Cell Division

What is mitosis? Division of a cell nucleus into 2 identical daughter nuclei

Stages of mitosis
Interphase DNA replication ccurs

Early Prophase chromosome condense

Late prophase Nuclear envelope breaks up Spindle fibres form

Metaphase chromosomes line up at equator of spindle

Anaphase Sister chromatids seperate

Telophase Nuclear envelop reforms Chromosomes uncoil

Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm

Importance of mitosis Growth Growth is the increase in size of an organism. Increase in size of an organism can be achieved by an increase in number of cells Mitosis increases cell number as 1 parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells Repair Damaged cells are replaced with new ones by mitosis Asexual reproduction DNA replication and cell division must be tightly controlled DNA replication faithfully copies all the information (copies correctly) Daughter cells contains all the genes needed for subsequent cell division and differentiation Errors in DNA replication leads to harmful changes in genes This can lead to: abnormal development of embryo Uncontrolled division of cells (cancer) Cancerous growth interfere with normal functions of cells such as in the alveoli. Cancer cells reduce surface area for gaseous exchange

Overview of meiosis Meiosis I Seperation of Homologous Chromosomes Meiosis II Seperation of sister chromatids Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's mother; the other from the organism's father Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromatin connected by a centromere. Homologous chromosomes Same genes, maybe different alleles Sister Chromatids Same genes, same alleles

Prophase I Homologous chromosomes pair up Crossing over may occur

Crossing over occurs between non sister chromatids

Metaphase I Homologous chromsomes line up at equator

Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes move apart

Telophase I Nuclear membrane reforms

Metaphase II Chromosomes arrange on equator

Anaphase II Sister chromatids seperate

Telophase II
Nuclear envelop forms around daughter chromosomes

Haploid: number of chromosomes found in gamete (1 complete set of chromosomes) Diploid: Number of chromosomes found in non reproductive cells ( 2 complete sets of chromosomes) Zygote is formed from the fusion of 2 gametes hence the gametes must have half the number of chromosomes found in a normal cell Causes of variation Crossing over Independent Assortment One chromosome can combine with either chromosome of another pair Fusion of gamete Any sperm can fuse with any egg Difference between mitosis and meiosis