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Outline
Introduction PCS Architecture Cellular Telephony Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS Third-Generation Wireless Systems Summary
Introduction
PCS
Personal Communications Services (PCS) refers to a wide variety of wireless access and personal mobility services. PCS systems can connect to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Goal of PCSenabling communications with a person at anytime, at any place and in any terminal form.
PCS Revolution
Third First Generation JTACS High-tier Digit Cellar Systems TACS NMT AMPS Low-tier Telecommunication Systems CT0/1 CT2 GSM NADC PHS PACS DECT
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Second Generation
Generation
PCS Architecture
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PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
Switch
subscriber loop Switch Taipei
Taichung
trunk
Switch
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PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
PLMN
PSTN
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Mobility Database
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PCS Architecture
Each PCS technology has similar architectures which consists two parts
Radio Network
MS (Mobile Station) BS (Base Station) System
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The BSs usually reach the wireline core network via land links or dedicated microwave links.
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GSM Antenna
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Cellular Concept
cluster
cell sector
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Duplex Technologies
Down-link: BS to handset Up-link: handset to BS Two duplex Technologies: FDDFrequency Division Duplex TDDTime Division Duplex
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FDD
Frequency
Down Link
Up Link
TDD
Frequency
A2 talks to A1
B2 talks to B1
C2 talks to C1 .....
A1 talks to A2
B1 talks to B2
C1 talks to C2 .....
Time
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FDMA
Frequency
Time
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TDMA
Frequency
Time
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CDMA (1/2)
Frequency
20 ms/frame 32 channels
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CDMA (2/2)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
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Example of PN (1/3)
Assign PN code A: 00011011, B: 00101110, C: 01011100, D: 01000010 Transfer the PN to Bipolar chip sequences:
A=(-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1) B=(-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,1,-1) C=(-1,1,-1,1,1,1,-1,-1) D=(-1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,-1)
Check:
A*A=1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=8 A*B=1+1-1-1+1-1+1-1=0 A*C=1-1+1+1+1-1-1-1=0 A*D=1-1+1-1-1+1+1-1=0
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Example of PN (2/3)
If 4 MSs want to transmit A=1, B=1, C=1, D=1, then BS will receive
S1=A*1+B*1+C*1+D*1=(-4,0,-2,0,2,0,2,-2)
If 4 MSs want to transmit A=1, B=1, C=0, D=1, then BS will receive
S2 =A*1+B*1+C*(-1)+D*1 =(-2,-2,0,-2,0,-2,4,0)
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Example of PN (3/3)
BS will receive from MS C
1/8* C*S1 = 1/8 * (-4,0,-2,0,2,0,2,-2) * (-1,1,-1,1, 1,1,-1,-1) = 1/8 * (4+0+2+0+2+0-2+2)= 1 1/8 * C*S2 = 1/8 * (-2,-2,0,-2,0,-2,4,0) * (-1,1,-1,1, 1,1,-1,-1) = 1/8 * (2-2+0-2+0-2-4+0)= -1
-1 means 0
Data Signal
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Cellular Telephony
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1G Cellular Telephony
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Total Access Communication System (TACS) NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 450/900 NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) , JTACS (1988), NTACS (1993) C450
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30kMHz spacing
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2G Cellular Telephony
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) in Japan
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TDMA/FDD 935-960 MHz for Downlink 890-915 MHz for Uplink 200 kHz for RF channel spacing Speech coding rate 13 Kbps
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GSM Mobile Application Part (MAP) for roaming management Digital switch can provide many applications:
Example: point-to-point short messaging, group addressing, call waiting, multiparty services
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PLMN
Vocoder
Switch
PSTN
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825-845
824-849
824-849
940-956
30kHz 1 10 kps
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Cellular Characteristics
The characteristics of the cellular system:
Support high mobility Large coverage area High transmission power of BS and handset High signal process power (for handset) Low voice quality High network complexity
Low-Tier PCS
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Cordless Telephone, Second Generation (CT2) Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) Personal Access Communications System (PACS)
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CT-2
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Third-Generation:
Better system capacity High-speed and wireless Internet access (to 2Mbps) Wireless multimedia services (audio and video)
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3G Revolution
2G America IS-95A IS-136 2.5G IS-95B cdma2000 1x 3G Cdma2000 3xMC
1xEV-DO EDGE
1xEV-DV
Europe
GSM
GSM GPRS
UMTS
UMTS/ HSDPA
Japan
PDC
P-PDC
W-CDMA
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Summary
PCS Architecture Cellular Telephony Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS Third-Generation Wireless Systems
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