26 CDMA Capacity Theory

CDMA RF Planning Unit6
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Main Content
Basic Elements and Calculation of Traffic Capacity Recognized Busy Hour Methodologies Determine Erl B Table and GOS Determine the Call Mix and Its Effects Calculating Um Interface Capacity
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What is capacity?
Capacity more typically refers to the amount of activity that a
particular device or group of devices can facilitate support for without experiencing a failure or fault. In telephone switching system, demand for the server from the source is called traffic, whereas it is called traffic load from the perspective of the server. The definition is as follows: the traffic (or traffic load)produced (or shouldered) by a source (or a server) during the period T is the total of the lasted time for each of all services during this period Note: Grade of Service (GOS) is defined as the probability that a random call will be delayed, or receive a busy signal, under a given traffic load.
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Components of a Typical Cellular System

Two major components that effect traffic: Access components Network components
PSTN
Antenna
MSC and BSC
E 1
BTS
Network
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Access
Capaciy can be seen everywhere

Units for Capacity

Centi-call second (CCS)
The sum of the number of busy circuits, providing the busy trunks were observed every 100 seconds (36 observations in 1 hour)
Erlangs
Most common measurement of traffic One circuit continuously used for one hour Observed once every 100 seconds One Erlang equals 36 CCSs
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Minutes of Use
1 Erlang = 60 MOU = 36 CCS 1 MOU = .16 Erlang = .6 CCS 1 CCS = .028 Erlang = 1.67 MOU
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Conversion Triangle
Erlangs
Er
36
x gs lan
la n
gs
60
Er
m /60 in
CC S
/3 6
CCS
CCS/.6 ZTE University min x .6
MOU
Capacity Flow Definition

Traffic flow through an office is defined as the product of the number of calls during a period of time and their average length, called the holding time. A = ACHT x BHCA/3600 BHCA designates the number of calls originated during a period of one hour ACHT is the average holding time, Typically, between 60 seconds and 120 seconds. A is the traffic flow in Erl For example: 200 calls of an average duration of two minutes are generated during a period of one hour, then the traffic flow equals: 200(BHCA) x 120(ACHT)/3600 = 6.67Erl(traffic flow) Traffic flow expressed in hour-calls is referred to as traffic intensity. In the example, the traffic intensity equals: 6.67Erl
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Capacity Intensity
Traffic intensity is the ratio of the time during which a facility is occupied continuously to the time this facility is available. A traffic intensity of one traffic unit (one Erlang) means continuous occupancy of a facility during the time period under consideration, regardless of whether or not information is transmitted. In one daythe capacity intensity is different in different hour. So we usually use busy hour as capacity intensity in planning. For example: in China the capacity intensity model for one user is 0.025Erl/sub
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Busy Hour Methodologies

Network elements should be engineered to provide an acceptable level of service during an average busy hour of the day, during the busiest seasons of the year. Busy hour methodologies are based on measurement of call traffic intensity for discrete periods, carried on over an extended period of time. These periods of measurement can vary based on hour of day, day of week, and season.
All above we should take care, that our planning should satisfy all the time requirement.
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Daily Traffic Variations

Exploded view of measured hour Traffic
peak traffic measured traffic (=average traffic)
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
Key: Actual busiest 60-minute period Busiest hour as measured
Time of Day
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19:00
Hourly Traffic Variation

Hourly traffic variation is usually selected for traffic characterization over a day because an hour is a convenient frame of reference.
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
A M M PM 10 :0 0 no on PM PM 6: 00 2: 00 8: 00 4: 00 8: 00
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12
PM
Daily Traffic Variation

Falling off traffic occurs during the course of the week. Higher average intensities occur on business days with lower activity during weekends and holidays. 4000
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Oringinating Busy Hour Calls
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Seasonal Traffic Variations

3700
Within a busy season, each system experiences weekly and daily traffic variations. Due to conditions peculiar to the area served by the system, some weeks have more traffic than others.
3500 3300 3100 2900

Aug. Oct. Jan.
2700
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Capacity Efficiency
The efficiency or capacity of how a facility handles traffic is effected by the number of channels or trunks.
If the number of channels double the efficiency or capacity more than doubles. For example, if given: CCS = 36 x Erlang and GOS = 2% then:1 channel = 0 to 1 CCS 2 channels = 0 to 8 CCS 3 channels = 0 to 22 CCS 4 channels = 0 to 39 CCS 5 channels = 0 to 60 CCS
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Erlang B Table
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 P.01 0.010 0.153 1 0.455 0.869 1.36 1.91 P.012 0.012 0.168 1 0.489 0.922 1.43 2 P.015 0.015 0.19 2 0.535 0.992 1.52 2.11 P.02 0.020 0.223 4 0.602 1.09 1.66 2.28 P.03 0.030 0.282 9 0.715 1.26 1.88 2.54 P.05 0.052 0.381 6 0.899 1.52 2.22 2.96 P.07 0.075 0.47 3 1.06 1.75 2.5 3.3 P.10 0.111 0.595 1.27 2.05 2.88 3.76
1 channel 2 channels 3 channels 4 channels 5 channels

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= 0 to 1 CCS = 0 to 8 CCS = 0 to 22 CCS = 0 to 39 CCS = 0 to 60 CCS
or 36 x .0204 = 0.734 CCS or 36 x .223 = 8.028 CCS or 36 x .602 = 21.672 CCS or 36 x 1.09 = 39.24 CCS or 36 x 1.66 = 59.76 CCS
Erlang Tables and Poisson Table

Three types of table used to determine carried traffic Erlang B table
Most often used in cellular Calls blocked subscriber tries again later
Erlang C table
Calls not blocked but are queued up to wait for service
Poisson table
Calls are in the system for one holding time If call is blocked then put into queue Need to overestimate number of channels needed compared to Erlang
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Same Number of Trunks in Erlang and Poisson Tables
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Same Traffic Capacity in Erlang and Poisson Tables

No. of Trunks 1 2 3 4 5 6 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 POISSON
Traffic in Erlangs P=1% P=2% P=5%
ERLANG-B
ERLANG-C
0.01 0.15 0.43 0.82 1.28 1.78 19.53 20.32 21.12 21.92 22.72 23.53 24.33
0.02 0.21 0.57 1.01 1.53 2.09 20.66 21.48 22.30 23.12 23.94 24.77 25.60
0.05 0.35 0.82 1.37 1.97 2.61 22.45 23.30 24.15 25.01 25.87 26.73 27.59
0.01 0.15 0.46 0.87 1.36 1.91 21.19 22.05 22.91 23.77 24.64 25.51 26.38
0.02 0.23 0.60 1.09 1.66 2.28 22.83 23.73 24.63 25.53 26.44 27.34 28.25
0.06 0.38 0.90 1.53 2.22 2.96 25.77 26.74 27.72 28.70 29.68 30.66 31.64
0.01 0.15 0.43 0.81 1.26 1.76 19.37 20.16 20.95 21.75 22.55 23.35 24.15
0.02 0.21 0.55 0.99 1.50 2.05 20.45 21.26 22.07 22.89 23.71 24.53 25.36
0.05 0.34 0.79 1.32 1.91 2.53 22.09 22.93 23.78 24.63 25.48 26.33 27.19
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Grade of Service
How do we relate traffic, grade of service (GoS), and Erlang/Poisson tables to provision the proper number of channels/trunks to support traffic? Lets begin by examining the Erlang/Poisson Tables.
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Traffic: Offered/Carried/Blocked
Carried TFC = Offered TFC - Blocked TFC
Offered Traffic
The Network
Carried Traffic
To/From Subscribers
Blocked
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Blocking probability and GOS

Blocking probability is the likelihood that a caller is unable to get a circuit when one is requested Blocking probability is usually expressed as a percentage, using a type of shorthand notation:
P.02, implying 2% blocking probability
Blocking probability is often referred to as GOS, and P.02 is a common goal at the air interface.
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Grade of Service - GOS

Defined as service quality component of a system Indicates the call blocking percentage by congestion Design values in planning:
Trunks for land-based network: 1% GOS Subscriber unit: 2-5% GOS Distributed by the system
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Call Mix
Differences in mobility affects the capacity of the wireless system. Calls can originate and terminate at a variety of locations. This is known as call mix. It is important to know the call mix of your system and develop call models. Call transfers between cells generates considerable work in the system. Subscriber Features such as Short Message Service also affect traffic and capacity.
Since call processing behavior changes constantly, it must be measured again whenever definitive capacity analysis is done.
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H-diagram Termination of Calls

M o b i l e T r u n k s
Reorder Invalid attempts Stimeout Douborig (Tones + announcements)
Output ( PSTN, another CCC)
M-L
Mobile Origination TANDEM (Call Delivery, Call Forward, voice mail, etc)
Input (PSTN, GATEWAY, etc)
L a n d T r u n k s
INTRA M (Mobile-to-Mobile) M
L L
Mobile Termination
L-M
Inactive Mobile (Treatment)
Paging timeout
Invalid attempts (Tones + announcements)
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Network Model In Reality
First,we should Know one single Cell capactiy?
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CDMA Pole Capacity - Isolated Cell

Student Exercise For an Isolated Cell, Pole Point capacity is defined as: For an Isolated Cell, Pole Point capacity is defined as: Pole Point capacity = 1 + Processing Gain Pole Point capacity = 1 + Processing Gain Eb/No Eb/No Calculated the Pole Point for Rate Set 1 or 9,600 bps, with a spread bandwidth of 1.2288 MHz. Note: We know Eb/No as 7dB. Converting this to a numerical ratio we get 5. Assumes : Perfect Power Control No Voice Activity Factor No Sectorization Gain ZTE University
CDMA Reverse Capacity

BTS Receiver Noise Rise Voice Activity Factor (VAF)
40% 60%
VOICE
NO VOICE
VOICE
NO VOICE
Average TX Power is lower by VAF
FULL-RATE FRAMES
1/8th RATE FRAMES
Capacity is increased by 1 = 2.5 times 0.40
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BTS Receiver Noise Rise In-Cell vs Out-of-Cell Interference
A1-A7 In-Cell Interferers
B1,B2,C1,C2 Out-of-Cell Interferers
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BTS Receiver Noise Rise In-Cell vs Out-of-Cell Interference
In-Cell Out-of-Cell
.03% .03% .03% .03% .03%
.2% .2% 6% 6% 6% .2% 6% 6% 6% .2% .2% .2% .2% .2%

.03% .03%
.03%
.2% .2%
.2%
.03% .03%
60%
.2%
.03%
.03%
.03% .03% .03% .03% .03% .03%
Other
30%
2.4%
0.36%
0.24%
60%
33%
Ratio Out-of-Cell to In-Cell Interference =
33% = 0.55 60%
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What happens if we SECTORIZE the BTS? We have excluded all these interferers from the Alpha sector Interference in this Sector is much lower
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What happens if we SECTORIZE the BTS? We have excluded all these interferers from the Alpha sector, assuming perfect sectorization! We can now bring each sector back to full Pole Capacity
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What happens if we SECTORIZE the BTS? We can now bring each sector back to full Pole Capacity
Site (BTS) Pole Capacity Increases 3 times users Not Quite! Why?
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What happens if we SECTORIZE the BTS? REALITY!
These users contribute Interference into Adjacent Sectors of the Site
Overlapping Zone between Sectors For a 3-sector configuration, the sectorzation gain is about SF = 2.2 to 2.7. For a 6-sector configuration, the gain is about SF = 3.5 to 4.5. univ.zte.com.cn ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn
Theoretical equation of calculating reverse capacity

c M = 1 + G p S Eb / I 0 v f (1 + f )
Loading factor
Total Received Power-to-Noise Ratio vs. Cell loading
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Theoretical equation of calculating reverse capacity

c M = 1 + G p S Eb / I 0 v f (1 + f )
Gp is Processing Gain (numerical) Eb/No is numerical 7dB in IS-95; 4.9dB in 1XRtt f is ratio of out-of-cell to in-cell interference (estimated at 55% or 0.55) SG is Sectorization Gain (eg: 2.55for a 3-sector, due to handoff boundaries) Vf is the Voice Activity Factor eg: 45% or 0.45
Nc is non-accurate power control

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factor 0.8 in IS-95; 0.9 in 1XRtt univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn

Student Exercise: Rate Set 1 8kb/s Data Rate 9,600 bps Spreading Rate 1.2288 Mcps
Processing Gain
128 7dB 0.4 0.55 128 4.9dB 0.4 0.55
Loading Factor Sectorzation Gain Non-accurate power Control Capacity Loading Factor Sectorzation Gain Non-accurate power Control Capacity
0.7 2.55 0.8

How many
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IS95 IXRtt
Eb/No Voice Activity Factor Interference Factor Processing Gain Eb/No Voice Activity Factor Interference Factor
0.6 2.55 0.9

How many ?
Traffic Capacity in One BTS?

TRI-SECTOR
35Users 35Users 35Users
1BTS (S111)
GOS:2%
26.4Erl*3 =79.2Erl
ErlB Table (GOS:2%)
ErlB Table (GOS:2%) ErlB Table (GOS:2%) ZTE University

26.4Erl 26.4Erl 26.4Erl
1X Capacity Planning Example

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The total subscribers (voice and data) The voice subscribers ratio The data subscribers ratio The busy hour traffic capacity of voice GOS The total traffic capacity requirement for voice (Erl) ZXC10-BSS Single sector capacity (Erl) The sectors number to support voice The total data subscribers The average data throughput of subscriber in voice busy hour (This parameter prediction decided by operator and manufacture together. ) The uplink and downlink data ratio The average downlink throughput of subscriber The average uplink throughput of subscriber The total downlink throughput of subscriber The total uplink throughput of subscriber ZXC10-BSS single sector downlink data throughput threshold ZXC10-BSS single sector uplink data throughput threshold The sectors number to support data The total sectors In reality, voice and data are used together , but in planning, we consider them separately for convenience calculation. 50000 100% 25% 0.02Erl/Sub 2% 1000Erl 26.4Erl 1000/26.4=38 5000*25%=12500 50 bps 1:4 40 bps 10 bps 40bps*125000=500Kbps 10bps*125000=125Kbps 450Kbps 400Kbps 500Kbps/450Kbps=2 38+2=40
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Capacity Analysis and Network Optimization
Difficult access Difficult access
Limited capacity Limited capacity
Increasing Increasing dropped call rate dropped call rate
Degressive Degressive voice quality voice quality
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Network Expanding
F1
OMNI
1BTS
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TRI-SECTOR
F1
1BTS
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Network Expanding
F1 + F2
OMNI
1BTS
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F1 +
F2
1BTS
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26 CDMA Capacity Theory

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26 CDMA Capacity Theory

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CDMA RF Planning Unit6

Components of a Typical Cellular System

MSC and BSC

Capaciy can be seen everywhere

Units for Capacity

Capacity Flow Definition

Busy Hour Methodologies

Daily Traffic Variations

Key: Actual busiest 60-minute period Busiest hour as measured

Hourly Traffic Variation

Daily Traffic Variation

Seasonal Traffic Variations

3500 3300 3100 2900

1 channel 2 channels 3 channels 4 channels 5 channels

= 0 to 1 CCS = 0 to 8 CCS = 0 to 22 CCS = 0 to 39 CCS = 0 to 60 CCS

Erlang Tables and Poisson Table

Same Number of Trunks in Erlang and Poisson Tables

Same Traffic Capacity in Erlang and Poisson Tables

Blocking probability and GOS

Grade of Service - GOS

H-diagram Termination of Calls

Output ( PSTN, another CCC)

Invalid attempts (Tones + announcements)

Network Model In Reality

First,we should Know one single Cell capactiy?

CDMA Pole Capacity - Isolated Cell

CDMA Reverse Capacity

Average TX Power is lower by VAF

1/8th RATE FRAMES

Capacity is increased by 1 = 2.5 times 0.40

CDMA Reverse Capacity

B1,B2,C1,C2 Out-of-Cell Interferers

CDMA Reverse Capacity

.2% .2% 6% 6% 6% .2% 6% 6% 6% .2% .2% .2% .2% .2%

.03% .03% .03% .03% .03% .03%

Ratio Out-of-Cell to In-Cell Interference =

33% = 0.55 60%

CDMA Reverse Capacity

CDMA Reverse Capacity

CDMA Reverse Capacity

CDMA Reverse Capacity

These users contribute Interference into Adjacent Sectors of the Site

Theoretical equation of calculating reverse capacity

Total Received Power-to-Noise Ratio vs. Cell loading

Theoretical equation of calculating reverse capacity

Nc is non-accurate power control

factor 0.8 in IS-95; 0.9 in 1XRtt univ.zte.com.cn univ.zte.com.cn

CDMA Reverse Capacity

128 7dB 0.4 0.55 128 4.9dB 0.4 0.55

0.7 2.55 0.8

0.6 2.55 0.9

Traffic Capacity in One BTS?

35Users 35Users 35Users

ErlB Table (GOS:2%)

ErlB Table (GOS:2%) ErlB Table (GOS:2%) ZTE University

26.4Erl 26.4Erl 26.4Erl

1X Capacity Planning Example

Capacity Analysis and Network Optimization

Difficult access Difficult access

Limited capacity Limited capacity

Increasing Increasing dropped call rate dropped call rate

Degressive Degressive voice quality voice quality

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