C & E Matrix C CHARTS c2
Cause & Effect Diagram Stat>Quality>Cause& C&E Effect Cause & Effect Diagram Stat>Quality>Cause& C&E Effect CT Matrix Stat>Quality>Cause& C&E Effect Symbol Symbol
Cause & Effect diagram - Same as Fish Bone diagram Cause & Effect matrix - Same as CT Matrix Charts which display the number of defects per sample.
May appear in place of c2 if the fonts have not been set right! Change the font of the 'c' to Symbol Font and apply Font Superscript to the '2' to get 2. See Chi-Square See Chi Square. Customer Acceptance Line in plant test of all cars off the production line 1. Change Acceleration Process - GE's change management methodology. Helps speed & sustain change. 2. Cause Action Prevention/Profit (VRT's reaction to out of control situation) See Process capability. See also Sigma Level, Capability Assessment Assessing capability to predict true quality levels for products. A guide to the product or process sigma level. See Process Capability. See also: Cp, CPK, Pp, Ppk.
Chi-Square Chi-Square
2
CAL CAP Capability Capability Assessment Categorical Variable
Process Capability Process Capability
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y
A random variable whose value will be one of a limited number of categories in some specified variable.e.g. Day number, Shift, Operator number. As opposed to a Continuous Variable. May be used interchangeably with Discrete Variable
See Distinct Category, Categorial Variable, Cat 'A', Cat '1'/'2'/'3'.
Distinct Category X's X's X's Stat>Quality>Gage
Variables
Category CAUSALITY CAUSATIVE Cause Cause & Effect Diagram
Gage R&R Variables Variables Variables C&E
The principle that every change implies the operation of a cause. See X's Effective as a cause. See X's
That which produces an effect or brings about a change. An independant variable. See X's
A tool used to identify & organise possible causes of a problem. Same as fish bone diagram. X's Also known as Ishikawa, Fish or Herring Bone diagram or (in FMEA) Cause & Mode Diagram, "5M's and a P", MEPEM. See also X's, Y's Condition Code - Problem category. The root cause what the dealer needed to fix to resolve the customer concern. See also CCC Customer Concern Code - Problem category - TGW Check Box item in GQRS detail verbatims what the customer thought was wrong. See also CC Code Consumer Driven Six Sigma - The Ford 6-Sigma improvement initiative focussing on improving Consumer Quality issues 5
Stat>Quality>Cause& Variables C&E Effect
https://web.quality.ford.com/online_ref/index.html Warranty
CC Code CCC CD6S
https://web.quality.ford.com/online_ref/index.html Warranty
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word CDA
Description 1. Customer Data Analysis. Assessing the Voice Of the Customer. Same as CIE, CIA. 2. Customer Data Analysis Department. Based at jaguar, Whitley. Provide GQRS data on their website. Provide a service to understand these and to extract AWS data for you. Ford Tel.: +726 4697. Technique to reduce sample variation by processing the means of set of samples. Reduces variation by 1 / Sq Rt n where n is the number of samples in each agregated set. Method: Add sub-group no col; Unstack using sub-group as subscript; Calc row means from unstacked data. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
http://www.jaguar.ford.com/eng/web/engpvtw/cdaweb/index2.htm
Central Limit Theorem
Calc>MakePattern>Si mple Manip>Unstack Calc>Calc>rmean
CENTRAL TENDENCY CENTRE LINE
Numerical average, e.g., mean, median, and mode; centre line on a statistical process control chart. The line on a statistical process control chart which represents the characteristics central tendency.
Customer Focus Centre end of line test in plant + road teat, of selected vehicles for full
Characterize DOE
CFC customer quality assessment. Characterise See Characterize. CHARACTERISTIC A definable or measurable feature of a process, product, or variable. Check Sheets Chi-Square
Forms used to collect data by making tally marks to indicate # occurrences 1. A skewed probability distribution and hypothesis tests using this. 2. Chi-Square Test for goodness of fit / strength of relationship between discrete variables. 3. ChiSquare Test for Variances 4. Chi-Square values (from stats tables) are also used in calculating Confidence Intervals. Calculation: Chi-Sq = (Expected - Observed)^2 / Expected Nomenclature: 2. See Proportion Test
Proportion Test
2.Stat>Table>Chi-sq. Hyp Test Stat>Basic>2Prop. Calc>Prob>Chi-sq. Calc>Rand>Chi-sq. 3.Stat>Basic>Disply
CI CLASSIFICATION CLT Cluster Sample
Confidence Interval e.g. 95% CI Differentiation of variables. See Central Limit Theorem Sampling by diving the population into arbitrary cluster groups and drawing a sample from each group. I.e. where no correlation/dependance is expected between variables and cluster. Customer/Competitive New Vehicle Quality - Customer quality survey. Superceded by GQRS See RANDOM CAUSE. Variation within process capoability. Not controllable by the operators.
Complexity is a measure of how complicated a particular good or service is. Increased process complexity increases opportunities for defects. May be represented by the Opportunity Count. See CCC See CC Code
Confidence Interval
Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot
Central Limit Theorem
CNVQ COMMON CAUSE Complexity Concern Code Condition Code Confidence Interval
Random Cause
C&E PCM
CCC CC Prediction Interval Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot. Stat>BasicStats>1or2 Proportion
Reflects the range into which you can expect the mean response to fall. PI = confidence that a point will fall in the range. CI = confednce the mean will fall in the range. See ConfidenceLevel and Confidence Limit.See also Prediction Interval The confidence / probability that a random variable x lies within a defined interval. The two values that define the confidence level.
CONFIDENCE LEVEL CONFIDENCE LIMITS Confounding
Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot DOE
Blocking Variables Allowing two or more variables to vary together so that it is impossible to separate their unique effects. If an experiment does not vary A & B separately then the effects of the 2 factors cannot be distinguished. Blocking may be used to separate these effects where one is expected to be a critical X and one appears to be noise. The main effects & interactions can be confounded in order to reduce the no of runs in a Fractional Factorial DOE. Same as Alias structure. See also Blocking Variables, Compounding.
CONSUMERS RISK Probability of accepting a lot when, in fact, the lot should have been rejected (see BETA RISK). CONTINUOUS DATA Continuous Data CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE Numerical information a the interval of ratio level; subdivision is conceptually meaningful; can assume any number within an interval, e.g., 14.652 amps.
Data from continuous measurement e.g. temperature. See M-07 Introduction to Data.ppt for selecvting statistical techniques according to Discrete/Continuous nature of input & output attributes & variables. See also Discrete Data, Attribute
Beta Risk
Hyp Test
Discrete Data
Variables
A random variable which can assume any value continuously in some specified variable.
Variables
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Contribution
Gage Contribution
MiniTab
Stat>Quality>Gage
Topics
Gage R&R
Contribution (proportion) of variance attributable to one factor. Often refers to Gage Contribution. Minitab field: %Contribution. AIAG standards require:
<1% = Ideal, 1-4%=Acceptable, 4-9%=Marginal, >=10%=Unacceptable.
In Control Control Limit
A process is in control when its data falls within the upper and lower Control Limits.
Control Limit
PCM
Upper & lower statistical data limits (UCL & LCL). Always calculated from the data - typically Specification Limit (always) set at +/- 3 Std Deviations (c.99.73%). Measure of whether the process is in control. See Upper & Lower Control Limit. A process is In Control if its' data falls cosistently within its Control Limits. This does not imply the product is within customer specification - it can by In Control but off target and out of spec - See Spec Limit. A process is Out Of Control if data falls outside the Control Limits. Optimize, eliminate, automate, and / or control vital few inputs Document and implement the control plan Sustain the gains identified Re-establish and monitor long-term delivered capability Implement continuous improvement efforts (Green Belts at the functional area)
Define
Control Phase
Control Plan
http://www.jaguar.ford.com/manuf/prodop1/spc/misc.htm A plan to control CTQ's on an ongoing basis. Defines the Who/Where/When control methods for each process step. Statistical Process Control Plan specifies data collection on a Control Chart which monitors data in control within Control Limits. Out of control data triggers a Reaction Plan.
CONTROL SPECIFICATIONS Controllable
Specifications called for by the product being manufactured.
Process inputs that you can adjust or control while the process is running (e.g. speed, feed rate, temperature, pressure, etc) Controllable Variable Controlled or Controllable Variables: Inputs that you can adjust or control while the process is X's running (i.e...., speed, feed rate, temperature, pressure, etc). See X's
Variables DOE
COP COPQ
Conformity Of Production - Tests applied to verify the extent to which goods produced and quality assured do actually meet production specifications Cost Of Poor Quality - Cost of not being RFT = VCSI plus the hidden:
- Cost of failing to meet customer expectations the first time - Opportunity for increased efficiency - Potential for higher profits - Loss in market share - Increase in production cycle time - Labour associated with ordering replacement material - Costs associated with disposing of defects
- "A one sigma improvement will result in 20% margin improvement, 12-18% capacity increase, 12% reduction in or redeployment of employees, and 10-30% capital reduction."
Correlation
Gage R&R A measure of association between two quantitative variables. Correlation measures the degree of linearity between two variables assumed to be completely independent of each other. Correlation coefficient, r, always lies between -1 and +1. May be for linear, quadratic or cubic relationship. Calculated by regression methods e.g. Pearson. Nomenclature: rxy R-Value, R2-Value (R-Sq), R-Sq(adj). Range of R-Values: -1 = negative correlation, 0 = no correlation, 1 = high correlation E.g. |/ shows high linear correlation between x & y. NB Correlation can provide a strong message about correlation between 1 X & 1 Y. It conveys a strong message about NON-correlation of multiple variables. It does not, however, give a strong message about positive correlation between many variables as it works only on individual linear association. For positive messages about correlation of multiple variables always use Regression which takes account of interactions between multiple variables. See also Multicollinearity, Variance Inflation Factor.
Stats>BasicStat>Corr Gage R&R elation Stats>Regression>Fitt ed Line etc.
CP
Confirmation Prototype - Not to be confused with: Cp (process capability) or C-p (Mallow's C-p Statistic for bias vs. closeness of fit)!
Cp
Cp
A measure of Process Capability reflecting how good the process would be, if it were centred Cpk on the target. It is ambiguously used for: 1. Short Term Process Capability (6-Sigma & MiniTab). 2. Long Term Process Capability (Ford & Big 3 SPC Reference Manual). Cp takes no account of whether the process is centred. Cpk takes this into account. Pp = (USL-LSL) / 6*. See also Cpk, Pp, Ppk. Note: Nothing to do with CP or C-p !
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y
Cpk
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM A measure of Process Capability which takes account of both the spread and centering of the Short Term Process Capability y data. It is ambiguously used for: 1. Short Term (6-Sigma & MiniTab) and 2. Long Term (Ford SPC Ref Manual). Cpk equals the minimum of CPU & CPL. This is the shortest distance between the mean and the nearest spec limit. If the mean is outside both spec limits Cpk becomes negative but Cp is unaffected. Cpk approximates to Cpk = Z / 3. Cpk=min(Cpk(USL),Cpk(LSL)) Cpk(USL)=(USL-Xbar)/3 Cpk(LSL)=(Xbar-LSL)/3 so: Cpk=2 equivalent to Sigma level of 6 (i.e. 6-Sigma). See also Cp, Pp, Ppk, Sigma Level. Cpk Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y
CPL
LSL Cpk. Also shown as Cpk(LSL)=(Xbar-LSL)/3. See also Cpk 7
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Cpm CPU
Description Hyperlink Cpm is a capability index that is the ratio of the specification spread (USL - LSL) to the square root of the mean squared deviation from the target. Cpm is available only when a target is specified. 1. USL Cpk. Also shown as Cpk(USL)=(USL-Xbar)/3 See also Cpk. 2. Cost Per Unit - Warranty: Cost of repair per unit. See also %CPU. Expressed in USD ($) for Ford / Jaguar. Expressed in GBP pence for Land Rover. 3. Cost Per Unit - Tolerance Design: Cost of making improvement. Global Common Quality Indicator System - CQIS is a Ford database providing world-wide access to vehicle concern data. A variety of research and analytical tools are available to assist the problem solver and quality analyst in the early identification and definition of product concern issues The "Vital Few" input varibles to control to reduce variation and achieve CTQ's. See also Critical Characteristics. J.D. Powers Consumer Service Index - Designed to provide automobile manufacturers with an objective measure of service usage and customer satisfaction with dealer service during the first three years of ownership, roughly representative of the warranty period. Revised CSI measurement criteria from 1999MY forwards Matrix of the CTX (Process) Tree & CTY (Product) Tree. See Y = f(X) and C & E Matrix See CTX, CTY, CTQ 1. Critical To Cost factors - See CTQ 2. Concept To Customer. Product development process preceeding World Class Process & FPDS. Critical To Delivery factors - See CTQ Critical To Process factors - See CTQ Critical To Quality factors - Producer measurable quality factors to meet Customer Satisfaction (CTS) needs (Similarly for CTC, CTD, CTP). Generically may be used to include CTC, CTD, CTP & potentially CTS. CTQ Tree Diagram showing break down of CTQ factors and causes affecting these processes Critical To Satisfaction - Customer specified critical satisfaction factors of product / service See CTS; CTC, CTD, CTP, CTQ Process & Sub-Process hierarchy tree - "X" inputs. Supports the left hand side of the CT Matrix Product System-Sub-System-Part hierarchy tree - "Y" outputs. May be the top line of the CT Matrix See CCC
Cpk
MiniTab
Topics
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp LR y
CQIS
http://www.mso.ford.com/fcsd/vsp/tech/gcqis
Critical X's CSI
CTQ
Variables
CSI-2 CT Matrix CT Tree CTC CTD CTP CTQ
C & E Matrix CTQ CTQ
C&E
CTQ CTQ
CTQ Tree CTS CT's CTX Tree CTY Tree Customer Concern Code CUT-OFF POINT
CTQ
CTQ CT Matrix CT Matrix CCC
The point which partitions the acceptance region from the reject region.
Difference / effect size. See also / The magnitude or size of the difference being tested. This is sometimes called the Test Sensitivity. d/s
Test Sensitivity Symbol Symbol
/
DATA Defect
Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation; often refers to quantitative information.
An event which does not meet the specification of a CTQ. Occurrence is measured in DPU, CTQ DPO, DPMO or Sigma Level. So a Defect is an individual non-conformance. A given unit may potentially have any number of Defects - according to the number of Opportunities. A unit with one or more Defects is a Defective. Defects are caused by Errors. Measured using c Chart or u Chart. See also Defectives, Opportunity, Error. See Opportunity The 1st DMAIC project phase. Define the Project Scope, Problem Statement (identify Defects), Objective (reduce Defects), Benefits and Metric (track Defects - % defects, overtime, RTY, etc)
Opportunity measure
Defect Opportunity Define Phase Degrees Of Freedom
The number of independent measurements available for estimating a population parameter. Calculating degrees of freedom. Nomenclature: DF Total = n - 1, where n = total number of observations DF Operator = b - 1, where b = the number of operators DF Part = b(a -1), where a = the number of parts measured by each operator and b = the number of operators DF Repeatability = n - (a*b)
Faults found in a quality inspection
Demerits DENSITY FUNCTION DEPENDENT VARIABLE Detection DF DFMEA
The function which yields the probability that a particular random variable takes on any one of its possible values. A Response Variable; e.g., y is the dependent or Response variable where Y=f (X1Xn) variable. See Y's
See D Level, FMEA See Degrees of Freedom. Nomenclature: Design FMEA. Application of FMEA during the design process to assess product relaibility. See also PFMEA.
Degrees of Freedom Y's Variables
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word DfSS Discrete Data
DMAIC
MiniTab
Topics
DfSS
Design For Six Sigma - A methodology to apply to the design process to generate RFT quality designs. Should pre-empt the need for DMAIC projects to fix quality issues.
Data from counting categories of conditions e.g. Pass/Fail counts. See M-07 Introduction to Continuous Data Data.ppt for selecvting statistical techniques according to Discrete/Continuous nature of input & output attributes & variables. See also Attribute, Continuous Data
Variables
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE Discrim Discrimination
A random variable which can assume values only from a definite number of discrete values.As opposed to a Continuous Variable. May be used interchangeably with Categorical Variable See Discrimination Index
Discrimination Index Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage
Variables
Gage R&R Gage R&R
The number of decimal places that can be measured by the system. Increments of measure Gage R&R should be at least one-tenth of the width of the product specification or process variation. Same as resolution. See also Discrimination Index.
Distinct Category
Discrimination Index The Discrimination Index provides the number of divisions that the Measurement System can
accurately measure across the part (sample) variation. If this index is less than 4, then it is inadequate to provide data for a study. If the index is 4, then it is equivalent to a go/no-go gage. We would like to see the value of 5 or greater. Discrim = 1.41 * p / ms. Same as number of Distinct Categories Degrees of Freedom Number of Distinct Categories. Aletrnative (MiniTab) nomenclature for Discrimination Index. Values: 1: Measurement System cannot discriminate between parts 2 - 4: Parts can be divided into high/low groups only. Equiv to attribute data. Can provide Insensitive control charts, Coarse estimates of process parameters and capability indices 5 or more: The gage system is acceptable, can differentiate between parts and can provide: Control charts, process parameters, and capability indices
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
dof Distinct Category
Degrees Of Freedom Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Distributions
Tendency of large numbers of observations to group themselves around some central value with a certain amount of variation or scatter on either side. See Normal, t-, Z-, F- , Weibull Distributions
FMEA Detection Level. Rated 1-10 by the Big 3 for Certain, High, moderate, Low, Almost imposible liklihood of detection by process controls before next process step or process completion. An assessment of the likelihood (or probability) that your current controls will detect 1) when the X fails or 2) when the failure mode occurs. Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-Control - The major phases of a 6-Sigma project, representing the core 6-Sigma methodologies. In contrast to 6-Sigma DFSS methodology. The DMAIC process may be further broken down as:
M1 Select Output Characteristic and identify key process input and output variables, M2 Define Performance Standards, M3 Validate Measurement System A4 Establish Product Capability, A5 Define Performance Objectives, A6 Identify Variation Sources I7 Screen Potential Causes, I8 Discover Variable Relationships, I9 Establish Operating Tolerances C10 Validate Measurement System, C11 Determine Process Capability, C 12 Implement Process Controls
Normal Distribution
D-Level
FMEA
FMEA
DMAIC
DFSS
DOE
Design Of Experiments - Systematic study multiple factors & levels to determine their effects & identify CTQ's. Includes: Full Factorials, 2K Factorials, Fractional Factorials. DOE can be used to: - Establish the relationship between the Xs & Y's - Establish the vital few Xs from the trivial many (possible factors) - To establish if several input factors act together to influence the output (Y) - Determine the optimal settings of the input factors Method: DARE RIMCY Define, Analyse, Reduce, 2, Residuals, Interactions, Main, Cube, Y=c+mx... Resource Optimisation See DOE Worksheet at: ...\SSAnavProcessDataFiles\DOE Worksheet.doc. See also Type Of Experiment. Extensions to DOE include: Parameter Design & Tolerance Design. Defects Per Million Opportunities. See also Initial, Baseline & Target DPMO, DPO, DPU. Where opportunities per unit = 1 will be same as PPM. Defects Per Opportunity. See also DPMO. Defects Per Unit - A measure of customer impact vs. process capability. See also DPMO. Related to RTY: Yrt = e-DPU Changes in quality over time. See also stability, Shift, short & long term sigma values Durability Tracking Study - TGW survey data for products 12 & 36MIS A constant: 2.71828182845905. The base of natural logarithms. e is such that the gradient of the function y=ex always equals y. e is defined as the limit of (1 + 1/n)n as n approaches infinity. Greek letter Epsilon. See Random Error, Epsilon-Squared Experimental Design - See DOE
DOE Worksheet.doc
Stat>DOE>Factorial DOE DefineAnalyse Plots(Interaction, Main Effects)... Stat>ANOVA Stat>Regression>Resi duals
DPMO DPO DPU Drift DTS e
PPM DPMO DPMO
SixSigma>ProductRe port SixSigma>ProductRe port SixSigma>ProductRe port
Symbol
ED EFFECT
Random Error DOE 1. Y's 2. Stat>Power> 2LevelFactorial
Symbol DOE Variables DOE
1. That which was produced by a cause. See Y's. See also Failure Effect. 2. In DOE Sample Size: The difference that the experiment needs to detect. See also DOE, Corner Point, Failure Effect, Main Effects. As good as it gets - maximum process potential. Potential (Within) Capability for centred normal data. See Short Term Process Capability.
Engineering Systems Team
Entitlement EST
Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit y>Zbench
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word EWMA EXPERIMENT Experimental Error
Description Hyperlink Exponentially Weighted Moving Average - a control chart which smoothes data to emphasize trends. Uses weights to emphasize the importance of the most recent data. See also Moving Average. MiniTab
Stat>Control>EWMA
Topics
A test under defined conditions to determine an unknown effect; to illustrate or verify a known law; o test or establish a hypothesis. Variation in observations made under identical test conditions. Also called residual error or Random Error. The amount of variation which cannot be attributed to the variables included in the experiment. See Type I, II Errors, Alpha & Beta Risks. See also Error, Defect. Function - Y = f(X) - Outputs are a function of the inputs. See also F, F(t).
Part of DOE. Includes: Full Factorials, 2K Factorials, Fractional Factorials
Alpha Risk
DOE Hyp Test
f Factorials FACTORS Failure Cause Failure Effect Failure Mode
F
DOE X's DOE Variables C&E FMEA
Independent variables. See X's
FMEA Failure Cause: something which can be corrected or controlled (X) that describes how FMEA the failure mode could have occurred. Sources of process variation that causes the Failure Mode to occur. What is the root cause of the failure. FMEA Failure Effect: the effect a particular failure mode will have on the customer (attempt to FMEA quantify with respect to Y's). The impact on customer requirements. Generally external customer focus, but can also include downstream processes. FMEA Failure Mode: a description of a non-conformance at a particular process step (also know as a shop floor defect). The way in which a specific process input fails - if not detected and either corrected or removed, will cause Effect to occur. See also Failure, Failure Type.
Failure
FMEA
FMEA
Fault Code
Six character warranty code reflecting 4 character warranty part identification plus 2 character AWS failure mode. Values can be found in the old Jaguar Warranty Manuals. The failure mode = the CC Code. The warranty fault code is shown in the Part Number field of AWS when there has been corrective action but no replaced part. Once JVW has been replaced by ACES-II The fault code is no longer used. The equivalent information is shown by the part number to which the corrective action was applied, and the CC code applied to it. Ford Consumer Plant Assessment - Vehicle quality measure. A measure of the the vehicle as NOVA-C would be perceived by the customer. Includes full road test. Replaces NOVA-C Fishers-Distribution. The statistical distribution of data being ratio of two Chi-Squared variables Measure of % defect-free output after rework. See Yield for formulas See also First Pass Yield & Rolled Throughput Yield/First Time Through, Normalised Yield Measure of % defect-free output at any process step before rework. See Yield for formulas See also Final Yield & Rolled Throughput Yield/First Time Through, Normalised Yield Same as First Pass Yield. Nomenclature: YFT Fish bone shaped map of inputs, sub-inputs and root causes. See Cause & Effect Diagram and "5M's and a P", Also known as Ishikawa or Herring Bone diagram: x\ x\ y x/ x/
Distributions Normalised Yield
Warranty
FCPA F-Distribution Final Yield
Yield
First Pass Yield First Time Yield Fish bone diagram
Final Yield
Yield
First Pass Yield
Yield
Cause & Effect Diagram Stat>Quality>Cause& C&E Effect
FIXED EFFECTS MODEL FlowCharter FLUCTUATIONS FMEA
Experimental treatments are specifically selected by the researcher. Conclusions only apply to the factor levels considered in the analysis. Inferences are restricted to the experimental levels.
MicroGrafx iGrafx process flow charting software
Variances in data which are caused by a large number of minute variations or differences.
FMEA FMEA: Failure Mode Effects Analysis - Systematic method of risk assessment for identifying http://www.dearborn2.ford.com/qvtqual2/fmea/index.htm and preventing product & process problems before they occur. Identify ways the product or process can fail and eliminate or reduce the risk of failure in order to protect the customer. Always done as a team exercise. Process:Select Team, define roles scope product/process; Identify Functions and Failure Modes. Path 1: Define Failure Effects, Seveity & critical actions. PAth 2: Define Causes, Occurence & critiocal Actions. Path 3: Define preventaive (P) & detective (D) Controls & Actions to reduce RPN. See also S, O & D Levels, PFMEA, DFMEA, CFMEA, MFMEA, Failure Mode, -Effect, -Cause, RPN, Boundary Diagram, Interface Matrix, Critical, Significant Characteristic, YC, YS, Effects List, OS, HI, Big 7, Criticality, FMEA Plus
FMEA Plus
Ford FMEA software package
FMEA
FMEA
10
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Description Fractional Factorial Application of screening to reduce no of DOE runs by exploiting the Sparsity of Effects
Hyperlink
2K Factorials
MiniTab
Stat>DOE>Factorial >Create >Designs>1/4, 1/2
Topics
DOE
Principle Each resulting effect will be the sum of an individual effect plus an interaction effect which can no longer be distinguished (confounded). May be done using Resolution III, IV or V Designs: III: No main effects are aliased with other main effects. Main effects aliased with 2-factor interactions.
2-factor interactions are aliased with each other.
IV: No main effect aliased with other main effects OR with two-factor interactions.
2-factor interactions aliased with other 2-factor interactions.
V: No main effect or 2-factor interaction is aliased with any other main effect or 2-factor interaction.
2-factor interactions are aliased with 3-factor interactions. Nomenclature: 2Rk-p. Where k is the number of factors 2k-p is the number of runs & R is the resolution (III/IV/V).
See also: Full Factorials, 2K Factorials, Blocking Variables, Resolution, Alias. NB: Fractional factorials will lead to wrong conclusions when interactions are dominant factors e.g. Sweetness from Sugar/Srirring/Cup colour would highlight cup colur rather than the sugar-stirring
interaction. Similarly draughts from Door size/Frame Size/Door colour.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION F-Test FTT Full Factorial
The pattern or shape formed by the group of measurements in a distribution.
Distributions
t-Test A type of t-Test. Tests the assumption of equal variance. An F-test is done when you have only two samples; test assumes your data is normally distributed. Use Levene or Bartlett tests for > 2 samples.
Stat>ANOVA>EqualV Hyp Test ariances
First Time Through - Jaguar speak for RTY - Rolled Throughput Yield. Part of DOE. See also: 2K Factorials, Fractional Factorials, |.
RTY Fractional Factorials
Yield Stat>ANOVA>BalANO DOE VA Stat>ANOVA>GLM Stat>ANOVA>Balance d Stat>DOE>Factorial> Create>GenFullFactor ial
Step 1: State the Practical Problem and Objective using the DOE Worksheet.doc Step 2: State the factors and levels of interest, Step 3: Select the appropriate sample size. Step 4: Create a Minitab experimental data sheet with the factors in their respective columns. Randomize the experimental runs in the data sheet Stat > DOE > Factorial> Create Factorial Design Step 5: Conduct the experiment. Step 6: Construct the ANOVA table for the full model, use either: Stat>ANOVA>BalANOVA or Stat>DOE>Factorial>Analyze Step 7: Review the ANOVA table and eliminate effects with p-values above .05. Run the reduced model to include those p-values that are deemed significant. Step 8: Analyze the residuals of the reduced model to ensure we have a model that fits. Calculate the Fits and Residuals. Stat>ANOVA>Storage. Next create the residual plots Stat>Regression>ResidPlots Step 9: Determine optimal settings by graphically analyzing significant interactions (p-value <.05). Assess the significance of the highest order interactions first. For 3-way interactions unstack the data and analyze. Use either: Stat > ANOVA > Interaction Plot or Stat > DOE > Factorial> Factorial Plots > Interaction Plot Once the highest order interactions are interpreted, analyze the next set of lower order interactions. Investigate significant Main Effects (p-value <.05) use either. Stat > ANOVA > Main Effects; Stat > DOE > Factorial> Factorial Plots > Main Effects Plot & Cube Plots Step 10: For practical purposes calculate epsilon square values Step 11: Replicate optimum conditions. Plan the next experiment or institutionalize the change. Step 12: Document final report
Funnel Gage Gage Contribution
CTQ Process of converging from multiple X's (inputs/causes) to the CTQ's Gage R&R American spelling of Gauge. A device for measuring an important product feature or combination of features (attribute or variable) during the manufacturing process. See Gage R & R. See also Jig, Tool, Fixture, Setting Aid.
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Contribution (proportion) of cause attributable to the gage or measurement system. Minitab field: %Contribution. AIAG standards require:
<1% = Ideal, 1-4%=Acceptable, 4-9%=Marginal, >=10%=Unacceptable
Part Contribution
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Nomenclature: P = 2ms / 2total or P = 5.15* ms. See also Gage R & R, Part Contribution Gage Precision Gage R&R Same as Gage Contribution
A method of measuring (gauging) an attribute or varibles Value relative to its' Operational Definition. Further used to determine the Repeatability & Reproducibility of those values. Generically used to mean any measurement system. When quoted as a number this is the P/T ratio. (or in some companies the P/TV). Acceptance criteria: Ideal Accept Marginal Fail Gage Contibution <1% 1-4% 4-9% >10% %Tol=P/T and %R&R=Study Var <10% <20% 20-30% >30% Discim Index & Distinct Categories >14 >7 7-5 <5 Nomenclature: %R&R. %R&R = MS / total . See P/T, P/TV. See also Attribute R & R, Variable R & R, Correlation. Graph showing steps of plan and durations British English spelling of Gage. A device for measuring an important product feature or combination of features (attribute or variable) during the manufacturing process. See Gage R & R. See also Jig, Tool, Fixture, Setting Aid. Global Customer Insights Global Customer Satisfaction Awards - Ford awards to project teams achieving outstanding customer satisfaction improvements Global Quality Research System/Study/Survey/Sample - Results available on CDA website.
Gage Contribution Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gantt Chart Gauge GCI GCSA GQRS
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
http://www.jaguar.ford.com/eng/web/engpvtw/cdaweb/index2.htm
11
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Green Belt
Black Belt
MiniTab
Topics
A certified part time practicioner of 6-Sigma problem solving methodologies. Will deliver successful localized projects using the Breakthrough Strategy. Mentored by and may support a Black Belt.
Same as Gage R & R
GRR
Gage R&R Null Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis Normal Distribution
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R Symbol Hyp Test Symbol Hyp Test
H0 Ha
Box Cox Transformation Herring Bone Diagram NFF Hidden Factory HISTOGRAM Homogeneity Of Variance
Nomenclature for Null Hypothesis Nomenclature for Alternative Hypothesis

Means of transforming non-normal data to normal. Uses the equation W=Y. E.g. W=Y2, W=Y-1i.e.1/Y. W=Y0.5 i.e.sq rt., W=Y0=Ln(Y) An alternative to transforming the data is to try the Weibull distribution. Same as Cause & Effect Diagram. See also Fish bone diagram, "5M's and a P". Also known as Ishikawa diagram No Fault Found. A replaced component, when tested is found to be not at fault. I.E. the component itself was not the cause of the problem. See also TNI. Scrap & Rework costs inc. Time, Money, Resources, Floor space etc. 6-Sigma seeks to identify and eliminate the Hidden Factory
Stat>Control>BoxCox
Vertical display of a population distribution of terms of frequencies; a formal method of plotting a frequency distribution. The variances of the groups being contrasted are equal (as defined by statistical test of significant difference). Use Bartlett test if data Normal, or Levene if any variables are nonNormal. Also known as Equal Variance.
Normal Distribution Stat>Basic>Graph Then Stat>ANOVA> TestEqVar Or Stat>Basic>2Var
Hydropulse Hypothesis Test
Vehicle test rig which vibrates vehicle to check for squeaks & rattles. Supervised at B/L by Alex Djordjevic Statistical test showing whether data sets are from same statistical population. T-Tests can be Null Hypothesis used to test hypotheses relating to Continuous data. Chi-Square tests can be used on discrete data. See Null Hypothesis, Alternate Hypothesis. Variable Data: * Normal Data + Means Tests: 1 Sample t-Test, 2 Sample t-Test, Paired t-Test General Linear Model (for >2 factors); Correlation; Regression + Variance Tests: Chi2, 2 Variances, ANOVA Equal Variances * Non-Normal Data + Means:Correlation,Sign Test,Wilcoxon,Mann-Whitney,Kruskal-Wallis,Mood's, Friedman. + Variance: ANOVA > Equal Variances Attribute Data: See Chi2 contingency tables, Proportion testing. Intensified Customer Concern Definition - Global customer concerns database. 30 days in service telephone survey which asks in depth questions on specific concerns.
Stat>Basic>... or Stat>ANOVA>...
Hyp Test
ICCD iGrafx Improve Phase
Software package provided by MicroGrafx for process mapping. Also known as FlowCharter
Control Discover variable relationships between xs and ys (e.g. DOE, regression) Utilize critical variables to achieve the desired objective such as reducing variation or shifting the mean Establish operating tolerances (e.g. realistic tolerancing)
I-MR Chart
The I-MR chart is a combined chart consisting of: An Individuals (I) chart, which plots the values of each individual observation, and provides a means to assess process center. A Moving Range (MR) chart, which plots the range calculated from artificial subgroups created from successive observations, and provides a means to assess process variation. Use an I-MR chart to draw a combined control chart for assessing whether process center and variation are in control when your data are individual observations. When subgroups are available use an X-Bar & R Chart.
X-bar Chart
Stats >Control >I-MR. >MovingRange. >Indiv.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Initial DPMO Input Variables INSTABILITY INTERACTION
A controlled variable; a variable whose value is independent of the value of another variable.See X's, Parameter.
The process DPMO currently. Also known as Baseline DPMO. See DPMO
X's
Variables
DPMO X's Variables
See X's, Parameter. Unnaturally large fluctuations in a pattern. When the effects of a factor A are not the same at all levels of another factor B. The tendency of two or more variables to produce an effect in combination which neither variable would produce if acting alone. If the Interaction Plot lines are close to parallel then there is NO significant interaction. Note: If 3-way interaction is significant then MTB cannot show 3-way interaction plot. To represent this unstack data and produce multiple interaction plots - See carpet1.mtw example file. Examples: 2-Way: Sugar & Stirring effect on sweetness. Door & Farme size on goodness of fit. 3-Way: Wet weather, Lawn mowing & Fire drill on grass on carpet! Pipe. Symbol used in Minitab to indicate all permutaions of factors Numeric categories with equal units of measure but no absolute zero point, i.e., quality scale or index.
Stat>ANOVA>Interacti DOE onsPlot
|
INTERVAL
Stat>ANOVA>Balance DOE Symbol d
12
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word IQS
J.D. Powers Initial Quality Survey at 3MIS. Measured in PP100 faults per 100 not TGW/1000. Offers analysis on reported defects during the first 90 days of ownership, providing insight and information on 135 problem issues affecting vehicle quality across nine vehicle systems. Latest version of J.D. Powers Initial Quality Survey - See IQS
Same as Cause & Effect Diagram. See also Fish bone diagram, "5M's and a P". Also known as herring bone diagram Customer quality survey organisation producing critical industry J.D. Powers benchmeark reports - See ISQ, APEAL, SSI, VDI, CSI
IQS2 Ishikawa Diagram J.D. Powers JDS JRS JVW BTB KCA KPIV KPOV Krytox LCL Levene Likert Scale LINE CHARTS Linearity
Jaguar Diagnostic System - System for testing vehicle electrical functionality

Jaguar Rating System. 0-10 rating of goodness in the customers perception. Jaguar Vehicle Warranty Claims system. Warranty claims system superceeded by ACES-II late 2001. Both use AWS for analysis and sharing of warranty information. Bumper-To-Bumper. Warranty claims relating to all components and systems but exclduing other causal factors such as emissions, corrosion, safety etc. Knowledge Centred Activity - wisely obtaining and using knowledge of the organisation and its' processes Key Process Input Variables. Same as X's Key Process Output Variables. Same as Y's Proprietary anti-squeak lubricant used by some suppliers (e.g. Valeo on door handle) and by dealers to address S&R complaints. Tends to be a temporary solution as the treatment wears out with time Lower Control Limit A form of f-Test for > 2 samples of data. Used for showing equal variances for non-normal data. Use Bartlett for normal data. Discrete ordinal measurement scale e.g. 5-Point Grading A-C, 7-Point numerical rating, Verbal rating (Poor, Good Excellent etc.)
ACESII AWS Warranty Warranty
X's Y's
Lower Control Limit F-Test Stat>ANOVA>EqualV Hyp Test ariances
Charts used to tract the performance without relationship to process capability of control limits. A measure of the difference in Accuracy or Precision over the range of instrument capability. Bias Measured as the gradient of a line through the averages. We seek for that line to be horizontal. Therefore Good data has a low (close to zero) measure of variance due to linearity. See also Bias
Stats>QualityStats>G Gage R&R ageLinearity
Long Term Process Sigma Level capability. = Short Term Sigma Level - ZShift (typically 1.5). Long Term Sigma Nomenclature: ZLT. Note: In Excel ZLT = NORMSINV(1-DPO) Level LOWER CONTROL LIMIT
Long Term Process Capability Control Limit
Cp
LSL
Lower Specification Limit. The lower limit of customer acceptability of CTQ. See Population Mean
CTQ Population Mean Symbol
Master Back Belt Master Value Material Yield Mean
An advanced expert in 6-Sigma methodologies. Trains, mentors and certifies Black Belts The reference standard used to represent the True Value. E.g. the National Physics Laboratory official 1 metre rule; or a master gauge.
Goods in / Goods out. Measurable of scrap, but not rework
Yield Mode
Arithmetic average i.e. sum / number. Nomenclature: for sample mean and X-Bar for population mean. See also sample mean, population mean, Total Mean, Mode, Median A measure of Variance. Calculated as the Sum of Squares (SS) divided by Degrees of Freedom
Document the existing process (using a Process map, C&E Matrix, and an FMEA) Identify key output variables (Ys) and key input variables (Xs) Establish a data collection system for your Xs and Ys if one does not exist to determine the performance baseline Evaluate measurement system for each key output variable (e.g. Gage R&R) Measurement System - Any method of measuring values relative toi the Operational Definition. Analysis of MS should lead to creative continuous measurement of CTQ's See Gage R & R
Mean Square Measure Phase
Variance
Analyse
Measurement System Measurement System Analysis Measurement System Mean Measurement System Variance
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gage R&R Accuracy / mean of the measurement system. Nomenclature measurement. See also Product Mean, Total Mean Gage R&R Measurement System Variance (MSV). The variance within or introduced by the measurement system. Consists of the repeatability variance plus the reproducability variance. As opposed to the True Variance of the defect itself. See also Total Variance. MSV is also the QS9000 term for the whole Gage R&R process.
Median MicroGrafx MiniTab MIS
Middle value in sample. See also Mean, Mode
Mean
Supplier of iGrafx Flowcharter process mapping software. Previously known as ABC Flowcharter Software package for statistical analysis
Months In Service. See also TIS, YIS, MPP. 13
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word MIXED EFFECTS MODEL
Contain elements of both the fixed and random effects models.

See Measurement System Mean Most frequently occuring value in sample. Nomenclature: ^. See also Mean, Median, Failure Mode.
Median Symbol
measurement
Mode Moment Of Truth MOP
Point of customer contact with product / process. Initial point of formulation of positive or negative impression.
Month Of Production See Product Mean
Symbol I-MR Chart Stats>Control>Moving Range. Stats>Control>I-MR Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Symbol Stat>Quality>MultiVari Stat>ANOVA>Main Effects
product
MR MS MS Variance MSA
Moving Range chart. See I-MR

1. Measurement System 2. Mean Square See Measurement System Variance Measurement System Analysis. See Measurement System, Gage R & R See Total Mean Multi-Vari analysis: A graphical tool which, through logical sub-grouping, analyzes the effects of categorical Xs on continuous Ys. A great graphical tool to help visual how various Xs (both controllable and noise) impact our response Y. A technique to reduce the number of process input variables (xs) to a manageable number of critical variables Part of the Analyse project phase. Where data is continuous more specific correlation techniques can be applied see Correlation and Multivariate Regression.See also ANOVA, Hypothesis Testing, Main Effects.
Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R
total
Multi-Vari
Multi-Variant Regression
A multivariate regression model is a functional representation of the relationship between a response variable and several predictors. When there is one response and one factor, the regression model simply represents a line in a two-dimensional space. When there is one response and two factors, the regression model can be graphed by a curve in two-dimensions. When there is one response and two-factors, the regression model can be graphed by a curve in three-dimensions. See also Multicollinearity, VIF. See also Multi-Vari for mapping categorical variables
Multicollinearity
Stat>Multivariate>
MY
Model Year
Greek letter Nu. Degrees of Freedom.
Degrees Of Freedom Symbol
n N N/A NA NGT Noise
Sample size
1. Noise. 2. Population Size. 1. North American market or specification. 2. Normally Aspirated. 3. Not Available. 4. Not Applicable. Alternative nomenclature: NA 1. North American market or specification i.e. USA, Canada, Mexico. 2. Normally Aspirated (as opposed to Super Charged). 3. Not Available. 4. Not Applicable. See also OSNA, N/A, S/C
Noise
Nominal Group Technique - A method for teams to quickly combine individual importance ratings to reach concensus Factors affecting responses that are difficult, impossible, or expensive to control (e.g. ambient X's temperature or humidity, operator training). Inner Noises: part-to-part variation & variation over time. Outer Noises: Conditions of use & Operating Environment. Also known as Uncontrollable Variables. See also X's.
NOMINAL Nominal Group Technique
Unordered categories which indicate membership or non-membership with no implication of quantity, i.e., assembly area number one, part numbers, etc. See NGT
NGT
NONCONFORMING A unit which does not conform to one or more specifications, standards, and/or requirements. UNIT NONCONFORMITY A condition within a unit which does not conform to some specific specification, standard, and/or requirement; often referred to as a defect; any given nonconforming unit can have the potential for more than one nonconformity. Non-Value added step A Process Map step which is not an operation which transforms the product in a way that is meaningful to the customer. A process step for which the customer would not be willing to pay. Normal Distribution A continuous, symmetrical density function characterized by a bell-shaped curve. e.g., distribution of sampling averages. Fully defined by the Mean and the Standard Deviation. Non-normal distributions may be transformed to normality by the application of e.g. the Box Cox Transformation.
Distributions Stat>BasicStats>Nor mality Test Calc>RandomData>N ormal
Normalised Yield NOVA-C
Average process Yield. Commonally calculated as DPO. Can also be calculated as the nth root DPO of RTY, where n = # process steps (i.e. nYRT)
New Overall Vehicle Assurance-Concern. Vehicle quality / defect measurement system. Now FCPA replaced by FCPA.
Yield
14
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
MiniTab
Topics
Hyp Test
The basic proposal of the status quo, no effect - that nothing has changed. The explanation which indicated that a chance distribution is operating; Nomenclature: H0. In contrast to the Alternative Hypothesis Non-Value Added. A Non-Value Added process step
Square Root. x means the number which multipled by itself equals x See O Level, FMEA, Criticality. FMEA Occurrence Level. Rated 1-10 by the Big 3 for Remote, Low, Moderate, High probability of failure. An assessment of the frequency with which the failure cause occurs. How often does this X fail in a specific way? See also Criticality.
N-VA
Occurrence O-Level ONE-SIDED ALTERNATIVE Operational Definition Opportuity Count Opportunity
Symbol FMEA FMEA FMEA FMEA
The value of a parameter which has an upper bound and a lower bound, but not both.
The precise description that defines the Defect free condition. Defines the defect free product Gage R&R in specific and concrete criteria. Defines how to measure those criteria (CTQ's) Count of the total number of opportunities for defects from the process. A measure of process complexity Defect Opportunity for a defect. Any event which can be measured that provides a chance of not meeting a CTQ customer requirement. Number of ways you may not meet the customer requirements (CTQ's). I.e. multiple opportunities for defects per unit produced. E.g. length, weight & material may all be opportunities for defects on a component. See also Defect.
Gage R&R
Optimise
See Optimize.
Optimize 2.Stat>DOE>Factorial >ResponseOptimizer
DOE
ORDINAL ORDINATE ORT OSNA Output Variables P
Ordered categories (ranking) with no information about distance between each category, i.e., rank ordering of several measurements of a output parameter. The vertical axis of a graph.See also Abscissa Ongoing Reliability Testing
Out Side North America - All markets except North America. See also NA
See Y's 1. Probability - liklihood of occurrence. 0=never, 1=Certain. See also P-Value 2. Proportion Defective - P = Population percent, p = Sample percent. See also p Chart. 3. Gage Contribution. 4. Parameter - See P Diagram. 5. Preventative Control - See FMEA. 6. Physically touching interface in FMEA Interface Matrix.
Y's P-Value
Variables Gage R&R
p Chart
Defectives An attribute Run Chart for measuring Proportion of Defectives. A simple chart used to track the proportion of defectives per lot or subgroup. p Charts can be used when the sample size is either constant or not constant. More flexible than np charts. Use if sample size is variable. Can also be used to compare two or more similar processes. See also np Chart. Note. Nothing to do with P Diagram. P/T See P/T P/TV See P/TV Precision-to-Tolerance Ratio. P to T is used to qualify a measurement system as capable of Gage R&R measuring to a given product specification. P/T = 5.15 * MS / Tolerance Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: %Tolerance, P/T, SV/Toler, Tolerance Ratio.See also Gage R & R.
Stat>Control>
P to T P to TV P/T
Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage
P/T Ratio P/TV
See P/T Precision to product/process Total Variation. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. A t-Test where there is a known relationship between equivalent samples from a two sample survey.
P/T Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Paired t-Test Parameter
t-Test P Diagram
Stat>Basic>Paired-t Variables
1. A constant defining a particular property of the density function of a variable. 2. A factor, X, Input or Variable (Note 6-Sigma does not generally use this term) - See P Diagram.
Parato See Parato Diagram Parato Analysis See Parato Diagram PARETO DIAGRAM A chart which ranks, or places in order, common occurrences. Used to break a big problem down to its' major parts and causes. May be applied on a strict 80:20 basis, or more generically to highlight highest impact/priority items. Part Contribution Contribution (proportion) of variation attributable to the part, product or process. See also Gage R & R
Pareto Diagram Pareto Diagram Stat>Quality>Pareto
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
15
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Part Number
1. Engineering part number as released 2. Service / warranty part number - an abbreviated / cross-referenced version of the above 3. In AWS, a warranty Fault Code if no actual part replaced See 6-Sigma Pre-Delivery Inspection. See also PoE.
PoE Vehicle Test
PDG PDI PDU Pearson PERTURBATION PFMEA PI
Portable Dignostic Unit - Dealer hand held electrical test equipment A correlation coefficient from the Pearson regression method. See Correlation. Nomenclatrue: Correlation R.
A non-random disturbance. Process FMEA. Application of FMEA to assess manufacturing process relaibility. See also DFMEA.
1. Product Investigation - The department which gathers and processes AWS information. Provides Jaguar interface to dealers on problem solving. Interprets service part numbers. Land Rover Single Product Investigation Team. 2. Prediction Interval A small scale test of a solution to learn how to acjieve an effective full scale implementation Preventative Maintenance Port Of Entry - Point of entry into overseas territory following shipment from plant. Another potential measurement point in the total order fulfilment process. See also PDI Point Of Fit Delivery delivery of parts/assemblies to point of fit on track.
FMEA
FMEA
Prediction Interval
Pilot PM PoE POFD POPULATION Population Mean Power
PDI
A group of similar items from which a sample is drawn. Often referred to as the universe.
Average (Sum divided by the population size) across entire population. Nomenclature: (Greek letter Mu). See also Sample Mean
The Power of an experiment is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and accepting the alternate hypothesis when it is true. = 1 - Risk. Power & Sample Size Proportion Test shows Beta risk. Use Proportion Test to show the Alpha likelihood.
Beta Risk
Stat>Power&SampleS Hyp Test ize> See also: Stat>BasicStat>1/2Pr oportion Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y
Pp
A measure of Process Capability reflecting how good the process would be, if it were centred Ppk on the target. It is ambiguously used for: 1. Long Term Process Capability (6-Sigma & MiniTab). 2. Short Term Process Capability i.e. Preliminary or Potential Process capability. (Ford & Big 3 SPC Reference Manual). Pp takes no account of whether the process is centred. Ppk takes this into account. Pp = (USL-LSL) / 6*. See also Ppk, Cp, Cpk. Problems Per 100 Vehicles - J.D. Powers TGW analysis unit of customer surveyed problems reported per 100 vehicles. Note: J.D. Powers measures per 100 in contrast to other TGW measures which are per 1000. Same as Long Term Process Capability. Also known as Between Capability, Overall Capability.
PP100 Actual Process Capability Ppk
Long Term Process Capability
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp A measure of Process Capability which takes account of both the spread and centering of the Long Term Process Capability y data. It is ambiguously used for: 1. Long Term (6-Sigma & MiniTab) and 2. Short Term (Ford SPC Ref Manual). Ppk equals the minimum of PPU & PPL. This is the shortest distance between the mean and the nearest spec limit. If the mean is outside both spec limits Ppk becomes negative but Pp is unaffected. Ppk approximates to Ppk = Z / 3. Ppk=min(Ppk(USL),Ppk(LSL)) Ppk(USL)=(USL-Xbar)/3 Ppk(LSL)=(Xbar-LSL)/3 Ppk approximates to Ppk = Z / 3 so Ppk=1.5 equivalent to Sigma level of 4.5 or Z 6 See also CP, PP, Cpk, Sigma Level Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y SixSigma>ProductRe port
PPL PPM PPU PQR Precision Prediction Interval
LSL Ppk. Also shown as Ppk(LSL)=(Xbar-LSL)/3. See also Ppk Parts Per Million defective. E.g. if an assembly which has 40 parts and 4 process steps, has, DPMO on average has one defect. This equates to 1,000,000/160 = 6,210 PPM. Same as DPMO (?) USL Ppk. Also shown as Ppk(USL)=(USL-Xbar)/3. See also Ppk Plant Quality Review - Weekly or Monthly review of top plant quality issues
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y Accuracy Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Spread / variance of values. Improved through addressing Repeatability & Reproducability. See Gauge R&R. See also Accuracy.
Confidence Interval The prediction bands (or prediction intervals, PI) illustrate the range of likely values for new observations. They represent a series of prediction intervals that span the range of observed density values. PI = confidence that a point will fall in the range. CI = confednce the mean will fall in the range. See also Confidence Interval(CI)
Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot
PREVENTION
The practice of eliminating unwanted variation of priori (before the fact), e.g., predicting a future condition from a control chart and when applying corrective action before the predicted event transpires. The major independent variables used in the experiment.
Variables
PRIMARY CONTROL VARIABLES
16
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word PROBABILITY PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT Probe PROBLEM Problem PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
The chance of something happening; the percent or number of occurrences over a large number of trials. The number of successful events divided by the total numbers of trials.
1 MIS customer satisfaction telephone survey
A deviation from a specified standards.

1. An independant variable. See X's 2. A Defect
X's Variables
A process of solving problems; the isolation and control of those conditions which generate or facilitate the creation of undesirable symptoms. A particular method of doing something, generally involving a number of steps or operations.May also ambiguously be used to reference the data resulting from a process. May be represented by a P Diagram. The central tendency of a given process characteristic across a given amount of time or a specific point in time.
In Process mapping, the start and end point of the process being mapped. Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM The measure the capability of a process to meet its' requirements (specification). y There are a variety of measures and a diversity of terminology applied to these: The capability may be estimated from the data within a single sample. This is referred to as the Within Capability. Also known as the Short Term or Potential Process Capability, the Process Entitlement, Preliminary Process Capability, Performance Index or the Process Potential. Where the capability is determined from data between many samples over a longer period of time it is referred to as the Between Capability. Also known as the Long Term or Overall Process Capability or the Capability Index. The indexes of capability may be quoted irrespective of process centering. These are the Cp & Pp indexes. The indexes of process capability which reflect the off-centre measure of the data are the Cpk & Ppk indexes. The units of measure of these indices are Sigma Levels - the number of standard deviations between the mean and the Specification Limits. See Short & Long Term Process Capability, Cp, Cpk, Pp, Ppk, Sigma Level.
P Diagram
PROCESS AVERAGE Process Boundary Process Capability
PROCESS CONTROL See STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL, Process Control Chart. PROCESS CONTROL Any of a number of various types of graphs used for SPC upon which data are plotted against CHART specific control limits. Often X-Bar and R Charts. See Control Chart. Process Entitlement First time assessment of a process/operation over limited data or time period.
SPC
Control Chart
Stat>QualityTools>Ca PCM pabilityAnalysis
Same as Short Term Process Capability. Also known as Within Capability, Potential Capability, Preliminary Process Capability, Performance Index, Process Potential, Process Entitlement.
Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y
Process Map
A diagram showing process flow including: sub-processes, value added & non-value added steps, inputs (X's), outputs (Y's), measures, decisions, bottlenecks, re-work loops, control points. Typically has three representations: How you thought it was; how it actually is; how it should be. Graphically represented using iGrafix. See also SIPOC, "7 Step Method", Process Boundary See Sigma Level. The range of values which a given process characteristic displays; this particular term most often applies to the range but may also encompass the variance. The spread may be based on a set of data collected at a specific point in time or may reflect the variability across a given amount of time. Probability of rejecting a lot when, in fact, the lot should have been accepted (see ALPHA RISK).
Accuracy / mean of the product itself. Nomenclature product. See also Measurement System Mean, Total Mean Precision / variance of the product itself. Same as True Variance. See also Total Variance
SIPOC
Process Sigma Level PROCESS SPREAD
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
PRODUCERS RISK Product Mean Product Variance PROJECT Project Champion Proportion Proportion Test
Alpha Risk
Hyp Test
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gage R&R Gage R&R
A problem, usually calling for planned action. Strategic business leader and agent of change. Manages 6-Sigma project resources, mentors Black Belts, provides infrastructure support. Advises on project priorities. Proportion of sample meeting criteria. Testing of proportion hypothesis for discrete data can be done with the 1 or 2 Propotion Tests. See also P. Test for whether 1 or 2 discrete samples reflect equal proportions. Note a 2 Proportion test is equivalent to a Chi-Squared test with 1 degree of freedom. Proportion Test shows the Alpha likelihood. Use Power & Sample Size Proportion Test to show Beta risk. Plan-Train-Apply-Review - The training process breakthrough strategy of the Black Belt certification program. A closed-loop feed-back system.
17
Ref.: 61505142.xls Source - Do Not Sort Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:28 Propotion Test Stat>BasicStat>1/2Pr Hyp Test oportion Stat>BasicStat>1/2Pr Hyp Test oportion Stat>Power>1/2Propo rtion
Chi-Square Test
PTAR
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word PTS
Project Tracking System - Ford web based database of all 6-Sigma projects. New projects are registered, project numbers assigned, latest project status and reports are stored. Search here for details of other projects potentially related to yours.
P Probability Value. Range 0-1. Likelihood of the Null Hypothesis. Generally P < 0.05 implies statistically significant. "If P is Low, H0 must go" NB: In the Anderson-Darling Normality test P > 0.05 implies likely Normal Distribution. i.e. The Null Hypothesis is that the data is Normal. See also Alpha & Beta Risks, Type I & II Errors, P. Stat>BasicStat>Corr'n Hyp Test Stats>BasicStats>Dis p. Desc. Stats (for Normaility test)
P-Value
PVQA Q1 Q3 QA QC QFD
Yet another quality measurement system. Used by Ford audit. Superceded by FCPA
1. A Ford & Big 3, plant and supplier quality standard (and Flag!) 2. The first quartile. The point covering the lowest 25% of the data The third quartile. The point covering the lowest 75% of the data Quality Assurance 1. Quality Control 2. Quality Characteristics
Quality Function Deployment - Techniques & matrices to highlight process issues - Taking customer needs through the design process to ensure the product meets customer needs - inc Cause & Effect Matrices. Now known as ACF.
Quality Focused Test Fleet Quality Investment Decision Model - Method of calculating ongoing $ savings of a TGW based project.
ACF
Sys Eng
QFTF QIDM QL QPS QRT Quality Level R&R R Chart
T:\\man6sig3\Templates\QIDMtemplate.xls
FCPA The Quality Level measure of FCPA. A function of demerits counted. OMS Quality Process Sheet. See also OMS, Operational Method Sheet, Process Instruction. Quality Responsible Team - a cross-functional organizational team responsible for the quality https://web.quality.ford.com/online_ref/index.html of a particular vehicle system.
The Quality Level measure of FCPA. A function of demerits counted. Repeatability & Reproducibility. See Gage R & R
FCPA Gage R&R Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Control>R Gage R&R Gage R&R
Measure of variability within subgroups. Plot of the difference between the highest and lowest in a sample. Range control chart. When greater than 10 samples available then S Chart can provide addition standard Deviation data. When no subgroups are available use MR Chart. See also X-Bar Chart, I-MR Chart.
Repairs per thousand The proportion of the variability in the response that is explained by the correlation equation. Square of the Pearson measure of correlation. Range 0 to 1. See also R-Value
r/1000 R2-Value RANDOM
Symbol Correlation Gage R&R Symbol
Random Sampling: Selecting a sample so each item in the population has an equal chance of being selected; lack of predictability; without pattern. See also other applications: Random* A source of variation which is natural / random and is inherent in the process; a change in the source (trivial many variables) will not produce a highly predictable change in the response (dependent variable), e.g., a correlation does not exist; any individual source of variation results in a small amount of variation in the response; cannot be economically eliminated from a process; an inherent natural source of variation. Not controllable by the operator. Also known as Common Cause variation. See also Special / Assignable Cause.
Special Cause
Calc>Random Data>Normal
RANDOM CAUSE
C&E PCM
RANDOM EFFECTS Experimental treatments are a random sample from a larger population of treatments. MODEL Conclusions can be extended to the population. Interferences are not restricted to the experimental levels. Random Error
Errors not accounted for by idendified factors. Also called Experimental Error or Residual Error. See also Error, Defect. Nomenclature:
Experimental Error Stat>ANOVA>
RANDOM SAMPLE One or more samples randomly selected from the universe (population). RANDOM VARIABLE RANDOM VARIATIONS RANDOMNESS A variable which can assume any value of a set of possible values. Variations in data which result from causes which cannot be pinpointed or controlled. See also Assignable Variation A condition in which any individual event in a set of events has the same mathematical probability of occurrence as all other events within the specified set, i.e., individual events are not predictable even though they may collectively belong to definable distribution. In an X-Bar & R Chart this is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of values or subgroup. In an I & MR Chart the Moving Range is the difference between value and the next. Values assigned to items in a sample to determine their relative occurrence in a population.
Variables
RANGE
RANKS
18
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word RATIO Regression
Numeric scale which ha a absolute zero point and equal units of measure through, i.e., measurements of an output parameter, i.e., amps.
Correlation Linear Regression: Models the linear relationship between variables when one response variable depends on the others. Regression is used with a continuous response variable (Y) and one or more predictor variables that are most often continuous, but can be categorical. When used on two X's regression calculates correlation. When used on X & Y values regression can be used for prediction. See also Correlation, Multi-Variant Regression, Multicollinearity, Variance Inflation Factor, Best Subsets, C-p. Stat>Regression>Fitte Gage R&R d Line etc.
REJECT REGION Reliability
The region of values of which the alternate hypothesis is accepted. Consistency of output across time. The probability that an item will adequately perform for a specified time, under specific environmental conditions. Robustness over time. See also Repeatability, Reproducability, Reliability Function, R(t), Robustness (to Noise), Homeostasis, Durability (throughout product life). Consistency of output across different machines. Same as Equipment Variation. See also Reproducability, Reliability, Repetition, Assessor Variation.
Precision / variance of the machine. See also Total Variance
Hyp Test Durability Stat>Reliability>DistO Gage R&R verView Reliability
Repeatability Repeatability Variance Replication
Reliability
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Gage R&R Repetition
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Observations made under identical test conditions. Replication: Replicating the entire experiment in a time sequence. Replication & Repetition help reduce noise in a designed experiment. Both can be used in the same experiment & each contributes to sample size required.
DOE>Factorial>Defin DOE e
REPRESENTATIVE A sample which accurately reflects a specific condition or set of conditions within the universe. SAMPLE Reproducability Reproducability Variance RESEARCH Consistency of output across different operators. Same as Assessor Variation. See also Repeatability, Equipment Variation, Reliability.
Precision / variance of the people operating the machines/process. See also Total Variance
Repeatibility Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the revision of accepted conclusions in the light of newly discovered facts.
Experimental Error StatANOVA>1way>St DOE oreRes&Fits Then ... Stat>Regression>Resi dualPlots Gage R&R DOE 2. Stat>DOE>Factorial> Create>DisplayAvailD esigns
RESIDUAL ERROR See EXPERIMENTAL ERROR. Check for: Normal Residual plot approximating to straight line, I Chart of Residuals showing process in control, Residuals vs Fits being random +/- the zero line (Histogram of residuals is for info only - no special test on this). See Breyfogel p.367. See also Fits, Residual Error, Regression, Correlation. Resolution
1. Gage R&R 1. Resolution: The number of decimal places that can be measured by the system. Increments of measure should be at least one-tenth of the width of the product specification or process variation. In Gage R&R this is the same as discrimination. 2. Resolution III, IV, V Designs: Used to assess what needs to be lost, in terms of our ability to estimate higher order interactions, in order to reduce DOE Fractional Factorials no of runs. A Fractional factorial distinguishing: III Main effects only, IV Main effects & 1st order interactions. V Main effects and 1st & 2nd order interactions. Nomenclature: R.
A dependant variable. The output of a process. See Y's. See also P Diagram. Response Right First Time RFT Risk Priority Number See RPN
Y's RPN Reliability
Variables Yield FMEA
Robustness
Maintainance of required functionality across operating range despite all noise factors. The conditions or state in which a response parameter exhibits hermeticity to external cause of a non-random nature; i.e., impervious to perturbing influence. See also Reliability, Durability, Parameter Design, Homeostasis.
Return On Investment Capital
ROIC Rolled Throughput Yield RPN RSM
See RTY
FMEA Risk Priority Number: = Severity X Occurrence X Detection. Rated 1-1000. Used to prioritize recommended actions. Special consideration should be given to high Severity ratings even if Occurrence and Detection are low. Response Surface Method is a technique to find maximum or minimum condition. The basic strategy is to consider the graphical representation of the yield as a function of the two significant factors. This graphic could be considered to be similar to the contours on topographical maps. The higher the hill, the better the yield. The idea is to gather data to enable us to plot the contours. Once done, we can use the resulting map to find the path of steepest ascent or descent to the maximum or minimum, respectively. See also Method of Steepest Ascent/Descent, Region of Curvature, Central Composite Design, Star Points, Multiple Response Optimizer. The proportion of the variability in the response that is explained by the correlation equation. See R2-Value and Correlation. See also R-Sq(adj)
RTY
Yield
FMEA
FMEA
Stat>DOE>Respnse...
R-Sq R-Sq(adj)
Correlation
Stat>Regression>Fitte Gage R&R Symbol dLine Stat>Regression>Fitte Gage R&R Symbol dLine
The adjusted R (R-Sq(adj)) takes into account the fact that R tends to overestimate the actual Correlation amount of variation accounted for in the population. See R2-Value and Correlation
19
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word RTY
Description Hyperlink Rolled Throughput Yield - The product of the First Pass Yields of all process steps / stations - First Pass Yield Known at Jaguar as First Time Through (FTT). Probability that a product will pass through the entire process without rework and without defects. Identifies the hidden factory. Nomenclature: Yrt Related to DPU: Yrt = e-DPU e.g. Stn 1 90%, Stn 2 90%, Stn 3 90% gives 73% RTY. See also Yield, Final Yield, First Pass Yield. Provides a plot of Measures of problem vs. Time plus analysis to look for evidence of patterns Time Series Chart in your process data and perform two tests for non-random behavior. See also Time Series Plot for basic plot of Measures vs. Time with no analysis. See also I-MR, R, S, X, X-bar, np, p, c, u Charts. Pearson measure of correlation. Range 0 to 1. See also R2-Value and R-Sq(adj) See Correlation Greek letter lower case sigma. See Sigma, Z. Greek letter capital sigma. Sum of. e.g. Xn = sum of the sample values X1, Xn
Correlation Correlation Sigma
MiniTab
Topics
Yield
Run Chart
Stat>Quality>Run
R-Value rxy
Gage R&R Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
s S&R S/C S/N
Sample Standard Deviation or Sigma

Squeaks & Rattles Supercharged cf. Normally Aspirated See NA The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N Ratio) relates the product variation to the measurement system variation. The S/N Ratio should be as large as possible. S/N ratio = p / MS. S/N = Energy used to produce intended result / Energy for unintended results. S/N = 10Log10 (/)2 For Static System: Nominal is Best S/N = -10Log10 1/n y2 For Static System: Smaller The Better S/N = -10Log10 1/n (1/y)2 For Static System: Larger The Better S/N = 10Log10 (2/2) For Dynamic Systems. These give S/N in decibels, so *6 is equivalent to double output. Also known as SNR. When the response is proportional to the change in any of the factors then S/N is a better measure of noise than Standard Deviation or Variance. (Advocated by Taguchi). The Variance The Variance Variance due to the Measurement System Variance due to the Measurement System Variance due to the Product Variance due to lack of Repeatability Variance due to lack of Reproducability See Total Variance See True Variance Smarter Six Sigma Solutions - The Forrest W. Breyfogle III methodology for wisely applying 6Sigma process principles to improve the bottom line
Sigma
Symbol Symbol Symbol
Gage R&R
Gage R&R Symbol
s2
Symbol Variance Variance Variance Variance Variance Variance Total Variance True Variance Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Gage R&R Symbol Symbol Stat>Power&SampleS ize> Calc>Random Data>
2 2MS 2ms 2product 2repeatability 2reproducability 2total 2true

s
4
SAMPLE
One or more observations drawn from a larger collection of observations or universe (population). Samples seek to be random, independent and unbiased. See Simple Random, Stratified, Cluster & Systematic Sample
Average (Sum divided by the sample size) across sample. Nomenclature: X with a line above it. See also X-Double Bar. See also Population Mean, X-Bar, SE Mean, Tr Mean
Sample Mean Sampling SCATTER DIAGRAMS SE Mean Sensitivity Severity Shift
The process of taking a sample from the population Charts which allow the study of correlation, e.g., the relationship between two variables.
Standard Error of the Mean. Calculated as the Std Dev divided by the Square Root of n. See Test Sensitivity, / See S Level, FMEA, Criticality. Changes in quality over time. This will incorporate a growing number of general cause variation which broaden the overall data spread. Data typically shifts 1.5 Sigma Levels between short term & long term. See also stability, drift, short & long term sigma values See Failure Mode Short Term Process Sigma Level capability. = Long Term Sigma Level + Z-Shift (typically 1.5). Nomenclature: ZBench or Zst 1. A letter in the Greek alphabet 2. Standard Deviation = Root of sum of squares of deviations from the mean 3. Sigma Level measure of population process capability. E.G. 6-Sigma. Key measure of process capability of the population. The number of Std Deviations between the mean and the nearest Spec Limit (LSL or USL). Also known as Process Sigma Level or Z-Score ("Zee Score"). May be Short Term Sigma Level or Long Term Sigma Level. Typically reported as Short Term Sigma Level, See also Capability, Cp Note: Nothing to do with S-Level
/ S-Level Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Shop Floor Defect Short Term Sigma Level Sigma Sigma Level
Short Term Process Capability Sigma Level
Cp
Short Term Sigma Level SixSigma>ProductRe Cp port
20
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Signal
Description What the customer does to make the process work. The desired product characteristic. The input to a process. E.g. customer selects parameter values, and applies trigger force to switch. See also Y's, SNR, P Diagram. Nomenclature: M (i.e. Modulated Signal) in the Ideal Function model y=M. Alpha level Satisfaction Inhibitor List. Same as SSA Hyperlink
Y's
MiniTab
Topics
Variables
Significance Level SIL Simple Random Sample SIP SIPOC S-Level
Alpha Level
Sampling where all samples of n objects is equally likely - such unbiased independent samples are reare in the real world.
??? Suppliers - Inputs - Process steps (with action verb) - Outputs - Internal & External Customers Process Map - Variables - A business process mapping methodology. Presented in textual rather than graphical form. See also P Diagram.
FMEA FMEA Severity Level. Rated 1-10 by the Big 3 for Minor, Low, Moderate, High, Hazardous effect of failure. An assessment of the seriousness of the failure effect on the customer. The customer can be the end customer and / or the next process operation. (Note: Nothing to do with Sigma Level). See also Criticality, Occurrence, Detection. Symbol FMEA
SNR SOP
Signal to Noise Ratio. Also known as S/N. OMS Standard Operating Procedures: E.G. Jaguar procedures, Work or Process Instructions, Operational Method Sheets etc. In process mapping: Common sense items that one should execute because it makes sense. The goal here is to make sure that we document the true procedure (E.G. cleaning, safety, loading of components, setup, etc) . See OMS, X's
Variables
SPC
Quality System Statistical Process Control - Methods of improving and controlling process capability by statistical analysis and monitoring of quality inputs. A Control Plan specifies data collection on a Control Chart which monitors data in control within Control Limits. Out of control data triggers a Reaction Plan.
Spec Limit Special Cause Specification Limit SPIT Square Root SS
See Specification Limit
Specification Limit Assignable Cause C&E PCM
See ASSIGNABLE CAUSE, Assignable Variation
Control Limit Limit of customer acceptable range. See also USL, LSL, Control Limits NB. Data within Spec Limit does not necessarily imply process within Control Limits and vice versa
Single Point In Time vehicle warranty analysis - comparison of quality levels across vehicle lines at same model year The number which multipled by itself equals x. Nomenclature: x means Square Root of x 1. Six Sigma - Measure of process variation - See 6-Sigma. This particular abbreviation is used in the formula: SStotal = SSbetween + SSwithin. i.e. Total variation = variation between subgroups + variation within subgroups 2. Sum of Squares - The summation of the squared deviations relative to zero, or to the mean of an experiment. See also Variance and Standard Deviation 3. Swallow Sidecars - The name of the company founded by Sir WIlliam Lyons which later became Jaguar Cars Ltd.
AWS Documentation
Warranty
1. SixSigma> 2. Stat>ANOVA>
Cp
SSA
1. Satisfaction Single Agenda. Top product issues list to which 6-Sigma is applied to improve http://www.jaguar.ford.com/eng/web/engpvtw/cdaweb/ product quality & customer satisfaction. Same as SIL 2. Six Sigma Acadamy - The organisation sponsoring and leading the 6-Sigma processes. Six Sigma Acadamy Navigator - The delivery toolkit for the Six Sigma Acadamy teaching/training/Reference material J.D. Powers Sales Satisfaction Index - Focuses on what is important to the consumer-process/transaction-related factors. It highlights to what contributes most to customers' satisfaction with dealer/retailer. The distribution of measurements remains constant and predictable over time for both mean and standard deviation No drifts, sudden shifts, cycles, etc Lack of shift / drift over time.
SSAN SSI Stability STABLE PROCESS Stack Loss Standard Deviation
A process which is free of assignable causes, e.g., in statistical control. ??? A statistical index of variability which describes the spread. See also Variance. NB: S/N may be a better measure of spread/noise, especially where there is a response changes proportionally with any of the factors. See SOP A quantitative condition which describes a process that is free of assignable/special causes of variation, e.g., variation in the central tendency and variance. Such a condition is most often evidenced on a control chart, i.e., a control chart which displays an absence of non-random variation.
SPC
Variance
Standard Operating Procedure STATISTICAL CONTROL
Variables
STATISTICAL The application of statistical methods and procedures relative to a process and a given set of PROCESS CONTROL standards. See SPC. Std Dev
See Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
21
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Stratified Sample
Sampling by diving the population into homogenous groups and drawing a sample from each group. I.e. where some correlation/dependance is expected between variables and cluster.
Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index.
Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Study Variation
SUBGROUP
A logical grouping of objects or events which displays only random event-to-event variations, e.g., the objects or events are grouped to create homogenous groups free of assignable or special causes. By virtue of the minimum within group variability, any change in the central tendency or variance of the universe will be reflected in the subgroup-to-subgroup variability.
See Study Variation
Study Variation Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Variables
SV SYMPTOM Symptom SYSTEM
That which serves as evidence of something not seen.

A dependant variable. See Y's
Y's P Diagram
A set of connected things or parts; an organized body. That which is connected according to a scheme. A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole, a network serving a common purpose. An Engineered System Model may be represented in a P Diagram. A Viable System is one able to maintain a separate existence, surviving in a given environment. See Static System, Dynamic System, Purposive System, Viable System Model. Sampling by select every nth object from a selected starting point. A pattern which displays predictable tendencies. t Value. See stats tables for values by sample size. E.g. sample size 10 t=2.26, for 100 t=1.98 for 1000 t=1.96. See t-Distribution 1. See Target. 2. T-Statistic. A measure of impact in ANOVA used in pareto & normal charts. 3. T-Bar. In Parameter design used for grand average of responses (y-Double Bar) for S/N & only. 4. Minitab Error messages may use a 'T' as an arrow to show the point in the input command string which is in error. This has nothing to do with 'T' itself, or any reference to 'T' in the command string! Confusing eh!! See also t (t-Value), , (Treatment).
Greek letter Tau. See Treatment Measurement / Inspection point in a process Desired value - Sits between USL & LSL. The process target DPMO at the completion of the project. See DPMO
Systematic Sample SYSTEMATIC VARIABLES t T
Variables
2. Stat>DOE>Analyse>> Graphs>Normal, Pareto
Tally Point Target Target DPMO t-Distribution
Treatment
DOE Symbol
DPMO Distributions
SixSigma>ProductRe port
A series of bell shaped normal distributions. The higher the sample size, the higher and narrower the bell. The t value used in calcuating this is also used in calculating Confidence Intervals A procedure to determine whether a quantity subjected to random variation differs from a postulated value by an amount greater than that due to random variation alone.
The magnitude or size of the difference being tested. Nomenclature: / Things Gone Right - Measured in J.D. Powers APEAL survey. Defined as achieving 9/10 on an individual product attribute. See also TGW. Things Gone Wrong - Customer surveyed product problems - Recorded in GQRS. Usually quoted in TGW/1000 except for J.D. Powers which quotes TGW/100
Test Of Significance Test Sensitivity TGR TGW
TGW http://www.jaguar.ford.com/eng/web/engpvtw/cdaweb/index2.htm
THEORY Tolerance Tolerance ratio Total Mean Total Variance Total Variation TPC TQM Tr Mean
A plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle offered to explain phenomena.

USL - LSL. See Tolerance Ratio, %Tolerance, Study Tolerance, Tolerance Design, Tolerancing. Measurement System variation (5.15*MS) divided by Tolerance. Also known as: %Tolerance, P/T, SV/Toler, Tolerance Ratio. Accuracy / mean of the product plus that of the measurement system. Nomenclature total. See also Measurement System Mean, Product Mean Precision / variance of the product plus that of the people and machines. Total Variance = MS Variance + True Variance. See also Product, Repeatability & Reproducability Variances Total Variation -TV (5.15*Total) Technical, Political & Cultural change factors Total Quality Management - Previous Ford/Jaguar quality / process improvement methodology Trimmed Mean. The mean of the sample values excluding outlaying values. The 5% Tr Mean is the mean of the sample excluding the highest and lowest 5% of values.
Tolerance Ratio Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Variance Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Tol Design Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
22
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Treatment True Value True Variance t-Test
Description Changes to factors to improve outputs. Nomenclature:. See also Treatment Combinations, tc's. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
DOE CTQ Gage R&R Gage R&R Stat>Basic>1/Paired/2 Hyp Test -t. Stat>Basic>2Var. Stat>ANOVA>EqualV ariances. Gage R&R
The target value of the CTQ
True Variance. The variance of the defect. Excludes measurement system variance. Same as Variance Product Variance Method for analyzing the difference between a sample mean and a target value Methods for analyzing the difference between means obtained from two samples Method for determining whether significant differences in variance exist between two or more samples See Total Variance
Total Variance
TV TWO-SIDED ALTERNATIVE TYPE I ERROR TYPE II ERROR TYPE III ERROR u UCL Uncontrollable Variable Universe UNNATURAL PATTERN UPPER CONTROL LIMIT USL VA Value added step
The values of a parameter which designate an upper and lower bound. See ALPHA RISK. See BETA RISK. Answering the wrong question (!)
1. Proportion of defectives - See u Chart. 2. English letter "u". Sometimes used in lieu of Greek letter Mu () for Mean Upper Control Limit Noise (N): things you cannot control due to cost or difficulty (ambient temperature or humidity, operator training). See X's
Alpha Risk Beta Risk Hyp Test Hyp Test Hyp Test u Chart Symbol
Upper Control Limit X's Variables
Same as Population Any pattern in which a significant number of the measurements do not group themselves around a centre line; when the pattern is unnatural, it means that outside disturbances are present and are affecting the process. A horizontal line on a control chart (usually dotted) which represents the upper limits of process capability. See Control Limit
Upper Specification Limit. The lower limit of customer acceptability of CTQ.
Control Limit
CTQ Value Analysis Sys Eng
1. Value Added. A Value Added process step. 2. Value Analysis. A Process Map step which is an operation which transforms the product in a way that is meaningful to the customer. A process step for which the customer would be willing to pay.
MiniTab report of components of Total Variance A characteristic which may take different values and is measurable - as opposed to an attribute which has only a binary value. See also X's, Y's, Parameter. The process for measuring the repeatability & reproducability of the value of a variable
VarComp Variable Variable R & R
Total Variance Attribute Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R Variables Gage R&R Variables Variables
VARIABLES DATA Numerical measurements made at the interval or ratio level; quantitative data, e.g., ohms, voltage, diameter; subdivisions of the measurement scale are conceptually meaningful, e.g., 1.6478 volts. Variance
The average squared deviation of each individual data point from the mean. Nomenclature: s2 Standard Deviation or 2. See also Standard Deviation. NB: S/N may be a better measure of spread/noise, especially where there is a response changes proportionally with any of the factors.
Stat>ANOVA>EqualV Gage R&R ariances.
Variation
Any quantifiable difference between individual measurements, such differences can be classified as being due to common causes (random) or special causes (assignable). See also Study Variation, Total Variation, %Variation. Procedures, techniques, and methods used to isolate one type of variation from another (for example, separating product variation from test variation). System for testing vehicle electrical functionality on the assembly line. Part of JDS.
Value of Customer Satisfaction Improvement - The direct costs associated with finding and fixing defects. See also COPQ J.D. Powers Vehicle Dependability Index - Designed to provide manufacturers and consumers information on the long-term durability of cars sold in the U.S. http://www.jaguar.ford.com/eng/web/engpvtw/cdaweb/index2.htm Warranty Customer problem statement. Survey verbatioms recorded in GQRS. Customer warranty verbatioms sometimes recorded alongside dealer service engineer problem statement in AWS. Vehicle Function Group - 3 digit code for organisational area responsible for vehicle area Vehicle Function Group Manager responsible for vehicle area under investigation See Critical X's Variability Reduction Team
Warranty Critical X's Variables
VARIATION RESEARCH VCATS VCSI VDI Verbatims
VFG VFG Owner Vital Few VRT
https://web.quality.ford.com/online_ref/index.html
23
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word WCC
Description Hyperlink MiniTab Topics https://web.quality.ford.com/online_ref/index.html Warranty Warranty Component Classification code. 4 digit AWS warranty code A code identifying warranty component classification a logical grouping representing the area of the vehicle repaired. A code used to classify parts and pseudo parts for the purpose of concern definition WCC Major Code: 1st of WCC code: identifies major vehicle systems e.g. engine carburettor starter etc WCC Group Code: the 1st & 2nd characters of the WCC code. Identifies vehicle subsystems e.g. Engine cooling manual transmission etc. Goto hyperlink for full listing. Contact Bronni Lindsey for further details of WCC codes, 31384-50136, BLINDSA1
X & R CHARTS
A control chart combining an X-Bar Chart and an R Chart, which is a representation of process capability over time; displays a variability in the process average and range across time. Use an R or S Chart before performing an X-Bar Chart. Also known as a Shewhart Control Chart. See also X-Bar Chart, R Chart, S Chart.
The Sample Mean. Nomenclature:X i.e. X with a line above it. See also X & R Chart, X-Double Bar. The Mean of a set of sample means (X-Bar's). Nomenclature: X with two lines above it. Process Inputs, Causes, Problems. Also known as Inputs, KPIV's, Parameters or Independent Variables. X's may be categorised as Controllable Variables, Uncontrollable Variables (Noise) and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's). See also Critical X's The CT Matrix. The transfer functions (f) which translate of customer needs (Y's) into product requirements (X's) Yield of the final step in the process 1. First Time Yield. 2. First Time Yield of a process step. i.e. (input-scrap-rework)/input 3. Further ambiguously may be used as Final Test Yield YFINAL % defect free Yield = e-DPU (Using Poisson Approximation - accurate only for small DPU e.g. 0.1DPU=0.9Yield but 0.9DPU=0.4Yield) Or Yield = (1-DPO) # of Opportunities - See also Final Yield, First Pass Yield & Rolled Throughput Yield/First Time Through, Normalised Yield, DPO, DPU Years In Service Yield of the nth step in the process See Normalised Yield Nomenclature for Rolled Throughput Yield - See RTY. Note:Yrt = e
-dpu
Stat>Control>Xbar-R
X-Bar X-Double Bar X's
Stat>Control Chart>X- Variables Symbol Bar Variables Symbol Critical X's Variables
y=f(x) YFINAL YFT Yield
Variables Yield Symbol Yield Symbol
RTY
Yield
YIS Yn YNORM Yrt Y's Z ZBench
Yield Symbol Yield Symbol Yield Symbol X's Sigma Variables Symbol
Outputs, Effects, Dependent variables, Responses, Symptoms. Also known as Outputs or KPOV's. See also X's Same as Sigma, but for Sample rather than Population. See also Z-Score, Zbench, ZLT, ZST. Z-Alpha. The alpha value of the Z-Distribution Process Capability Sigma Level. May refer to either: 1. General Sigma Level in which case it may be qualified as short or long term value. 2. Specifically the sigma level of the sample rather than the population. If so Zbench = Short Term (ZST) Another statistical distribution of data. Values may be used in hypothesis testing or the determining of sample sizes. American pronounciation of the letter "Z". Same as Sigma Same as Process Sigma Level. Typically reported as Short Term Sigma Level
Short Term Sigma Level
Cp Symbol
Z-Distribution Zee Zee Score
Distributions
Cp Cp
Expected shift in Process Sigma Level over the long term. Typically 1.5 Zee Shift Zee Transformation See Z-Transformation
Z-Transformation
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y
Zero Bias Zero Variance Zindividual ZLT Z-Score Z-Shift ZST Z-Transformation Balanced ANOVA Process Mean
The ideal measurement system which will produce true measurements every time it is used. MS Variance i.e. Measurement System Variance = zero. Also known as Zero Variance The ideal measurement system which will produce true measurements every time it is used. MS Variance i.e. Measurement System Variance = zero. Also known as Zero Bias Z-Transformation Individual data values transformed using the Z-Transformation. Nomencalture for Long Term Process Sigma Level of the sample. Same as Process Sigma Level of a sample. Typically reported as Short Term Sigma Level. Nothing to do with Z-Value. Expected shift in Process Sigma Level over the long term. Typically 1.5 Same as Short Term Process Sigma Level of the sample & ZBENCH This transform converts any normal distribution (given a sample mean and sample sigma) to a standard normal distribution which always has a mean=0 and sigma=1. ANOVA on two columns of data of equal length. Where data is missing use GLM. Same as Population Mean 24
ANOVA Population Mean
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp Symbol y Cp Symbol Cp Symbol Symbol
Long Term Sigma Level Short Term Sigma Level
Cp Symbol
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp Symbol y
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word H1 Bimodal
Null Hypothesis Unimodal Stat>Basic>Display>g raph... No numerical test available
MiniTab
Topics
Symbol Hyp Test
Alternative nomenclature for Alternative Hypothesis. Preferred nomenclature: Ha

A statistical distribution which has two dominant peaks. This is visible on the baisic stats histogram graph. There is no commonly available standard test to reflect the significance of potential bimodal trends. See also Uni-Modal
Unimodal Kurtosis
A statistical distribution which has single dominant peaks. E.g. The Normal Distribution. See Bimodal also Bi-Modal Kurtosis refers to how sharply peaked a distribution is. A kurtosis statistic is provided with the graphical summary: Values close to 0 indicate normally peaked data Negative values indicate a distribution that is flatter than normal Positive values indicate a distribution with a sharper than normal peak An observation that has the characteristic of interest. NB. The characteristic of interest may well be real world failures! See also Failure 1. An observation that does not demonstrate the characteristic of interest. See Success 2. Just a plain ordinary failure to meet required standard of performance
Failure Success
Stat>Basic>Display
Success Failure Mallow's C-p Statistic
Stat>Basic>1Prop FMEA
Mallow's C-p Statistic. A measure of bias vs. closeness of fit of subsets of variables in Regression multiple regression. The lower the C-p the better. Cp = (SSEp/MSEm) - (n - 2P) where: SSEp is SSE for the model with p parameters (including the intercept term) MSEm is the mean square error for the model with all m predictors P is the number of parameters in your model. In general, we look for models where C-P is small and close to P. e.g. for a model with three predictors that includes the constant (or intercept), you would like for a model with C-P close to four.
Stat>Regression>Best Subsets
C-p F-Ratio Parato Chart EDA S Chart X-Bar Chart XDbar 6 Pack Six Pack
See Mallow's C-p Statistic.

SS / MS. Sum od Squares divided by the Mean Square. Used to calculate P in ANOVA.
Mallow's C-p Statistic Stat>Regression>Best Subsets ANOVA Pareto Diagram Stat>ANOVA>1Way Stat>Quality>Pareto Stat>EDA... Stat>Quality>Pareto, Run X & R charts Stat>Control>S or Xbar-S
See Parato Diagram

Exploratory data Analysis - preliminary high level data analysis e.g. Pareto, Run charts etc. Standard Deviation Chart. A Control Chart of subgroup standard deviations. Can be used in preference to R Charts when subgroups have 10 or more data points enabling standard deviations of sub-groups to be calculated. See also X & R Charts. A Control Chart which measures variability between subgroups. Use an R Chart or S Chart first. See X & R Charts. Same as X-Double Bar.
X & R charts X-Double Bar Capability Six Pack Capability Six Pack X & R charts
Stat>Control>Xbar
See Capability Six Pack See Capability Six Pack

Capability Histogram, Normal probability plot and process tolerance capability plot. Same as Short Term Process Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. I.e. Capability within the one sampled sub-group. Also know as Potential or Short Term Capability. See also Between Capability, Overall Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. Also known as Short Term, or Within Capability. See also Between, Overall Capability.
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Gage R&R ySixPack Stat>Quality>Capabilit Gage R&R ySixPack Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp Gage R&R ySixPack
Capability Six Pack A combined process capability report including: X-Bar & R Chart, Last 25 Subgroups, Within Capability
Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y...
Potential Capability Same as Short Term Process Capability. Overall Capability
Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y...
Long Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM Overall Long term process capability across subgroups. y... This is the sum of the Within Capability and the Between Capability. Box Cox Transformation Symbol Reliability 1. Greek letter Lamda. 2. Used in the Box Cox Transformation to achieve normality of data. 3. In Reliability = 1/MTBF. Stat>Quality>Capabilit Weibull Distribution A non-normal data distribution. Process capability analysis of the Weibull distribution may be Box Cox Transformation y..Weibull performed as an alternative to transforming data to a normal distribution. Weibull values are determined by the Shape (), and the Scale (). See also Extreme Value Distribution, Box Cox Transformation, Normal Distribution, Weibull Analysis.
OBD Epsilon-Squared
On Board Diagnostics Proportion of behaviour is explained by the factor. Part of ANOVA One Way analysis Sum of Squares (SS) of Factor over SS Total I.e. SS(Factor) / SS(Total). Nomenclature: 2. Units: Expressed as a % Note: Minitab shows SS values, but does not calculate 2 for you - its DIY! See Epsilon-Squared See HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE
Epsilon-Squared
Vehicle Test Stat>ANOVA>1way DOE
2
Equal Variance
Symbol
Homogeneity Of Variance Stat>Basic>Graph Then Stat>ANOVA> TestEqVar Or Stat>Basic>2Var DOE DOE
OFAT
One Factor At a Time. See DOE.
25
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Description Type of Experiment DOE types in descending order of effectiveness and resource required to execute:
- Response Surface Methods - Full Factorials with Replication - Full Factorials with Repetition - Full Factorials without Replication or Repetition - Screening or Fractional Designs - One Factor At a Time (OFAT) Hyperlink
DOE
MiniTab
Topics
DOE
Inference Space
DOE Part of DOE. The area within which you can draw your conclusions. Two classifications: Broad and Narrow:Narrow Inference: Experiment focused on specific subset of overall operation. Examples: Only one shift, one operator, one machine, one batch, etc. Narrow inference studies are not as affected by Noise variables Broad Inference: Usually addresses entire process (all machines, all shifts, all operators, etc.). Generally, more data must be taken over a longer period of time. Broad Inference studies are affected by Noise variables
DOE
Validity Internal Validity
Ensuring Validity of DOE. See Internal Validity, External Validity. Part of ensuring DOE Validity. Randomization of experimental runs spreads the noise across the experiment Blocking insures Noise is part of the experiment and can be directly studied Holding Noise Variables constant eliminates the effect of that variable but limits Broad Inferences. See also External Validity.
Internal Validity External Validity
DOE DOE
External Validity
Part of ensuring DOE Validity. Include representative samples from possible Noise Variables. Internal Validity Examples: Insure experimental units represent supplier variability. Do experiment across shifts and days. Include different product families. See also Internal Validity. General Linear Model. A DOE analysis where there are missing value(s) which prevent a balanced ANOVA analysis See Epsilon-Squared A standard pattern of Low/High factor levels in a 2K Factorial DOE. -1 and 1 are used to represent the low and high levels of the factors. e.g. for 1 replication:
-1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1
DOE
GLM E-Squared Standard Order
Balanced ANOVA Epsilon-Squared 2K factorials
Stat>ANOVA>GLM
DOE DOE Symbol
Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE CreateFactorialDesign >Options>Randomize Runs(Off)
The converse of Standard Order is Randomized order
K Level Randomized Order Coded Uncoded Center Points
1. The number of Factors in a 2K Factorial DOE. 2. 1000's or multiple of 1024. The value of a Factor. E.g. Temperature may have a high and a low setting. In this case the factor temperature has two levels. See also Alpha Levels, Sigma Levels etc etc. Conducting a data collection expreiment sampling readings in a random sequence of factors and levels. In contrast to Standard Order.
2K factorials
DOE
Standard Order
DOE Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define>LowHigh Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define>LowHigh Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Create>Designs Stat>Power>Power
Arbitrary -1 and +1 values to represent Low and High levels for a factor e.g. in a 2K Factorials 2K factorials DOE. In contrast to Uncoded real life actual values. Representative real life actual factor levels e.g. in a 2K Factorials DOE. In contrast to Coded values. Centre points, midway between the Low and High values of a two level factor. This can be done to reduce the number of experimental runs needed by adding extra levels. There will only ever be one centre point - being the mid point of all factors. Reference to 'Number of Center Points' means number of repetitions of the same centre point. E.g. 3 factor 2 levels plus a center point needs 9 runs (2*2*2 + 1); 3 factor 3 levels needs 27 runs (3*3*3) See Center Points. See Blocking Variables. Investigation of Main Effects and/or lower order factors/interactions. Application of Fractional Factorials to reduce DOE no of runs Treatment Combinations - Number of DOE runs with different permutations of factors. Number of DOE runs with different permutations of factors. Also called tc's. See Treatment. Repetition: Running more than one sample of a single run. Replication & Repetition help reduce noise in a designed experiment. Both can be used in the same experiment & each contributes to sample size required.
Center Points Blocking Variables Fractional Factorials Coded
Centre Points Block Screening tc's Treatment Combinations Repetition Alias Reduced Model Compounding Design Resolution Fold Over
DOE DOE DOE DOE
Treatment Replication
DOE DOE
The Alias structure identifies those main effects & interactions that are confounded in order to Fractional Factorials reduce the no of runs in a Fractional Factorial DOE. Same as Confounding. Simplification of the factors to the critical few using DOE analysis. Counfounding Combining a number of factors / variables into a single measure. See broader use under Confounding. A Roman numeral notation that allows you to describe the confounding scheme associated with the design of an experimant. See Resolution, Fractional factorials. The ability to add sequential factorial experiments to an existing fractional experiment with the Fractional Factorials intention of estimating specific main effects or interactions free of particular confounding problems. Fractional Factorials can be folded over to add to the design. Example: A halffraction folded over can become a full factorial with two blocks. Folding over is just changing the signs of the original fraction and rerunning the experiment. See Fractional Factorials.
DOE DOE DOE DOE DOE
26
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Sparsity of Effects Principle Projective Property
Description A concept of Fractional Factorial Experiments: Processes are usually driven by Main Effects and Low-order interactions. Higher order interactions are extremely unlikely to be significant. See also Fractional Factorials, DOE, Projective Property, Sequential Experimentation. A concept of Fractional Factorial Experiments: Fractional Factorials can represent full-factorials once some effects demonstrate weakness See also Fractional Factorials, DOE, Sparsity of Effects, Sequential Experimentation. A concept of Fractional Factorial Experiments: Fractional Factorials can be combined into more powerful designs Half-Fractions can be folded over into a full factorial By eliminating uninteresting Input Variables, fractions can become full factorials. See also Fractional Factorials, DOE, Sparsity of Effects, Projective Property Acronym for the Deisgn Of Experiment (DOE) methodology: Define, Analyse, Reduce, 2, Residuals, Interactions, Main, Cube, Y=c+mxResponse Optimisation As in a Cube Plot: No Factors * Levels. Part of DOE sample size. See also Effect. Off Track Area. Production area off the main assembly line. Often for rectification work. See OTR. Off Track Recification. A production area off the main assembly line for product rectification work. See also OTA. 1. Individual data point(s). See I-Chart. 2. Information Interface in FMEA Interface Matrix. 3. The Improve phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. 4. The Identify phase of the SSA DfSS project methodology. Run Chart of Individual data points. See also I-MR Chart, X-Bar Chart. See Probability Density Function. One of several functions that can be used to define a distribution. The distribution of failures over time. It indicates when a new item is likely to fail. Also known as PDF. Can also be expressed as a CDF - Cumulative Distribution Function. In Reliability Testing: allowing for the effects of parts that have survived the test time - See Right Censoring; and allowing for the intervals at which failure readings are taken (Arbitrary Censoring).
OTR OTA I-Chart
Hyperlink
Fractional Factorials
MiniTab
Topics
DOE
DOE
Sequential Experimentation
DOE
DARE RIMCY Corner Point OTA OTR I
DOE
DOE
Stat>Power&SampleS DOE ize>2-Factorial etc
I-Chart PDF Probability Density Function. Censoring Right Censoring
XbarChart
Stat>ControlCht Reliability Reliability
Probability Density Function Cumulative Distribtion Function
Right Censoring
Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot>Censorin g Stat>Reliability Reliability
In Reliability Testing: allowing for the effects of parts that have survived the test time. I.e. You Arbitrary Censoring only know that the failure occurred after a particular time. NB: To perform reliability Analysis where there is no censoring use Right Censoring techniques. See also Arbitrary Censoring, Left Censoring, Interval Censoring.
Right Censoring Survival Function Hazard Function Survival Function Survival Function Hazard Function
Arbitrary Censoring In Reliability Testing: allowing for the intervals at which failure readings are taken .
See also Right Censoring.
Stat>Reliability
Reliability
Survival Hazard Reliability Function R(t) Survival Function
Endurance of capability prioir to failure. See Survival Function. Probability of failure at a given point in time. See Hazard Function. Same as Survival Function. The Reliability or Survival Function. Plot of probability of survival vs time. R(t) = Successes/Total Units. Where MTBF is constant this = e-t/MTBF . Where t=time period. See also Hazard Function. Test of conforminty of data to a statistical distribution e.g. Test for Normality or other goodness of fit. Expressed as A-Squared or AD* value or as P-Value (0-1). Anderson-Darling test value of conformity of data to a distribution. The lower the A-Squared value the closer the conformity. See also P-Value. The Hazard Function. Anderson-Darling test value of conformity of data to a distribution. The lower the A-Squared value the closer the conformity. Same as A-Squared value. See also P-Value. Mean Time To Failure. The average life of the product. Also known as Mean Life (ML). 1. Mean Time Before Failure. Same as MTTF & ML. 2. Mean Time Between Failures. MTBF=t*U/F Where t = time e.g. No Days, U=Units e.g. No Parts & F = No Failures. (Note: MTBF is not a Minitab supported measure). Plot of probability of failure vs time. Nomenclature: F(t). See also Survival Function.
Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView
Anderson-Darling A-Squared H(t) AD* MTTF MTBF Hazard Function B Life B5 Life Tally Cross Tabulation Balanced data Value Ordering Order
P-Value P-Value Hazard Function P-Value MTBF MTTF
Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot Stat>Reliability Stat>Reliability Reliability Reliability
Survival Function
Stat>Reliability>DistO Reliability verView Stat>Reliability Reliability
B5 Life Time at which x% of parts are expected to have failed. E.g. B5 Life = time at which 5% of parts have failed. Nomenclature originates in the Bearings industry and related to Bearing life expectancy.
Time at which 5% of parts are expected to have failed Count of subtotals of each (text) value of a factor. See also Cross Tabulation. A very usefule check for balanced data. See also Tally. A fully matching set with equal numbers of data values for all permutations of all factors. See also Cross Tabulation, Tally. Selecting which order to sort data in. e.g. Alphabetical, Numeric, Days, Months etc. 1. The no. of factors interacting e.g. factors A*B*C interacting is a 3rd order interaction. 2. See Value Ordering, Standard Order, Randomised Order. 27
B Life Cross Tabulation Tally Cross Tabulation
Stat>Reliability Stat>Tables>Tally Stat>Tables>Xtab Stat>Tables>Xtab RMB>Col>value
Reliability
Value Ordering
RMB>Col>value
DOE
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Parametric Distribution Non-Parametric Distribution F
Description Reliability analysis having established the data distribution e.g. Normal. In contrast to Non-Parametric Distribution tools which are used where the data distribution cannot be determined. Reliability analysis where the data distribution is not assumed or cannot be established. In contrast to Parametric Distribution tools which are used where the data distribution has been determined to be e.g. Normal. 1. Number of Failures. See Failures, F/C. 2. The F-Statistic. Used by ANOVA in calculating P-Value from adjusted mean squares. See also f. Same as Arbitrary Censoring. Reliability Testing: Generically, an average e.g the mean of a Normal Distribution. This mayl be a value other than the mean for non-normal distributions. See also Scale, Shape. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
Non-Parametric Distribution Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot Stat>Reliability>Para metric Parametric Distribution Stat>Reliability>Distri Reliability butionIdPlot Stat>Reliability>NonP arametric
1. Stat>Reliability> Parametric 2. ...
Reliability
Interval Censoring Location Scale Shape B10 Life Extreme Value Distribution Bayes Analysis WeiBayes F/C
Arbitrary Censoring Scale
Stat>Reliability
Reliability
Stat>Reliability>Para Reliability metric
Shape Reliability testing: A measure of the spread of the data. E.g. the std dev of a normal distribution. See also Location, Shape. Location Reliability testing: The shape of the Weibull or Exponential distribution. See also Location, Scale. Nomenclature: B Life Time at which 10% of parts are expected to have failed A logarithmic distribution releated to the Weibull distribution which can be useful for reliability testing of failures relkated to loads and strength e.g. bridges!
Stat>Reliability>Para Reliability metric Stat>Reliability>Para Reliability metric Stat>Reliability Reliability
Stat>Reliability>Para Reliability metric>Extreme Stat>Reliability Reliability
1. Greek letter Eta ??? 2. The Scale of the Weibull Distribution. Conducting a reliability data analysis using an assumed shape and/or scale.
Weibull Distribution
Stat>Reliability>Para Reliability metric Stat>Reliability Stat>Reliability Reliability Reliability Symbol Hyp Test Reliability
Bayes Analysis The application of Bayes Analysis to Weibull Distribution data. Number of Failures and number of items Censored. E.G. F/C = 27/3 means that the Reliability test measured 27 failures and 3 parts which survived.
1. The Greek Letter Beta 2. Beta Risk 3. The Shape of the Weibull Distribution. 4. The Intercept (0) and Stress (1) Coefficients of a Probit Analysis. 5. The slope of the Ideal Function: y=M
Inter-Quartile Range. The difference between the 1st Quartile (Q1) and 3rd Quartile (Q3) values. Greek letter Nu: . Degrees of Freedom. Regression analysis which examines the relationship between a binomial response variable (I.e. two possible outcomes, success & failure) and a continuos stress variable. P = C + (1-C)*F(0 + 1*Stress) Where C = the natural response rate, 0 is the intercept coefficient and 1 is the stress coefficient. success & failure
Beta Risk
IQR Nu Probit Analysis
Q1 Degrees Of Freedom Symbol
Binomial Response Variable Stat>Reliability>Probit Reliability
Binomial Distribution The distribution of a Binomial Response variable. I.e. one which has two possible outcomes: Binomial Response A binomial response variable is an outcome variable that has only two possible outcomes. These outcomes are typically defined as a success or a failure. The distribution, or pattern, of Variable
these outcomes follows a binomial distribution.
Binomial Response Variable Stat>Reliability Binomial Distribution Stat>Reliability
Reliability Variables Reliability
Stress Coefficient
A parameter of the probability function for a Probit Reliability analysis. Noemclature: 1. Noemclature: 0.
Probit Analysis Probit Analysis Probit Analysis AWS
Stat>Reliability>Probit Reliability Stat>Reliability>Probit Reliability Stat>Reliability>Probit Reliability Warranty
Intercept Coefficient A parameter of the probability function for a Probit Reliability analysis. Natural Response Rate QIS SEII FCSD ACSG Lot Rot Time Series Chart Character Graph
A parameter of the probability function for a Probit Reliability analysis. Noemclature: C. 1. Ford of Europe warranty system prior to implementation of Ford Global AWS Analystical Warranty System 2. Quarters In Service - See MIS.
Ford North America warranty system prior to implementation of Ford Global AWS Analystical AWS Warranty System ACSG Ford Customer Service Division. Former name of ACSG Automotive Customer Services Group. Includes processing of warranty claims. ACSG Automotive Customer Services Group. Includes processing of warranty claims.. Formerly known as FCSD. Product failures / deteriation pre-sales whilst on dealer lot. Trend Chart Provides a basic plot of Measures of problem vs. time etc. Use Run Chart where more detailed analysis is required. See also Trend Chart. A Minitab function to produce graphs for text only output devices by plotting the required graph using only text characters instead of lines/vectors etc. Very useful if you only have a teletype for output. Not much use now since these became obsolete around 1980! 1. Faults Per Vehicle 2. Functional Proveout Vehicle 3. Financial Planning Volume
Warranty
Graph>TimeSeriesPlo t or Stat>TS>TSplot Graph>CharacterGrap hs
FPV
28
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Daniel Plot
Description Hyperlink Normal Distribution Test for significance. Named after industrial statistician Cuthbert Daniel. Maps absolute values of Effect of each factor and each Interaction vs RH half of a normal distribution. Insignificant factors will be small and in a line from the origin. Significant factors will be higher. Also known as Half Normal Plot. Minitab equivalent is the Normal Effects Plot with the axes reversed. See FTEP Experimental Design course notes. Same as Daniel Plot. L to the F. No of Runs for a Full Factorial experiment = No Levels (L) to the power of no. Factors (F). See also 2K. For use in an Experiment the array of factors and levels must be Balanced. To satisfy this there must be: 1. Equal numbers of levels in each column 2. The Sum Product of each pair of columns equals zero (Taking levels as "+" & "-"). Balanced arrays may be Geometric or Non-Geometric Arrays. The some sum of the products of a set of values. See Balanced Array. Latin Square orthogonal array for an 8 run experiment (And similarly for other numbers of runs). Array filled with the permutations of factors and levels for a factorial experiment. A Balanced Array for a Factorial Experiement where: the product of each pair of columns is another column in the table. E.g. L8. Geometric arrays confound each 2-way & many-way interaction onto individual Main Effects factors/columns. See also Non-Geometric Array.
Daniel Plot
MiniTab
Topics
No reference in DOE MiniTab or Stat Guide
Half Normal Plot LF Balanced Array
No reference in DOE MinitTab or Stat Guide Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define
Full Factorials Geometric Array
Balanced Array Full Factorials
DOE Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define
L8 Geometric Array
Non-Geometric Array Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define
Non-Geometric Array
Array A Balanced Array for a Factorial Experiement where: the product of each pair of columns is not another column in the table. E.g. L12. Non-Geometric arrays spread the confounding of each 2-way & many-way interaction across many individual Main Effects factors/columns. See also Geometric Array.
Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Define
Pipe Response Optimizer Collinearity
The Pipe Symbol is used in Minitab to indicate all permutaions of factors. Nomenclature: | Minitab Response Optimizer. Tool for optimising paramters in a reduced model. Apply after Defining, Analysing & Reducing DOE.
Multicollinearity Collinearity means that within the set of input variables, some of the variables are (nearly) totally predicted by other variables. When input variables are correlated in this way, there are problems in estimating regression coefficients. Often referred to as Multicollinearity. See also Variance Inflation Factor.
Stat>ANOVA>Balance DOE Symbol d Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE ResponseOptimizer
R III IV V PLEX
See Range, Regression Coefficient, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Resolution ... Resolution III. A Fractional factorial distinguishing only the main effects. 1. Resolution IV. A Fractional factorial distinguishing main effects & 1st order interactions. 2. Input Variable. 1. Resolution V. A Fractional factorial distinguishing main effects and 1st & 2nd order interactions. 2. The Verify phase of a DfSS 6-Sigma project. PLant EXperimentation. A process improvement tool for on-line use in full-scale production. Uses simple factorial designs, two-level designs in two or three factors. Usually, requires several iterations of experimental design, analysis, and interim improvements. Goal is to minimize disruption to production, but make big enough changes to quickly see effects on output variables. See also EVOP. EVolutionary OPerations. A process improvement tool used while the process is running in the production mode for the optimization of plant performance. Method that uses 22 or 23 factorials with replicates and center points. Empowers operators to conduct experiment with minimal engineering support during normal operations. Each experimental run is called a CYCLE: One cycle is one of the following: (0,0)=>(1,1)=>(1,-1)=>(-1,-1)=>(-1,1) Eliminate randomization to minimize disruption & document effect estimates at the end of each cycle. Cycle continues in the hopes of collecting sufficient evidence of significant change in the Y for the various levels of X. See also PLEX. See RSM.
Resolution Resolution Resolution Resolution Resolution
Resolution
Resolution
EVOP
EVOP
EVOP
PLEX
PLEX
Response Surface Method Response Surface
RSM
Stat>DOE>Response. .. Stat>DOE>Response. .. Stat>DOE>Response. ..
RSM The surface represented by the expected value of an output modeled as a function of significant inputs (variable inputs only): Expected (Y) = f(x1, x2, x3,xn) Method of Steepest A procedure for moving sequentially along the direction of the maximum increase (steepest RSM ascent) or maximum decrease (steepest descent) of the response variable using the following Ascent first order model: Y (predicted) = b0 + S bi Xi
Method of Steepest Same as Method of Steepest Ascent. Descent Region of Curvature The region where one or more of the significant inputs will no longer conform to the first order
model. Once in this region of operation most responses can be modeled using the following fitted second order model: Y (predicted) = b0 + S bi Xi + S bii XiXi + S bij XiXj
Method Of Steepest Ascent Stat>DOE>Response. .. RSM Stat>DOE>Response. ..
Central Composite Design Star Points
A common DOE matrix used to establish as valid second order model. Formed by adding Star RSM Points to a standard Cube/Square+Centre Point design. Enhancing design for a Response Surface Method by adding additional Star Points to a standard Cube/Square+Centre Point design in a circluar/spherical pattern. These will be points with factor levels of +/1 root 2 (1.414)
RSM
Stat>DOE>Response. ..
Stat>DOE>Response. ..
29
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word
Description Hyperlink RSM Delta. Step size in one of the process variables in a Response Surface Method DOE or EVOP. Note: must be estimated heuristically based on process understanding and potential risks. See also Inverted Delta (). RSM Response Surface. See RSM. A form of Response Surface Method. See RSM.
RSM
MiniTab
Topics
RS Box-Behnken Delta
Stat>DOE>Response. Symbol ..
Stat>DOE>Response. .. Stat>DOE>Response. .. Stat>DOE>Response. Symbol ..
RSM 1. - Difference / effect size 2. - Step size in one of the process variables in a Response Surface Method DOE or EVOP. Note: must be estimated heuristically based on process understanding and potential risks. See also Inverted Delta ().
Multiple Response Optimizer
A Minitab tool to estimate optimal input settings to achieve target/min/max outpuit variable values. See also Desirability, Weight, Importance.
RSM
Stat>DOE>MultipleRe sponseOpt Stat>DOE>Factorial> RespOpt Stat>DOE>Response Surface>RespOpt
Response Optimizer See Multiple Response Optimizer. D

1. See Desirability. 2. See FMEA, Detection. 3. The Define phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. 4. The Define phase of the Ford DfSS 6-Sigma project methodology. 5. The Design phase of the SSA DfSS 6-Sigma project methodology. See also Multiple Response Optimizer and Response Surface Method.
Multiple Response Optimizer Stat>DOE>...l>RespO pt Desirability Stat>DOE>Response Surface>RespOpt
Desirability
Weight An output measure fromMultiple Response Optimizer and Response Surface Method. A desirability function translates each response scale to a zero-to-one desirability scale. The most desirable values of the response have desirability one. The least desirable values have desirability zero. Nomenclature: D=0-1. See also Weight, Importance.
Stat>DOE>Response Surface>RespOpt
Weight
An input to Multiple Response Optimizer and Response Surface Method. The weight defines the shape for each response. Select a weight (from 0.1 to 10) to emphasize or de-emphasize the target. A weight <1 places less emphasis on the target; =1 places equal
importance on the target and the bounds; > 1 places more emphasis on the target
Importance
Stat>DOE>Response Surface>RespOpt
The weight determines how the desirability is distributed over the interval between the lower (or upper) bound and the target. It determines the shape of the desirability function that is used to translate the response scale to the zero-to-one desirability scale to determine the individual desirability of a response. You can think of a weight of one as a neutral setting. Increasing the weight requires the response to move closer to the target to achieve a given desirability. Decreasing the weight has the opposite effect. See also Multiple Response Optimizer, Desirability, Importance.
Importance
Multiple Response Optimizer Stat>DOE>Response An input to Multiple Response Optimizer and Response Surface Method. Surface>RespOpt Determines the relative importance of multiple response variables. Often, there is no factor setting that simultaneously maximizes the desirability of the individual responses. That is why we maximize the composite desirability. The importance determines how much influence each response has on the composite desirability. See also Multiple Response Optimizer, Desirability, Weight.
Linear Regression Fits Residuals Best Stats Multicollinearity
See Regression. The place on the best fit line where the Y value was expected to be for this X. See also Residuals, Regression, Correlation. The difference between individual points and best fit line. Note: DOE, ANOVA etc will do a fitted line as part of their analysis. See also Fits, Residual Error, Regression, Correlation. A Regression method for selecting most significant factors ... Multicollinearity occurs when two or more predictor variables are highly correlated with one another. For example, say we are trying to use the number of hours of sunshine and the amount of rainfall to predict the yield of a particular crop. Since hours of sunshine will decrease as the amount of rainfall increases, these two variables will be correlated. Using both variables in a regression model will result in what is known as multicollinearity. Note: Collinearity and multicollinearity are used synomymously. See also VIF. A Regression method for selecting most significant factors on a stepwise basis taking the most significant and then adding others ...
Regression Residuals Fits
Stat>Regression>Fitte dLine, Residual... Stat>Regression>Fitte dLine, Residual... Stat>Regression>Fitte DOE dLine, Residual...
Regression Regression
Stat>Regression>Best Subsets Stat>Regression>...
Stepwise Regression
Regression
Stat>Regression>Ste pwise
30
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Quality System
Description Hyperlink OMS A Quality System is an organizations agreed upon method of doing business. It is not to be confused with a set of documents that are meant to satisfy an outside auditing organization (i.e. ISO 900x, QS9000, TS16949). This means a Quality System represents the actions, not the written words of an organization. Includes: Quality Policy; Organization for Quality (does not mean Quality Department!); Management review of Quality; Quality Planning (APQP) (how to launch and control products and processes); Design Control; Data Control; Purchasing: Approval of materials for on-going production, Evaluation of suppliers, Verification of Purchased Product (does not mean incoming inspection!); Product identification and traceability; Process Control; Inspection and Testing; Control of Inspection , Measuring, and Test Equipment (Calibration, MSA); Control of Nonconforming Product; Corrective and Preventative Action; Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation, and Delivery; Control of Quality Audits (do what we say we do?); Training; Service; Use of Statistical Techniques. See OMS, SPC, Poka-Yoke, Joiner Traingle. Operational Method Sheets. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's), Process Instructions. Quality Process Sheet (QPS). See also Quality System, SPC, Poka-Yoke...
Poka-Yoke
MiniTab
Topics
OMS
Operational Method Operational Method Sheets. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's), Process Instructions. Quality Process Sheet (QPS). See also Quality System, SPC, Poka-Yoke... Sheets Poka-Yoke
To avoid (yokeru) inadvertent errors (poka). A mistake proofing method. Ensuring benefits introduced are sustained by ongoing control methods. Developed by Shigeo Shingo to achieve zero defects. Multiple ingenious devices to prevent the processing of bad parts or materials. Human errors are inadvertent - Think of potential ways to Mistake Proof the process with a Poka-Yoke device. Helps build quality into the product. Allows only good product to go to the next operator or customer. Cant build it wrong ... Can only build one way ... If wrong, detected 100% ... Cant be built into next assy. Strategies: Good: Detects defects before they continue to the next operation Better: Allows for the detection of errors during processing Best Strategy: Makes occurrence of errors impossible
Poka-Yoke
SPC
Mistake Proofing Process Instruction Sheets Joiner Triangle
Ensuring benefits introduced are sustained by ongoing control methods. Methods to prevent Errors and, therefore, Defects. See also Poka-Yoke. Operational Method Sheets. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's), Process Instructions. Quality Process Sheet (QPS). See also Quality System, SPC, Poka-Yoke...
Poka-Yoke Poka-Yoke
Quality System A 4th generation Quality System control management process. Consists of: Quality - Understanding that quality is defined by the customer; developing an obsession for delighting customers. This understanding is no longer the special domain of special groups, it is shared with everyone. Scientific Approach - Learning to manage the organization as a system, developing process thinking, basing decisions on data, and understanding variation. All One Team - Believing in people; treating everyone in the organization with dignity, trust, and respect; working toward win-win instead of win-lose for all stakeholders (customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, and our communities)
Toyota Production System 5S
Toyota's production quality system achieving world leading consistant quality through the following elements, each building on each other: 5S, Visual Factory, Standardized Work, Kaizen, Kan Ban. Sorting, Storage, Shining, Standardise, Sustain. 5S Standards are the foundation that supports all the Phases of Lean Manufacturing. The system can only be as strong as the foundation it is built on. The foundation of a production system is a CLEAN and SAFE work environment. Its strength is contingent upon the employees/company committed to maintaining it. Derived from TPS Japanese: Japanese Literal Translation English Equivalent Seiri Clearing Up Sorting Seiton Organizing Storage Seiso Cleaning Shining Seketsu Standardizing Standardize Shitsuke Training & Discipline Sustaining See Sorting, Storage, Shining, Standardise, Sustain. See also Lean Manufacturing=5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan.
5S
Lean
Sorting
Lean
Visual Factory
Standardized Work Processes to ensure we can readily identify: Downtime issues; Scrap issues; Changeover problems; Line balancing problems; Excessive Inventory Levels; Extraneous Tools & Supplies; If you CANNOT readily identify any of these opportunities through a visual glance of the area, then the team should seek to establish a means of immediate identification. See also Lean Manufacturing=5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan.
Lean
Standardized Work The one best way to perform each operation identified and agreed upon through general
Kaizen
Lean
consensus (not majority rules). This becomes the Standard work procedure. The affected employees should understand that once they have defined the standard, they will be expected to perform the job according to that standard. See also Lean Manufacturing=5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan.
31
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Kaizen
Description Kai=Change, Zen=For the Better. The philosophy of continual improvement, that every process can and should be continually evaluated and improved in terms of time required, resources used, resultant quality, and other aspects relevant to the process. Rules: Keep an open mind to change, Maintain a positive attitude, Never leave in silent disagreement, Create a Elements: Takt Time, Cycle Time, Work Sequence, Standard WIP. See also Lean Manufacturing=5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan. Hyperlink
Takt Time
MiniTab
Topics
Lean
blameless environment, Practice mutual respect ever day, Treat others as you want to be treated, One person , one vote -- no position, no rank, No such thing as a dumb question, Understand the thought process and then Do It.
Kan Ban
Kan Ban a Japanese word for communication signal or card. It is a technique used to pull products and material through and into the lean manufacturing system. The actual Kan Ban can be a physical signal such as an empty container or a small card. Kan Ban provides production conveyance, and delivery information. In its purest form the system will not allow any goods to be moved within the facility without the appropriate Kan Ban (signal) attached to the goods. See also Lean Manufacturing=5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan.
Lean
Basic Quality Control Chart
Musts: CTQ's which must be satisfied. Part of the Kano Model. See also Performance Kano Model Quality, Excitement Quality.
Reaction Plan A graphical rendition of a characteristics performance across time in relation to its natural limits and central tendency. Records measurements / counts and highlights variation within and outside Control Limits (not Spec Limits). A Run Chart with Centre Line, USL, LSL. Quickly detects specific types of out of control process changes. Statistical Process Control Control Plan specifies data collection on a Control Chart which monitors data in control within Control Limits. Out of control data triggers a Reaction Plan. Stat>Control> PCM
Reaction Plan MR Chart CUSUM Moving Average Defectives
Statistical Process Control Control Plan specifies data collection on a Control Chart which monitors data in control within Control Limits. Out of control data triggers a Reaction Plan. Moving Range Chart. See I-MR Chart. Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) a control chart which detects abrupt but slight changes in the process mean past data are combined with current data A control chart which smoothes data to emphasize trends. Each point includes effect of current value plus a specified number of past points. Assumes past and present data equally important.
SPC
I-MR Chart
Stat>Control>I-MR or >MovingRange Stat>Control>CUSUM Stat>Control>Moving Average
Defect Defectives are nonconformities in products or services that render the product or service unusable. You have defectives when data can take only one of two values, such as pass/fail, go/no-go, or present/absent.The binomial distribution characterizes defectives data. So a Defect is an individual non-conformance. A given unit may potentially have any number of Defects - according to the number of Opportunities. A unit with one or more Defects is a Defective. Measured using np or p Chart. See also Defect, Opportunity.
Stat>Control>np Chart, p chart
np Chart c Chart u Chart Pre-Control Cause & Effect Matrix
An attribute Run Chart for measuring Defectives. A simple chart used to track the number of nonconforming units (percentage of defective parts) assuming the sample size is constant. See also p Chart.
Defectives
Stat>Control>
Defect An attribute Run Chart for measuring Defects. A simple chart used to track the number of defects sampled (not the percent defective) assuming the sample size is constant. Requires a constant inspection sample size. See also u Chart.
Stat>Control>
An attribute Run Chart for measuring number of Defects per Unit. A simple chart used to track Defect the number of defects per unit sampled (not the percent defective). U charts can be used when the sample size is either constant or not constant. See also c Chart. A Red-Yellow-Green Traffic light process which can flag up data approaching the control limits so as to help keep processes cntred and in control. See SSA Navigator for details. A Simple QFD (Quality Function Deployment) matrix to emphasize the importance of understanding the customer requirements. Method:
Stat>Control>
C&E
1. List the output variables (Y's) along the top section of the matrix. These are outputs which the team and / or the customer deem to be important. These may be a subset of the list of Y's identified on the process map. 2. Rank each output numerically using an arbitrary scale (possibly 1-10). The most important output receives the highest number. 3. Identify all potential inputs or causes (X's) that can impact the various Y's and list these along the left hand side of the matrix. 4. Numerically rate (correlate) the effect of each X on each Y within the body of the matrix. This is based on the experience of the team. 5. Use the totals column to analyze and prioritize where to focus your effort when creating the preliminary FMEA.
NB: LH Column contains all potential causes. Top Rows contains all Customer CTQ's - not just the TGW and Warranty Claim headings; and their importance to the customer. Matrix elements are correlation measures (0-10) between the causes & the CTQ's.
Lean Manufacturing Definition: A systematic approach to manufacturing which based on the premise that
Lean
anywhere work is being done, waste is being generated. A vehicle through which organizations can identify and reduce waste. A manufacturing methodology which will facilitate and foster a living quality system. The GOAL: Total elimination of waste through: Defining Waste, Identifying the sources, Planning for Waste elimination, Establish PERMANENT control to prevent its reoccurrence. See 5S>Visual Factory>Standardized Work>Kaizen>KanBan, TPS, Waste. There are 7 elements of Waste, they are Waste of: Correction, Overproduction, Processing, Conveyance, Inventory, Motion, Waiting. Elimination of Waste is a key objective of Lean Manufacturing. Also known as the 7 Sinds of Muda. 32
Lean Manufacturing Lean
Waste
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word JIT
Description Hyperlink Just-In-Time manufacturing. A key element of Lean Manufactring. Full use of all the resources to produce the right product, at the right time, in the right quantities, based on customer demand. 1. Continuous one piece flow, 2. Kan Ban demand pull scheduling, 3. Simplify to get rid of waste High level process mapping. Deciding what is needed. Part of 5S. To sort out necessary and unnecessary items. To store Storage often used items at the work area, infrequently used items away from the work area and dispose of items that are not needed. Removes waste, Safer work area, Gains space, Easier to visualize the process. See also Red Tagging, Storage, Shining, Standardise, Sustain.
Shining Arrangement of items needed straight up the work place. Part of 5S. To arrange all necessary items. To have a designated place for everything. A place for everything and everything in its place. Visually shows what is required or is out of place. More efficient to find items/ documents (silhouettes/labels). Saves time, not having to search for items. Shorter travel distances. See also Sorting, Shining, Standardise, Sustain. Standardize
MiniTab
Topics
Lean
Value Stream Mapping Sorting
Lean Lean
Storage
Lean
Shining
Sweep and cleanliness. Part of 5S. To keep your area clean on a continuing basis. A clean workplace is indicative of a quality product and process. Dust and dirt cause product contamination & potential health hazards. A clean workplace helps to identify abnormal conditions. See also Sorting, Storage, Standardise, Sustain.
Lean
Standardize
Sustaining Part of 5S. To maintain the workplace at a level which uncovers and makes problems obvious. To continuously improve our plant by continuous assessment & actions. To sustain sorting, storage and shining activities every day. See also Sorting, Storage, Shining, Sustain.
Lean
Sustaining Red Tagging TPS Takt Time Cycle Time
Training & Disciplined Culture. Part of 5S. To maintain our discipline, we need to practice and 5S repeat until it becomes a way of life. To build 5-Ss into our every day process. See also Sorting, Storage, Shining, Standardise. The process of marking potentially superfluous items with Red Tags before removing them from the work place. A key enabler for Sorting and the 5S strategy. See Toyota Production System.
Sorting Toyota Production System
Lean
Lean Lean Lean
A geman acronym for: Time available to produce a unit. I.e. Time available/period divided by Cycle Time no. units needed to meet customer requirements. Part of Kaizen Lean Manufacturing method. See also Cycle Time, Work Sequence, Standard WIP. Time to complete a manufacturing operation. Incorporates Operator Cycle Time & Machine Cycle Time. Can be mapped in a Yamazumi Board to identify Value added and non-value added steps. Part of Kaizen Lean Manufacturing method. See also Takt Time, Work Sequence, Standard WIP.
Work Sequence
Lean
Work Sequence
??? Part of Kaizen Lean Manufacturing method. See also Takt Time, Cycle Time, Standard WIP. ??? Part of Kaizen and an enabler for Kan Ban Lean Manufacturing method. Standard WIP See also Takt Time, Cycle Time, Work Sequence. Cycle Time mapping process to identify Value added and non-value added steps. Yamazumi Board Part of Kaizen Lean Manufacturing method. Operator Cycle Time Operator Cycle Time - The total time required for a worker to complete once cycle of an operation. Includes: Manual Operations, Walking, Inspecting, Loading and machines and gauging. Does not include waiting for the equipment/machine auto cycle to finish. Together with Machine Cycle Time contributes to total Cycle Time.
Standard WIP Kaizen
Lean Lean Lean
Machine Cycle Time
Lean
Machine Cycle Time Machine Cycle Time - The total time for a machine to finish one complete cycle.
Together with Operator Cycle Time contributes to total Cycle Time.
Operator Cycle Time
Lean Lean
SMED Error
Single Minute Exchange of Dies. Processes to minimise press die change over times by maximising offline preparation. Errors are the cause of defectsan error occurs when the conditions for successful processing are either incorrect or absent. See also Experimental Error, Random Error.
Defect
10 most common errors: 1. Processing omissions, 2. Processing errors, 3. Error in setting up job, 4. Assembly omissions ( missing components), 5. Inclusion of incorrect component, 6. Incorrect job, 7. Operation error, 8. Measurement error, 9. Tool or equipment error, 10. Defects in job components 10 common human errors: 1. Forgetfulness, 2. Misunderstanding, 3. Identification, 4. Lack of effective training, 5. Willful errors, 6. Inadvertent errors, 7. Delay in task execution, 8. Lack of standards, 9. Inability to compensate for new situations, 10. Intentional errors
See also Error Proofing, Error State, Defect.
Red Flag
Red flag conditions in the process will contribute to error and defect generation. Watch for and react to Red flag conditions! Ideal Applications for Poka-Yoke! e.g. 1. Frequent changes to a
Poka-Yoke
job, 2. Complex processes, 3. Lack of standards, 4. Lack of measurement systems, 5. Lack of training, 6. Long cycle times, 7. Infrequent jobs, 8. High output, 9. Environmental conditions, 10. Attitude ( Motivation)
Error Proofing OE 5Y's VOC EAR
See Mistake Proofing. OE documents (Acronym for ???) - Process Instructions, SOP, QPS etc. Ask the question "Why?" five times to peel the onion of causes down to root causes to address. See also Stair Stepping. Voice Of the Customer - Ensuring that customer requirements drive process & product improvement. CTS driven definition of the big Y's. See also VOP. Engineering Action Request - Generic term for product change request. Follow Ford/Jaguar AIMS & WERS processes to introduce product change.
Mistake Proofing SOP
VOP AIMS
33
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word WERS AIMS PSW
Description Hyperlink Ford World-wide Engineering Release System for managing product change approval and Bill AIMS Of Material updates. See AIMS for management of product issues prior to introduction of product change.
WERS Ford Automated Issues Management System for managing product issues and change requirements. See also WERS for introducing resulting product changes. PPAP Parts Submission Warrant - A measure of part quality readiness for vehicle build, special focus during vehicle launch. The supplier warrants that the customers requirements can be met usining fully production tools, processes, feedrates etc. The supplier provides evidence of this and it is approved by the customer. This concludes the Production Part Approval Process and releases payment for tooling investment. Type I Error Type II Error Type 2 Gauge R&R Gage R&R
MiniTab
Topics
See Type I Error or Type 1 Gauge R&R. Type I See Type II Error or Type 2 Gauge R&R. Type II Type 1 Gauge R&R A first level Gage R&R propounded by Jaguar SPC department. Determines the capability of a measuring system to be used by a single operator repeatably measure a single part. Type 1 gauge capability Cg = TotalTolerance*0.15 / 6*Sgauge. For acceptance Cg must be <=15%. Cg is equivalent to %Tolerance in a Type 2 Gauge R&R.
Type 2 Gauge R&R A full scale Gage R&R which determines the capability of a measuring system to measure a
variety of parts with good repeatability, when measured by a variety of operators (reproducability). Nomenclature: Known generically within 6-Sigma processes as a Gage R&R. Identified as Type 2 by Jaguar SPC department so as to differentiate it from a Type 1 R&R. Other 6-Sigma, Statistics and/or SPC glossaries can be found at: Minitab>Help>Help>Glossary Minitab>Help>Search Stat Guide http://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos http://www.jaguar.ford.com/manuf/prodop1/spc/reports/glossary.pdf Implementing Six Sigma, F. W. Breyfogle III, Glossary
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Glossary
http://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos Help>Help>Glossary Help>Search Stat Guide
MSV CBG Flier IC Nominal OOC OOS Preliminary SC Process Stability MSE Sgauge Cg ACF
MSV is the QS9000 term for Gage R&R. See Measurement System Variance. GEC Consumer Business Group. See also GEC. Term used for a point plotted onto control chart that exceeds control limits and is considered a one-off. Important Characteristic (quality/customer related characteristic) Desired Engineering location within specification. Out of control (see out of control guidelines) Out of specification (measurement exceeding Engineering specification) Pp First time assessment of a process/operation over limited data or time period. See Pp, Ppk. Significant Characteristic SC Significant characteristic derived from FMEA (quality/customer related characteristic) See Stable Process. 1. Measurement System Evaluation. See MSA. 2. Mean Square Error. The mean of the squares of the residuals. Standard Deviation of Type 1 Gauge R & R readings. Same as MS. Capability of Gauge. Type 1 Gauge R & R capability. Cg = TotalTolerance*0.15 / 6*Sgauge. %Variation = 15 / Cg. For acceptance %Variation must be <=15%.
Stable Process MSA Type 1 Gauge R&R Type 1 Gauge R&R
Gage R&R
FMEA
FMEA
Advanced Consumer Focus. Latest embodiment of QFD. The process of converting customer QFD requirement statements into technical design specifications. Refer David Hill, TDA, FTEP training.
3Q01 reduced to a half day CBT module. May be re-introduced as a instructor lead course in '02.
www.fdi.ford.com Sys Eng
CFE QQFD Traceability Cascading CAF FMVSS CMVSS Cd VDS SDS CDS Targets
ACF Customer/Consumer Focused Engineering. Previous name for QFD and, now, ACF. Terminology still used in CIPE. Quick Quality Function Deployment. A quick version of the Ford FTEP QFD process training.
Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
Linking of requirements to sub-requirements. All little x's and y's are traceable back to high level customer CTQ's. Breaking down high level factors to lower level factors (little x's) Corporate Average Fuel Economy ratings Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Coefficient of Drag Vehicle Design Specification. Level 1 Systems Engineering specification. Includes: Interfaces, SDS Targets and Attributes, Preliminary Cascade to SDS & CDS and Verification methods.
Sys Eng
Sys System Design Specification. Level 2 Systems Engineering specification. Includes: Interfaces, http://ctisweb.ta.ford.com/sds/sds-main-menu.html Eng Targets and Attributes, Preliminary Cascade to CDS and Verification methods. Cascaded from VDS.
Component Design Specification. Level 3 Systems Engineering specification. Includes: Interfaces, Targets and Attributes and Verification methods. Cascaded from VDS & SDS. Attribute targets set in the Systems Engineering VDS, SDS & CDS specifications. Under FPDS, Targets become Objectives when they have been verified through the Systems Engineering target cascade process.
VDS
Sys Eng
Objectives
Sys Eng
34
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Objectives Requirements Analysis Design Synthesis Verification Systems Engineering
Description Targets that have been verified through the Systems Engineering target cascade process. The Systems Engineering process of gathering customer, legislative & corporate musts & wants and providing feasibility feedback. Iterates with Design Synthesis & Verification at vehicle, system & component levels. Gathers requirements, translates into procise terms & develops verification requirements. Hyperlink
Targets Design Synthesis
MiniTab
Topics
Sys Eng Sys Eng
The Systems Engineering process which generates & evaluates alternative designs using the Verification Trade-Off process. Iterates with Requirements Analysis & Verification at vehicle, system & component levels. The Systems Engineering process of verifying completeness of requirements and that design Requirements Analysis meets customer requirements. Iterates with Requirements Analysis & Design Synthesis at vehicle, system & component levels. The core FPDS process of engineering systems with all their interfaces and dependancies so Requirements Analysis as to optimse vehicle design by cascading requirements from Vehicle to System to SubSystem to Component levels and then verification of those back up the levels. Each stage of systems engineering iterations are made of the three bubbles: Requirements Analysis, Design Synthesis, Verification. See Systems Engineering. Systems Engineering process of clarifying interfaces between functions. Systems Engineering process of assessing the capability of alternative solutions to meet the system requirements. Design Verification Plan. Managed in FDVS. The planned analysis and vehicle/rig tests to confirm achievement of design specification. Achievement is approved in the DVP Sign-Off Report (DVP&R or DVP-SOR). Design Verification Plan & Report. Same as DVP-SOR. Ford Design Verification System - manages VDS, SDS, CDS & DVP's. Web access is provided by the eFDVS interface. Design Verification Plan & Sign-Off Report Ford Strategic Standards Organisation. Now ESSE. Ford Engineering Standards & Systems Engineering department. Where all generic VDS, SDS, CDS's are stored. Formerly SSO. Type 1 Gauge R & R capability. Data range divided by tolerance. %Variation = 6*Sgauge / TotalTolerance. For acceptance %Variation must be <=15%. %Variation in a Type 1 study is equivalent to %Tolerance in a Type 2 study. see also Study Variation, Total Variation, Random Variation, Assignable Variation.
Systems Engineering
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
SE Partitioning Trade-Off Study DVP DVP&R FDVS DVP-SOR SSO ESSE %Variation
Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
FDVS
Sys Eng
DVP-SOR DVP DVP ESSE
Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
Type 1 Gauge R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Orthogonal Durability %Failure FRG DIF-DOF F(t) Bq Life Infant Mortality Early Life Failures Wear Out Failures
Same number of replications of each level of each factor and independence of variability of factors. Minitab always generates orthogonal designs of experiment. Robustness Reliability over the specified life-time of the product. See also Robustness, Homeostasis, DQR. Reliability A measure of un-reliability. See also Failure. http://www.quality.ford.com Ford Reliability Guide: Methodology to achieve 10yrs/150,000m reliability through phases: Define Requirements, Design for Robustustness, Verify Design, Maintain / Improve Quality in Production. Design In Function; Design Out Failure. Complimentary strategies to achieve quality and reliability The Hazard Function. The distribution of Failures over time. The inverse of the Reliability Function R(t). See also F, f. Time at which q% of parts are expected to have failed. E.g. B5 Life = time at which 5% of parts have failed. Early Life failures. Failures early in product life. Generally manufacturing problems. See also Useful Life Failures, Wear Out Failures, Bathtub Curve. Late in life product failures due to end of life. Generally determined by design life expectancy. NB: These can be identified by increasing frequency with time. This may occur before the target life expectancy of the part/product, thus representing premature wear. See also Early Life Failures, Useful Life Failures, Bathtub Curve. stress / strength / usage extremes outside of design usage specification. See also Early Life Failures, Wear Out Failures, Bathtub Curve.
DOE Reliability Reliability Reliability
Reliability Hazard Function B Life Early Life Failure Useful Life Failure Bath Tub Curve Stat>Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Useful Life Failures Failures after initial introduction and before end of design life. Generally random effects of Bathtub Curve Stress/Strength Interference SSI
Wear Out Failure
Reliability
The sum of all reliability failures over time. Consists of the effects of Early life failures, Usefule Early Life Failure life failures and Wear out failures. Mapping the potential interference between the distribtution of the customer stress on the product with the product strength - where stress & strength can represent any CTQ characteristics. Overlap between the two represents Useful Life failures where stress exceeds strength. Stress/Strength Interference charts.
Stress / Strength Interference Wear Out Failure Wear Out Failure
Reliability Reliability
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
End Of Life Failures See Wear Out Failures. Premature Failures See Wear Out Failures. ROCOF Hazard Interval
Bath Tub Curve Rate OF Change OF Failure - Relibality Analysis of failure types to assess where in the Bathtub Curve failures are occuring and, therefore, where root cause(s) are likely to be. No Failures / No units (opportunities) during this period sampling without replacement. Same Cumulative Hazard as Hazard Rate, Failure Rate. See also Cumulative Hazard.
35
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Hazard Rate Failure Rate Cumulative Hazard Hazard Plot
Description No Failures / No units (opportunities) during this period sampling without replacement. Same as Hazard Interval, Failure Rate. See also Cumulative Hazard. No Failures / No units (opportunities) during this period sampling without replacement. Same as Hazard Interval, Hazard Rate. See also Cumulative Hazard. Sum of Hazard Intervals to date. Also = Cumulative Hazard up to previous interval + Hazard Interval for this period. Used in Hazard Plot to determine Failure Type. Hyperlink
Cumulative Hazard Cumulative Hazard Hazard Interval
MiniTab
Topics
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Bath Tub Curve A Log-Log plot of Cumulative Hazard vs Time. It's shape and slope can be used to identify where the issues are in the Bathtub Curve. Early Life failures will appear as sharply risung then trailing off. Useful Life failures will appear as a straight line at gradient = 1 i.e. 45o. Wear Out failures will appear as a steep straight line or may feather off if late submission of readings occurs. To differentiates between Early Life and Wear Out failures observe readings for successive collection months. If the trend is followed failures are Early Life. If the feathering moves up the failures are Wear Out failures.
GCQIS TNI R&M TED EAM
CQIS Global Common Quality Indicator System - See CQIS. Trouble Not Identified - Failure cause not found due to non-representative tests, destruction of NFF information, intermittent failures etc. See also NFF. Manufacturing Reliability & Maintainanbility. Engineering Activity Matrix Things Engineers Do - See Engineering Activity Matrix.
See Engineering Activity Matrix.
Engineering Activity Matrix
Engineering Activity Five stage matrix of engineering activities ("Things Engineers Do"). Covers Analysis and Diagnosis of reliability; Define Requirements; Design for Robustness; Design Verification; Matrix
Maintenance & Improvement of Quality in Production.
Failure Type
Type of failure according to:1. Point of failures in product lifes cycle. Shown by the Bathtub Curve or Hazard Plot to be Early Life, Usefule Life or Wear Out failures. 2. Partial, Intermittent, Total loss, Degradation or Excessive Function 3. Severity: Dependability/Safety, High: Confidence, Irritaion, Cost of ownership Parameter Diagram of a system. Mapping Inputs (Signals), Outputs (Responses & Errors) and Parameters - Noises and Controllable factors for a system. An extension of a process block diagram to study and improve robustness. _v_Noises_v_ Signal->|___Process__|-->Intended Responses ^ Controls ^ \->Error States Note: Nothing to do with p Charts, Pareto Diagrams. See also Process Block Diagram, Static System, Dynamic System, VSM. Piece-to-Piece or Part-to-Part variation. Real World Customer Usage Profile - the full scope of customer product utilisation covering normal use, misuse and abuse conditions. Process mapping of usage cases. See RWUP. Mean Time To Repair. The measure of Maintainability. See also MTBF, MTTF, Availability. Expectation of a product or machine being restored to full function in a specified period of time. Measured by MTTR. See also Availability. Proportion of total time that item is available for use. Availability = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR). See also OEE, Performance Efficiency, Quality Yield.
Hazard Plot
Reliability FMEA
P Diagram
Process Block Diagram
Reliability
P2P RWUP Use Cases MTTR Maintainability Availability
Reliability Reliability RWUP Maintainability MTTR Performance Efficiency Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Life Cycle Costing LCC Fault Tree Analysis Fault Tree Analysis. A graphical representation of the causes of a problem. Structured using
boolean And & Or gates. Captures interactions as well as individual factors. Frequency of occurrence can then be assessed & prioritised. A more powerful representation than a Cause & Effect Diagram. A useful tool to assist preparation of an FMEA which also incorporates Severity & Detection. See Fault Tree Analysis. Cause factors: Materials, Equipment, People, Environment, Methods. An alternative representation of 5M's & a P which additionally categorises Measurement System related failures. See also Process Block Diagram. See Fault Tree Analysis. The converse of a Fault Tree. See Fault Tree Analysis. A tool for predicting population behaviour from small samples. A Log-Log representation of the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). Process involves: Rank sample failure times/cycles; calculate Median Rankings; Produce Weibull Plot of Ln time vs. Ln-Ln Median Rank. Determine failure type from Weibull Slope (b): <1 Early Life, =1 Useful Life, >1 EOL; Get Weibull figure for mean value proportion according to slope/shape. Measure this from Weibull plot to get MTBF. Use 5% & 95% figures to get MTBF CI. See also Weibull Distribution.
Fault Tree Analysis 5M's & a P Reliability Reliability
FTA MEPEM Fault Tree Success Tree Weibull Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis Fault Tree Analysis Cumulative Distribtion Function
Reliability Reliability Reliability
Cumulative Distribtion Function. The cumulative representation of the Probability Density Cumulative Distribtion Function Function (PDF). When plotted on Log scale for time/cycles and Log-Log scale for Median Ranked frequency becomes a straight line slope in the Weibull Analysis. See Cumulative Distribtion Function. Adjusting averaged values to reflect point on curve / sequence. Used on sequenced sample to reflect representative proportion of population represented by the sample. May be approximated by (J-0.3)/(N+0.4) where J is the ranking of the test and N is the sample size. Usually expressed as a %. Used in Weibull Analysis. 36
Weibull Analysis
Reliability
CDF Median Rank
Cumulative Distribtion Function Weibull Analysis
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word MLR Key Life Tests KLT Bogey Testing
Description Hyperlink Mean Life Ratio. The ratio of the MTBF's of two samples in a Weibull Analysis. Key Life Tests - Design verification through key life tests representing key factors which drive RWUP loss of function during Real World Usage Profiles. Key Life Tests See Key Life Tests. Gather data by testing to a set no. of cycles / duration. Measure state at end of test period. A low cost data collection method gleaning limited data. Nomenclature said to originate from Golf where Bogey is one over par - maybe representing testing to one measure beyond specified life expectancy.
Bogey Testing RWUP Quality Loss Function
MiniTab
Topics
See Bogey Testing. Test to Bogey Accelerated Testing Methods to accumulate large volumes of test data intended tp represent RWUP over a short period of time. It can be challenging to correlate accelerated conditions to RWUP. See Quality Loss Function.
Reliability Reliability Reliability Tol Design Reliability Tol Design
QLF Quality Loss Function
Determining the relationship between deteriation of product characteristics (X) and the quality L-Bar loss of that to the customer (Y). Methods to seek to reduce variability in Y for given variability in X, thus minimising costs of tolerance control whilst maximising customer satisfaction. i.e. reducing the slop of the signal to response graph, thereby reducing the effects of variability. Movement away from target increases waste to Society: loss of material, energy, labour, customer satisfaction, performance etc. Used to optimise parameters to maximise quality rather than simply setting go/go-go tolerances. L(y)=k[2y+(y-t)2]. See L, L-Bar. See Plan Do Study Act. The Deming-Shewhart Cycle. Plan to achieve objectives. Do: Execute the Plan. Study: Analyse the results to determine next course of Action. See Plan Do Study Act. Ideal Cycle Time / Actual Cycle Time. See also OEE, Availability, Quality Yield. No. Good Parts / Total Parts. See Yield. See also OEE, Availability, Performance Efficiency.
Plan Do Study Act
Deming-Shewhart Cycle Plan Do Study Act PDSA Performance Efficiency Quality Yield OEE Overall Equipment Effectiveness
Plan Do Study Act Quality Yield Yield Overall Equipment Effectiveness Availability Yield Yield Reliability Reliability Symbol FMEA C&E FMEA
See Overall Equipment Effectiveness.

Availability x Perfomance Efficiency x Quality Yield. Inverted Delta. Classification of the Effect of a Failure Mode which is Critical to Quality, Safety or Regulator compliance. The FMEA version of a Cause & Effect or Fish Bone Diagram. In FMEA the granularity of the analysis matches Failure Causes to Failure Modes. Only via them is the link established to Failure Effects. Inverted Delta. Classification of the Effect of a Failure Mode which is Critical to Quality, Safety or Regulator compliance. Nomenclature: Severity x Occurrence x detection = Risk Priority Number (RPN).
Cause & Mode Diagram Inverted Delta SOD CFMEA MFMEA Function
Symbol FMEA FMEA FMEA FMEA
Concept FMEA. Application of FMEA to solution independent concept design . See also DFMEA, PFMEA, MFMEA. Machinery FMEA. Application of FMEA to the design and development of new plant machinery. See also DFMEA, PFMEA, CFMEA.
FMEA
FMEA
FMEA 1. y=f(x) - Outputs are a function of the inputs. 2. In FMEA: Measurable and actionable statements of all product / process deliverables to meet customer needs and wants. Expressed as verb & noun. May be gathered or grouped in a Function Tree. 3. See also Density Function, Probability Density & Cumulative Distribution Function, Reliability, Hazard & Survival Function, Quality Loss Function etc. FMEA A hierarchical representation of product/process Functions. Typically showing around 5 primary functions with lower level functions below that. Contructed by breaking down primary functions by asking the question: How is this function achieved? And verified in reverse direction with the question: Why does this function contribute or lead to the higher level function?
FMEA
Function Trees
FMEA
CIPE Quality Dashboard Boundary Diagram
Continuous Improvements in Powertrain Engineering. A suite of 9 quality tools including FMEA, RWUP, KLT, QPQP. CIPE provides baseline data to cover all systems and attributes with common metrics and language. Formerly known as Quality Dashboard. A suite of quality tools. Now known as CIPE. A functional block diagram showing a procust/process and it's interfaces to: Assembly, Use, Service and other parts, subsystems and systems. Interfaces are described. A dotted line is then drawn around those elements and interfaces which are incluided in scope. Part of the FMEA process. See also Interface Matrix & P Diagram.
CIPE FMEA
Sys Eng
FMEA
Interface Matrix
A Robustness tool providing input to the Design FMEA. A matrix of all sub-systems, showing FMEA the positive or negative effects of any interface between them. Interfaces are identified as: Physically touching (P), Energy Transfer (E), Information Exchange (I) or Material Exchange (M). Interaction values are set as: +2 = Interaction necessary for function; +1 = Beneficial; 0 = No effect; -1 negative effect; -2 Prevents function. These 4 values are shown in a square for each interaction. See also P Diagram. A characteristic affecting safety. Identified in an FMEA as having a severity of 9 or 10 (YC). If Significant Characteristic confirmed on review of process controls will be designated with an Inverted Delta (). See also Significant Characteristic. 37
FMEA
Critical Characteristic
FMEA
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Significant Characteristic YC YS DCP PVP Effects List
Description Hyperlink MiniTab A characteristic significantly affecting customer satisfaction. Identified in an FMEA as having a Critical Characteristic severity of 5-8 & an occurrence >3 (YS). If confirmed on review of process controls will be designated with an Inverted Delta (). See also Critical Characteristic. Critical Characteristic Yes, Critical Charateristic. See also YS, OS, HI. Yes, Significant Charateristic. See also YC, OS, HI. Dynamic Control Plan Process Validation Plan. The Process equivalent of a DVP. List of Failure Effects as the impact: DFMEA: Part, Assy, System, Veh/Product, Customer, Regs, Other. PFMEA: Op Safety, Next user, Downstream user, veh Operation, Int & Ext cust, Regs. See also Big 7.
Significant Characteristic FMEA FMEA FMEA
Topics
FMEA
FMEA FMEA FMEA FMEA FMEA
OS HI
Operator Safety. An additional Critical Characteristic classification in Power Train FMEA's.See FMEA also YC, YS, HI. 1. High Impact. An additional Significant Characteristic classification in Power Train FMEA's. FMEA See also YC, YS. 2. hi: Hazard Interval. 3. Hi: Cumulative Hazard. Component Application Agreement Safety and 7 other key areas of Failure Effects in a PFMEA:- Breakdown, Setup & Adjustment, Idling/minor stoppages, Reduced Cycle, Start Up, Defective Parts, Tooling. Severity x Occurrence. Engineering Quality Improvement Programme. Ford quality improvement initiative which generated FTEP engineering quality training modules. Ford Technical Education Program. Ford Design Institute program of quality training modules. See also EQUIP. 1. Material Exchange interface in FMEA Interface Matrix. 2. The Modulated (I.e. changeable) Signal in the Ideal Function. Y=M. 3. The Measure phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. Energy Exchange interface in FMEA Interface Matrix. Physically touching (P), Energy Transfer (E), Information Exchange (I) & Material Exchange (M) interfaces in FMEA Interface Matrix.
FMEA FMEA FTEP EQUIP Interface Matrix
FMEA Reliability FMEA
CAA Big 7 Criticality EQUIP FTEP M E PMIE
FMEA FMEA
FMEA
Interface Matrix Interface Matrix Kano Model http://www.6-sigma.ford.com/ 5M's & a P Lamda D0 Global 8D Global 8D ICA D1
FMEA FMEA
Performance Quality Desires: CTQ's where better performance gives more satisfaction. Part of the Kano Model. See also Basic Quality, Excitement Quality. Single Agenda for Quality. The Ford consumer TGW driven prioritisation of 6-Sigma projects. SAQ 6M's Lambda Global 8D G8D TOPS 8D ERA D0 D1 D2
No longer Politically Correct. See 5M's and a P. Greek letter Lambda; See . Ford Global Problem Solving methodology applying 9 (!) Disciplines: See D0-D8. See Global 8D. The 8 Discipline problem solving methodology which predated Ford Global 8D. Emergenct Response Action. Immediate action to isolate the customer from the symptom of the problem. Part of Global 8D step D0. See also ICA, PCA. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Preparing for the Global 8D. Includes: Defining & quantifying the Symptoms and taking Emergency Response Actions ERA. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Establishing the Team. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Describe The Problem. Problem statement: Object & defect. Problem Description: IS/IS NOT description. Observations (Not Conclusions), Sub-divide complex problems. Sheet 1 of Problem Solving Worksheet. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Develop Interim Containment Actions ICA. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Define & Verify Cause & Escape Point Comparative Analysis from IS/IS NOT problem description; Sheet 2 of Problem Solving Worksheet; Conclusions A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Choose & verify Permanent Corrective Actions PCA. Decision Making Worksheet: Givens, Wants, How Important & Good (1-10). Risk Analysis (mini FMEA) to Givens, Wants, Universal factors. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Implement & validate Permanent Corrective Actions PCA. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Lessons Learned & Preventing Recurrence Control. A Discipline of the Global 8D problem solving methodology. Includes: Team & Individual Recognition. Interim Containment Action. Short term action to remove immediate risk or impact pending full long term solution. A verified refinement of the Emergency Response Action. Preceeds determination of the Permanent Corrective Action. Part of Global 8D step D3. See ERA, PCA. Permanent Corrective Action. Action which resolves the root cause of the problem. Part of Global 8D step D5/6. See also ERA, ICA. 38
Symbol 8D 8D 8D 8D 8D
D2 D3
8D 8D
D3 D4
D4 D5
8D 8D
D5
D6
8D
D6 D7 D8 ICA
D7 D8 Global 8D PCA
8D 8D 8D 8D
PCA
ERA
8D
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Paynter Chart
Description A matrix of problems / faults / failure types vs occurrence e.g. weeks/months. On this Emergercy Response Actions (ERA), Interim Containment Actions (ICA), & Permanent Corrective Actions (PCA) and their effects can be marked. Nomenclature: Named after its' originator, Marv Paynter, Ford, Dearborn. Alternative name for a Paynter Chart. Nomenclature: Chart looks like an ice-cube tray. A chart mapping values of criteria varying over time. Often referred to as a Run Chart or Time Series Plot or I-Chart. The earliest location in the process, closest to root cause, where the problem should have been detected but was not. See also Escape, Escape Path. To fully define a problem: "What's wrong with what?" by repeatedly ask "Why?". See also : 5Y's. See Stair Stepping. Defining the characteristics of the defective product/process and a similar non-defective product. Categorise factors as: IS, COMMON or IS NOT. Only those factoprs which are unique to the IS defective condition that can be the cause. The What, Where, When & How Big characteristics are recorded on sheet 1 or 4 of the Problem Solving Worksheet. This is then followed by the question: What's Changed? - See Something Changed. Hyperlink
ERA
MiniTab
Topics
8D
Ice Cube Chart Trend Chart Escape Point Stair Stepping Repeated Whys Is / Is Not
Paynter Chart Run Chart Escape 5Y's Stair Stepping Something Changed Stat>TS>Trend
8D 8D 8D 8D 8D 8D
Something Changed 98.5% of all problems are caused by something which has changed. In contrast Never Been
There problems which have always been there.
Never Been There Something Changed Never Been There
8D 8D 8D 8D
Never Been There Day 1 Deviation MBWA Escape Escape Path Process ReEngineering Focused Improvement RAPID Ford2000
1.5% of problems where the cause has been there all along but has only now been detected. Also known as Day 1 Deviation. See also Something Changed problems. See Never Been There problems. Management By Walking About. Visual inspection of product, process, site, defects to uncover potential causes. A control system failure allowing the progress of sub-standard parts. See also Escape Point, Escape Path. The flow of the product / process from the causal point through to the point the product is declared OK. See also Escape, Escape Point. Part of the Ford2000 product and process improvement strategies. Radical long term changes to improve core processes. See also Focused Improvement, RAPID. Part of the Ford2000 product and process improvement strategies. Medium term process streamlining. See also Process Re-Engineering, RAPID. Part of the Ford2000 product and process improvement strategies. Short term Rapid Action Process Improvement Deployment actions eliminating waste and reducing bureaucratic drag.
Escape Path Escape Point Ford2000 Process Re-engineering Focused Improvement
8D 8D
A set a product & process improvement strategies introduced by Alex Trottman across Ford in RAPID the lead up to the millenium. See RAPID, Focused Improvement, Process Re-Engineering.
ERA ICA 8D 8D
See ERA. Emergency Response Action Interim Containment See ICA. Action
Permanent Corrective Action Problem Solving Worksheet
See PCA. A 4 page spreadsheet used in the Global 8D problem solving process. Sheet 1: The IS/IS NOT problem description completed in step D2. Sheet 2: The Comparative Analysis of Differences & Changes between the IS & IS NOT conditions. Sheets 2-4 are completed in step D4. Sheet 3: Theorise Possible Causes: How could "this change" cause "the problem stmt". Sheet 4: Test causes for probability (+, -, ?).
PCA Global 8D
8D 8D
FFT Main Effects
Fit, Focus & Timing. Main Effects plot of a Multi-Vari analysis. Shows the effects of each factor on the output. See Multi-Vari also DOE, RSM.
8D Stat>Quality>MultiVari Stat>ANOVA>Main Effects Stat>ANOVA>Analysi sOfMeans Stat>ANOVA> Stat>ANOVA>1Way Stat>ANOVA>Analysi sOfMeans Stat>Basic>2SamT
ANOVA Analysis Of Means. Test to see if the means of two data samples are from the same population. See also ANOVA - Analysis of Variance. Analysis of Variance Test to see if the variances of two data samples are from the same population. See ANOVA. ANOVA See also ANOM.
ANOM
Analysis of Means
Analysis Of Means. Test to see if the means of two data samples are from the same population. Nomenclature: ANOM. See also ANOVA - Analysis of Variance.
ANOVA
DQR Process Block Diagram
Durability World-class Durability, Quality, Reliability. One of Jaguar's Core Marque Values. See also Durability, Reliability. Process modelling. A graphical representation of a process. Mapping Inputs (The Materials of P Diagram MEPEM), Outputs (Good & Bad product plus Process & Control Information) and Controls (The Methods of MEPEM) and Resources (The Equipment, People & Environment of MEPEM). _v_Controls_v_ Inputs->|___Process___|->Outputs ^ Resources^ Note: Nothing to do with p Charts. Confusiningly similar to p Diagrams. See also MEPEM.
PCM
39
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Process Model Demings 14 Management Principles
Description See Process Block Diagram.
1. Create Constancy of Purpose for improvement of products and services 2. New Philosophy (Right First Time Defect Prevention) 3. Cease Dependence on Mass Inspection (Make processes capable) 4. End awarding contracts on 'lowest tender' only 5. Constantly & forever improve systems & processes 6. Institute Training on the Job 7. Institute Leadership / Supervision which helps people & machines do a better job 8. Drive Out Fear - Encourage effective 2-Way communication 9. Break Down Barriers between organisations 10. Eliminate Exhortations - numerical goals, slogans & posters 11. Eliminate Targets - arbitrary work standards, numeric quotas & goals 12. Permit Pride in Workmanship - remove barriers to the hourly worker 13. Encourage Education - Institute a vigorous program of education & training 14. Top management Commitment to daily push these principles. Taking action to accomplish transformation.
Hyperlink
MiniTab
Topics
PCM PCM
Process Block Diagram
14 Management Principles Team Process Review
See Demings 14 Management Principles.

A process for improving team effectiveness: 1. How do you feel? 2. What did you notice (facts) 3. What would you like to change? 4. Who did / will do what? (Roles & Responsibilities, actions) Key team roles include: Leader, Scribe, Time Keeper, Facilitator, team member. 1. See Levels of Control, Control Chart, -Limit, -Phase, -Plan, -Specifications, Controllable Variable. 2. The Control phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. Where sustainability is built in to the process to ensure that improvement benefits are sustained. This includes: mistake proofing, control metrics (SPC/SPM), long term MSA, update SOP's & validation of control. 1. Autonomic Operation 2. Automatic Control e.g. Termostatic temperature control 3. Self-Regulation i.e. Verification by operator 4. Regulation by others
Demings 14 Management Principles
PCM
Team Roles Control
PCM
Level of Control
PCM
FPDS
Ford Product Development System. The Ford global product development process. Superceeds World Class Process. World Class Procss Ford Product Development System. The Ford global product development process. Superceeds CTC and superceded by FPDS.
FPDS World Class Process CTC Control Limit Control Chart PCM PCM Stat>Control>Xbar-R PCM
WCP Concept To Customer Out Of Control Shewhart Control Chart X-Bar & R Chart
See World Class Process. See CTC.
A process is in control when some of its data falls outside of the upper and lower Control Limits.
An X-Bar and R Control Chart.
A control chart combining an X-Bar Chart and an R Chart, which is a representation of process capability over time; displays a variability in the process average and range across time. Use an R or S Chart before performing an X-Bar Chart. Also known as a Shewhart Control Chart. Often referred to simply as an X & R Chart. See also X-Bar Chart, R Chart, S Chart.
Process Control Methods - See SPC. Control Charts for attribute data. For constant sample size see: np Chart (# Defective Units), c Chart (# Defects/Non-conformities), For constant sample size see: p Chart (Proportion Defective), u Chart (Proportion Defects/Non-conformities). Number of Parts defective. See np Chart. Percentage of Inspection Points which satisfy tolerance. = No of measured characteristics / Total no characteristics to be measured * 100. Part of PPAP. See also PIPC. Percentage of Indices which are Process Capable. Part of PPAP. See also PIST. Production Part Approval Process. Process of tracking suppliers progress to achieving conformity of production. Completed by the authorisation of the Parts Submission Warrant (PSW). Part of QS-9000 & APQP. See also PIST, PIPC. See Critical Characteristic.
SPC
PCM Attribute Control Charts np PIST PIPC PPAP CC Probability Paper
PCM PCM
np Chart PIPC
PCM PCM
PPAP PIST
PCM PCM
Critical Characteristic Cp Long Term Process Capability PCM Cp PCM
A linear representation of cumulative normal distribution. A visual way of identifying % out of spec from sample data; and of calculating Cp & Cpk. Between Capability Process Capability between subgroups or samples. The additional component of variability, which added to the Within/Potential/Short Term Process Capability determines Overall/Long Term Process Capability.
Short Term
1. Short Term Process Capability - Generally measured as Cp. 2. Short Term Sigma Level - The Sigma Level of the Short Term Process Capability.
Short Term Process Capability
Cp PCM
40
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Description Hyperlink MiniTab Topics Long Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM Short Term Process Best Potential process capability within subgroups with all other sources of variability y... removed. Generally measured as Cp/Pp, or, when taking account of how centred the process Capability
is, Cpk/Ppk. Min acceptable value: 1.67 or Sigma Level 5. (See Pp or Cp for explanation of terminology usage). Data constitues a Short-term sample where it: is free of assignable causes; represents the effect of random causes only; is collected across a narrow inference space; across one shift of production; using only one machine; with one operator; using raw components from only one lot of raw material, etc Also known as Within Capability, Potential Process Capability, the Process Entitlement or the Performance Index. See also Cp, Cpk, Process Capability, Long Term Process Capability.
Long Term Process Overall Process Capability between subgroups and over time. This is the sum of the Within Capability and the Between Capability. Capability
Process Capability
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y...
Generally measured as Pp/Cp, or, when taking account of how centred the process is, Ppk/Cpk. Min acceptable value: 1.33 or Sigma Level 4. (See Cp or Pp for explanation of terminology usage). Data constitutes Long-term data where: it reflects the influence of random causes as well as assignable phenomena; is taken across a broad inference space; across many shifts of production; using many machines; with many operators; using many lots of raw material. Also known as: Between Capability, Overall Process Capability, Actual Process Capability or the Capability Index. See also Process Capability, Short Term Process Capability.
Long Term
1. Long Term Process Capability - Generally measured as Pp. 2. Long Term Sigma Level - The Sigma Level of the Long Term Process Capability. Elimination of Waste. Muda = Japanese for Waste. See waste for the 7 areas of waste. 7 Sins of Muda Elimination of Waste See Waste.
Long Term Process Capability Waste Waste
Cp PCM
Shewhart Cancian Dip CR PR Performance Capability Performance Index
Dr. Walter Shewhart. A lead innovator of SPC techniques in the 1920's at Bell Laboratories. See Deming-Shewhart Cycle, Shewhart Control Chart. A dip in the map of degrees of innovation vs. socio-economic class. High income early adopters tend to be followed by low income groups seeking to replicate their life styles before middle income groups. Capability Ratio. The reciprocal of Cp. I.E. 1/Cp Performance Ratio. The reciprocal of Pp. I.E. 1/Pp Same as Short Term Process Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. Also known as Within Capability, Process Entitlement, Preliminary Process Capability, Performance Index or Process Potential. See also Between, Overall Capability. Same as Short Term Process Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. Also known as Within Capability, Process Entitlement, Preliminary Process Capability or Process Potential. See also Between, Overall Capability. Same as Long Term Process Capability. Also known as Between Capability, Overall Capability. Same as Short Term Process Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. Also known as Within Capability, Process Entitlement, Preliminary Process Capability, Performance Index or Process Potential. See also Between, Overall Capability. Same as Short Term Process Capability. Best Potential process capability within subgroups. Also known as Within Capability, Process Entitlement, Preliminary Process Capability, Performance Index or Process Potential. See also Between, Overall Capability.
Cp Pp Cp Cp
Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y...
Capability Index Preliminary Performance Process Potential
Long Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y... Short Term Process Capability Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y...
See ZBench. Same as Short Term Sigma Level & ZST Bench Preliminary Process First time assessment of a process/operation over limited data or time period. Same as Short Term Process Capability. Also known as Within Capability, Potential Capability Capability, Performance Index, Process Potential, Process Entitlement.
ZBench
Cp Symbol
Quality Data Cube Quality Analysis Cube Data Cube Analysis Cube Cube QITD Excitement Quality
Customer data analysis incorporating both AWS warranty data and GQRS TGW data. An open web based easy to access application providing information to support 6-Sigma projects. See Quality Data Cube. See Quality Data Cube. See Quality Data Cube. 1. See Quality Data Cube. 2. See Ice Cube Chart. Quality is In The Detail!
http://www.quality.ford.com/gqi/
Quality Data Cube Quality Data Cube Quality Data Cube Quality Data Cube
Delights: CTQ's which are over and above customer expectations and which have a wholey positive effect when present. Part of the Kano Model. See also Basic Quality, Performance Quality.
The Big 5 European automotive/economic markets: UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain. Project objectives which are: Specific & Stretch, Measurable, Aligned with business objectives, Realistic and Time targetted.
Kano Model
Big 5 SMART Objectives
41
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word PC VOCS Tollgates GRPI VOP WBS 4P's Calibration LET
Description 1. Project Champion. 2. Project Charter. 3. Personal Computer. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
VCSI Value Of Customer Satisfaction improvement. See VCSI. Project management points where Go/No-Go decisions are made against a set of deliverables. Tollgate meetings may be held at the start or end of each DMAIC project phase.
Goals, Roles, Processes & Interpersonal relationships. The original 6-Sigma Leadership Team Management Model. Now referred to as 4P's. See Goals, Roles & Repsonsibilities, Processes, Interpersonal Relationships. Voice of the Process. CTQ/CTC/CTD driven view of the Critical X's. See also VOC. Work Breakdown Structure. Breaking large project phases down into smaller tasks and subtasks in order to efficiently manage the project to successful completion. Purpose, People/Roles, Process, Personal Relations. New 6-Sigma Team Management Model in 2002. Succeeds GRPI following the departure of Jacques Nasser who had sponsored the former. Processes to ensure the Accuracy of a tool or gauge. Logic, Emotion & Threat: 3 key Negotiating leverage criteria. e.g.: "The reasons to do this are A, B & C" "The [feeling related] consequences of doing this are " "If you don't do this the consequences are " Tuckman's model of team development stages. See Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. Ref: Leadership 2 PG_TMppt Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. Tuckman's model of team development stages.
Goals
VOC
GRPI
Accuracy
Tuckman's Model FSNP Forming Storming
Forming Tuckman's Model
Storming Stage 1 in Tuckman's model of team development. Includes: establishment of purpose, objectives & method and cautiously exploring the boundaries of acceptable group behaviour. Norming Stage 2 in Tuckman's model of team development. The struggle as the team realises the scale of the challenges ahead. Highlights the need for collaboration, for adherence to process & to focus energy on the purpose. Often expressed in impatience. Conflict resolution is a key team skill in this stage. Performing Stage 3 in Tuckman's model of team development. The process of coming together as a team, building relationships and establishing an effective foundation. Sperad the word on the team's progress. This is the springboard for Performing.
Norming Performing
Stage 4 in Tuckman's model of team development. The exercising of effective team roles with Tuckman's Model energy focused collaboratively on achievement of the goals. Pay attention to detail, to planning towards effective completion. Build stakeholder support for implementation. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. "Not Invented Here". An key aversion to change factor. Stages in the management of change. See Change Management. Stages in the management of intruducing change form a Transition Curve including: Shock, Denial, Awareness, Acceptance, Testing, Search for Meaning, Integration. Maps present competencies, skills & knowledge of production operators. On The Job training. Measurement System variation (5.15*MS) divided by Tolerance. Also known as: %Tolerance, P/T, SV/Toler, Tolerance Ratio. See Contribution. Measurement System variation (5.15*MS) divided by Tolerance. Also known as: %Tolerance, P/T, SV/Toler, Tolerance Ratio. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. Measurement system study variation (MS) divided by total variation (TOTAL). Assesses data relative to total sample data spread irrespective of spec limits. Range: <10% = good, 10-20% = Acceptable, 20-30% = Marginal. Also known as: P/TV, %R&R, %Study Tolerance, %SV, Study Variation, Measruement Capability Index. Quality is defined by the customer. The customer wants products and services that meet, or exceed, their needs, throughout their life, at a cost that represents value.
Gage R&R Contribution Gage R&R Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R
Measurement Capability Index
NIH Transition Curve Change Management Versatility Matrix OTJ %Tolerance %Contribution SV/Toler Study Tolerance
Change Management
%Study Tolerance
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
%SV
Gage R&R
Stat>Quality>Gage
Gage R&R
Quality
42
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Parameter Design
Description Hyperlink Tolerance Design Improving Robustness by making changes to parameters that can be changed easily and cheaply. Parameter Design optimises performance by identifying which Noise factors do/don't interact with the Control Factors and optimising these. An extension of Experimental Design. One of the ideas implemented by Dr. Genichi Taguchi. Should be pursued before considering Tolerance Design. Methodology:
1. Define project & Team 2. Formulate Engeneered System:- Ideal Function 3. - Parameters 4. Assign Control Factors to Inner Array 5. Assign Noise Factors to Outer Array. 6. Measure: Conduct experiment & collect data. 7. Analyse data & select optimal design 8. Predict Improvement & Confirm (... Control)
MiniTab
Topics
DOE
Taguchi
Dr. Genichi taguchi. Japanese exponent and developer of Quality processes. E.g. Parameter Parameter Design Design, measurement of Energy Transformation, experimental design improvements measured from current state (1,2 level values), Use of S/N as preferred measurement of noise. Top down design to set parameters to optimise performance according to what the customer Parameter Design will tolerate. Steps: Team; Identify Function/Response; Identify Factors; Set + & - values as nominal +/- 1, Measure response (DOE) gives sensitivity of response to the variability of this factor, Calculate Cost/Benefit. Adjusting tolerances and upgrading materials to improve Quality. Tolerance Design should be pursued after implementing effective concept design, experimental design and Parameter Design. See also Tolerancing, Quality Loss Function, L, L-Bar.
DOE Tol Design
Tolerance Design
Energy Transformation Error State Array Inner Array
The means by which a process generates responses & error states from signal input. Also known as Energy Transfer. See also P Diagram.
P Diagram
DOE DOE DOE DOE
P Diagram An unintended response from a process. See P Diagram. A matrix of values. See Balanced Array, Geometric Array, Non-Geometric Array, Inner Array, Inner Array Outer Array, L8, L12.
The Array of Control Factors & Levels used in Experimental Design & Paramater Design. See Outer Array also the Outer Array where Noise factors are added. See also Balanced Array, Geometric Array, Non-Geometric Array, L8, L12. The Array of significant Noise Factors & Levels used in Experimental Design & Paramater Design. These are added to the Inner Array where Control factors are stored. See also Balanced Array, Geometric Array, Non-Geometric Array, L8, L12.
Balanced Array
Outer Array
DOE
Energy Transfer Model Ideal Function PE KE Static System
The means by which a process generates responses & error states from signal input. Also known as Energy Transformation. See also P Diagram. Engineered System A representation of a System as shown in a P Diagram. The Response as function of the Signal. Y=M. Where y=Response, M=Signal, =Slope. If the signal and response are measured in energy units the ideally y=M. i.e. =1. Potential Energy: PE = mgh. See also KE, Energy Transfer.
P Diagram P Diagram
DOE Sys Eng DOE
KE
Eng Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
Dynamic System
PE Kinetic Energy: 0.5mv2. (+ rotational energy I2). See also PE, Energy Transfer. A System where there is a fixed Signal. E.g. ignition switch. In contrast to a Dynamic System Dynamic System which has a variable Signal. E.g. Accelerator. A System which has a variable Signal. E.g. Accelerator. In contrast to a Static System where Purposive System there is a fixed Signal. E.g. ignition switch. A system where there is interaction between factors. A dynamic system with a highly complex logical relation of function to purpose may be referred to as a Purposive System.
Noise Control T-Bar Y-Double Bar Level Contribution Level Average Gain EOQ IQA L L-Bar
A prime objective of Parameter Design which seeks to optimise factors so as to maximise resilience to noise.
Parameter Design Parameter Design
DOE DOE
In Parameter design used for grand average of responses (y-Double Bar) for S/N & only. Nomenclature: T, TS/N.
The grand average of the avergaes of the responses for different settings of the parameters (X's) S/N or contribution from a given factor level. Level Average - T-Bar Average of values for a given factor level. Improvement in target resonse (Y) over baseline. European Organisation for Quality Institute of Quality Assurance - "the UK's leading body for the advancement of quality practices" Quality Loss Function. See also Average Quality Loss Function L-Bar. L(y)=k(y-t)2. Where: k is the coefficient of Loss, y is the current response, t is the target response.
Parameter Design Parameter Design
DOE DOE
Quality Loss Function
Tol Design
Quality Loss Function Average Quality Loss Function. Quality loss function plus effects of variation. L(y)=k[2y+(y-t)2]. Where: k is the coefficient of Loss, y is the current response, t is the target response, 2y is the variance of the response.
Tol Design
y50 $fix X
The Estimate of the point where the average customer returns for repair. i.e. where the customer can no longer tolerate the fault. (NB. Not the point where 50% of the customers complain.) Average cost to fix a fault in the product. May (in the West) be taken as the quality loss function. Should include all elements of costs - time, resource, environment etc as well as external costs. See also y50. See X-Bar. 43
Quality Loss Function
Tol Design
Tol Design
X-Bar
Symbol
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Tolerancing L T IR
Description Bottom up assessment of Geometric tolerance design. Cf. Customer Tolerance Design - top down design based on what response the customer will tolerate. See L-Bar. See T-Bar. Improvement Ratio. IR = Benefit/Cost (CPU). IR>1.0 shows positive benefit. IR<1.0 reflects costs > benefits Percent Hyperlink
Tolerance Design L-Bar T-Bar
MiniTab
Topics
Tol Design Symbol Tol Design Symbol Tol Design Symbol Eng
Jig Fixture Tool Setting Aid CETP FAQ F&T GEC KBE MEARS LVT PBT PVT SPM TAR WCR TTT T3 Kano Model
A device used to hold a part in place and to guide via bushings, dowels etc a drill / boring bar Fixture etc. in a specific relationship to it. See also Fixture, Tool, Setting Aid, Gauge. A device used to hold a part in place during the manufacturing process e.g. in relationship to a cutting tool, e.g. milling turning etc. See also Jig, Tool, Setting Aid, Gauge. An object used in the manufacturing process in conjunction with a jig or fixture, e.g. cutting tools, hand tools / power tools. See also Jig, Fixture, Setting Aid, Gauge. A device used to set the relationship of a cutting tool to the fixture and part. Or to set two or more specific parts in relationship to each other during assembly. See also Jig, Fixture, Tool, Gauge. Corporate Engineering Test Procedure Frequently Asked Questions Facilities and Tooling - Capitalized F & T Spending Global Excellence Center. See also CBG. Knowledge Base Engineering Mechanized Appropriation Request System Local Vehicle Teams Profit Before Tax Plant Vehicle Teams Statistical Process Measurement Time Adjusted Return Worldwide Customer Requirements Train-The-Trainer. Training for those who will be delivering e.g. Green Belt 6-Sigma training. Also called T3. Train-The-Trainer. Training for those who will be delivering e.g. Green Belt 6-Sigma training. Also called TTT. A graphical representation of quality achievement in the three categories of: - Musts: Basic Quality - CTQ's which must be satisfied. - Desires: Performance Quality - CTQ's where better performance gives more satisfaction - Delights: Excitement Quality - CTQ's which are over and above customer expectations and which have a wholey positive effect when present. J|/ ---|--> /|/ Not generally used in isolation. Used as part of two very different concepts: USL & LSL refer to the Upper & Lower Specification Limit. 3.0SL & -3.0SL are alternative nomenclature for the Upper & Lower Control Limits. The Upper 3 Sigma Limit. A former MiniTab nomenclature for Upper Control Limit. The Lower 3 Sigma Limit. A former MiniTab nomenclature for Lower Control Limit. An alternative nomenclature for Sigma Limit as used in Upper & Lower Control Limits to designate the range of data variability. Not to be confused with Sigma Level which is a measure of Process Capability. Sigma Limits are used in Upper & Lower Control Limits to designate the range of data variability. Not to be confused with Sigma Level which is a measure of Process Capability. Upper Bound. Same as the Upper Control Limit. Lower Bound. Same as the Lower Control Limit. In an I & MR Chart the Moving Range is a chart of the difference between each value and the next. Control Limit. See Upper & Lower Control Limits, UCL & LCL. See Sigma Level. Greek Letter . Greek Letter .
Upper Control Limit Tool
Eng
Setting Aid Gage R&R
Eng Eng
CBG
SL 3.0SL -3.0SL S Limits Sigma Limit UB LB Moving Range CL
Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit Upper Control Limit
Upper Control Limit
Upper Control Limit Lower Control Limit I & MR chart Upper Control Limit Sigma Level Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
Level
Alpha Beta Chi
Tau Epsilon Greek Letter . Mu Greek Letter . Ro Greek Letter . A statistical test applicable to data demonstrating normal distribution. Parametric Test Non-Parametric Test A statistical test applicable to data demonstrating non-normal distribution.
Greek Letter . See Chi-Square for Chi distribution and values. See Chi-Square Test for Chi- Chi-Square Squared Tests. Greek Letter .

Normal Distribution Normal Distribution Stat>NonParametric
44
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word 1 Sample t-test
Description A t-Test comparing one sample with a fixed value. If data is non-normal use 1 Sample Sign Test or 1 Sample Wilcoxon Test. A t-Test comparing two samples of data. If data is non-normal use Mann-Whitney Test. 2 Sample t-test 1 Sample Sign Test Non-parametric test equivalent to 1 Sample t-Test. Used in lieu of Wilcoxon test if distribution is non-symmetrical. Hyperlink
t-Test t-Test
MiniTab
Stat>NonParametric Stat>NonParametric
Topics
One Sample Wilcoxon Test Stat>NonParametric One Sample Sign Test Stat>NonParametric One Sample Sign Test Stat>NonParametric One Sample Wilcoxon Test Stat>NonParametric 2 Sample t-Test Moods Median Test Kruskal Wallis Test Box Plot IQR Graph>Box Plot Stat>NonParametric Stat>NonParametric Stat>NonParametric
1 sample Wilcoxon Test Sign Test Wilcoxon Test
Non-parametric test equivalent to 1 Sample t-Test. Used when data is symmetrical. For nonsymmetrical data use the 1 Sample Sign Test. See 1 Sample Sign Test. See 1 Sample Wilcoxon Test. distribution.
Mann-Whitney Test Non-parametric test equivalent to 2 Sample t-Test. Samples should have same shape and Kruskal-Wallis Test Non-parametric test equivalent to ANOVA. Samples should have same shape and
distribution. If not, then use Moods Median Test. have different shape or distribution.
Moods Median Test Non-parametric test equivalent to ANOVA. Used in lieu of Kruskal-Wallis Test where samples Outlier Box Plot
An extreme data point. Shown on Box Plots as an asterix (*) beyond the end of the whisker when the whisker is longer than 1.5 times the inter-quartile range (IQR). A graphical representation of the spread of data like: --[.|]-- * Consists of whiskers at each end, being the initial & final 25% of the data. The box shows the 1st & 3rd quartiles of the data. The line within the box is the median. The mean may be shown as a dot within the box. Outliers beyond 1.5 * IQR are shown by asterix (*).
The first of last quartile of the data on a box plot. The points differentiating the 1st, and 3rd quarters of the data distribution. Shown on Box Plots. See also Q1, Q3, IQR. Inter Quartile Range The data between the 1st and 3rd quartiles. Also known as IQR. Shown on Box Plots.
Whisker Quartile
Box Plot IQR Quartile 5M's and a P
Graph>Box Plot Graph>Box Plot Graph>Box Plot
1P 1PP 2R's APEL BLI BLST CDSS CEA Contingency Table CTA DOPU dpm FDI FIRTFT IPO RES National Quality Council NQC FTDC OCOS OCIS ICOS ICIS 4M's an E & a P R&R Scedasticity
Person/people - See 5M's & a P. First Production Proveout vehicle build Random & Representative sampling Assessment for Prior Learning & Experience Ford Business Leadership Initiative. Teaches Business Concepts of Shareholder Value Business Leadership Steering Team Consumer Driven Six Sigma - The Ford 6-Sigma improvement initiative focussing on improving Consumer Quality issues Constant Employee Awareness a two-dimensional table constructed for classifying count data, the purpose of which is to determine whether two variables are dependent (or contingent) on each other. Cycle Time Analysis. See Cycle Time. Defect Opportunities Per Unit. See also DPU, DPMO. Defects Per Million. See DPMO. Ford Design Institute. The authors of the FTEP training material. Fix It Right The First Time Inputs, Processes & Outputs. See also SIPOC. Things In Process Done More Than Once A USA quality institution. National Quality Council - a USA quality institution. Fairlane Training & Development Center. A Ford Dearborn training establishment where much quality training is delivered. Out of Control and Out of Specification. See Out of Control, Control Limits, Specification Limits. Out of Control but In Specification. See Out of Control, Control Limits, Specification Limits. In Control but Out of Specification. See Out of Control, Control Limits, Specification Limits. In Control and In Specification. See Out of Control, Control Limits, Specification Limits. Another rendering of 5M's and a P. 1. In Gage R&R: Repeatability & Reproducability 2. In Sampling: Random & Representative 3. In DfSS: Reliability & Robustness The relationship between the value of input variables and the variation (rather than the mean) of the output. Where variation changes with the input variable (e.g. variation increases over time) then the process demonstrates heteroscedasticity. Where variation is constant the process demonstrates homoscedasticity.
Cycle Time DPMO DPMO FTEP SIPOC
Control Limit Control Limit Control Limit Control Limit 5M's and a P Gage R&R Gage R&R DfSS
Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Q101
A process where variation changes with the input variable (e.g. variation increases over time). Homoscedasticity See also homoscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity A process where variation remains constant with change in the input variables. See also Heteroscedasticity. Q1 A previous and pre-requisite quality standard to achieving the current Q1 standard. 45
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word IPD APQP Elements
Description Hyperlink In Plant Date. Date of delivery of Production Parts to plant. The 23 areas of application of the APQP process: 1. Sourcing. 2. Customer requirements. 2A. APQP Craftsmanship. 3. DFMEA. 4. Design Review. 5. DVP. 6. Subcontractors 7. Facilities, Tools & Gauges. 8. Proto build control plan. 9. Proto build. 10. Drawings & specs. 11. Team feasibility commitment. 12. Mfg process flow chart. 13. PFMEA. 14. MSA.15. Pre-launch control plan. 16. Process Instructions. 17. Packaging spec. 18. Production trial run. 19. Control plans. 20. Process capability study. 21. Production validation testing. 22. Production part approval (PSW). 23. PSW part delivery at IPD. Later versions renumber 2A as 3 and merge 22 & 23 to maintain the original number of elements. See also Focus Elements. MiniTab Topics
QS
APQP Status Reporting ISO 9000
The Ford specific implementation of the reporting tool for APQP. See GYR status, PND. Series of Quality processes standards. Ethos: Document what you do. Do what you've documented. Demonstrate that you do. Implemented in ISO 9001 & ISO 9002. Later known as QS-9000. Now being superceded by TS16949. Quality processes standard for product producers. Ethos: Document what you do. Do what you've documented. Demonstrate that you do. Later known as QS-9000. Now being superceded by TS16949. Quality processes standards. Consists of 7 standards and 2 supplements. Ethos: Document what you do. Do what you've documented. Demonstrate that you do. Formerly known as ISO 9000. Now being superceded by TS16949. See also 7-Pack, MS-9000, QSA, APQP, PPAP, MSA, FMEA, SPC, TS-9000 / TE Supplement, QSA-TE. The quality process standard. Supercedes QS-9000 / ISO 9000. Plan Do Check Act. See Plan Do Study Act. The 23 areas of application of the APQP process. The 23 areas of application of the APQP process by the Big 3 plus, from Jaguar, Element 2A Craftsmanship. Later versions of Ford APQP renumber 2A as 3 and merge 22 & 23 to maintain the original number of elements. Note Volvo also have 1A Environmental & 12A Logistics. Materials management Systems requirement. Ford supplementary guideline to QS-9000, to suppliers on material management / shipment packaging engineering responsibilities. Tooling & Equipment Supplement to QS-9000. Also known as TE-9000. Tooling & Equipment Supplement to QS-9000. Also known as TE Supplement. Quality processes standard for service providers. Ethos: Document what you do. Do what you've documented. Demonstrate that you do. Later known as QS-9000. Now being superceded by TS16949. Machinery Qualification Runoff Requirements. Equipment proveout standard in TE-9000. A machinery equivalent of PPAP. Quality System Assessment standard - the process for verifying compliance to a standard. Part of QS-9000. Quality System Assessment standard - the process for verifying compliance to the QS-9000 Tooling & Equipment standard TE-9000 / TE Supplement. The full set of 7 QS-9000 standards and 2 supplements: QS-9000, QS-9000 QSA, APQP, PPAP, MSA, FMEA, SPC and TE Supplement with its' QSA-TE. Also known as the 9 Pack!
APQP TS16949
QS QS
ISO 9001 QS-9000
TS16949
QS
TS16949
QS
TS16949 PDCA 23 Elements 24 Elements
QS-9000 Plan Do Study Act APQP Elements APQP Elements
QS QS QS
MS-9000 TE Supplement TE-9000 ISO 9002 MQRR QSA QSA-TE 7 Pack 9 Pack QS9000 7 Pack MH & PE NMP 2PP Prove Out Build AMP-PE Packaging
QS-9000
QS
QS-9000 QS-9000 TS16949
QS QS QS
TE-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000 QS-9000
QS QS QS QS
QS-9000 The full set of 7 QS-9000 standards and 2 supplements: QS-9000, QS-9000 QSA, APQP, PPAP, MSA, FMEA, SPC and TE Supplement with its' QSA-TE. Also known as the QS-9000 7 Pack!
QS
The full set of 7 QS-9000 standards and 2 supplements: QS-9000, QS-9000 QSA, APQP, PPAP, MSA, FMEA, SPC and TE Supplement with its' QSA-TE. Also known as the 9 Pack! Material Handling & Package Engineering. Engineering of physical delivery packaging & logistics. New Model Program. Second Production Proveout vehicle build Series of vehicle builds after the last prototype build and before volume production build. A representative production trial run using production tools, processes, volumes, rates, tolerances, operators etc. Same as Production Trial Run.
QS-9000
QS
QS
QS
Advanced Manufacturing Pre-Program Engineering. 1. Product design of the packaging of systems and sub-systems within the vehicle. 2. Design of the shipment packaging and stillages for delivery of parts to plant. Production Trial Run Same as Prove Out Build.
Prove Out Build PSW
QS QS
Part Submission Warrant SIM GYR RYG
See PSW. Supplier Improvement Metrics Green-Yellow-Red traffic light status e.g. in APQP or FPDS deliverables. Green = On target deliverable. Red = Off target, no recovery plan. Yellow = Off target, but with recovery plan in place. Red-Yellow-Green traffic light status e.g. in APQP or FPDS deliverables. Green = On target deliverable. Red = Off target, no recovery plan. Yellow = Off target, but with recovery plan in place. 46
QS
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word PND H Focus Elements
Description Hyperlink Program Need Date. The last possible date the element can be completed without adversely affecting quality, cost or time to the program. NB: target dates should be earlier than PND in order to manage risk. Part of APQP Status Reporting. Historic APQP GYR status. The 8 elements of th 1996 APQP which were deemed most critical above the other essential APQP Elements elements, plus one Jaguar element. NB. 2001 APQP treats all as Focus! These get a 0-3 Quality Of Event rating as well as GYR. 0 = 0-50% complete, 1=51-99% complete. 2=100% complete. 3=100% complete plus extra actions. Focus Elements are: DFMEA, DVP, PBCP, Mfg Porcess Flow, PLCP, OPI & PCP(Jag) cf. FPDS Inviolable Elements.
FPDS Focus Elements Focus Elements Focus Elements Focus Elements Focus Elements Control Plan DfSS
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QS
QS QS
Inviolable Elements Those elements of the FPDS deliverables which are deemed to be most critical over and
above the other mandatory elements. Cf. APQP Focusu Elements.
QS QS QS QS QS QS QS QS DfSS DfSS DfSS
8 Elements 9 Elements QOE PBCP PLCP OPI PCP DCOV O Define
See Focus Elements. See Focus Elements. Quality Of Event Prototype Build Control Plan Pre-Launch Control Plan Operator Process Instructions Production Control Plan. DfSS project phases: Define, Characterize, Optimise, Verify. The Optimize phase of a DfSS 6-Sigma project. The DMAIC and DfSS 6-Sigma project phase which identifies the scope of the project and its' objectives. This phase includes: Identify Critical to Satisfaction (CTS) drivers (Y's). For DMAIC also: process map & metrics - See Define Phase. For DfSS also: Establish operating window for chosen Ys for new and aged conditions (aYib). The Measure phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. This includes: Identify KPIV's, develop data collection plan, MSA/gauge R&R, FMEA, Baseline DPMO/Sigma Level and data collection. The Analyse phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. This includes: Micro process map, quantify KPIV's & improvement opportunities, root cause andalysis & performance objectives. The Improve phase of a DMAIC 6-Sigma project. This includes: Performance objectives, identify alternate solutions, select optimal solution, update FMEA, cost/benefit analysis, pliot, implement & validate improvements. 1. The Measure & Analyse phases of a 6-Sigma DMAIC project. Focuses on Y's - outputs. 2. The Characterize of a DfSS DCOV 6-Sigma project. In this phase we: Flow CTS Ys down to lower level ys, e.g., Y -> y1, y2, yn Relate ys to CTQ parameters (xs and ns), y = f(x1, xk, n1, nj) Characterize robustness opportunities (including high mileage opportunities) See also Optimize.
Measure Analyse Improve Characterize
Optimise
DfSS
Optimize
1. The Improve & Control phases of a 6-Sigma DMAIC project. Focuses on X's - inputs. See Characterise also Characterise. 2. Minitab Response Optimizer. 3. The Optimize of a DfSS 6-Sigma project. In this step we Understand capability and stability of present processes Understand the high time-in-service robustness of the present product Minimize product sensitivity to noise, as required Minimize process sensitivity to product and manufacturing variations, as required The Verify of a DfSS 6-Sigma project. In this step we Assess actual performance, reliability, and manufacturing capability Demonstrate customer-correlated performance over product life
2.Stat>DOE>Factorial >ResponseOptimizer
DOE DfSS
Verify Systems V
DfSS
Targets Cascade QPAT Jacques Nasser AR&R Cat 'A'
FPDS The FPDS Systems Engineering process shown graphically as: \_/ Represented on the FPDS gateway timeline as: <KO><SI>\<PA>_<AA>/<PR><J1>&<FS>. The downward slope represents the target cascade systems engineering process. The upward slop is the verification process. The FPDS process of cascading targets from Systems to sub-systems to components before Systems V they are converted from targets to objectives. Part of the Systems V timing. Quality Program Activity Team. The team on a vehicle program which progresses the program quality deliverables and reports to the program steering team (PST). Former Ford CEO (c.1999-2002) who spearheaded the deployment of 6-Sigma across the organisation. http://www.arr.ford.com/ Analytical Reliability & Robustness. See also enCORE, SLAM, Auto-SLAM, QMC, DACE, EMARS. The top 30 or so critical systems in a vehicle program. These are assessed by a points scoring method regarding factors such as: Customer needs, Safety, Engineering complexity, New technology, Legislative developments. Also used in other contexts to represent highest priority items generically.
Sys Eng
Sys Eng Eng Sys Eng
Reliability DfSS Eng DfSS
ARR enCORE
Analytical Reliability & Robustness. See also enCORE, SLAM, Auto-SLAM, QMC, DACE, EMARS. A web based software toolkit to assist the Analytical Reliability & Robustness process.
http://www.arr.ford.com/ http://www.arr.ford.com/
Reliability DfSS DfSS
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6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word SLAM Auto-SLAM QMC DACE
Description SLAM: Successive Linear Approximation Method: a Web-based program to perform probabilistic analysis and AR&R assessment. Auto-SLAM: SLAM with integrated Web-based interface to perform AR&R using external code or explicit equation. QMC: Quasi Monte Carlo with integrated Web-based interface to perform AR&R using external code or explicit equation. Design and Analysis of Computer Experimentation (DACE) for building Nonlinear Emulator Model. Part of AR&R. Includes: Design of Computer Experiment: AOSCE Analysis of Computer Experiment: EMARS Design of Computer Experiment. See AOSCE. Part of DACE & AR&R. Analysis of Computer Experiment: See EMARS. Part of DACE & AR&R. LHS:Adaptive Optimal Sampling for Computer Experimentation: A Web-based program to adaptively generate optimal samples for computer experiments. Part of DACE & AR&R. EMARS:Enhanced Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline. Part of DACE & AR&R. Component Program Module Team Y=f(x). Identifying the material relationship between measurable inputs and customer critical to satisfaction (CTS) key charactyeristics. Malfunction Indicator Light R&R Quality & Reliability. See also R&R. Selecting optimal x value which provides maximum worst case Y response having giben consideration to to the variability of x. I,e, select so as to maximise Y=f(x) for all x +/- n-Sigma.
APQP Advanced Quality Planning. See APQP. Quick Service Fix Quality Data Cube: Customer data analysis incorporating both AWS warranty data and GQRS http://www.quality.ford.com/gqi/ TGW data. An open web based easy to access application providing information to support 6Sigma projects.
Hyperlink
MiniTab
Topics
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
DCE ACE AOSCE EMARS CPMT Transfer Function MIL Q&R Probabilistic Optimisation AQP QSF QDC Chi-Square Test
DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS Eng Variables DfSS Eng Reliability DfSS
QS
1. Test for goodness of fit between two discrete variables 2. Statistical Test for variance of a process to target variance. H0: 1=t. HA: 1t. If target falls between confidence intervals for then fail to reject H0.
Chi-Square
1.Stat>Table>Chi-sq. Stat>Basic>2Prop. Calc>Prob>Chi-sq. Calc>Rand>Chi-sq. 2.Stat>Basic>Disply
Individuals Chart PDMA CIE CIA CDPM CVA PD/MA DTD TRV CAB Events
IMR chart A Run Chart of individual values. Often displayed with a Moving Range chart. The "I" in an IMR chart. Product Development/Marketing Alignment. Alignment of PD and marketing brand positioning strategy. May be written as PD/MA. CDA Customer Information Evaluation. Same as CIA, CDA. CDA 1. Customer Information Analysis. Assessing the Voice of the Customer. Same as CIE, CDA. 2. Central Intelligence Agency
DfSS DfSS DfSS
Consumer Driven Predictive Modelling. GQRS ranking analysis. A DfSS step feeding into the Kano Model Kano model. Brand/Consumer Value Added Product Development/Marketing Alignment. Alignment of PD and marketing brand positioning strategy. May be written as PDMA. 1. Demand To Delivery. The full product realisation process from concept through design and development to product delivery. 2. Dock to dock time.
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
Target Reference Vehicle - target baseline vehicle design. Cut-Away Benchmarking. Partial teardowns of Ford & comp[etitive vehicles to cost or weight Benchmarking saving opportunities or improved system functionality. Total Cost Management TCM http://www.srl.ford.com/sitteam/sit.htm Structured Inventive Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT) is a creative structured problem solving technique. The SIT methodology deals with conceptual solutions to technological problems. Its purpose is to Thinking focus the problem solver on the essence of the problem, to overcome psychological barriers to creative thinking, to enable the discovery of inventive solutions. Uses Closed World Method or Particles Method to derive uniqueness from selected objects. Dimensionality, Pluralization & Redistribution are then used to define solution concepts for input to Generification. For origins see TRIZ.
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
TRIZ
Russian acronym for "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving". The forerunner of SIT (Structured Inventive Thinking). Developed in the 1950's by Henry Altshuller in the Soviet Union. Revised & simplified in Israel, enabling swifter learning with less reliance on external databases. See SIT.
Structured Inventive Thinking
DfSS
Closed World Method
Structured Inventive Thinking An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Use of Closed-World Diagram & Qualitative Change graphs to gain understanding of the system e.g. to identify conflicts to be resolved. Used before applying the SIT solution techniques of Uniqueness, Dimensionality, Pluralization & Redistribution. Used in preference to the Particles Method where there is a known solution technology to improve rather than a clean sheet approach.
DfSS
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6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Particles Method
Description Hyperlink MiniTab An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Applying Particles to Initial & Final States, Structured Inventive Thinking before drawining And/Or Tree to identify the necessaryproperties of the things that can be used to solve the problem. Used before applying the SIT solution techniques of Uniqueness, Dimensionality, Pluralization & Redistribution. Used in preference to the Closed World Method where there is free choice of solution technology rather than an existing solution to improve. The particles method requires some understanding of how to go about identifying the solution. Where this is not the case, the Closed World Method may be more effective. An Structured Inventive Thinking solution technique. Follows use of the Closed World Method Structured Inventive Thinking or the Particles Method. Used with the other SIT solution techniques of Dimensionality, Pluralization & Redistribution. An Structured Inventive Thinking solution technique. Follows use of the Closed World Method Structured Inventive Thinking or the Particles Method. Used with the other SIT solution techniques of Uniqueness, Pluralization & Redistribution. An Structured Inventive Thinking solution technique. Follows use of the Closed World Method Structured Inventive Thinking or the Particles Method. Used with the other SIT solution techniques of Uniqueness, Dimensionality & Redistribution. An Structured Inventive Thinking solution technique. Follows use of the Closed World Method Structured Inventive Thinking or the Particles Method. Used with the other SIT solution techniques of Uniqueness, Dimensionality & Pluralization. An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). See Structured Inventive Thinking.
Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking
Topics
DfSS
Uniqueness Dimensionality Pluralization Redistribution Generification SIT
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Part of the Closed World Method. Closed World Diagram Qualitative Change An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Part of the Closed World Method. Graph An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Part of the Particles Method. And/Or Tree
PDL eFDVS DVM RDM 2 Variances
Product Direction Letter. A formal statement of vehicle program scope, targets and financials. The web interface to the FDVS system. Design Verification Method Reliability Demonstration Matrix
A Hypothesis Test for assessing homogeneity of the variances of 2 samples. FDVS DfSS DfSS Hypothesis Test Process Capability Stat>Basic>2 Variances Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y...
Baseline Capability Starting Process capability. Before process improvements are made. Same as Zbench. May bes
expressed as Short or long term capability. See also Final Capability, Baseline DPMO.
Final Capability Z-Value GPMS
Process capability after process improvements are made. Same as Z???. May bes expressed Process Capability as Short or long term capability. See also Baseline Capability. Z-score The Z-value is the normal approximation test statistic used in the one-proportion testing procedure. Nothing to do with Z-Score. PCM Land Rover Group Problem Management System. LR Warranty & problem management system. GPMS was developed initially as a standalone problem logging, reporting and control system. It is used in support of the Problem Definition and Closure steps of the overall process (i.e. the front and back end of the change management process). See also PCM, ECM. Land Rover Land Rover Problem and Change Management has two meanings. In the context of a business process it is used to refer to the entire change management cycle and as such GPMS is a supporting IT tool to the PCM process. In the context of an IT Tool. PCM is the name given to the Solution Management elements of the process and is interfaced electronically with GPMS and GBOM (Group Bill of Material). See also ECM. Electronic Change Management is the term developed to resolve the confusing abiguity described above and to herald the shift from paper based change management to a paperless process. ECM therefore describes the new business process, reserving the PCM and GPMS labels for the IT support tools.
ECM
Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp y...
LR PCM
LR LR
ECM
GPMS
LR
GBOM SAM SLI LRCPA REA ODI
WERS Land Rover Group Bill Of Material system. Equivalent of Ford WERS system. Single Agenda for Manufacturing Safety Leadership Initiative Land Rover Consumer Product Audit: method of identifying product concerns at the assembly FCPA plants that could negatively impact customer satisfaction. LR equivalent of FCPA.
LR LR LR
Reliability Evaluation Assessment (?) as measured by the Reliability Evaluation Index. A TGW equivalent measure of customer satisfaction at 0, 6,000 and 15,000 miles in service. NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation Consumer Complaints Database
LR
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/complain/index.cfm
CCD
NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation Consumer Complaints Database
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/complain/index.cfm
NHTSA
US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
49
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word DOT CtW WAA MQ CQTS CAVIAR SRO B/S Market Build World Build WR Cat '1' Cat '2' Cat '3' MPP FPU %FPU %CPU Veh Comp %Incidence PCV Profiles01
Description Hyperlink US Department of Transportation Cost to Warranty. LR COPQ measure of %CPU. CtW = 1.3*PartCost + Handling + Markup + Supplement + CPW handling + Landing + Labour + Other charges! Land Rover Warranty Analysis Application sfag Land Rover Marque: LN=Freelander, LD=Defender, LJ/LT=Discovery 1/2, LH/LP=Range Rover Classic, LM=New Range Rover (L322). See also sfag. Customer Quality Tracking Survey (?) by Research International. Previous Rover customer survey. Similar to GQRS. Previous Rover warranty system Standard Repair Operations. A description of the work undertaken by the dealer. Batch Sample The number of vehicles despatched to a given market regardless of whether they have been sold. See also World Build. The number of vehicles despatched to all markets regardless of whether they have been sold. See also Market Build. Warranty Returns LR warranty return assessed as the reponsibility of the supplier. See also Cat '2', Cat '3'. LR warranty return assessed as the reponsibility of the producer (Land Rover). See also Cat '1', Cat '3'. LR warranty return assessed as No Fault Found (NFF). See also Cat '1', Cat '2'. Months Past Production. A BMW, and hence, Land Rover, measure of Time In Service. See also MIS. Faults Per Unit. LR FPU = # incidents / sample size. See also %FPU, %Incidence. Faults Per Unit expressed as a percentage of all vehicles produced. LR %FPU = (# incidents / sample size) * 100 See also %Incidence. Cost Per Unit. LR Warranty: Cost of repair per unit. See also CPU. Expressed in GBP pence for Land Rover. E.g. CPU 33 = 33p per vehicle. %CPU = (Sum of costs on incidents () / sample size) * 100. Vehicles Completed. Number of vehicles despatched to a market which have reached a given time in service (MIS) in a LR warranty report. % of vehicles on which a particular problem occurs. E.g. %Incidence = 3% for fault type '6S1' @ 3 MIS means that 3% of that vehicle type are suffering from a '6S1' failure by 3 MIS. Same as %FPU, IPV. Percentage Clean Vehicles. % of vehicles built which have no warranty faults at given time in Yield service. PCV = 100 * (Vehicles built - Vehicles with claims) / Vehicles built . See also Yield, RTY, FTT. A tabulated report of LR warranty data for a given marque & fault code. For each build month and TIS (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 MIS etc) this shows three figuresfor the chosen report out: FPU: Incidents, Veh Comp, FPU. CPU: Cost (), Veh Comp, %CPU (pence)
CPU Cost Per Vehicle. In Land Rover this is expressed as Cost in Pence pr Vehicle. Same as CPU. MQ Land Rover market code. eg 500=UK, 265=USA, 10=Australia, 32=Canada, 128=Japan. See also MQ. DCOV DfSS project phases: Identify, Design, Optimise, Verify. SSA definition of the DfSS project phases. See DCOV for Ford DfSS project phases. Design The first phase of the SSA DfSS IDOV project methodology. IDENTIFY represents market needs, customer requirements (CTS), regulatory requirements, process optimization requirements, sub-system design requirements, etc. It can occur in a variety situations and phases. The data should be in a ranking format (Ordinal scale) to permit some cost and performance trade-off decisions to be made. Proceeds the Design, Optimization & Verification phases. In the Ford DfSS methodology the 1st step is Define and the 2nd step is Characterize.
MiniTab
Topics
LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR
LR
LR LR
LR
LR
CPV sfag IDOV Identify
LR LR DfSS DfSS
Design
The second phase of the SSA DfSS IDOV project methodology. DESIGN, represents both the initial concept generation or any re-designs required accommodating technology limitations. Follows Identify and proceeds the Optimization & Verification phases. In the Ford DfSS methodology the 1st step is Define and the 2nd step is Characterize.
Optimize
DfSS
MAIC QCS QCS&PM CRT Soft Failure Hard Failure DVP&PV DPV QRSOW LEA QRP
DMAIC The formally defined steps in the DMAIC process. Quality and Customer Satisfaction. Top level Ford Global Quality meeting. Ford Financial Quality, Customer Satisfaction & Process Management Component Review Team Failures can be either SOFT (degraded performance to an unacceptable level) and/or HARD (product function ceases). Failures can be either SOFT (degraded performance to an unacceptable level) and/or HARD (product function ceases). DVP Design Verification, Production and Process Validation Production Daily Planning Volumes Quality / Reliability Statement Of Work. Detailed expectations of supplier in meeting Ford quality processes. Lead Engineering Activity Quality Review Process
DfSS
Sys Eng
Eng
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6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word PCC P-Diagram VSM Beer Viable System Model Viable
Description Proactive Customer Call. A form of customer satisfaction quality survey. See also GQRS. See P Digram. Viable System Model developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Recursion, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. 1. Stafford Beer, developer of the Viable System Model (VSM). 2. An intoxicating beverage. The cause of much variability in human behaviour. Viable System Model developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Recursion, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. Hyperlink
GQRS P Diagram Viable VSM Viable Sys Eng
MiniTab
Topics
A system able to maintain a separate existence. An organization is viable if it can survive in a Recursion given environment. Part of the Viable System Model (VSM) developed by Stafford Beer. See also Recursion, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. The situation where a sub-system, organization has an identical system model to the parent and is itself viable. E.g. A viable foetus within its' mother's womb. Part of the Viable System Model (VSM) developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. The property of a system whose logic closes in on itself: each part makes sense precisely in terms of the other parts. Self-reference supports Identity & self-awareness, facilitiates selfrepair and explains recursion. Part of the Viable System Model (VSM) developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Recursion, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram.
Self-Reference
Recursion
Sys Eng
Self-Reference
Homeostasis
Sys Eng
Homeostasis
The stability of a system's internal environment, despite having to cope with an unpredictable Invariant external environment. The same principle as Robustness. Part of the Viable System Model (VSM) developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Recursion, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. A factor which is unaffected by all the changes around it. I.e. one which demonstrates total homeostatsis / robustness. e.g. the speed of light or ! Part of the Viable System Model (VSM) developed by Stafford Beer. See also Viable, Recursion, Self-Reference, Homeostasis, Invariant, P Diagram. The science of effective organization and management. The manager's perogative: To organize effectively.See also: Viable System Model. 1. The greek letter Pi. 2. The ratio of the circumferance of a circle to its diameter. = 3.14159265358979... Assessing the value functions of a system or component design vs. their costs. Used to support Value Engineering. Value Engineering. Using the output from Value Analysis to determine the optimal cost / function effective engineered solution for a component or system. Value Analysis / Value Engineering. Living Systems Theory of organisational behaviour by James Miller. See also VSM, Cybernetics. A Dynamic System with a highly complex logical relation of function to purpose. See also Static System. 1. See Engineered System Model, P Diagram. 2. See Viable System Model. The Viable System which is the focus of an organizational or system study. There will be other chains of systems above and below this. A chain of systems which, in the Viable Systems Model, demonstrate recursion of the system model at each level. More generically, the inputs & outputs at each level may be equated to the Y=f(X) cascade. Hazard Interval. See also Hi: Cumulative Hazard. Cumulative Hazard. See also hi: Hazard Interval. See Variance Inflation Factor. A measure of the magnitude of multicollinearity. VIF quantifies how much the variance of an estimated regression coefficient increases if the predictors are correlated. Regression coefficients are copnsidered poorly estimated if VIF exceeds 5 or 10. Collect additional data or use alternative predictors to overcome multicollinearity. For variable i: VIFi = 1 / (1-R21,2,...i) where R is the correlation matrix of input variables. Multi-variate ANalysis Of Variariances. See ANOVA. Vehicle mileage at time of fault, in 1000's of miles. Mean Life. Average product life before failure. Same as Mean Time Before / To Failure (MTTF / MTBF). See also MLR. Average product life before failure. Same as Mean Time Before / To Failure (MTTF / MTBF). See also MLR. Locally Weighted Scatter plot Smoother. An algorithm for smoothing the graphical display of data. Generally helpful on gently sloping data. Incidence in Percent of Vehicles. Same as %incidence. See also FPV. The initial or starting value e.g. of the Process Capability or DPMO. A commonly used term in American English, less common in general usage in British English. Quality Audit Survey. 12 & 36 MIS customer satisfaction / TGW survey. See GQRS.
VSM
Sys Eng
Invariant
Sys Eng
Cybernetics
VSM
Sys Eng Symbol
Value Analysis VE Value Engineering VA/VE LST Purposive System System Model System In Focus Recursive Dimension hi Hi VIF Variance Inflation Factor
Value Engineering Value Engineering Value Analysis Value Analysis VSM Static System Engineered System Model Viable System Model Viable System Model
Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
Hazard Interval Cumulative Hazard Variance Inflation Factor Multicollinearity
MANOVA M1000 ML Mean Life LOWESS IPV Baseline QAS
ANOVA Eng MTBF MTBF Graph>e.g.Histogram %Incidence Baseline Capability GQRS Reliability Reliability
51
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word Goals
Description The 1st element of the GRPI leadership strategy: GOALS: Core Mission of Team - Performance Objectives * Goals are clear and people are committed to them See also Roles & Responsibilities, Processes, Interpersonal Relationships, 4P's, GOAL. The 2nd element of the GRPI leadership strategy: ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES: Allocation of Work - Role Responsibility & Work Processes * The work is organized in a way which clearly leads to accomplishing the teams goals * There is maximum use of the different resources of individuals on the team. * Everybody is clear about what responsibilities they have and the jobs they're supposed to do. * The leadership is shared. See also Goals, Processes, Interpersonal Relationships, 4P's. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
Roles & Responsibilities
Roles & Responsibilities
Processes
Processes
Interpersonal Relationships The 3rd element of the GRPI leadership strategy: PROCESSES: Team Processes - Decision Making, Problem Solving, Conflict Management & Communications * Decisions are made based on who has the expertise and best information, not on hierarchy or authority * Conflict on the team is confronted openly and constructively. See also Goals, Roles & Responsibilities, Interpersonal Relationships, 4P's.
Interpersonal Relationships
The 4th element of the GRPI leadership strategy: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS: * There is trust and openness in communication and relationships. * Time is taken to examine our process (how we are relating to each other, communicating, handling conflict, etc.) in order to improve the way we work. * Flexibility, sensitivity to the needs of others, and creativity are encouraged. See also Goals, Roles & Responsibilities, Processes, 4P's.
GRPI
FTPM Particle Smart Little People Dumb Little People Magic Devices ELP Evil Little People Functional Relationship Diagram Function Diagram
Ford Total Preventative Maintenance Magic' devices invoked to find conceptual problem solutions. Used in the SIT Particle Method. Particles Method Helps capture vague ideas. Supports the thinking process that Function Follows Form TRIZ name for Particles. An SIT technique. A more apt desciption of Particles than TRIZ's Smart Little People Same as Particles. An SIT technique. Evil Little People. An extension of the SIT Particles Technique technique to diagnose root causes. An extension of the SIT Particles Technique technique to diagnose root causes. See SIT Closed World Method.
Particle Particle Particle Particles Method Particles Method Structured Inventive Thinking
DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
See SIT Oval Wheels notes.
Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking Structured Inventive Thinking Closed World Method Repeatability Reproducability Repeatability Reproducability Non-Parametric Distribution Non-Parametric Distribution Non-Parametric Distribution
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R
Qualitative Change An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Part of the Closed World Method. Diagram An element of Structured Inventive Thinking (SIT). Part of the Particles Method. And/Or Diagram CW EV
Closed World. See Closed World Method & Closed World Diagram. An SIT concept.
Equipment Variation in a Gage R&R study. Same as Repeatability. See also Assessor Variation. Assessor Variation in a Gage R&R study. Same as Reproducability. AV See also Equipment Variation. Equipment Variation Equipment Variation in a Gage R&R study. Same as Repeatability. See also Assessor Variation.
Assessor Variation Non-Parametric Nonparametric Parametric NIST
Assessor Variation in a Gage R&R study. Same as Reproducability. See also Equipment Variation. Data or tests which do not assume any specific distribution. See Non-Parametric Distribution, Non-Parametric test. Data or tests which do not assume any specific distribution. See Non-Parametric Distribution, Non-Parametric test. Data or tests which are based on given distribution - usually the Normal Distribution. See also Non-Parametric Distribution, Non-Parametric test. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Founded in 1901, NIST is a nonregulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to develop and promote measurements, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. See also Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Same as Measurement System Analysis. See Gage R & R. A weighted average of the standard deviation of each subgroup. The pooled standard deviation provides an overall measure of the average spread of individual data points about their subgroup mean. Used as Gage R&R Reppeatability measure. E.g. The average std dev of the following samples is the same a "I" rather than wider:| I I |-----I--------| I I 52
www.nist.gov
Gage R&R Gage R&R Stat>Quality>Gage Stat>Quality>Gage Gage R&R Gage R&R
Measurement System Evaluation Pooled Standard Deviation
6-Sigma Glossary
Key Word GOAL Baldrige
Description Growth Opportunity Alliance of Lawrence. Publishers of the 6-Sigma and Quality Tools "Memory Jogger" The Baldrige National Quality Program and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). An endeavour to promote performance excellence among U.S. manufacturers, service companies, educational institutions, and health care providers; conducts outreach programs and recognizes performance excellence and quality achievement; The Baldrige National Quality Program and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award of the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). An endeavour to promote performance excellence among U.S. manufacturers, service companies, educational institutions, and health care providers; conducts outreach programs and recognizes performance excellence and quality achievement; Rover Integrated Manufacturing Engineering System. Land Rover system for managing process sheets (Engineering Operation Standards / EOS's) and process assignment information. Engineering Operation Standard. Land Rover manufacturing process sheet. Managed in RIMES. EOS. Land Rover manufacturing process sheet. Managed in RIMES. Hyperlink MiniTab Topics
www.nist.gov
Malcolm Baldrige
www.nist.gov
EOS
RIMES EOS Engineering Operation Standard Back To Mark
RIMES RIMES
A bolt torque measuring method by detorquing "Back to Mark": Mark the current position on the bolt and surround. Loosen bolt. Retighten "back to mark" Record torque needed to get back to original position. This is the most informative detorque reading. See also Crack On.
Crack On
Eng
Crack On
Back To Mark A bolt torque measuring method by Cracking On beyond the current position. Apply incremental torque until bolt moves. This is a more resource efficient method but is less informative of the existing relaxed torque condition than is the Back to Mark method.
Eng
RTV PUB No QAT
Room Temperature Vulcanizing. A type of silicon rubber sealant. LR Power Unit Build Number: Engine derivative / configuration code LR Quality Action Team
Eng Eng
53
6-Sigma Glossary
Yield Process Capability Gage R&R Variables & Attributes
DOE
Symbol Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
Symbol
Symbol DOE
Gage R&R
Symbol Hyp Test
Hyp Test Gage R&R Warranty
Hyp Test
54
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Hyp Test Hyp Test
C&E
Variables
Sys Eng
Variables
Gage R&R Variables Warranty
Symbol Variables
Hyp Test
Hyp Test
Hyp Test Gage R&R
55
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Variables
DOE
Eng Eng Variables Reliability
C&E C&E C&E
Symbol Symbol
Cp Cp
Variables
Gage R&R Variables Variables Variables Variables
C&E C&E
Warranty Warranty
56
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE
Hyp Test
C&E
DOE
Hyp Test
Variables
Variables
57
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Variables DOE
Gage R&R
Cp
Cp
Cp
58
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Cp
Cp
LR
Variables
C&E
Symbol Symbol
Variables
59
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS DfSS
Land Rover
Variables
Variables
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
DOE
Symbol
Symbol Variables DOE DOE
60
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE
Hyp Test
DOE Variables C&E
Warranty
Yield
Yield
Yield C&E
61
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Hyp Test
Yield DOE
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gage R&R
62
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R Symbol Symbol Hyp Test Hyp Test
C&E
Hyp Test
Variables
Variables DOE
DOE
Symbol
63
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
C&E
Warranty Warranty
Hyp Test
Gage R&R
Cp
Symbol
Yield
64
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Symbol
Symbol
Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Symbol
Symbol
Yield
65
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Hyp Test
Symbol
Gage R&R
DOE
Variables Gage R&R
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Variables
Gage R&R
66
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Vehicle Test
Hyp Test
Cp
Cp
Cp
Cp
Gage R&R
Variables
67
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Variables
Cp
Cp
Gage R&R
Hyp Test Gage R&R Gage R&R
Hyp Test Hyp Test
68
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Hyp Test
Sys Eng
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Symbol Symbol
C&E
Variables
69
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Hyp Test Gage R&R Reliability
Gage R&R Gage R&R DOE
Gage R&R Gage R&R
DOE
Gage R&R
DOE
Variables Yield
Yield
Gage R&R Gage R&R
Symbol Symbol
70
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Yield
Gage R&R
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
Gage R&R
Symbol Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Gage R&R Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
Gage R&R
Cp
Cp
71
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Variables
Symbol
Variables
C&E
Warranty
Cp
Variables
72
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Gage R&R Variables
Variables
DOE
Symbol
Gage R&R
73
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R Gage R&R Hyp Test
Gage R&R
Hyp Test Hyp Test Hyp Test Symbol
Variables
Sys Eng
Gage R&R Variables Gage R&R Variables Variables
Gage R&R
Warranty
Warranty Variables
74
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect Warranty
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Variables Variables Variables
Symbol Symbol
Variables Yield Yield Symbol Symbol
Yield
Yield Yield Yield Variables
Symbol Symbol Symbol
Symbol
Cp
Symbol
Cp Cp Cp
Cp Cp Cp
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
Cp Cp
75
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Hyp Test
Gage R&R Gage R&R Cp Cp Gage R&R
Cp
Cp Symbol Reliability
Vehicle Test DOE
Symbol
DOE
76
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE
DOE DOE
DOE
DOE DOE DOE Symbol
DOE
DOE DOE DOE DOE
DOE DOE DOE DOE DOE DOE
DOE DOE DOE DOE DOE
77
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE
DOE
DOE
DOE
Reliability
Reliability
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Reliability
DOE
78
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Reliability
Reliability
Reliability
Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability Symbol Hyp Test Reliability
Symbol Reliability
Reliability Variables Reliability
Reliability Reliability Reliability Warranty
Warranty
79
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE DOE DOE
DOE DOE
DOE
DOE
DOE DOE
Symbol
Resolution Resolution Resolution
Resolution
EVOP
PLEX
80
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Symbol
DOE
81
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Lean
Lean
Lean
Lean
82
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg Lean
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Lean
C&E
Lean
Lean
83
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg Lean
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Lean Lean
Lean
Lean
Lean
Lean
Lean Lean Lean
Lean
Lean Lean Lean Lean
Lean Lean
84
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
85
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Sys Eng Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Gage R&R
DOE Reliability Reliability Reliability
Reliability
86
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Reliability
Reliability
Reliability Reliability Reliability
Reliability
87
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Yield Yield Reliability Reliability Symbol C&E
Symbol
Sys Eng
88
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Reliability
Symbol
89
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
90
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Cp
Cp
91
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Cp
Cp
Cp
Cp Cp Cp
Cp
Cp Cp
Cp
Cp Cp
Symbol
92
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
Gage R&R
93
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DOE
DOE DOE DOE DOE
DOE
DOE Sys Eng DOE
Eng Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
DOE DOE
DOE DOE
Symbol 94
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Symbol Symbol
Symbol Eng
Eng
Eng Eng
Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol
95
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Gage R&R
DfSS
96
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
97
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS
DOE
DfSS
DfSS
Sys Eng
Sys Eng Eng Sys Eng
DfSS Reliability Eng DfSS
DfSS Reliability DfSS
98
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
Land Rover
DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS Eng Variables Eng Reliability DfSS DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS
DfSS
99
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS DfSS
Land Rover
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS
DfSS DfSS
Cp
Cp
LR
LR
LR LR LR
LR
LR
100
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR
LR
LR LR
LR
LR
LR LR LR
Sys Eng
Eng
101
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng
Sys Eng Symbol Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng Sys Eng
Eng Reliability Reliability
102
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS DfSS
DfSS DfSS DfSS
Gage R&R Gage R&R
103
6-Sigma Glossary
DOE
Symbol
Warranty Effect
Cause &
Lean Mfg
Systems Eng
DfSS
Land Rover
Eng
Eng
Eng Eng
104

6 Sigma Glossary

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6 Sigma Glossary

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6-Sigma Glossary

Key Word 80:20

See Pareto Diagram

Ref.: 61505142.xls Vn 6.0d Sorted Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:26

Variables & Attributes

Engineeri Vehicle ng Test

Ref.: 61505142.xls Vn 6.0d Sorted Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:27

Symbol Symbol Symbol Symbol

Symbol Stat>DOE>Factorial> DOE Create>2Level Stat>ANOVA>1way.1 wayUnstck..Bal..GLM

5.15*Sigma 5M's and a P

See Pareto Diagram

Pareto Diagram Alpha Risk Alpha Risk Symbol Hyp Test

Risk ABC Flowcharter ABSCISSA ACCEPTANCE REGION Accuracy ACES-II

See ALPHA RISK.

AIAG Alpha Risk

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ASQC Assignable Cause

American Society for Quality Control

ASSIGNABLE VARIATIONS Attribute

Gage R&R Variables Warranty

Symbol Hyp Test Variables

F-Test DPMO CAB Events

Stat>ANOVA>EqualV Hyp Test ariances

Stats>QualityStats>G Gage R&R ageLinearity

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Stat > DOE > Create Factorial Design

Bonus Parts Boundary BPM BPU C

Eng Eng F/C Variables Reliability QS

C & E Chart C & E Diagram C & E Matrix C CHARTS c2

Process Capability Process Capability

Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y Stat>Quality>Capabilit Cp PCM y

Category CAUSALITY CAUSATIVE Cause Cause & Effect Diagram

Gage R&R Variables Variables Variables C&E

Stat>Quality>Cause& Variables C&E Effect

CC Code CCC CD6S

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Central Limit Theorem

Calc>MakePattern>Si mple Manip>Unstack Calc>Calc>rmean

CENTRAL TENDENCY CENTRE LINE

2.Stat>Table>Chi-sq. Hyp Test Stat>Basic>2Prop. Calc>Prob>Chi-sq. Calc>Rand>Chi-sq. 3.Stat>Basic>Disply

CI CLASSIFICATION CLT Cluster Sample

Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot

Central Limit Theorem

CCC CC Prediction Interval Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot. Stat>BasicStats>1or2 Proportion

CONFIDENCE LEVEL CONFIDENCE LIMITS Confounding

Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot Stat>Regression>Fitte d Line Plot DOE

Ref.: 61505142.xls Source - Do Not Sort Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:27

In Control Control Limit

CONTROL SPECIFICATIONS Controllable

Specifications called for by the product being manufactured.

Stats>BasicStat>Corr Gage R&R elation Stats>Regression>Fitt ed Line etc.

LSL Cpk. Also shown as Cpk(LSL)=(Xbar-LSL)/3. See also Cpk 7

Ref.: 61505142.xls Source - Do Not Sort Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:27

Critical X's CSI

CSI-2 CT Matrix CT Tree CTC CTD CTP CTQ

C & E Matrix CTQ CTQ

CTQ CT Matrix CT Matrix CCC

Defect Opportunity Define Phase Degrees Of Freedom

Demerits DENSITY FUNCTION DEPENDENT VARIABLE Detection DF DFMEA

Ref.: 61505142.xls Source - Do Not Sort Printed 06/24/2011 10:01:27

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE Discrim Discrimination

Gage R&R Gage R&R

dof Distinct Category