INTRODUCTION

Open source software is defined by its attached license which abandons essential rights granted to the original creator by copyright law. This procedure gives anyone the opportunity to redistribute and modify any received open source software.. Most operating systems, drivers and utility programs are written by commercial organizations that distribute executable versions of their software -versions that can't be studied or altered. Open source requires the distribution of original source materials that can be studied, altered and built upon, with the results once again freely distributed.

THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE

Meaning of open source Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials--typically, their source code. Some consider it as a philosophy, and others consider it as a pragmatic methodology. Before open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; the term open source gained popularity with the rise of the Internet and its enabling of diverse production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. Subsequently, open source software became the most prominent face of open source

Example of open source

The Linux kernel is an operating system kernel used by the Linux family of Unixlike operating systems.[6] It is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software.[7] The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2)[4] (plus some firmware images with various non-free licenses), and is developed by contributors worldwide. Day-to-day development discussions take place on the Linux kernel mailing list. The Linux kernel was initially conceived and created by Finnish computer science student[8] Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux rapidly accumulated developers and users who adapted code from other free software projects for use with the new operating system.[9] The Linux kernel has received contributions from thousands of programmers.[10] Many Linux distributions have been released based upon the Linux kernel.

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. It also has evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.[2] PHP can be deployed on most web servers and as a standalone interpreter, on almost every operating system and platform free of charge.[3] A competitor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) server-side script engine[4] and similar languages, PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.[5] PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification.[6] PHP is free software released under the PHP License

which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP.[7] While PHP originally stood for "Personal Home Page", it is now said to stand for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor", a recursive acronym.[8]

LATEST OPEN SOURCE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Meaning of open source application software Application software is a defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. The term application refers to both the application software and its implementation. Examples of open source application software A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system)[citation needed] is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material. Word processor may also refer to a type of stand-alone office machine, popular in the 1970s and 1980s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated processor (like a computer processor) for the editing of text. Although features and design varied between manufacturers and models, with new features added as technology advanced, word processors for several years usually featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on memory cards or diskettes. Later models introduced innovations such as spell-checking programs, increased formatting options, and dot-matrix printing. As the more versatile combination of a personal computer and separate printer became commonplace, most businessmachine companies stopped manufacturing the word processor as a stand-alone office machine. As of 2009 there were only two U.S. companies, Classic and AlphaSmart, which still made stand-alone word processors.[1] Many older machines, however, remain in use. Since 2009, Sentinel has offered a machine described as a word processor, but in actuality it is more accurately a highly specialised microcomputer, used for accounting and publishing. [2] Word processors are descended from early text formatting tools (sometimes called text justification tools, from their only real capability). Word processing was one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity.

Although early word processors used tag-based markup for document formatting, most modern word processors take advantage of a graphical user interface providing some form of what-you-see-is-what-you-get editing. Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce any arbitrary combination of images, graphics and text, the latter handled with type-setting capability. Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processing software. Microsoft estimates that over 500,000,000 people use the Microsoft Office suite,[3] which includes Word. Many other word processing applications exist, including WordPerfect (which dominated the market from the mid-1980s to early-1990s on computers running Microsoft's MSDOS operating system) and open source applications OpenOffice.org Writer, AbiWord, KWord, and LyX. Web-based word processors, such as Google Docs, are a relatively new category

A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells usually in a two-dimensional matrix or grid consisting of rows and columns. Each cell contains alphanumeric text, numeric values or formulas. A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each time any cell is updated. Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet automatically after a change to a single cell is made. A pseudo third dimension to the matrix is sometimes applied as another layer, or layers/sheets, of two-dimensional data. THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN ICT Hardware

Features

SELPHY ES30 Borderless/Bordered (1-up/2-up/4-up/8-up layout), Creative Print (Frames, Clip Art, Calendar, Multi-Layout, Speech Bubble, ID Photo, Movie Print, Images Effects), Date Print, DPOF, File Number Print, Index Print, Layout Print (fixed sized, N-

SELPHY ES40 Borderless/Bordered (Select from 6 color border choices), (1-up/2-up/4-up/8-up layout), Creative Print (Frames, Clip Art, Calendar, Multi-Layout, Speech Bubbles, ID Photo, Movie Print, Images Effects), Date Print, DPOF, Image Quality

Adjustment, Index Print, My Colors, Photo Direct Print (Memory Card/Camera), Trimming, Wireless (via Optional up), My Colors, Trimming, 3.0" LCD, Bluetooth), 3.5" LCD, Built-in AC Built-in AC Adapter, Easy-Scroll Wheel, Adapter, Demo Mode, Easy-Scroll Wheel, Gold & Silver Special Color Color Gold & Silver Special Color Print Correction (Optional), Portrait Image Optimize, Quick Startup, Red-eye Correction, Voice Guidance Print Color: 300 x 300 dpi Color: 300 x 300 dpi Resolution Gradation: 256 levels per color Gradation: 256 levels per color (up to) Print Speed 4x6 Color Photo: 4" x 6" borderless photo: 4x6 Color Photo: 4" x 6" borderless photo: (Approx.) approx. 55 seconds approx. 55 seconds Paper Tray 50 sheets 50 sheets Capacity USB, Card Slots (See Memory Card), Standard Bluetooth v2.02, Card Slots, PictBridge PictBridge (Cable not included), Bluetooth Interface (Cable not included), USB v1.25 (Optional) Physical 8.9"(W) x 8.9"(H) x 5.4"(D) 8.9"(W) x 8.9"(H) x 5.4"(D) Dimensions Weight 4.6 lbs. 4.8 lbs.

PERVASIVE COMPUTING Meaning of pervasive computing The trend towards an information environment in which users have access to ICTs throughout the environment. This trend is particularly associated with the growth of wireless technologies that allow users to access online information and services remotely and synchronise data between different computers

Examples of pervasive computing SmartTAG is the Malay acronym for Sistem Membayar Automatic Rangkaian Tol, or literally means Automatic Payment System For Toll Network. It is a vehicle on-board unit that works in combination with the Touch n Go card to allow user to pay toll with drive-through convenience. SmartTAG transmits information between the Touch n Go card and the toll system via infrared at the dedicated lane. The system can detect a vehicle as fast as 40 milliseconds and vehicle throughput is 4 times faster than cash lane. At a smaller toll plaza where there is no SmartTAG lane, user can take out the Touch n Go card from the SmartTAG and use it at the Touch n Go lane instead.

The smart refrigerator

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennae. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source. The Smart Refrigerator maintains a database of what is currently inside the refrigerator, which can be used put to use in a variety of ways. The Smart refrigator will have an LCD display with a tabbed interface which a user will use to interact with the refrigerator. CONCLUSION Open source software has natural strengths which benefit individual users. Above and beyond this, the widespread use of open source software holds advantages for the U.S. economy as a whole, and it is for this reason that a careful program of government promotion and encouragement would be justified and beneficial he aim of the research presented in this thesis is to contribute to the design of CSdCL environments of good pedagogical quality. This is approached by exploration of the research question: What are the most crucial limitations and possibilities of Internet related to performing collaborative activities in distributed learning situations? The research question is primarily illuminated through the

process of developing a prototype of a CSdCL computer system and the application of this in a CSdCL situation. This development is founded on literature studies and initial studies at two distance education institutions REFERENCE