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Ultrasound Equipments
The Physics of Ultrasound. The Principles of Ultrasound Diagnostic Equipment. Image Processing.
Ultrasound Frequency
Humans can hear only a limited rang of frequencies (Audible spectrum). The frequency range of audible sound is approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Frequencies lower than 20 Hz are Infrasound and frequencies higher than 20 kHz are called Ultrasound Diagnostic ultrasound equipments used ultrasound frequencies in the range of approximately 1 MHz to Ultrasound 10 MHz
0 20 Hz Infrasound 20 kHz 1MHz 10 MHz Audible sound Diagnostic Ultrasound
Transducer
~
Voltage
Ultrasound waves
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Voltage-ultrasound conversion
In the practice high voltage pulses of about 100 V are applied to the transducer The transducer converts the voltage pulses into the ultrasound waves, which my be transmitted into the human body
Transmission Pulses Transducer
Object
Voltage
Transducer
Ultrasound waves
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Voltage-ultrasound conversion
When the ultrasound waves reach an object they are reflected back to the transducer The reflection echoes are then converted by the transducer into voltage to be used as reception signals
Reflection Echoes Transducer
Object
Voltage
Transducer
Ultrasound waves
Voltage-ultrasound conversion
Ultrasound reflection
Ultrasound waves transmitted in the human body. Z B = B CB At the border of different structures some of the Z A = A CA transmitted waves are reflected back according to the acoustic impedance different between two Z B = B CB structures. Acoustic impedance:
Transmitted U.S. wave
Z = C
Z A = A CA
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Acoustic impedance
The table shows acoustic impedance of each material in the human body The average impedance is about 1.6 Acoustic impedance of each material is different from each other and that is why U.S. waves are reflected from the different structures
Material Air Blood Brain Fat Soft tissue Kidney Liver Muscle Skull bone Water Acoustic impedance 0.00043 1.62 1.6 1.38 1.6 1.62 1.66 1.7 7.8 1.52
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Lens
Resolution
They are two major parameters, which influence the diagnostic image quality these are axial and lateral resolution Resolution can be defined as the ability of the equipment to distinguish two separate objects
X Y D Transducer X: Axial resolution Y: Lateral resolution
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Axial Resolution
Axial resolutions describe resolution in the axial direction Axial resolution is determined by the U.S. wave length and frequency If the U.S. beam use a short wave length as is shown above we can distinguish two separate objects which are based closed together in line in axial direction. This is because wave length of the U.S. beam is shorter than the distance between the two objects.
Axial Resolution
If the U.S beam uses a longer wave length as shown below, we can not distinguish two separate objects, this is because the wave length is longer than the distance between the two objects Because a higher frequency main a short wave length, we can say generally: that the higher the U. S. frequency, the higher the axial resolution
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Lateral Resolution
Lateral resolution describes resolution in the lateral direction If the U.S. beam is wide, as shown in the top figure, the displayed object size may be bigger than the actual object size so lateral resolution is poor. If the U.S. beam is narrow the displayed object size will be a closer to the actual size so lateral resolution is better. Generally speaking: the narrow the U.S. beam, the higher the lateral resolution. A
A B B far field Displayed Near field Convergence Divergence Object size A B A B
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Relationship
This table shows the relationship between frequency, resolution and penetration In general, the higher the U.S frequency the higher the resolution and the lower the penetration. Conversely , the lower the U.S frequency the lower the resolution but the higher the penetration. To determine a wide range of diagnostic requirements we need a wide range of U.S. frequencies That is why there is a wide selection of probe frequency for studies of different organs. Frequency Resolution Penetration Low Poor Good High Good Poor
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R-Delay
Receiver
D.S.C
Organ
TV-monitor
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20
Organ
R-Delay
Receiver
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D.S.C
Organ
TV-monitor
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Absorption
This table shows the absorption Material Absorption at of MHz U.S. waves in each 1 MHz dB/cm material Air 12 Absorption is measured in Blood 0.2 decibels per centimeters (dB/cm) Brain 0.9 Note that absorption in air and Fat 0.6 skull bone is very high as shown in the table Soft tissue 0.8 If absorption is very high the Kidney 1 U.S waves can not pass through Liver 0.9 As a general rule U.S diagnosis Muscle 2.3 is not restructures containing 13 gas or structures hidden behind Skull bone Water 0.002 bon such as lung, stomach and brain. 23
Echo
Display Mode
We will explain some of the display modes for U.S. imaging. Here we will take about 3 of the most common modes. they are: 1) A-Mode 2) B-Mode 3) M-Mode
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Principles of A-Mode
A-mode display gives information about the distance between tissue boundaries e.g. to measure organ thickness If we observe an iconoscopes display, let the vertical direction be the time or depth axis and let the horizontal direction be the amplitude of the received signal wave This display method is called Amplitude Mode or just A-Mode
Amplitude
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Principles of B-Mode
The B of B-Mode stands for brightness Shifting the position of U.S. transmission and reception results in scanning Echo signals received and then go to intensity modulation so that across sectional image can be displayed on CRT Using this display method we can see internal structure I a patient study
Width [cm]
Intensity modulation
B-Mode Brightness-Mode
Depth [cm]
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Principles of M-Mode
Here we illustrate M-Mode. The M of m-mode stands for motion. This display mod is useful for studying moving targets such as inertial mitralvalve The transducer position should remain fixed when using this mode, while the display mode used customarily screened in a movement code scrolling Scrolling allows movement of the valve to be displayed as Intensity an image
modulation Time [sec]
Principles of M-Mode
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A, B and M-Mode
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Input pulses
n-1 n
Focal Point
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T&R-Delay Line
For transmission a pulses input to the Input pulses transmission delay line The transmission delay line generates a delay time between pulses to achieve a desired focusing distance For reception the echo signals are input to the reception delay line, where they are a phase corrected and mixed together.
T-delay line
Delay Time
Delay Time
R-delay line
Mixed Echo
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Transducer Array
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Transducer Array
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Linear Scanning
On the left hand side is the probe and the shape of the beam On the right hand side is the display format of linear scanning The advantages of linear scanning are a large field of view at shallow regions of the body and easier identification of skin orientation
Probe This is the actual B-Mode real time image display of linear scanning Beam shape
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TV Display Format
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Sector Scanning
On the left hand side is the probe and the shape of the beam On the right hand side is the display format of sector scanning
TV Display Format
Probe
Shape
The advantages of sector scanning are: a large field of view at deep region of the body and a small skin contact area
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Sector Scanning
Therefore the sector probe can transmit U.S. waves to a very small acoustic window such as between the ribs to exam the heart as shown
This is the actual B-Mode real time image display of sector scanning
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Image Processing
STC Dynamic range Echo enhancement Combination focus
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penetration
Gain compensation
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STC
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Dynamic Range
Dynamic rang of the image is defined as the center of request strongest echo signals which can be displayed The dynamic range control is to adjust the display range of the U.S. image The dynamic range actually uses a wide band operational amplifier In the figure we can see the amplification factor of the amplifier Here the strength of the signal is too great to be displayed at this dynamic range If we have a larger dynamic range, a greater range of signal intensities can be displayed
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Dynamic Range
By changing the amplification factor the range of the output echo signals is changed as shown Here the dynamic range has been increased to cover the highest signal strength If dynamic range is too wide, observation of the image becomes difficult because the image contents to many similar signals If the range too narrow, contrast increases but too narrow range will increase areas of intense darkness or brightness as signals beyond the ranges are lost
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Dynamic Range
output Display Limit
DR UP Input
Time
Input Echo
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Dynamic Range
output
DR UP Input
Time
Input Echo
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Combination Focus
Depth [cm]
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Convex array:
frequency range app. from 3.5 MHz to 9 MHz Length from 20 to 60 cm Applications: Abdomen, GYN, OB, Urology
Micro-convex:
Application: Pediatrics
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Adult
Pediatric
Multi-Plane TEE-Transducer:
with a frequency range of 4.0 to 8.0 MHz and an image plane rotation between 0 and 180 deg,
Multi-Plane TEE-Transducer
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Endocavity
frequency range app. from 5 MHz to 10 MHz Application: Endovaginal, Endorectal
Endoscopic / Mini-probes
frequency range app. from 5 MHz to 20 MHz
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Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is simply what someone moving away from a source of sound, such as a whistle experiences. That person will hear a pitch lower than the pitch heard by a person standing still Likewise, someone moving toward the whistle will hear a higher pitch
Doppler effect
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Doppler Effect
The diagram shows a Doppler transducer placed on the skin and aimed at an angle, , towards a blood vessel, which contains blood flowing with a velocity of u m/s, at any instant. The transducer emits ultrasound waves of frequency, fo, and echoes generated by moving reflectors in the blood, e.g. red blood cells, have a frequency, fr. The difference between these two frequencies, f, is related to the velocity of the flowing reflectors throught the following equation:
where v is the velocity of sound in the medium. So, for instance, when ultrasound with a frequency in the range 2-10 MHz is applied in medicine to detect blood flowing in arteries (where typical velocities are 0-5 m/s), the equation above reveals that the frequency differences will be in the audible range of sound frequencies, i.e. 0-15 kHz. Their signals can therefore be fed through speakers so that this sound 57 can be heard
Doppler Effect
Using Doppler effect to measure blood flow
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U. S T&R
Phase Detection
Monitor