KVH TI Folder en Web3 02

1 Technical Information - Issued 12/2009
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
KVH
, DuObALKEN
, TRIObALKEN
KVH
2 Technical Information - Issued 12/2009 Technical Information - Issued 12/2009 3

Contents
1 A high-precision material 3
2 Production and technical characteristics 5
3 Requirements and felds of application 6
4 Product range and preferred cross-sections 8
5 Dimensioning
5.1 Dimensioning principles in accordance with DIN 1052 9
5.2 Example calculations for a timber beam ceiling 12
6 Dimensioning reference tables 16
6.1 Cross-sectional values and dimensioning values 17
6.2 Ceiling beam cross-sections 18
6.3 Post cross-sections 26
6.4 Rafter cross-sections 27
7 Context provided by current standards 30
8 Tenders and principles of standards 32
9 Quality assurance and marking 34
10 Advantages of KVH
, Duobalken
and Triobalken
36
1 A high-precision material
Building with wood has a long tradition. Over the
thousands of years of mans development, build-
ings constructed of wood have repeatedly proved
their value throughout the centuries, not only
for providing comfortable shelter but for their
durability as well.
Better than required by the standards
Technical directives, regulations relating to build-
ing physics, changes in attitudes to the use of
energy and more exacting quality standards for
housing all mean that the requirements to be
met by building materials are high. With the diver-
sifcation of the timber construction industry over
recent decades into timber frame building and
prefabricated timber panel construction, demand
for high-quality construction timber has grown
enormously. Modern timber construction requires
dimensionally stable, kiln-dried structural timber
with precise dimensions. As the production tech-
nology in carpenters shops has changed, with
CNC-controlled trimming lines now commonplace,
so materials with clearly defned specifcations
have become a precondition for smooth produc-
tion processes. This is also refected in the current
stipulations in the relevant standards.
The requirements set out in the agreement on
KVH structural timber are actually far more
stringent than those contained in the related
standards, as explained below.
Technological advantages
The development of KVH structural timber
and Duobalken and Triobalken beams means
that customers are now able to count on high-
precision materials which are available ex stock
in numerous dimensions and lengths in the form
of kiln-dried, dimensionally stable and planed or
exactly sized products.
KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken are protected
brand names. Quality controls during the produc-
tion of KVH structural timber are performed
according to the strict rules of the berwachungs-
gemeinschaft KVH, which also monitors that the
rules are properly followed. The quality control
stipulations of the monitoring group are set out
in an agreement made with the Federation of
German Master Carpenters (Bund Deutscher Zim-
mermeister [BDZ]). Duobalken and Triobalken
laminated beams must meet the requirements
for the general technical approval of the German
building authorities as assessed by the Deutsche
Institut fr Bautechnik (DIBt).
Publisher:
berwachungsgemeinschaft
KVH Konstruktionsvollholz e.V.
Elfriede-Stremmel-Str. 69
42369 Wuppertal - Germany
Tel. ++49 (0)700 - KVH DUO TRIO
or ++49 (0)700 - 58 43 866 87
Fax ++49 (0)0202 978 35 79
info@kvh.de
www.kvh.de und www.kvh.eu
Technical information:
bauart Konstruktions GmbH + Co. KG
Spessartstrae 13
36341 Lauterbach - Germany
www.bauart-konstruktion.de
Editorial offce:
Dr. - Ing. Tobias Wiegand
Layout:
radermacher schmitz pr
53639 Knigswinter- Germany
Photo credits
Cover, Page
7, 10, 21,
34-35:
berwachungsgemeinschaft
Konstruktionsvollholz e.V.
Page 2 : Residential, office and ex-
hibition building Landma-
schinen-fachbetrieb Rufer,
69198 Schriesheim/
Karla Rufer,
Susanne Jacob-Freitag,
76185 Karlsruhe
Page 4 : Residential building Schnei-
der: Bauer Holzbau GmbH,
74589 Satteldorf-Grningen/
Bjrn Rudnik Hausfotografie
Page 11,31 Libeskind Villa prototype;
Empfangsgebude der
Rheinzink GmbH & Co. KG:
Josef Pieper GmbH, Rheinzink,
45711 Datteln/ proportion
GmbH, 10245 Berlin
Page 12: Community center Diedorf:
mllerblaustein, BauWerk-
Partner, 89134 Blaustein
Page 15: House Thomas: Heinz-
Holzbauplanung & Zimmerei,
57299 Burbach/Hartwig Heinz
Page 27 top: Rettenmeier Holzindustrie
Hirschberg GmbH & Co. KG ,
07927 Hirschberg
bottom: Office building, Company E+K
Verwaltungs GmbH & Ko.KG:
Bauer Holzbau GmbH,
74589 Satteldorf-Grningen
Page 32: Residential building, Stimp-
fach: Bauer Holzbau GmbH,
74589 Satteldorf-Grningen/
Bjrn Rudnik Hausfotografie
Issued 12/2009
KVH structural timber
Solid timber for exposed and non-
exposed applications which is visually
graded or machine graded and is kiln-
dried, planed or exactly sized
1)
and co-
mes with defned dimensional stability.
As a general rule KVH is fnger-jointed.
It is normally supplied in lengths of 13
m, but longer lengths are available on
request.
1)
Exactly sized: Planed to size after
drying, without any guarantee of
smoothly planed out surfaces.
Duobalken und Triobalken
Laminated beams in accordance
with DIN 1052 which have the same
properties as KVH and are made of
either two or three individual lengths
of wood with identical cross-sections
which are glued together. The indivi-
dual lengths of wood are also fnger-
jointed like KVH. They are normally
supplied in lengths of 13 m, but longer
lengths are available on request.
Technical characteristics KVH Duobalken/Triobalken
Wood species Spruce. On request: Fir, pine, larch, Douglas fir
Grading class compliant with DIN 4074 S 10 (S 13 on request)
Strength classes and characteristics
*Deviation fromDIN 1052:2008-12
C24 / C30 in accordance with DIN 1052:2008-12
E
0,mean
= 11.000 N/mm E
0,mean
= 11.600 N/mm
Moisture content u
m
15 % 3 % 15%
Swelling and shrinkage ratio 0.24% per 1% change of wood moisture content
Reaction to fre class in accordance with DIN
EN 13501-1 and/or DIN 4102
D-s2, d0 or B2 (normal flammability)
Weight in accordance with DIN 1055-1 5 kN/m
Thermal conductivity 0.13 W / (mK)
Water vapor diffusion resistance factor 40
2 Production and technical characteristics
In the production of KVH, Duobalken and Trio-
balken, only softwood of the highest quality is
used for primary conversion to rough beams on
state-of-the-art chipper and circular saw lines. The
waste wood from the process, such as bark, chop-
ped wood and chips, is completely used up in the
generation of energy and in the production of pa-
per or derived timber products. After drying in fully
automated, computer-controlled kilns, the timber
is strength graded. Growth non-conformities which
could reduce the strength of the product are cut
out of the beams and the ends are then re-joined
with fnger-joints. This is an effective method for
the resource-saving utilization of the wood which
also results in optimized wood characteristics.
After the fnger-jointing (subject to length this
can be dispensed with on request) the pieces
of timber are cross cut to length and planed or
leveled to an exact size. For Duobalken and Trio-
balken beams this is followed by the gluing to-
gether of the individual laminations and further
planing. The products are cured and stored in air
conditioned storage buildings to ensure that the
beams are dry and dimensionally stable before
they are delivered. Every stage of production is
subject to permanent quality controls (internal
and external controls and inspections). The re-
sults of the controls and inspections are recorded
and evaluated in order to ensure that a consis-
tently high quality is guaranteed at all times.
Sustainability
Wood has the advantage over other construction
materials in ecological terms. In addition to its
unique selling point of being the only renewable
structural construction material to be available
in large quantities, the fact that it is also associa-
ted with short transportation distances, is easy
to work and is produced with no waste are just
some of the reasons why the production of timber
building components requires less energy input
than building components made of other materials.
Precision prefabrication and energy-effcient
construction
The high level of dimensional stability offered by
KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken is an important
prerequisite for effcient mechanical woodworking
in frms specializing in timber construction. With-
out these types of timber products it would not be
possible to use cost-saving CNC machines and
achieve a high degree of prefabrication.
Given the high standards that modern buildings
have to meet in terms of energy requirements,
the shells of buildings have to be permanently air-
tight. The building components must be fnished
to an exact ft and the usual moisture-related
changes in the shape of the wood must not com-
promise the airtightness. High-tech timber prod-
ucts such as KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken
make it possible to achieve airtight timber
buildings which are therefore energy-effcient and
have a high standard of heat insulation.
Healthy homes
The home stands for a feeling of well-being. KVH,
Duobalken and Triobalken not only create a
sense of comfort and well-being in the home,
they also give architects considerable freedom of
design. German builders of prefabricated houses
and numerous frms specializing in timber con-
struction make extensive use of KVH, Duobalken
and Triobalken in order to construct buildings
which are both spacious and cost-effective.
Table 2.1 - Elastomechanical and building physics characteristics
Table 3.1 - Requirements to be met by KVH structural timber in accordance with the inspection regulations and the agreement
between the Bund Deutscher Zimmermeister (BDZ) and berwachungsgemeinschaft Konstruktionsvollholz e.V.
Table 3.2 - Requirements to be met by Duobalken and Triobalken beams in accordance with the
general technical approval of the German building authorities as assessed by the Deutsche
Institut fr Bautechnik (Z-9.1-440 dated 30/01/2009).
Fields of application for KVH structural timber
Service Class (SC) 1 to 2 in accordance with DIN 1052 (see Table 3.3). Use in outside areas (SC 3) must be
checked in each individual case and is only possible if resistant species of wood are used (Larch/Doug-
las fr, sapwood-free), without fnger-jointing. Preservative treatment is not required for Use Class GK 0
according to DIN 68800 ("Protection of wood"). For GK 1 to 3 the need for preservative treatment can be
avoided by selecting species of suffcient natural durability, Where preservative treatment is required, in
particular for GK3, oil type preservative according to a technical approval should be used.
Fields of application for Duobalken and Triobalken beams
Service Class 1 and 2 in accordance with DIN 1052 (see Table 3.3). Preservative treatment is not required
for Use Class 1 regardless of the species of wood (danger of insect attack). Resistant species of wood
(larch/Douglas fr, sapwood-free) can be used for GK 2 in accordance with DIN 68800. Alternatively an ap-
proved oil type preservative can be applied.
Table 3.3 - Use classes
Grading criterion Requirements to be met by KVH structural timber Remarks
Exposed areas (KVH-Si) Non-exposed areas
(KVH-Si)
Grading class compliant
with DIN 4074-1
Min. S10TS;
C24 in accordance with DIN 1052
The decisive strength and stiffness properties are given in DIN 1052.
Moisture content 15% 3% The specified moisture content is a precondition for dispensing for the
most part with preservative treatment and can also be the precondition for
finger joint assembly.
Type of cutting Split-heart;
free-of-heart on request.
Split-heart Split-heart:
Given that the pith does not always automatically run through the middle
of the log, split-heart is defined as follows: For a log with an ideal growth
form, the pith would be cut through in two-strand cutting.
Free-of-heart: Heart plank with d 40 mm is removed
Wane Not permitted Measured at an angle
10% of the smaller
cross-section side

Dimensional stability of the
cross-section
DIN EN 336 Dimensional stability class 2:
w 100 mm: 1 mm
w > 100 mm: 1.5 mm
The dimensional stability for the longitudinal dimensions must be agreed
between the customer and supplier.
Knot condition Loose knots and dead
knots not permitted. Occa-
sional faulty knots or parts
of knots up to max. 20 mm
in diameter are permitted
DIN 4074-1
Grading class S10
Replacement with natural wood dowels is permitted. Maximum of 2 adja-
cent to each other permitted for Si.
Knot diameter ratio S 10: A 2/5
S 13: A 1/5 not exceeding 70 mm
Knot diameter ratio A is determined in accordance with DIN 4074-1. The
following applies for mechanical grading:
Knot sizes are not taken into consideration for KVH-NSi
A 2/5 applies for KVH -Si
Ingrown bark Not permitted DIN 4074-1
Cracks, radial cracks caused
by shrinking
(shrinkage shakes)
Width of the crack w must
be 3% of the respective
cross-section width
DIN 4074-1 For Si the requirements are higher than those applicable to grading class
S10 in accordance with DIN 4074-1.
Pitch pockets Width w 5 mm Additional criterion
Discoloration Not permitted DIN 4074-1 For Si the requirements are higher than those applicable to grading class
S10 in accordance with DIN 4074-1
Insect attack Not permitted DIN 4074-1 For Si the requirements are higher than those applicable to grading class
S10 in accordance with DIN 4074-1
Twisting - - The permissible extent of twisting is not specified in further detail because
no unacceptable twisting is to be expected if all the other criteria are
complied with
Longitudinal warping 8 mm/2 m for split-heart
cutting
4 mm/2 m for heart-free
cutting
8 mm/2 m for split-
heart cutting
In comparison: In accordance with DIN 4074-1 S10 and S13: 8 mm/2 m
Finishing of the ends Trimmed perpendicular
Surface quality Planed and chamfered Leveled and chamfered
Finger-jointing DIN EN 385
Grading criterion Requirements to be met by Duobalken
and Triobalken beams
Remarks
Exposed areas Non-exposed areas
Technical standard General technical approval of the German
building authorities No. Z 9.1-440
Modulus of elasticity II to
fber
E
0,mean
= 11.600 N/mm
2
Higher value compared to solid timber C24 in
accordance with DIN 1052.
Grading class compliant with
DIN 4074-1
Min. S10TS;
C24 in accordance with DIN 1052
The decisive strength and stiffness proper-
ties are given in DIN 1052.
Moisture content um Max. 15% Precondition for gluing
Dimensional stability of the
cross-section
DIN EN 336, Dimensional stability class
2 w 100 mm 1 mm w > 100 mm 1.5
mm
The dimensional stability for the longitudinal
dimensions must be agreed between the
customer and supplier.
Twisting 4 mm/2 m In comparison: DIN 4074-1:
S 10: 8 mm/2 m
Longitudinal warping 4 mm/2 m In comparison: DIN 4074-1:
S 10: 8 mm/2 m
Surface quality Planed and cham-
fered
Leveled and cham-
fered
The right-hand sides (sides adjacent to the
heart) must face outwards
Finishing of the ends Trimmed perpendicular
Finger-jointing DIN EN 385
Service classes in accor-
dance with DIN 1052
Use class in accordance with
DIN 68800
Example of normal
application
Use of KVH, Duobalken/Trio-
balken beams
SC 1 Dry areas u
m

12% (5 to 15%)
GK 0, GK 1 where accessible
to insects
Building components enclo-
sed on all sides and heated
KVH, Duobalken, Triobalken
SC 2 Areas susceptible
to high humidity u
m

20% (10 to 20%)
GK 2 where temporary humi-
dity is possible
Protected building compon-
ents in a carport structure
KVH, Duobalken, Triobalken
beams made of larch/Douglas
fir heartwood
SC 3 Outside areas u
m

> 20% (12 to 24%)
GK 3 for outside areas expo-
sed to the weather
Unprotected building com-
ponents, balcony structures
1)
KVH made of larch/Douglas
fir heartwood without finger-
jointing*
3 Requirements and felds of application
* An additional requirement for preserva-
tive treatment for GK 3 must be decided in
each individual case
Spruce
Larch
Douglas fr
Pine Fir
Dimensioning in accordance with DIN 1052:2008-12
- Design of timber structures - General rules and
rules for buildings
DIN 1052, which was frst issued in 1988 and was
comprised of parts 1 to 3 along with Amend-
ment A1 from 1996, was replaced in 2004 by a
completely revised version of the standard with
a new safety concept. The new one-part standard
was added to the German Model List of Acknowl-
edged Technical Rules for Works (Musterliste der
Technischen Baubestimmungen) and was also
later added to the technical rules for works in-
corporated in the building regulations of the Ger-
man federal states. Once the application of DIN
1052:2004-08 became mandatory, the European
dimensioning standard ENV 1995-1-1 (Euro Code
5) was withdrawn at national level.
Since then an updated version of the standard
has been introduced - DIN 1052:2008-12. This ver-
sion includes amendments and additions which
were found to be necessary after the introductory
phase of DIN 1052:2004-08. It has been incorpo-
rated in the building regulations and refects the
state-of-the-art in technology.
4 Product range and preferred cross-sections
Verifcation: E
d
R
d
Dimensioning value for strain: E
d
=
G
G
k
+ g
Q
Q
k

Dimensioning value for stress resistance:
R
d

=
kmod Rk

M
1
Dimensioning values indicated by
index d (design)
2
Characteristic values indicated by index k
KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken beams made
of the wood species spruce are available for im-
mediate delivery from stock in a wide range of
preferred cross-sections. The wood species pine
and fr and the more moisture-resistant species
larch and Douglas fr are available on request.
Cost savings with preferred cross-sections
Preferred cross-sections in the construction di-
mensions typically used in timber construction
enable major cost savings to be made. For frms
specializing in timber construction the stocks of
timber held by timber wholesalers save them the
need to maintain extensive stocks themselves,
giving them planning freedom without tying
down operating capital. Industrial production sys-
tems enable manufacturers to produce at low cost.
Timber also supplied cut to special dimensions
as listed
The organization of production is so fexible that
it is also possible to supply lengths cut to special
building-specifc dimensions "as listed". This
means that dried and dimensionally stable timber
can also be supplied where job order planning is
the preferred option.
Dimensions
The maximum available cross-sectional dimen-
sions of KVH structural timber are limited by
the kiln-drying and minimum split-heart cut-
ting requirements. With maximum dimensions
of approx. 14/26 cm, KVH structural timber is
capable of meeting most normal requirements,
e.g. for ceiling beam cross-sections. For larger
cross-sections or high requirements in terms of
appearance, Duobalken and Triobalken beams
are available, the cross-sectional dimensions of
which are subject to the limits set by the approval
by the German building authorities:
Duobalken w/h 16/28 cm (2 x 8/28 cm)
Triobalken w/h 24/28 cm (3 x 8/28 cm)
w/h 10/36 cm (3 x 10/12 cm)
5 Dimensioning
5.1 Dimensioning principles in accordance with DIN 1052
The new safety concept
Following the principles of European standards,
the latest version of DIN 1052 is no longer based
on a dimensioning method revolving around a
global safety factor within "permissible stresses".
For timber construction, as is the case with most
other construction materials, a semi-probabilistic
safety concept with partial safety factors is used
instead. The new standard also continues the
policy of differentiating between the verifca-
tions for load-bearing safety and serviceability
(defection, vibration). What has to be checked in
relation to the verifcation of load-bearing capac-
ity is that the dimensioning values
1
for the strain
(E
d
) do not in any dimensioning situation exceed
the dimensioning values for stress resistance
(building component resistance R
d
). The dimen-
sioning values are determined by multiplying
the characteristic
2
action from permanent and
variable loads (G
k
or Q
k
) by the partial safety fac-
tors
G
or
Q
. Similarly, the characteristic building
component resistance R
k
is reduced by a material
partial safety factor
M
.
Height (mm) 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Width (mm)
60
n n n n n n n n
80
n n n n n n n n
100
n n n n n n n n
120
n n n n n n
140
n n n n n n
160
n n n n
180
n n n n
200
n n n
240
n
Table 4.1 - Preferred KVH cross-sections for spruce/fr NSi
Height (mm) 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Width (mm)
60 n n n n n n n n
80 n n n n n n n n
100 n n n n n n n n
120 n n n n n n n
140 n n n n n n

Table 4.2 - Preferred cross-sections for
Duobalken/Triobalken for spruce/fr
n = NSi
= Si
- No cross-sections with a width of
more than 140 are listed because of
the technical drying process.
- The table is by no means complete,
as it is only meant to be an aid for
estimating the number of different
cross-sections.
- Preferred cross-sections for other
types of wood on request.
- Preferred cross-sections in visible
quality (Si) on request.
Preferred cross-sections for other types of wood on request.
In relation to the verifcations of load-bearing
capacity, factor k
mod
takes account of the particu-
lar material properties of the wood in depend-
ency on predominant climatic conditions and the
load duration. The climatic conditions are defned
within the framework of the service classes; see
the table on page 7. The modifcation factors k
mod

are set out in DIN 1052, Table F.1. Checks on service-
ability must take into account the deformation
factors k
def
contained in Table F.2 in DIN 1052,
which take account of the variations in creep
behavior in wood and derived timber products.
Characteristic strength and rigidity properties
Given that the dimensioning concept in the cur-
rent DIN 1052 is not based on global safety factors,
future calculations will no longer be based on
permissible stresses. The grading classes for sawn
structural timber in accordance with DIN 4074-1
are allocated to strength classes in DIN 1052, the
numerical value of which, i.e. 5% quantiles deter-
mined by tests, gives the characteristic bending
strength; see the table. The characteristic strength
and stiffness properties for wood and derived tim-
ber products are contained in Annex F to DIN 1052.
Other changes contained in DIN 1052:2008-12
compared to DIN 1052:1988 - 04/1996-10
In addition to a fundamentally changed dimen-
sioning concept, a whole range of new fndings
from research and development has also been
incorporated in the updated version of DIN 1052.
For example, the available options for providing
verifcations for timber connections have been
considerably extended. The positive effect of a
higher density can be taken into account in rela-
tion to the load-bearing capacity of fasteners and
the spacing of fasteners. Moreover, the standard
also contains a practical dimensioning method for
wall panels, ceiling sections and wall diaphragm.

1)
Specifcation of permissible bending
stress in accordance with the now obsolete
DIN 1052:1988/1996, where the permissible
B
= 10 N/mm.
2)
Specifcation of characteristic fexu-
ral strength in accordance with DIN
1052:2008-12, where f
m,k
= 24 N/mm
2
, which,
in contrast to the permissible
B
, does not
contain a global safety factor.
Wood species (softwood) Grading class in accordance with
DIN 4074-1
Strength class in accordance
with DIN 1052
Spruce, fr, pine, larch, douglas fr
S 7 TS
S 10 TS
1)

S 13 TS
C 16 TS
C 24 TS
2)
C 30 TS
Table 5.1 - Correspondence between grading classes and the strength classes defned in DIN 1052:2008-12
Duobalken Triobalken KVH
Table 5.2 - Load combinations for verifcations of load-bearing capacity
No. Combination Combination rule Dimensioning value Load duration class k
mod
LK 1 g 1.35 g
k
q
d
= 2.36 kN/m Long 0.60
LK 2 g + p 1.35 g
k
+ 1.5 q
k
q
d
= 6.56 kN/m Medium 0.80
LK 2 is clearly decisive in this case, and this is used for further consideration.
3. Characteristic strength and rigidity properties C 24
Characteristic bending stress f
m,k
= 24.0 N/mm
Characteristic shearing stress f
v,k
= 2.0 N/mm
Modulus of elasticity E
0,mean
= 11.000 N/mm
Dimensioning values for stress resistance
Modifcation factor for solid timber k
mod
= 0.80
Partial safety factor for wood
M
= 1.3
Dimensioning value for fexural strength f
m,d
= 0.8 24.0/ 1.3 f
m,d
= 14.8 N/mm
Dimensioning value for shear strength f
v,d
= 0.8 2.0 / 1.3 f
v,d
= 1.23 N/mm
4. Stresses - Internal forces and moments and reactions at support
Internal forces and moments per beam (e = 62.5 cm)
Reference moment for LK 2:
M
d
= q
d
l
/ 8 = 6.56 4.50
/ 8 0.625 M
d
= 10.38 kNm
Reference lateral force for LK 2:
V
d
= q
d
l / 2 = 6.56 4.50 / 2 0.625 V
d
= 9.23 kN
Characteristic reactions at support for the decisive LK 2:
End support A and B: A
g,k
= B
g,k
= 1.75 4.50 / 2 A
g,k
= 3.94 kN/m
A
q,k
= B
q,k
= 2.80 4.50 / 2 A
q,k
= 6.30 kN/m
DIN 1052, Table F.5
DIN 1052, Table F.1
(SC 1, load duration class: medium)
R
d

=
kmod Rk

M
l = 4.50 m
Results from the following dimen-
sioning reference tables are shown in
boxes with a green background
Strength class C24 corresponds to grading
class S 10 in accordance with DIN 4074-1;
see the table on page 8
q
k,N
= load for habitable rooms and offce
foorspace in accordance with DIN1055-3,
plus addition for partition walls of 0,8 kN/m
q
k,N
g
k
l
5.2 Example calculations for a timber beam ceiling
1. System, building component dimensions
Timber beam ceiling in the form of a
simply supported beam
Spacing between beams: e = 62.5 cm
Material: KVHstructural timber, C 24
2. Characteristic action
Permanent (dead loads) g
k
= 1.75 kN/m
Variable (live load including lightweight partition walls) q
k,N
= 2.80 kN/m
Results from dimensioning reference table 6.2.2 Ceiling beams, e = 62.5 cm, C24
For: l = 4.50 m
g
k
= 1.75 kN/m
Result A (without vibration
verifcation)
Result B (with simplifed vibration
verifcation)
q
k,N
= 2.80 kN/m KVH C24: 8/24 cm KVH C24: 12/24 cm
Alternative::
Duobalken,Triobalken C24: 14/22 cm
Two dimensioning situations have to be
examined: permanent and variable action
Load duration class in accordance with DIN
1052, Table 4
5. Preliminary estimate
Required section modulus:
W
y,req
= M
d
/ f
m,d
= 10.38 10/ 14.8 W
y,req
= 701 cm
Results from dimensioning reference table 6.1 (Cross-sec-
tional values):
For M
d
= 10.38 kNm Required w/h = 8/24 cm
6. Verifcations for the limit of load-bearing capacity state
Dimensioning value for bending stress:

m,y,d
= M
d
/ W
y
= 10.38 / 768 10

m,y,d
= 13.5 N/mm
Verifcation:
m,y,d
=
13.5

= 0.91 < 1
m,d
14.8
Dimensioning value for shearing stress:

d
= 1.5 V
d
/ A = 1.5 9.23 / 192

d
= 0.72 N/mm
Verifcation:

d
=
0.72

= 0.59 < 1
v,d
1.23
7. Verifcations for the limit of serviceability state
According to DIN 1052, Section 9.2, the following three cases have to be examined each one is only shown
for variable action:
a) Limitation of defection as a result of variable loads (initial defection without creep infuences):
w
Q,inst
= w
Q,1,inst
+
0,2
w
Q,2,inst
l/300
b) Limitation of fnal defection with creep infuences as a result of all loads without consideration of
initial defection:
w
fn
w
G,inst
= w
G,inst
(1 + k
def
) + w
Q,1,inst
(1 +
2,1
k
def
) w
G,inst
l/200

c) Limitation of defection in the quasi-permanent dimensioning situation for guaranteeing general us-
ability and appearance:
w
fn
w
0
= w
G,inst
(1 + k
def
) + w
Q,1,inst

2,1
(1 + k
def
) w
0
l/200
Calculation of defection
E
0,mean
I
y
= 1.100 9.216 = 10.14 10
6
kNcm
w
Q,inst

=
5

g
k l
4

=
5

(1.75 0.625) 10
-2
450
4
= 0.58 cm
384 E
0,mean
I 384 10.14 10
6

w
G,fn
= w
G,inst
(1 + k
def
) = 0.58 (1 + 0.6) = 0.928 cm
w
Q,inst

=
5

g
k ,N
l
4

=
5

(2.80 0.625) 10
-2
450
4
= 0.92 cm
384 E
0,mean
I 384 10.14 10
6
Proof of defection
Case a) w
Q,inst
= 0.92 cm = l/489 < l/300
Case b) w
fn
w
G,inst
= 0.58 (1 + 0.6) + 0.92 (1 + 0.3 0.6) 0.58
= 1.43 cm = l/313 < l/200
Case c) w
fn
w
0
= 0.58 (1 + 0.6) + 0.92 0.3 (1 + 0.6) - 0
= 1.37 cm = l/329 < l/200
Simplifed vibration verifcation
(Limitation of defection as a result of quasi-permanent action to w = 6 mm in accordance with DIN 1052,
Section 9.3):
w = w
G,inst
+
2
w
Q,inst
= 0.58 + 0.3 0.92 = 0.86 cm
w = 8.6 mm > 6 mm (verifcation requirement not met)
Option 1:
Increase the moment of inertia / the beam width by 8.6/6 100 = 43%.
Comparison with the results from dimensioning reference table 6.2.2
For dimensioning criterion B: Required w/h = 12/24 cm
Option 2:
It is recommended that exact vibration verifcations be calculated, which should provide more cost-effec-
tive results. Suitable verifcation methods can be found, for example, in "Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004-
08" [1] ("Commentary on DIN 1052:2004-08").
Cross-sectional values for
w/h = 8/24 cm
A = 192 cm
2
W
y
= 768 cm
I
y
= 9.216 cm
See also [1]
in accordance with DIN 1055-
100 for live loads falling under Category A
or B (Habitable rooms, offce foorspace)
Here:
2,1
= 0.3
Deformation factor k
def
for permanent
action in accordance with DIN 1052, Table
F.2 for solid timber: k
def
= 0.6
Defection stiffness for cross-section
w/h = 8/24 cm
The natural frequency in the case of de-
fection criterion w 6 mm exceeds 8 H
z
;
this means that serviceability has been
verifed as a result.
References:
[1] Blas, H.J.; Ehlbeck, J.; Kreuzinger, H.;
Steck, G.: Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004-
08, Publisher: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Holzforschung, Munich, 2nd edition 2004.
The dimensioning reference tables are intended
to provide an aid for day-to-day work. With the
help of the tables it is possible to make quick
preliminary estimates for the common situations
associated with residential and administrative
buildings however, they cannot provide a substi-
tute for building-specifc statical verifcation. The
tables apply to applications covered by Service
Classes 1 and 2 (NKL 1 and 2) in accordance with
DIN 1052, with a medium load duration.
6.1 Cross-sectional values and design values of mechanical resistance
Table 6.1 - Cross-sectional values and design values of mechanical resistance for preferred cross-sections in strength class C24 (grad-
ing class S10)
1)
for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Solid timber cross-
section
w/d [cm]
Cross-sectional area
A [cm]
Section modulus
W
y
[cm
3
]
Moment of inertia
I
y
[cm
4
]
Design bending
moment
2)

M
R,d
[kNm]
Design shear force
V
R,d
[kN]
6/10 60 100 500 1.48 6.65
6/12 72 144 864 2.13 7.98
6/14 84 196 1372 2.89 9.30
6/16 96 256 2048 3.78 10.63
6/18 108 324 2916 4.79 11.96
6/20 120 400 4000 5.91 13.29
6/24 144 576 6912 8.51 15.95
8/12 96 192 1152 2.84 10.63
8/14 112 61 1829 3.86 12.41
8/16 128 341 2731 5.04 14.18
8/18 144 432 3888 6.38 15.95
8/20 160 533 5333 7.88 17.72
8/24 192 768 9216 11.34 21.27
10/10 100 167 833 2.46 11.08
10/16 160 427 3413 6.30 17.72
10/18 180 540 4860 7.98 19.94
10/20 200 667 6667 9.85 22.15
10/24 240 960 11520 14.18 26.58
12/12 144 288 1728 4.25 15.95
12/16 192 512 4096 7.56 21.27
12/20 240 800 8000 11.82 26.58
12/24 288 1152 13824 17.01 31.90
14/14 196 457 3201 6.75 21.71
14/20 280 933 9333 13.78 31.02
14/24 336 1344 16128 19.85 37.22
16/16 256 683 5461 10.08 28.36
16/20 320 1067 10667 15.75 35.45
16/24 384 1536 18432 22.69 42.54

1)
Dimensioning values determined for medium load duration in Service Classes 1 and 2: Modifcation factor: k
mod
= 0.8;
partial safety factor for solid timber:
M
= 1.3
2)
Flection along the strong axis (y-y)
6 Dimensioning reference tables
TAB. 6.1
DIN 1055-3: 2006-03
Action on structures - Part 3:
Self-weight and imposed load in building
DIN 1055-4: 2005-03
Wind loads
DIN 1055-5: 2005-07
Snow loads and ice loads
DIN 1055-100: 2001-03
Basis of design, safety concept and
design rules
The following dimensioning reference tables were
drawn up for KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken in
strength class C24 (grading class S10 in accord-
ance with DIN 4074-1) using DIN 1052 as the basis.
As a general rule it is preferred cross-sections that
are referred to (bold print). The design loads apply
to typical cases in practice in accordance with DIN
1055, Parts 3 to 5. The decisive load combinations
used for dimensioning purposes are based on DIN
1055-100.
Overview of dimensioning reference tables
Table 6.1 Cross-sectional values and dimensioning values for stress resistance Page 17
Tables for ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), for beam spacing e
Table 6.2.1 Simply supported beams, e = 50.0 cm Page 18
Table 6.2.5 Double span beams, e = 50.0 cm Page 22
Table 6.3 Dimensioning values for load-bearing capacity Rc,d for one-piece posts, C24 (S10) Page 26
Tables for rafter cross-sections, C24 (S10)
Table 6.4.1 Simply supported beams, sk = 0.85 kN/m Page 28
Table 6.4.2 Simply supported beams, sk = 1.10 kN/m Page 28
Table 6.4.3 Double span beams, sk = 0.85 kN/m Page 29
Table 6.4.4 Double span beams, sk = 1.10 kN/m Page 29
Ceiling beam cross-sections for simply supported beams
Footnotes to tables 6.2.1 and 6.2.2
1)
Bold: Preferred cross-section KVH, Duobalken or Triobalkenbeams
With gray background: Reduction in the cross-sectional height by 2 cm possible if Duobalken or Triobalkenbeams are used
Underlined: The specifed cross-section applies only to the use of Duobalken or Triobalken beams
Italics: Cross-section not available (it is recommended that glued laminated timber GL24 be used)
2)
Action:
g
k
: Characteristic permanent action (dead weight) in accordance with DIN 1055-1: 2002-06
q
k,N
: Characteristic variable action (live loads) in accordance with DIN 1055-3: 2006-03
3)
Dimensioning criteria (left or right column)
A Design bending moment M
R,d
and design shear force V
R,d
Final defection in the characteristic dimensioning situation: w
Q,inst
l/300 und w
fn
w
G,inst
l/200
Defection in the quasi-permanent dimensioning situation w
fn
w
0
l/200
B Limitation of defection to w

= w
G,inst
+
2
w
Q,inst
6 mm from quasi-permanent action as an additional criterion for the simpli-
fed vibration verifcation. A more exact vibration verifcation is recommended for individual cases.
TAB. 6.2.1 TAB. 6.2.2
q
k,N
g
k
l
Table 6.2.1 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), simply supported beams, e = 50 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Simply supported
beam, e = 50.0 cm
C24 (S10)
Beamcross-section w/h [cm]
1)

in dependency on span l and loads g
k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
2.00 kN/m 2.80 kN/m 3.00 kN/m 2.00 kN/m 2.80 kN/m 3.00 kN/m
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
A B A B A B A B A B A B
l = 3.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/18
8/14
6/18
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
l = 3.25 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/18
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 3.50 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/16
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
8/22
8/20
8/22
8/20
l = 3.75 m
6/18
8/16
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/16
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/24
8/22
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 4.00 m
8/18 8/22 8/20 8/22 8/20 8/22 8/18 8/24 8/20 8/24 8/20 8/24
10/16 10/20 10/18 10/20 10/18 10/22 10/18 10/22 10/18 10/22 10/18 10/22
l = 4.25 m
8/18 8/24 8/20 8/24 8/20 8/24 8/20 8/24 10/20 10/24 8/22 10/24
10/16 10/22 10/18 10/22 10/18 10/22 10/18 10/24 12/18 12/22 10/20 12/24
l = 4.50 m
10/18 10/24 10/20 10/24 10/20 10/24 10/20 10/24 10/20 12/24 8/24 12/24
12/16 12/22 12/18 12/22 12/18 12/22 12/18 12/24 12/18 14/24 10/22 14/24
l = 4.75 m
10/18 12/24 10/20 12/24 10/20 12/24 10/22 14/24 10/22 14/24 8/24 12/26
12/18 14/22 12/18
14/24
12/18 14/24 12/20 16/24 12/20 16/24 10/22 14/26
l = 5.00 m
10/18
12/20
12/24
14/24
10/22
12/20
12/26
14/24
10/22
12/20
12/26
14/24
10/22
12/20
14/26
16/24
10/22
12/20
14/26
16/26
10/24
12/22
14/26
16/26
l = 5.25 m
10/20 14/26 10/22 14/26 10/22 14/26 10/22 14/28 10/24 14/28 10/24 14/28
12/20 16/24 12/20 16/26 12/20 16/28 12/22 16/26 12/22 16/28 12/22 16/26
l = 5.50 m
12/20
14/20
14/26
16/26
12/22
14/20
14/28
16/26
10/24
12/24
14/28
16/26
10/24
12/22
14/30
16/28
12/22
14/22
14/30
16/28
12/24
14/22
14/30
16/28
Footnotes see page 19
Table 6.2.2 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), simply supported beams, e = 62.5 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Simply supported
beam, e = 62.5 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 3.25 m
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/16
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/24
8/22
6/20
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
l = 3.75 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
8/20
10/18
8/24
10/22
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 4.00 m
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
6/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/24
8/22
10/20
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/20
8/26
10/24
l = 4.25 m
10/20
12/18
10/24
12/22
8/22
10/20
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/20
10/24
12/24
8/22
10/20
10/24
12/24
8/24
10/22
12/24
14/24
8/24
10/22
12/24
14/24
l = 4.50 m
10/22 12/24 8/24 12/24 8/24 10/24 8/24 14/24 10/22 14/24 10/24 14/24
12/20 14/24 10/22 14/24 10/22 12/24 10/22 16/24 12/20 16/24 12/22 16/24
l = 4.75 m
8/20 14/24 10/22 14/24 10/24 12/26 8/24 14/26 10/24 14/26 10/24 14/28
10/22 16/24 12/20 16/24 12/22 14/24 10/22 16/24 12/22 16/26 12/22 16/26
l = 5.00 m
8/24
10/22
14/26
16/26
10/24
12/22
14/26
16/26
10/24
12/22
12/26
14/26
10/24
12/22
14/26
16/26
12/24
14/22
14/28
16/28
12/24
14/22
14/28
16/28
l = 5.25 m
12/22 14/28 12/22 14/28 12/24 14/30 10/24 14/30 12/24 14/30 12/24 14/32
14/20 16/26 14/22 16/26 14/22 16/28 12/22 16/28 14/22 16/30 14/22 16/30
l = 5.50 m
12/24
14/22
14/30
16/28
12/24
14/20
14/30
16/28
14/24
16/22
14/30
16/28
12/24
14/22
14/32
16/30
14/24
16/22
14/32
16/30
14/24
16/24
14/34
16/32
TAB. 6.2.3 TAB. 6.2.4
Simply supported
beam, e = 75.0 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
l = 3.25 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/18
8/20
10/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/20
8/22
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 3.75 m
6/22
8/20
8/22
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/20
8/24
10/24
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/24
l = 4.00 m
6/24
8/22
10/22
12/22
8/24
10/20
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
8/22
10/20
10/24
12/24
8/24
10/22
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/22
10/26
12/24
l = 4.25 m
8/20
10/20
10/22
14/22
8/24
10/22
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/24
8/24
10/22
14/24
16/22
10/24
12/22
12/26
14/24
10/24
12/22
12/26
14/24
l = 4.50 m
8/24
10/22
14/24
16/22
10/24
12/22
14/24
16/26
10/24
12/22
14/24
16/24
10/24
12/20
14/26
16/24
12/22
14/22
14/26
16/26
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/26
l = 4.75 m
8/24 14/26 10/24 14/26 12/24 14/28 10/24 14/28 12/24 14/28 14/24 14/28
10/22 16/24 12/22 16/26 14/22 16/26 12/20 16/26 14/22 16/28 16/22 16/28
l = 5.00 m
10/24 14/28 12/24 14/28 14/24 14/28 12/24 14/30 14/24 16/28 14/24 14/30
12/22 16/26 14/24 16/26 16/22 16/28 14/22 16/28 16/22 16/30 16/24 16/30
Simply supported
beam, e = 83.3 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
l = 3.25 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
6/24
8/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 3.75 m
6/24
8/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/24
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/24
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
l = 4.00 m
8/22
10/20
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/20
10/24
12/24
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/24
10/24
12/22
10/26
12/24
10/24
12/22
12/26
14/24
l = 4.25 m
8/24
10/22
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/24
10/24
12/22
12/26
14/24
10/22
12/20
14/24
16/24
10/24
12/22
12/28
14/26
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/24
l = 4.50 m
8/24
10/22
14/24
16/24
10/24
12/22
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/24
10/24
12/22
14/26
16/26
12/24
14/22
14/28
16/26
12/24
14/22
14/28
16/26
l = 4.75 m
10/24 14/26 12/24 14/26 12/24 14/28 12/24 14/28 14/24 14/30 14/24 14/30
12/22 16/26 14/22 16/26 14/22 16/26 14/22 16/28 16/22 16/28 16/24 16/28
l = 5.00 m
10/24
12/22
14/28
16/26
12/24
14/22
14/28
16/28
14/24
16/24
14/30
16/28
12/24
14/22
14/30
16/30
14/24
16/24
14/32
16/30
14/26
16/24
14/32
16/30
1)
With gray background: Reduction in the cross-sectional height by 2 cm possible if Duobalken or Triobalkenbeams are used
Underlined: The specifed cross-section applies only to the use of Duobalken or Triobalken beams
2)
Action:
g
k
q
k,N
3)
R,d
R,d
Q,inst
l/300 und w
fn
w
G,inst
l/200
fn
w
0
l/200

= w
G,inst
+
2
w
Q,inst
Ceiling beam cross-sections for double span beams
1)
2)
Action:
g
k
q
k,N
3)
R,d
R,d
Q,inst
l/300 und w
fn
w
G,inst
l/200
fn
w
0
l/200

= w
G,inst
+
2
w
Q,inst
Double span beam
e = 50.0 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
2.00 kN/m 2.80 kN/m 3.00 kN/m 2.00 kN/m 2.80 kN/m 3,00 kN/m
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 3.25 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
l = 3.50 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
l = 3.75 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
l = 4.00 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/22
8/18
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 4.25 m
6/22
8/18
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
l = 4.50 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 4.75 m
6/22
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
l = 5.00 m
6/24
8/22
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
10/22
12/22
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
l = 5.25 m
8/22
10/20
10/22
12/22
8/24
10/22
8/26
10/24
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/24
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/24
l = 5.50 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
12/22
14/22
12/24
14/24
10/22
12/20
12/24
14/24
12/22
14/22
12/26
14/24
14/22
16/22
14/24
16/24
l = 5.75 m
10/22
12/20
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/22
10/26
12/24
14/22
16/22
14/24
16/24
10/22
12/22
14/24
16/24
14/22
16/20
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
l = 6.00 m
10/22
12/20
14/24
16/22
12/24
14/22
12/26
14/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
12/22
14/22
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/26
14/24
16/22
14/28
16/26
q
k,N
g
k
l l
TAB. 6.2.5 TAB. 6.2.6
Table 6.2.5 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), double span beams, e = 50.0 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations Table 6.2.6 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), double span beams, e = 62.5 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Double span beam
e = 62.5 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 3.25 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
l = 3.50 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 3.75 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
l = 4.00 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 4.25 m
6/24
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/22
10/20
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
l = 4.50 m
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
10/24
12/22
l = 4.75 m
8/22
10/20
8/22
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/24
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
l = 5.00 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
12/22
14/20
12/22
14/22
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/24
l = 5.25 m
10/22
12/20
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/24
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
12/26
14/24
l = 5.50 m
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/24
14/26
16/26
l = 5.75 m
12/22
14/20
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/26
14/24
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/26
l = 6.00 m
14/22
16/20
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/26
14/24
16/22
14/28
16/26
14/24
16/22
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/28
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/28
1)
2)
Action:
g
k
q
k,N
3)
R,d
R,d
Q,inst
l/300 und w
fn
w
G,inst
l/200
fn
w
0
l/200

= w
G,inst
+
2
w
Q,inst
TAB. 6.2.7 TAB. 6.2.8
TTab. 6.2.7 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), double span beams, e = 75.0 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Double span beam
e = 75.0 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
l = 3.25 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/18
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/22
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/20
l = 3.75 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
l = 4.00 m
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
l = 4.25 m
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
l = 4.50 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
10/22
12/20
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
l = 4.75 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/22
l = 5.00 m
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/22
12/24
14/24
14/24
16/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/24
14/26
16/24
l = 5.25 m
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
l = 5.50 m
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/26
14/22
16/20
14/26
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/28
16/26
l = 5.75 m
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/24
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/26
14/28
16/28
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/28
l = 6.00 m
14/24
16/22
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/28
14/26
16/26
14/30
16/28
14/26
16/24
14/30
16/28
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/30
14/30
16/28
14/32
16/30
Table 6.2.8 - Ceiling beam cross-sections, C24 (S10), double span beams, e = 83.3 cm for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Double span beam
e = 83.3 cm
C24 (S10)
1)

k
und q
k,N
Dead load
2)
g
k
1.75 kN/m 2.50 kN/m
Live load
2)
q
k,N
Dimensioning
criterion
3)
l = 3.00 m
6/20
8/16
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
l = 3.25 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/20
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
l = 3.75 m
6/24
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/22
10/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
10/22
12/20
l = 4.00 m
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
l = 4.25 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
10/22
12/20
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
l = 4.50 m
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
10/24
12/20
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/22
l = 4.75 m
10/24
12/22
12/24
14/22
14/22
16/22
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/22
14/24
16/24
l = 5.00 m
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/24
12/24
14/24
14/24
16/24
12/24
14/22
14/24
16/24
14/24
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
l = 5.25 m
12/24
14/24
14/24
16/22
14/24
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/26
14/28
16/26
l = 5.50 m
12/24
14/22
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
14/26
16/26
14/28
16/26
14/24
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/26
14/28
16/26
14/28
16/26
14/28
16/28
l = 5.75 m
14/24
16/22
14/26
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/28
16/26
14/26
16/24
14/28
16/28
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/26
14/30
16/28
14/30
16/30
l = 6.00 m
14/24
16/24
14/28
16/26
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/28
14/30
16/28
14/30
16/30
14/28
16/26
14/30
16/30
14/30
16/30
14/32
16/30
14/32
16/30
14/32
16/32
6.3 Post cross-sections 6.4 Rafter cross-sections
1)
Dimensioning values determined for
buckling along the weak (decisive) axis
for medium load duration (residential,
offce buildings) in Service Classes 1
and 2:
Modifcation factor: k
mod
= 0.8; Partial
safety factor for solid timber:
M
= 1.3
2)
Simplifed calculation of design com-
pression force Rc,d on the basis of the
following assumptions:Safety factor on
the load side:
G
=
Q
= 1.5;
combination factor
o
= 1.0
Footnotes to Tables 6.4.x
1)
Bold: Preferred cross-section KVH or Duobalken, Triobalken beams
Action:
g
k
s
k
: Characteristic value for snow load on the ground in accordance with DIN 1055-5: 2005-07

q
W
: Wind pressure in accordance with DIN 1055-4: 2005-03
(q
W
= 0.9 kN/m corresponds to wind zone 2 up to h = 10 m)
Single-piece post
s
k
Fc,d
Table 6.3.1 - Design values of compression force parallel to the grain R
c,d
for single-piece posts, C24 (S10),
with articulated support on both sides
1)
, for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
C24 (S10) R
c,d
[kN] in dependency on buckling length s
k
[m]
2)
Cross-sections
w/h [cm]
2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
6/10 7.90 5.57 4.13 3.19 2.53 2.06 1.71 1.44
6/12 9.48 6.69 4.96 3.83 3.04 2.47 2.05 1.73
6/14 11.07 7.80 5.79 4.46 3.55 2.88 2.39 2.02
6/16 12.65 8.91 6.61 5.10 4.05 3.30 2.73 2.30
6/18 14.23 10.03 7.44 5.74 4.56 3.71 3.08 2.59
6/20 15.81 11.14 8.27 6.38 5.07 4.12 3.42 2.88
6/24 18.97 13.37 9.92 7.65 6.08 4.95 4.10 3.46
8/12 21.70 15.44 11.52 8.91 7.10 5.78 4.80 4.05
8/14 23.32 18.02 13.44 10.40 8.28 6.75 5.60 4.73
8/16 28.94 20.59 15.36 11.89 9.46 7.71 6.41 5.40
8/18 32.56 23.17 17.28 13.37 10.65 8.68 7.21 6.08
8/20 36.17 25.74 19.20 14.86 11.83 9.64 8.01 6.75
8/24 43.41 30.89 23.04 17.83 14.20 11.57 9.61 8.11
10/10 33.70 24.36 18.32 14.24 11.37 9.29 7.72 6.52
10/16 53.92 38.98 29.31 22.78 18.19 14.86 12.36 10.44
10/18 60.66 43.86 32.97 25.63 20.47 16.71 13.90 11.74
10/20 67.40 48.73 36.63 28.47 22.74 18.57 15.45 13.05
10/24 80.87 58.48 43.96 34.17 27.29 22.29 18.54 15.66
12/12 65.31 48.52 36.93 28.89 23.17 18.97 15.81 13.37
12/16 87.08 64.70 49.24 38.52 30.89 25.29 21.08 17.83
12/20 108.85 80.87 61.55 48.15 38.61 31.62 26.35 22.29
12/24 130.61 97.05 73.86 57.78 46.33 37.94 31.62 26.74
14/14 109.79 85.13 66.05 52.18 42.07 34.57 28.88 24.47
14/20 156.85 121.61 94.35 74.54 60.10 49.38 41.25 34.95
14/24 188.22 145.94 113.22 89.44 72.12 59.26 49.50 41.94
16/16 164.74 134.84 107.65 86.27 70.11 57.88 48.50 41.19
16/20 205.92 168.55 134.56 107.83 87.63 72.35 60.63 51.48
16/24 247.10 202.23 161.47 129.40 105.16 86.82 72.75 61.78
Preliminary remarks: The following dimensioning reference tables were developed for rafters in purlin
roof structures. The values for the load action (wind and snow loads) applied here are based on roof areas
larger than 10 m
2
. Additional structures on the roof such as, e.g. photovoltaic units or snow guards, and
trimmings, e.g. for skylights, must be taken into consideration separately in the building-specifc verifcation.
TAB. 6.3.1
Rafter cross-sections for simply supported beams
TAB. 6.4.2
TAB. 6.4.4
Rafter cross-sections for double span beams
Rafter in the form of a simply
supported beam
sk
q
w
g
k
l
Rafter in the form of a simply

supported beam
sk
q
w
g
k
l
k s
g
k
q
w
l l
Rafter in the form of a

double span beam
(identical spans)
k s
g
k
q
w
l l
Rafter in the form of a

double span beam
(identical spans)
TAB. 6.4.1 TAB. 6.4.3
Tab. 6.4.1 - Rafter cross-sections, C24 (S10), s
k
= 0.85 kN/m for SC 1 and 2 with medium load durations
Simply supported beam- C24 (S10)
g
k
= 1.20 kN/m
s
k
= 0.85 kN/m
q
W
= 0.90 kN/m
Rafter cross-section w/h [cm]
1)

in dependency on roof pitch, rafter spacing e and span l
a = 5 - 25 a = 26 - 35
Rafter spacing [m] 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/14
6/14
8/14
l = 3.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 3.50 m
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 4.00 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 4.50 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
Roof pitch a = 36 - 45 a = 46 - 55
Rafter spacing (m) 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 3.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
l = 4.00 m
6/24
8/22
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
10/24
12/22
10/26
12/24
10/26
12/24
l = 4.50 m
8/24
10/22
8/26
10/24
8/26
10/24
12/26
14/24
12/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
Table 6.4.2 - Rafter cross-sections, C24 (S10), s
k
Simply supported beam- C24 (S10)
g
k
= 1.20 kN/m
s
k
= 1.10 kN/m
q
W
= 0.90 kN/m
1)

a = 5 - 25 a = 26 - 35
Rafter spacing [m] 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/14
6/14
8/14
6/16
8/14
l = 3.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/16
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 3.50 m
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/20
l = 4.00 m
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
l = 4.50 m
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
Roof pitch a = 36 - 45 a = 46 - 55
Rafter spacing (m) 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
l = 3.00 m
6/18
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
l = 3.50 m
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
8/24
10/22
l = 4.00 m
6/24
8/22
6/26
8/24
6/26
8/24
10/24
12/22
10/26
12/24
10/26
12/24
l = 4.50 m
8/26
10/24
8/26
10/24
8/26
10/24
10/26
14/24
12/26
16/24
14/26
16/24
k
Double span beam - C24 (S10)
g
k
= 1.20 kN/m
s
k
= 0.85 kN/m
q
W
= 0.90 kN/m
1)

a = 5 - 25 a = 26 - 35
Rafter spacing [m] 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m 6/10 6/12 6/12 6/12 6/12
6/14
8/12
l = 3.00 m 6/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/14
6/16
8/14
l = 3.50 m
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 4.00 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/16
8/14
6/20
8/18
6/20
6/18
l = 4.50 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
l = 5.00 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/20
Roof pitch a = 36 - 45 a = 46 - 55
Rafter spacing (m) 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m 6/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
l = 3.00 m
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 3.50 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
l = 4.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
l = 4.50 m
6/22
8/18
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
l = 5.00 m
6/24
8/20
6/26
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
k
Double span beam - C24 (S10)
g
k
= 1.20 kN/m
s
k
= 1.10 kN/m
q
W
= 0.90 kN/m
1)

a = 5 - 25 a = 26 - 35
Rafter spacing [m] 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m 6/12 6/12
6/14
8/12
6/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
l = 3.00 m
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
l = 3.50 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/18
8/16
l = 4.00 m
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
l = 4.50 m
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
l = 5.00 m
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
8/24
10/20
6/24
8/20
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/20
Roof pitch a = 36 - 45 a = 46 - 55
Rafter spacing (m) 0.625 0.75 0.833 0.625 0.75 0.833
M
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
a
n

(
a
r
e
a
)
l = 2.50 m 6/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
l = 3.00 m
6/14
8/12
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/14
6/16
8/16
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
l = 3.50 m
6/16
8/14
6/18
8/16
6/20
8/16
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
l = 4.00 m
6/20
8/18
6/20
8/18
6/22
8/20
6/22
8/20
6/24
8/20
8/24
10/20
l = 4.50 m
6/22
8/18
6/24
8/20
6/24
8/22
6/24
8/22
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
l = 5.00 m
6/24
8/22
8/22
10/20
8/24
10/22
8/24
10/22
10/24
12/22
10/24
12/22
References:
[2] Kuhlenkamp, Hallinger: Kommentar zur
ATV DIN 18334 Zimmer- und Holzbauarbei-
ten; Publisher: Bund Deutscher Zimmer-
meister im Verlag Weka Medien GmbH,
Kissingen, 2005
[3] Radovic, B.: Unempfndlichkeit von tech-
nisch getrocknetem Holz gegen Insekten;
in Informationsdienst HOLZ spezial, No-
vember 2008; Publisher: Holzabsatzfonds,
Bonn 2008.
7 Context provided by current standards
KVH structural timber and Duobalken and
Triobalken laminated beams have provided
proven service for many years in meeting the
increasing requirements associated with mod-
ern timber construction. The requirement for
dry and dimensionally stable construction tim-
ber to be used for carpentry and constructional
timber works is now specifed in all of the main
building regulations.
DIN 4074-1: Strength grading of wood - Part 1:
Sawn coniferous timber
The grading criteria set out in DIN 4074-1 for clas-
sifying the load-bearing capacity of construction
timber are based on timber dimensions related to
an offcial value of moisture content of u
m
= 20 %,
in other words dry timber. If the timber is not
graded in a dry state (TS labeling), suitable allow-
ance has to be made, e.g. by sawing to oversizes.
Even then, the grading criteria of cracks caused by
shrinking and of curvature still remain unaccoun-
ted for. Given that the only means of checking
with certainty that all the grading criteria are met
is if the wood is dry, the timber has to be carefully
re-graded by the person handling the wood im-
mediately prior to installation and rejected where
necessary, because that person is duty-bound only
to install timber which has the "required equilib-
rium moisture content", which means dry timber.
If the timber were to be installed in a semi-dry or
moist state, it would have to be examined in what
as a rule would be a dry equilibrium state to see
if any strength-reducing cracks had developed,
which would represent an unacceptable situa-
tion. The time and effort that this requires can be
avoided if KVH and Duobalken and Triobalken
are used, because the timber used in these
products is only ever graded when dry and meets
more stringent quality criteria than those speci-
fed in DIN 4074-1.
Bauregelliste A (Construction Products List A):
Labeling with the "" mark
Ever since 2004, German Bauregelliste A (Con-
struction Products List A) specifes that grad-
ing standard DIN 4074-1 has to be used as the
reference standard for the inspection mark. This
means that only solid timber which has been
graded when completely dry and bears an ""
inspection mark containing specifc reference to
DIN 4074-1 is unequivocally a regulated construc-
tion product. KVH structural timber also has an
additional symbol in the "" mark to indicate the
certifying body, because the product is fnger-
jointed. Solid timber without fnger-joints will in
future be permitted under European regulations
to bear a CE mark of conformity as an alternative.
Duobalken and Triobalken beams also have to
be labeled with the "" mark, but instead of refer-
ence to DIN 4074-1 these labels have to contain
the approval number and the symbol of the
certifying body.
At present there is no European technical stand-
ard, which means that there is no associated CE
mark of conformity available either.
ATV DIN 18334: VOB/C
Carpentry and constructional timber works
It is a requirement of the German general techni-
cal specifcations for building works for carpentry
and timber construction works (DIN 18334) (All-
gemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bau-
leistungen [ATV] fr Zimmer- und Holzbauarbei-
ten) that construction timber made of sawn soft-
wood must always be dry before it is installed. The
2000 version of this regulation introduced more
stringent requirements for timber house construc-
tion with regard to moisture content (u
m
18 %),
dimensional stability and type of cutting.
According to the commentary on the standard [2],
internal timber in multi-storey timber buildings
has to have a lower moisture content because of
the settlement characteristics of such buildings.
This requirement is particularly topical now that
the German Model Building Regulations (Muster-
bauordnung [MBO] 2002) have been incorporated
in the building regulations of the individual fede-
ral states and allow the principle of permitting
the erection of timber construction buildings of
up to fve storeys in height.
DIN 1052 Design of timber structures
The dimensioning standard for timber construc-
tion is another standard which requires the instal-
lation of dry timber for Service Classes 1 and 2
(see the table on page 7), on the basis that this is
required to reduce cracks caused by shrinking and
changes in dimensions. Furthermore, it is only
possible to match softwood products between
the grading classes specifed in DIN 4074-1 and
the strength classes specifed in DIN 1052 if the
timber has been graded when dry (TS) (see the
table on page 11). It also has to be taken into
consideration that the characteristic strengths
used for the strength classes only partially ac-
count for cracking.
Caution is required when installing timber with-
out suitably adjusted moisture content
Where timber with a much higher moisture content
than the required equilibrium moisture content is
installed, DIN 1052 requires that the timber must
be able to dry out afterwards and that the struc-
tural timber components themselves, along with
all adjacent building components, must be resist-
ant to deformation through the shrinkage which
can be associated with drying. The construction
work required here, and the greater risk of build-
ing damage, can be avoided if KVH structural
timber and Duobalken and Triobalken are used.
Example: A wooden ceiling beam with a moisture
content for internal timber of u
m
= 20% can dry
out to 6% in the climate of a heated residential
building. For a beam of 24 cm in height a 14%
change in moisture content would result in a
mean shrinkage ratio of 8 mm. The concomitant
settlement has to be accommodated without
any damage occurring. It would be better to use
dry timber from the outset, e.g. Duobalken or
Triobalken beams with a maximum u
m
= 15%.
In relation to the load-bearing capacity and exact
ft of connections, DIN 1052 requires the following
in respect of the installation of timber with exces-
sive moisture content:
The reduction of the characteristic values to 2/3
for the load-bearing capacity for nail connec-
tions exposed to pull out stress Deformation
through shrinkage in relation to butt joints and
contact connections to be taken into considera-
tion in the verifcation of serviceability
The retightening of bolted joints
Here again, KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken
offer decisive advantages over normal sawn
structural timber.
Wood preservation
Finally it should also be noted that the use of dry
timber is an important precondition for the clas-
sifcation of component attachments in Use Class
0 in accordance with DIN 68800-2, in order to be
able to dispense with preservative treatment.
In addition, a feld study [3] demonstrated that
building components made of kiln-dried timber
used for interiors and for protected outside areas
are "resistant to insects".
8 Tenders and principles of standards
Wood
species
KVH structural timber and Duobalken and Triobalken beams are made of spruce/fr as
standard. However, they can also be supplied in pine, larch and Douglas fr as well on request.
Where it is intended that the products be used within the terms of Use Class 2 as defned by
DIN 68800-3 (temporary humidifcation, e.g. in protected outside areas) and no preservative
treatment is to be used, the tender document must specify sapwood-free dark-colored heart-
wood of larch or Douglas fr.
S13TS/C30 KVH structural timber and Duobalken and Triobalken beams are also available, on request, in
grading class S13 in accordance with DIN 4074-1 or in strength class C24. It is possible for such
higher strengths to be required because of specifcations derived from statical calculations.
Wooden constructions involving KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken
The German contract procedures for building works (VOB/A, Section 9) stipulate the following: "The work
required must be described clearly and in suffcient detail to ensure that all bidders understand the
description to have the same meaning and to enable them to calculate their prices with certainty and
without extensive preparatory work." You can only be certain of obtaining the correct product if the word-
ing in your tender documents is clear, complete and correct in technical terms. Given the high standard
of quality to be met by KVH, Duobalken and Triobalken, careful quality controls are required during
production. It is therefore in your own interests for you to ensure that the timber you are supplied with
comes from quality supervised production sources. For an up-to-date list of supervised frms, please see
www.kvh.eu. in the internet.
Principles of standards (the latest versions of each standard of relevance for tenders)
ATV DIN 18334 18334 German VOB contract procedures for building works - Part C: General technical
specifcations for building works for carpentry and timber construction works
(VOB Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Ver-
tragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen (ATV) - Zimmer- und Holzbauarbeiten)
(current version, 2006-10)
DIN 1052 Design of timber structures - General rules and rules for buildings (Entwurf, Berechnung und
Bemessung von Holzbauwerken - Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln und Bemessungsregeln fr
den Hochbau) (current version, 2008-12)
DIN 4074-1 Strength grading of wood - Part 1: Sawn coniferous timber (Sortierung von Holz nach der
Tragfhigkeit - Teil 1: Nadelschnittholz) (current version, 2003-06)
DIN 68800-2 Wood preservation - Part 2: Preventive constructional measures in buildings (Holzschutz - Teil 2:
Vorbeugende bauliche Manahmen im Hochbau) (current version, 1996-05)
DIN 68800-3 Wood preservation - Part 3: Preventive protection of wood with wood preservatives (Holz-
schutz - Teil 3: Holzschutz; Vorbeugender chemischer Holzschutz) (current version, 1990-04)
Tender wording for the supply of construction timber made of KVH structural timber
Item ... ... m Supply of KVH Si structural timber, S10/C24
KVH Si (for exposed areas) structural timber compliant with DIN 4074-1 S10TS (strength class C24
in accordance with DIN 1052). Moisture content: u
m
= 15 3%. Type of cutting: Split-heart.
Surface: Planed and chamfered. Dimensional stability class 2 in accordance with EN 336,
from a quality supervised production source.
Item ... ... m Supply of KVH NSi structural timber, S10/C24
KVH NSi (for non-exposed areas) structural timber compliant with DIN 4074-1 S10TS (strength
class C24 in accordance with DIN 1052). Moisture content: u
m
= 15 3%.
Type of cutting: Split-heart. Surface: Leveled and chamfered. Dimensional stability class 2 in
accordance with EN 336, from a quality supervised production source.
Tender wording for the supply of laminated beams
Item ... ... m Supply of Duobalken Si laminated beams, S10/C24
Duobalken Si (for exposed areas) laminated beams, made of two planks which are glued
together, compliant with DIN 4074-1 S10TS (strength class C24 in accordance with DIN 1052).
Moisture content: u
m
= max. 15 3%. Surface: Planed and chamfered. Dimensional stability
class 2 in accordance with EN 336, from a quality supervised production source, in accordance
with approval number Z-9.1-440.
Item ... ... m Supply of Triobalken Si laminated beams, S10/C24
Triobalken Si (for exposed areas) laminated beams, made of three planks which are glued
together, compliant with DIN 4074-1 S10TS (strength class C24 in accordance with DIN 1052).
Moisture content: u
m
= max. 15 3%. Surface: Planed and chamfered. Dimensional stability
class 2 in accordance with EN 336, from a quality supervised production source, in accordance
with approval number Z-9.1-440.
Note: Duobalken and Triobalken beams can also be supplied for non-exposed areas, in which case the
surface is planed and leveled.
Special requirements
Hersteller
DN 1052:2004-08
Vollholz mit
Keilzinkensto
C24
Bildzeichen
der
Zertifizierungs-
stelle
Hersteller
DN 4074-1
S10 TS
Inspection mark
for KVH structural
timber without fnger-
jointing
Inspection mark
for KVH structural tim-
ber with fnger-jointing
Hersteller
Z-9.1-440
Duobalken
C24
Bildzeichen
der
Zertifizierungs-
stelle
Inspection mark
for Duobalken beams
9 Quality assurance and marking
Section 20 of the federal state building regula-
tions in Germany and Section 17 of the German
Model Building Regulations (version 11/2002)
contain the stipulations under which construction
products may be used for the erection, alteration
and maintenance of built structures. They require
that construction products must bear either the
national mark of conformity ("" mark) or the mark
of conformity required under the provisions of the
Construction Products Law or the Construction
Products Directive of the European Community
(CE mark of conformity). Building law is violated if
sawn structural timber products which do not bear
such marks are used for load-bearing structures.
Marking of KVH structural timber
KVH structural timber is currently still marked
with a "" mark, although it should be noted that
a distinction is made in the mark between KVH
with fnger-jointing (the general case) and KVH
without fnger-jointing. The "" mark provides
verifcation that the product conforms with the
regulations of the building authorities.
The "" mark has to be included on the product
or the waybill/packaging. Alternatively it can be
applied to the product itself in the form of a text
mark. This must specify the manufacturer, the
object of the approval, the grading class and the
date of production; the "" mark itself has to be
included on the waybill. Where considered desir-
able for reasons of appearance it is permissible
to dispense with the application of the mark on
the product itself in the case of KVH-Si structural
timber for exposed areas. In this case the mark
only has to appear on the delivery note.
As from autumn 2009 the use of KVH structural
timber without fnger joints should be permissi-
ble as an alternative in Germany, also in accord-
ance with DIN EN 14081-1 and the associated
standard DIN V 20000-5. However, it is hardly likely
that non-fnger-jointed KVH structural timber
with a CE mark of conformity will be available in
any great quantities, certainly for the next few
years at least.
The members of the berwachungsgemeinschaft
Konstruktionsvollholz e.V. monitor the quality
of their products through quality controls within
their companies (internal monitoring) and ad-
ditional monitoring by independent agencies.
This applies not just to the mandatory character-
istics required under regulations but also to the
additional requirements stipulated within the
agreement on structural timber. Only structural
timber which is monitored in this way and is
manufactured by the companies which are mem-
bers of the berwa-
chungsgemeinschaft
Konstruktionsvollholz
e.V. is permitted to bear
the internationally pro-
tected KVH trademark.
Marking of Duobalken and Triobalken beams
Duobalken and Triobalken beams are non-stand-
ardized products. In terms of building regulations
requirements they are regulated by product
approval number Z-9.1-440 issued by the Deutsche
Institut fr Bautechnik (DIBt).
Z-9.1-440 - Duobalken and Triobalken beams
(laminated beams made of either two or three
boards, planks or pieces of square-sawn timber
which are glued together)
Continuous production controls by the manufac-
turer (internal monitoring) as well as monitoring
by an external agency are mandatory for these
products. Compliance with requirements is
documented by the German "" mark; there is no
provision for marking with a CE mark of conform-
ity. In addition to the "" mark, the description of
the object of approval (Duobalken or Triobalken
beams) and the grading class also have to be
specifed. Where considered desirable for reasons
of appearance the timber can be marked with a
permanent text code instead of the "" mark, as
long as the "" mark is printed on the waybill.
Special characteristics of Duobalken and
Triobalken beams
The approval for Duobalken and Triobalken
beams allows the application of 5% higher values
for the modulus of elasticity compared to solid
timber. With a value of 11,600 N/mm2 it is pos-
sible to reduce the amount of defection, which is
a major advantage in relation to a criterion which
is often decisive in timber construction. The mean
values of MOE and shear-modulus are therefore
the same as those for glued laminated timber
of strength class GL24 (previously BS11). All the
other strength properties are the same as those
for solid timber or KVH structural timber.

KVH
36 Technical Information - Issued 12/2009

Advantages of KVH
structural timber
Dried structural timber components available in cross-sections of up to 14/26 cm
Dimensionally stable because they are kiln-dried to 15 3% and cut on a split-heart basis (free-of-heart on request)
Two qualities available:
- planed for exposed areas (Si)
- leveled for non-exposed areas (NSi)
Meets higher requirements than those specifed in grading standard DIN 4074-1
Suitable for structural timber in timber frame buildings and timber house construction
Minimum tender specifcation work because of a clear agreement on quality
Resistant to insects thanks to kiln drying; preservative treatment can be dispensed with
Economical preferred cross-sections and lengths of up to 13 m available for immediate delivery from stock;
longer lengths available on request
Advantages of Duobalken
and Triobalken
beams
Larger cross-sections of up to 24/28 cm or 10/36 cm available
Dimensionally stable because they are kiln-dried to a maximum of 15%, cut on a split-heart basis
(free-of-heart on request) and glued
Fewer glued joints than glued laminated timber (max. 2) and the glued joints are hardly visible
Two qualities available:
- planed for exposed areas (Si)
- leveled for non-exposed areas (NSi)
Greater rigidity than solid timber of the same strength class
Suitable for voluminous or high cross-sections with high requirements in terms of appearance
Resistant to insects thanks to kiln drying; preservative treatment can be dispensed with
Economical preferred cross-sections and lengths of up to 13 m available for immediate delivery from stock;
longer lengths available on request
berwachungsgemeinschaft KVH
Konstruktionsvollholz e.V.
Elfriede-Stremmel-Str. 69
42369 Wuppertal - Germany
Service telephone:
Phone ++49 (0)202 - 978 35 80
Fax ++49 (0)202 978 35 79
E-mail info@kvh.de
Internet www.kvh.de und www.kvh.eu KVH

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36 Technical Information - Issued 12/2009

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