Metalworks Lesson 1: Types of Metals A. Ferrous metals- Metals which contain iron. 1.

Pure iron- Silvery white in color, very soft and ductile. 2. Wrought iron- Commonly used for ornamental purposes. 3. Cast iron- Produced when melted iron ore is combined with carbon from the coal or coke used to heat it.. 4. White cast iron- Most commonly used in the production of machine parts. 5. Malleable cast iron- Very ductile that it can be stretched, bent or distorted without breaking 6. Gray cast iron- This kind of iron is used for casting. 7. Steel- An alloy containing great percentage of carbon. To produce different properties for various uses, other elements such as phosphorous, manganese, nickel and sulfur. B. Non-ferrous metals- Metals which do not contain iron. 1. Gold- most widely used for jewelry and gold plating. 2. Silver- Considered the best conductor of heat and electricity. 3. Aluminum- Commonly used for kitchen utensils 4. Copper- Commonly used as electrical wires. 5. Nickel- Hard, malleable and ductile. 6. Tin- Mostly used for coating other metals and made into food containers. 7. Lead- Has a very low melting point and very fusible. 8. Chromium- Very resistant to corrosion often alloyed with steel to produce building materials. 9. Platinum- An expensive white metal used for chemical and scientific apparatus and in jewelry 10. Tungsten- A grayish-black metal used as filaments for incandescent bulbs. 11. Monel metal- An alloy of nickel, copper and small amount of iron which is made into propeller of ships. 12. Muntz metal- Consists of 60% copper, 40% zinc makes up a very hard brass. Lesson 2: Properties of Metals 1. Malleability-Quality of being hammered and flattened into thin sheets without breaking. 2. Ductility-Allows a metal to be drawn into fine wires without breaking. 3. Hardness- Enables a metal to resist force without changing its shape. 4. Brittleness- Makes a metal break easily. 5. Elasticity-Enables a metal to return to its original shape after bending and pulling it out of shape. 6. Fusibility- Melts a metal easily and is usually combined with other metals to make an alloy. 7. Machinability-Refers to the extent to which a metal can be shaped, chipped or smoothened by a machine. 8. Permeability- The measure of the ease with which magnetic flux can be established in a metal. 9. Luster-The quality and intensity of light reflected from the surface of material. Lesson 3: Basic Tools and Equipments in Metalworks and their Uses Some of the commonly used tools in metalworks are the following: 1. Standard steel rule- One of the most used tools for measuring lengths, widths and thickness. 2. Bevel protractor- Used to measure angles from 0-180 degrees as well as to straighten edges with its steel rule. 3. Try square- An l-shaped tool used for testing squareness of corners and flatness of surfaces. 4. Divider- A two-legged pointed instrument used for drawing arcs and circles and for transferring measurements.

5. Calipers a. inside caliper- measures inside dimensions. b. outside caliper- measures outside dimensions. c. hermaphrodite caliper- scribes arcs in layout work. 6. Micrometer- Measures very small dimensions such as the diameter of a single hair strand. 7. Scribers- Pen-like tools with a sharp point and made of hard steel used to draw straight lines. 8. Layout punch- A prick punch, similar to a center punch except that its point is ground to an angle of 30-90 degrees; marks lay-out lines permanently. 9. Center punch- Looks like a prick punch, except that its point is ground to 90 degrees; marks center holes accurately. 10. Bench vise- Holds small objects securely when chipping, polishing, sawing, reaming, tapping or drilling. 11. Hammer-A handtool for pounding. Also a powerful tool used to drive and pull out nails. a. ballpeen hammer b. cross peen hammer c. claw hammer 12. Screwdrivers- Drives in and remove screws. 13. Wrench- Rotates or drives nuts, bolts, and screws. 14. Pliers- Used for gripping, bending, and holding small parts. 15. File- A tool made of hard steel used for hand cutting metal sheets and removing portions from a metal stock. 16. Hacksaw- Cuts metal and other materials. 17. Scraper- Removes small amount of metals to produce an accurate surface. 18. Chisel- Cuts and chips metals to clean out corners, correct errors and cut grooves. 19. Snips- A scissor-like tool used use to cut very thin sheet metals. 20. Hand drill- Drills small holes on metals, wood or plastic. 21. Twist drill- Bores small holes on different metals. 22. Reamer- Smoothens the surface of a hole made by a drill to finish it to a standard size. 23. Mallet- A wooden hammer used to drive tools. 24. Drill press- A machine used for drilling holes in metals.

Lesson 4: Safety Precautions in Metalworks Metalworks require the use of sharp, pointed and electrically powered tools and equipments. Hence, utmost care must be observed to prevent accidents specially inside the work place where presence of oil and other foreign matters may cause serious injury. 1. Ask permission from your teacher before touching or operating machines. Do not use a machine with which you are not familiar. 2. Handtools such as scribers, screwdrivers, files, dividers should be kept in a tool cabinet when not in use, never in your pocket. 3. Use only tools in good working condition. Damaged tools should be repaired or replaced. 4. Make sure your hands are dry and you are not standing on wet floor before touching any electric machine. 5. Wear protective clothing and gadgets such as cap for your hair and goggles or eye shield when chipping, grinding, buffing, or pouring hot metals. 6. Remove all jewelry before starting to work. Avoid long sleeve clothes when working. 7. Keep flammable materials away from the working area. 8. Pick up immediately tools and materials dropped on the floor to prevent accidents. 9. Report accidents to your teacher immediately, no matter how minor these are. 10. Avoid playing and teasing inside the shop.