INDIA is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories.

A pluralistic,multilingual and multiethnic society,India is also home to diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and 4th largest in purchasing power parity.Since the introduction of market based economic reforms in 1991,India has become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world,however the country continues to face several poverty,illiteracy,corruption and public health related challenges.On august 15th 1947,the British Indian Empire following which the muslim majority areas were partitioned to form a separate state of Pakistan.On 26th January,1950 India became a republic and a new constitution came into into effect under which India was established as a secular and democratic state. CHANGES WHICH HAS TAKEN PLACE OVER THE LAST 60 YEARS

INDIA AND SCIENCE:

When India achieved Independence,it inherited a shattered economy,hardly any worthwhile infrastucture for the development of science and technology,no sound industrial base and almost no existence of healt sector.But defying all these hurdles India has surged ahead and has achieved dramatic success in the field of science and technology.In terms of the highest honours,namely the Noble Prize,in the first half of the 20th century the achievements of the indian scientists were far better than those from that of Latin America,Africa and those of Latin america.The 1st prime minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,laid stress on scientific research.Under his leadership,innumerable national laboratories were set up,science departments in universities were expanded,institutions like IITs,IIMs,and AIIMS were opened.A successful combination of technology and milk cooperatives followed by an immensely successful operation flood led to highly increased milk production positioning India as worlds largest milk producer.Contemporary India with a scientist President and an economist Prime minister is very successfully trading the fast track of development.Starting from an utterly ruined and exploited country under the rule of the haughty britishers who sponged away the Indian wealth,the story of Indias success in the last 60 years,is one of the proverbial rise from rags to riches.Indias development within a short span of time,to the level of a country which on its own conducted nuclear test,joining the elite club of nuclear powers,and now becoming a rightful contender for getting a permanent seat in the UN security council.

INDIA AND AGRICULTURE:

India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world and is currently the focus of a great deal of international attention.It is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of its geographical size.Today it has a population of nearly 1.1 billion which makes it the second most populous nation in the world.With current population growth by 2025 India may even

have caught up with China according to UN.India has a large and diverse agriculture and is one of worlds leading producers.While it has been a small net agricultural exporter since 1990,in recent years there has been changes in its agriculture and trade policies and significant changes in its net trade position for many individual products

INDIA AND ITS GDP:

During the final quarter of 2006-07,Indias real gross domestic product decelerated to 9.1% from 10% during the same quarter of the preceeding fiscal,according to the latest data released by the central statistical organisation.But the growth rate is still robust and more importantly it is the manufacturing sector that is calling the shots.For the year as a whole,the economy expanded at a rate of 9.4% compared with 9% in 200506.According to cso,the modest slide in GDP growth rate in the final quarter of 2006-07 vis-a-vis the year ago period was on account of a poor sowing in agriculture-the growth rate here had slackened to 3.8% from 6.2% and in construction to 11.2% from 16.1%.Assorted financial services and business community and social service also witnessed a slowdown of sorts.But this was partially offset by a commendable show by manufacturing,which jumped to 12.4% from 9.4%,helped by an improved performance from minning and quarrying,electricity and trade hotels etc.The GDP growth for the first quarter of the last fiscal has been reworked to 9.6% from the earlier 8.9%,for the 2nd quarter to 10.2% from 9.2% and from the 3rd quarter to 8.7% from 8.6%.India seems to be entering a phase of manufacturing led GDP growth.In 200506,GDP rose by 9% while manufacturing rose by 9.1%.In the advance estimate for 2006-07,the rise in real GDP was envisaged at 9.2% of which manufacturing was projected to increase its GDP by 11.3%.But revised estimate now available indicate that the performance has been more flattering than earlier indicated;a 9.4% surge in GDP propelled by manufacturing.During the 1st three yrs of the new millenium,India had fared poorly with GDP growth ranging between 3.8% to 5.8%.

INDIA AND ITS LITERACY RATE:

Literacy in India is the key for socio economic progress and the Indian literacy rate grew to 68% in 2007 from 12% at the end of British rule in 1947.The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 was a cherished national idea and had been given

overiding priority incorporation as a Directive Policy in Article 45 of the constitution but it is still to achieved more than half a century since the constitution was adopted in 1949.Every census since 1881 had indicated rising literacy in the country but the population growth rate has been high enough that the absolute number of illiterates grew with every decade.Several states in India have executed successful programs to boost rates.Overtime a set of factors have emerged as being the key to success The right to edycation is a fundamental right,and UNESCO aims at education for all by 2015.The campaign to achieve atleast the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and military mobilization in the country.Several government schemes have been adopted for the upliftment of the people.It included National Literacy mission,Sarva Siksha Abhiyan,Mid day meal scheme,Non governmental efforts,Asha for education,Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation had come up. REFERENCES: UNESCO :Literacy ,UNESCO ^abc UNICEF .INDIAN STATISTICS 2009-03-27

INDIA AND ITS ECONOMY:

60 years of Independence indias achievements of contemporary India with a scientist President and an economist Prime minister is very successfully treading the fast track of development.Starting from an utterly ruined and exploited country under the rule of the haughty Britishers who sponged away the Indian wealth,the story of Indias success in the last 60 years,is one od the proverbial rise from rags to riches.Indias development within a short span of time ,to the level of a country which on its own conducted nuclear test,joining the elite club of nuclear powers,and now becoming a rightful contender for getting a permanent seat in the UN security council.It has been a learning experience....we faltered on many,but the great Indian Spirit marched on with renewed vigour.The Indian economy,after 60 years of Independence,has reached a position from where it can spread its wings and fly unfettered towards the objectives which would bring it at par with other developed nations.Despite a series of interest rate hikes to head off rising inflation,economic growth in India has remained robust.In the current financial year,the economy is expected to expand by a frenetic 9.4%-the second highest in the world after china.Indias economy has grown tremendously over the last sixteen years.Indias economy is ranked number four compared to other countries countries in regards to purchasing power and averaged a Gross Domestic expansion rate that is ranked second within the nation.

The leading economic growth of India has stemmed from its vast ventures such as:agriculture,crafts,major industries,and miscellaneous resources.The dominant economic growth factor in India is agriculture which provides employment for more than two-third of its people.Indias workforce contributes most of its income from agriculture,but the remaining percentages are divided 57% in agriculture,17% in various industries,and 23% in other services. INDIA AND ITS CHANGES IN POPULATION IN THE LAST 60 YEARS: India has made considerable economic progress since its Independence.Most noticeable are the expansion and diversification are the expansion and diversification of production both in industry and agriculture.New technologies were introduced in many industries.Industrial investment took place in large in a large variety of new industries.Modern management techniques were introduced.An entirely new class of entrepreneurs have come up with the support system from the Government ,and a large number of new industrial centres have developed in almost all parts of the country.Over the years,the Government has built the infrastructure required by the industry and made massive investment to provide the much needed facilities of power,communication,roads etc.A good number of institutions were promoted to help entrepreneurship development,provide finance for industry and to facilitate development of a variety of skills required by the industry as well as agriculture.The Government also followed a policy of encouraging indigeneous industries and cooperated with the Government,to make India self-sufficient in the matter of its food requirements. This economic expansion to a steady and impressive growth in Indias GNP.With the exception of 4 years,India experienced a positive rate of growth.As a result,Indias Indias per capita Net National Product(NNP) in 1999-2000 was 2.75 times higher than that of 1951.The rate of growth before 1980 was 1.2% per capita.Thereafter,it grew at the rate of 2.4%, and between 1950-90,by 3.2% on average everyyear.Between 1993-94 and 1999-2000,it registered an average rate of growth of 4.8% per year. India is probably one of the few countries in the world which used its import policy for the healthy development of local industries.Barring the first few years after independence,the country,the country was facing a shortage of foreign exchange,and because of this shortage,imports had to be restricted.Imports of consumer goods were,therefore,disallowed. SUBMITTED BY: NAMRATA MEDHI

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