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cvwb wevb (Hydrology) cvwb wevb nQ cvwbi wevb | Hydrology kwU jvwUb k (hydrologia) _K GmQ, Gi `yBwU Ask hydr I logia , hydr A_ cvwb I logia A_ we`v| cvwbi Hefzul Kabir Drm, eenvi, vbvi, bvejx, mgmv Geo.JaU2009 BZvw` wbq h welq Encyclopdia Britannica Abymvi cvwb wevb AvjvPbv Ki ZvKB cvwb wevb nQ- Hydrology scientific discipline concerned with eySvq| of the Earth, including their occurrence, the waters
distribution, and circulation via the hydrologic cycle and interactions with living things. It also deals with the chemical and physical properties of water in all its phases.

cvPxb mfZvjvi wfw cvwb njI welq wnmve Zv Aaqbi `v AwZA w`bi| cqvRb wewfb mgmv mgvavbi Rb vbx, cKkjxMb cvwb ev b`x wewfb welq wbq Aaqb I MelYv KiZb | hgb evuawbgvY, Lvj Lbb, b`x msvi, cwKv Irrigation projects Hefzul Kabir BZvw` Great Construction of Zix, mP cwZ Dvebsections of the AbZg| China

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Geo.JaU2009 The Magic Canal (Lingqu)

Linked the Xiang and Li Rivers.

The Grand Canal, begun in 330 BCE, was completed during the Yuan dynasty (1293).

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

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b`xR f~wgicZ Gi Aaqb cwZ (Mathodology of Fluvial Morphology) t `yBwU cavb AvtmwKZ `wKvY _K b`xR f~wgicZ Aaqb Kiv nq| hgbHwZnvwmK cwZ I KvhKix cwZ| Hefzul Kabir
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Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric river dam that spans theYangtze River in Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei, China. It is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. The dam body was finished in 2006.

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Inter Link canals in red. Source - The Hindustan Times, July 3 2003

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

Hefzul Kabir Geo.JaU2009

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cvwb wevb
cvwb wevb nQ cvwbi wevb | Hydrology kwU jvwUb k (hydrologia) _K GmQ, Gi `yBwU Ask hydr I logia , hydr A_ cvwb I logia A_ we`v| cvwbi Drm, eenvi, vbvi, bvejx, mgmv BZvw` wbq h welq AvjvPbv Ki ZvKB eySvq| Encyclopdia Britannica Abymvi cvwb nQ- Hydrology scientific discipline concerned with the wevb
(Hydrology)

waters of the Earth, including their occurrence, distribution, and circulation via the hydrologic cycle and interactions with living things. It also deals with the chemical and physical properties of water in all its phases. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2005. Abymvi Hydrology nQ science that deals with the waters of Earththeir properties, behavior, and distribution. Hydrologists, as scientists in this field are called, study the occurrence,

The science of the properties , distribution, and effects of water on a planet's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in Hydrology has been a subject of investigation and engineering for millennia. theatmosphere
For example, about 4000 B.C. the Nile was dammed to improve agricultural productivity of previously barren lands. Mesopotamian towns were protected from flooding with high earthen walls. Aqueducts were built by the Greeks and Ancient Romans, while the History of China shows they built irrigation and flood control works. The ancient Sinhaleseused hydrology to build complex irrigation Works in Sri Lanka, also known for invention of the Valve Pit which allowed construction of large reservoirs, anicuts and canals which still function. Marcus Vitruvius, in the first century B.C., described a philosophical theory of the hydrologic cycle, in which precipitation falling in the mountains infiltrated the Earth's surface and led to streams and springs in the lowlands. With adoption of a more scientific approach, Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy independently reached an accurate representation of the hydrologic cycle. It was not until the 17th century that hydrologic variables began to be quantified. Pioneers of the modern science of hydrology include Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmund Halley. By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for flow of the Seine. Marriotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain discharge, again in the Seine.

Marriotte combined velocity and river cross-section measurements to obtain discharge, again in the Seine. Halley showed that the evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea was sufficient to account for the outflow of rivers flowing into the sea. Advances in the 18th century included the Bernoulli piezometer and Bernoulli's equation, by Daniel Bernoulli, the Pitot tube. The 19th century saw development in groundwater hydrology, including Darcy's law, the Dupuit-Thiem well formula, and Hagen-Poiseuille's capillary flow equation. Rational analyses began to replace empiricism in the 20th century, while governmental agencies began their own hydrological research programs. Of particular importance were Leroy Sherman's unit hydrograph, the infiltration theory of Robert E. Horton, and C.V. Theis's Aquifer test/equation describing well hydraulics. Since the 1950s, hydrology has been approached with a more theoretical basis than in the past, facilitated by advances in the physical understanding of hydrological processes and by the advent of computers and especially Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Branches of hydrology
Chemical hydrology is the study of the chemical characteristics of water. Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle. Hydrogeology is the study of the presence and movement of ground water. Hydroinformatics is the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications. Hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere. Isotope hydrology is the study of the isotopic signatures of water. Surface hydrology is the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surface.

Applications of hydrology
Determining the water balance of a region. Determining the agricultural water balance. Designing riparian restoration projects. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk. Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning. Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. Part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling. Providing drinking water. Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation. Designing bridges. Designing sewers and urban drainage system. Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on sanitary sewer systems. Predicting geomorphological changes, such as erosion or sedimentation . Assessing the impacts of natural and anthropogenic environmental change on water resources. Assessing contaminant transport risk and establishing environmental policy guidelines.

Hydrology Learning Objectives Graduates who have undertaken the Hydrology and Water Resources specialisation will be equipped with: An in-depth understanding of theories and concepts in surface and subsurface hydrology, the physical, chemical and biological interactions between the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the biosphere and the atmosphere. A thorough awareness of natural and human-induced variations in space and time of hydrological systems. Use information and communication technology within a hydrological context. Master the major hydrological methodologies and applications with regard to water quantity and quality, including techniques for data collection, processing and analysis, and the application of catchment hydrological modelling and aquifer modelling techniques. Evaluate and analyse hydrological systems and processes at a wide range of scales in both space and time for the purpose of water resources assessment, natural hazard assessment and mitigation, and environmental planning and management. Design and conduct hydrological research and experiments for applied or scientific purposes, independently or within a team. In addition, graduates will: Be aware of the importance of hydrology to society, the relationship of hydrology and other disciplines such as ecology, meteorology and

Course contents
The specialisation modules deal with the following subjects: Hydrogeology enables participants to describe groundwater systems, qualitatively and quantitatively, building on their basic knowledge of the hydrological cycle and of earth science. Hydrology deals with the processes of land-surface and near-surface hydrology relating to evapotranspiration, soil water movement, stream flow dynamics and their interaction with groundwater. Water quality covers the basic chemical principles and reactions that play a role in the determination and evolution of water quality, and the various subsurface systems that transport contaminants. Data analysis systems deal with the processing of spatial hydrological data and with statistical data analysis, including the use of current data software, and with the ability to judge and evaluate hydrological data processing methods. Tracer hydrology and flow systems analysis presents methods of analysing and assessing hydrological flow systems, with special attention to hydro-chemical and tracer hydrological approaches. Data collection and processing or Groundwater exploration and monitoring. Hydrological modelling or Groundwater modelling.

Hydro - water Loge - knowledge

STreams Restoration, Ecology & Aquatic Management Solutions

Worldwide, a third of the children are malnourished and more than one billion people lack safe water to drink

Every minute the population of the world increases by about 200 people

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China

Africa

Africa: Irrigation of an orchard

Precipitation
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Soil-Water-Plant Interactions
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Surface Influence on Infiltration

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Runoff Processes

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Flooding

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Land Use Impacts on Hydrology

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Subsurface Drainage
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Hydraulic Control Structures

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Stream Processes
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Drainage Area 30 sq. mi. Streamway 120 * DA 0.43 = 518 ft

1980 1966 1951 1989

5 18

1997

Salt Creek
Vinton County, Ohio

Lost Floodplain Access Channel Resizing Loss of Buffering from Small Streams and Floodplains

Biologica l Indicator s

Stream Ecology

LOW URBAN

Biodiversity Shift

Soil Erosion
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Water Quality

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Click edit Master text styles The Causes oftoEnvironmental Problems Second level

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Remote Sensing Applications

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Thank You!

Causes of Precipitation

Evaporation & Transpiration

Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.4

Hillslope Hydrology
Runoff Processes: Horton overland flow Subsurface stormflow, Return flow Groundwater flow

Water Flow

Factors Affecting Water Movement in Soils

Runoff Generation
As we discuss mechanisms, remember

Many processes occur simultaneously Shifts can occur between processes in space and time Antecedent wetness conditions are important Watershed characteristic play a central role

Horton Overland Flow

Horton overland flow occurs when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity

Horton Overland Flow

Once thought to be the ONLY mechanism of runoff generation Became coded into hydrologic models still in use today Subsequent work showed role of partial source area where Saturation overland flow is produced

Horton Overland Flow

If rainfall exceeds soil infiltration capacity:

Water fills surface depression then Water spills over downslope as overland flow and Eventually to the stream

Subsurface Stormflow

Lateral flow through soil above conductivity contrast. Consists of both slower matrix flow and faster macropore flow

Saturation Overland Flow

Direct rainfall onto saturated areas. Return flow from saturated soils in topographic lows and along valley bottoms where water table rises to intersect the surface.

Overland flow, Tennessee Valley, California

Direct Precipitation on Channels

Generally a minor contribution to runoff, why?

Groundwater & the Vadose Zone

Groundwater Flow Driven by hydraulic gradients Q=KIA

K is hydraulic conductivity A is cross sectional area I is hydraulic gradient

Water balance of drainage basins

Net difference between precipitation and evaporation yields streamflow or groundwater recharge

Watershed Urbanization