TABLE OF CONTENT

I.1 Geographical location and physical conditions........................................................................... 7 I.1.1 Geographical location........................................................................................................... 7 I.1.2 Physical conditions............................................................................................................... 7 II.1 Domestic solid waste................................................................................................................17 II.1.1 Amount, composition, and property of solid waste...........................................................17 II.1.2 The current situation of separation, collection and transport............................................ 18 II.1.3 The current situation of treatment......................................................................................21 II.1.4 The model of SW management......................................................................................... 24 II.2 Industrial solid waste................................................................................................................25 II.1.1 The running situation of the industrial zones and small industrial zones in Binh Dinh province.......................................................................................................................................25 II.2.2 The current situation of SW amount, composition and property.......................................27 II.2.3 The current situation of SW separation, collection and transport..................................... 28 II.2.4 The current situation of SW treatment...............................................................................30 II.2.5 The model of SW management......................................................................................... 30 II.3 Health solid waste.....................................................................................................................31 II.3.1 The current situation of SW amount, composition and property.......................................31 II.3.2 The current situation of SW separation, collection and transport..................................... 33 II.3.3 The current situation of SW treatment...............................................................................34 II.3.4 The modal of SW management......................................................................................... 35 II.4 The ongoing projects in Binh Dinh province........................................................................... 36 II.5 General remarks on the situation of SW management and treatment...................................... 38 II.5.1 The achievements.............................................................................................................. 38 II.5.2 The shortcomings...............................................................................................................38 III.1 The socioeconomic development plan for Binh Dinh province up to 2020............................40 III.1.1 Some socioeconomic development targets of the province up to 2020...........................40 III.1.2 The plan of urban system and rural residential zone development in the province are up to 2020.........................................................................................................................................41 III.1.3 The master plan of industrial zones and small industrial zones in the province up to 2010 and the development orientation up to 2020............................................................................... 47 III.1.4 The master plan of medical network................................................................................ 52 III.2 The Solid Waste Master Plan for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh province up to 2020.........................................................................................................................54 III.2.1 Forecast of the arising SW amount, composition and property.......................................54 III.2.2 The separation, collection and transport system plan.......................................................60 III.2.3 The treatment system plan................................................................................................77 III.2.4 The primary environmental impact assessment............................................................... 88 III.2.5 The primary forecast of the SW management of Binh Dinh province up to 2030...........95 III.3 The implementation roadmap..................................................................................................95 III.4 The cost estimate.....................................................................................................................99 IV.1 Organization and implementation.........................................................................................103 IV.2 The solution of SWMP implementation............................................................................... 107

ABBREVIATION
ADB CPC DoC DoH DoNRE DPC DSWMP EZ IP IZ MoH O&M ODA PC PPC SW SWM SWMP TPC URENCO WB WHO Asian Development Bank City Peoples Committee Department of Construction Department of Health Department of Natural Resources and Environment District Peoples Committee District Solid Waste Management Plan Economic Zone Industrial Point Industrial Zone Ministry of Health Operation and Maintenance Official Development Assistance Peoples Committee Provincial Peoples Committee Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Management Plan Town Peoples Committee Urban Environmental Company World bank World Health Organization

INTRODUCTION 1. The necessity of drawing up the plan Along with the industrialization and the urbanization, the amount of solid waste increase rapidly. The management of this solid waste amount is a great challenge and is one of the most important sanitation services because it not only requires a big budget but also brings large and potential benefits to the community health and population living. In order to follow timely the development progress and strengthen the solid waste management, many legal documents on solid waste management and treatment have been issued such as: Instruction nr.199/TTg dated 3 Apr 1997 of the Prime Minister on urgent measures of solid waste management in urban areas and industrial zones; Solid waste management strategy in urban areas and industrial zones of Viet Nam till 2010 enclosing to the Decision nr.152/1999/QD-TTg dated 10 Jul 1999 by the Prime Minister; Decision nr.155/1999/QD-TTg dated 2 Dec 1999 of the Prime Minister on the propagating of Hazardous solid waste management regulation; and recently, the Instruction nr.23/2005/CTTTg dated 21 Jun 2005 of the Prime Minister on enhancing the solid waste management in urban areas and industrial zones, in which including some objectives to be obtained till 2010:
-

Complete the SWMP for the urban areas and industrial zones to the direction of provincial area, inter-provincial area, specific area, in which give the priority to the SW landfills and SW recycling facilities.

Collect, transport and treat 90% of the total SW amount at urban areas and industrial zones, in which give the priority to the SW recycling and reusing, minimize burying SW.

Treat 100% of the hazardous health SW and more than 60% of the hazardous industrial SW through applicable technologies.

Thus, in order to protect the environment and get sustainable development, the SWM must be considered globally from the steps of collection and separation to the step of treatment. It is not only the construction of a hygienic landfill for an urban but also the comprehensive management.
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Along with the development of the whole country, recently, the industrialization and urbanization in Binh Dinh province have developed rapidly. The annual average GDP growth in the period 2001 - 2005 was 8.9%, the industrial production value increased 16%/year, and the GDP/person in 2005 was 1.83 times more than in 2000. By 2010, the GDP/person is expected to be more than 900 USD, 2.25 times more than 2005, the annual average GDP is expected to be 13%, the industry-construction value in 2010 is expected to be 37-38%, the industrial production value (fixed value 1994) will increase 24.5%/year, and the urbanization rate will be 35%. In this general situation, Binh Dinh province has early paid much attention to the SWM but still has not satisfied the development requirements. Therefore, in order to meet next socio-economic development requirements, it is necessary to make the PSWMP for the urban areas and industrial zones in Binh Dinh province till 2020. The implementation of the plan will increase the SWM effect, enhance the quality of the SW collection, transporting and treatment service, improve the living environment, and assure the sustainable development. It is also basic for the successful implementation of one of the provincial socio-economic development orientations until 2010, in which 100% of the urban domestic SW hazardous industrial SW and health SW will be collected and treated according to the environmental standards. 2. The points of view and objectives of the plan 2.1 The points of view of the plan The PSWMP must conform to the Solid Waste Management Strategy for the urban area and the industrial zones in Viet Nam up to 2020, which was approved by the Government, and the Provincial Social-Economic Development Master Plan up to 2020. It must also conform to the sector plans (urban, industry, health) approved by the Provincial Peoples Committee. Approach the current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world, and suit the conditions of Viet Nam. Apply selectively up-todate processing technologies that suit the economic conditions, technological level of our country and our province. Minimize the solid waste amount to be buried in order to minimize the environmental impact and investment cost as well as increase the land use effect.
4

Arrange reasonably the locations for the solid waste treatment plants in the

provincial area so that each waste treatment plant will serve one area with the fitting radius (not according to the administrative units). Give the priority to the treatment plants for harmful solid waste, in urban areas and in centralized industrial zones. Planning and building solid waste treatment plants must assure the sanitation, must not affect the health, livelihood and living activities of the population. 2.2 Objectives of the plan 2.2.1 General objective: Formulate the solid waste management general strategy in Binh Dinh area up to 2015, and the orientation up to 2020, in order to ensure the sustainable development of Binh Dinh province during the development of the Central Focus Economic Zone. 2.2.2 Specific objective: Referring to the Resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr.17: 100% of the urban domestic solid waste, harmful industrial solid waste, health solid waste are collected and treated in according to the environmental standards, following the schedule: + Up to 2015: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city and 70% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated; 100% of the solid waste from the industrial zones is separated, collected and treated by applicable methods. + Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated; 100% of the domestic solid waste from the urban areas is separated at the source. Improve the State management effect on solid waste management, increase the service quality of collection, transporting and treating solid waste, and improve the living environment quality to meet the increasing demand of the society. 3. The scale and objects of the plan 3.1 The scale of the plan Binh Dinh area with 602,600 ha and about 1,536 million of population 3.2 The objects of the plan Urban domestic SW
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a.

Industrial SW Health SW Decree nr.59/2007/ND-CP dated 9 Apr 2007 of the Prime Minister on the Circular nr.13/2007/TT-BXD dated 31 Dec 2007 of MoC instructing some

4. The legal basis of the plan SWM

b.

articles of the Decree nr.59/2007/ND-CP dated 9 Apr 2007 of the Prime Minister on the SWM c. d. e. f. Instruction nr.23/2005/CT-TTg of the Prime Minister on the promotion of the SWM strategy in urban areas and industrial zones of Vietnam till 2020 Vietnam building criteria on Building plan, Apr 2008 Regulation of hazardous waste management (enclosing to Decision SWM in urban areas and industrial zones

nr.155/1999/QD-TTg dated 2 Dec 1999 of the Prime Minister on propagating the Regulation of hazardous waste management) g. h. i. j. Decision nr.23/2006/QD-BTNMT dated 26 Dec 2006 of the Minister of Regulation of health waste management nr.43/2007/QD-BYT dated 31 Nov Plan of SW treatment plants at area level for 3 main economic areas: Northern, Decision nr.124/2004/QD-UB dated 6 Dec 2004 of Binh Dinh PPC approving MoNRE on propagating the List of hazardous waste 2007 of the Minister of MoH Central and Southern the Master Plan of the industrial zones and industrial complexes in Binh Dinh province till 2010 and the development orientation till 2020 k. Decision nr.878/QD-UBND dated 26 Dec 2006 of Binh Dinh PPC approving the modification and supplementation of the Industrial Development Master Plan in Binh Dinh till 2010 and the vision till 2020 l. Decision nr.2042/QD-CTUBND dated 30 Aug 2008 of Binh Dinh PPC approving the planning and cost estimate of the SWMP in Binh Dinh till 2020

CHAPTER I: PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF BINH DINH PROVINCE I.1 Geographical location and physical conditions I.1.1 Geographical location Binh Dinh is a coastal Central Southern province, one of five provinces belonging to the Central main economic area. Bounded on the north by Quang Ngai province. Bounded on the south by Phu Yen province. Bounded on the west by Gia Lai province. Bounded on the east by East Sea. The province has 10 districts and 1 city, in which there are 3 mountainous districts, 2 midland districts and 6 plain districts and 1 city. I.1.2 Physical conditions a) Terrain Binh Dinh terrain leans from the West to the East. The mountain area accounts for 70% of the provincial total area, its average height is 500-700m and its slope is more than 25 o. The midland area is 100m high averagely, 10o-15o steep. The plain area only accounts for 15% of the total area, and is partitioned by the mountain ranges running to the sea. It is bounded to the sea by sand dunes and lagoons, in which the biggest lagoons are Thi Nai lagoon, De Gi lagoon. Oversea there are some large inlands, the largest one is Xanh Island, which is 4km 2. b) Climate Binh Dinh province is in the climate zone of the central of Central part, with a little cold winter. We can say that from this region to the south, there is not cold winter anymore. The average temperature of the coldest month is not less than 22 oC. The temperature difference between the coldest month and the hottest month is about 6-7oC. The rainfall or the humidity rate is medium. The annual rainfall is about 1,600-1,700mm at the plain areas and about 2,000mm at the mountainous areas. In the summer, there are 4 months when the average temperature is more than 28 oC. The average maximum temperature is not more than 34 oC; the average minimum temperature is not less than 23oC.
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Storm: The stormy season here is as fierce as Binh Tri Thien region; it is usually in the months from September to November, in which November is the month of the most storms. In general, the climate of Binh Dinh province in particular and the Central of the Central part in general have more advantages. The rainfall is not too much; the temperature is not too low in the winter. However, in Binh Dinh, the dry season lasts from February to August, so it causes many difficulties to the growth of water-like crops. c) Hydrography There are 4 river systems flowing through Binh Dinh province, including Lai Giang River, Con River, La Tinh River and Ha Thanh River. These rivers originate from the mountain, flow from the west to the east, and gather in the lagoons before falling to the sea. Now, big rivers are usually exhausted in dry season. The exhausted flows account for 1215% of the annual total flows. One noticeable feature of these 4 rivers is that Con River and Lai Giang River originate from An Lao rainy center, so they have rather high annual flow module. d) Oceanography The tide regulation here is irregular semi daily tide; there are about 20 days of daily tide. Amplitude of the daily tide is 1.2-2.2m, ebb tide 0.5-1m. In rainy season, because the rainfall is the same as the amplitude of flood tide, it is possible to have a difference of 0.4-0.6m. Rivers in Binh Dinh usually cause flood in the period from September to November. In this period, it usually rains heavily, so the flood is very fierce. There are 3 flood water levels, in which the highest flood water level was 27.15m in Binh Tuong in September 1964. In Tan An, the flood water level was 8.92m in November 1987. For Con River, the flood in November 1964 was considered a historic flood. Recently, from 1996 to 1999, there have been many big floods in succession; the biggest speed in Con River is 2.85m/s. e) Geology, hydrogeology - Geology: There has not been any soil boring for the province. However, according to the documents on the local geological exploration boring of the Con River erosion avoiding project in Tay Son, An Nhon, Tuy Phuoc and of the Pre-feasibility study of Quy Nhon environmental sanitation project, different soil layers have different loading capacity.

Therefore, whenever a new work is constructed, the local geological exploration boring must be done in order to have a fine foundation solution. - Hydrogeology: It can be divided into different strata in Binh Dinh area as follows: Mixed gap aquifer Alluvium gap aquifer

Non-separated coastal aquifer

Eruptive basalt sediment weathering gap aquifer Binh Dinh formation Neocene sediment aquifer

Interrupted arranged water in eruptive sediment of Margiang formation Interrupted arranged underground water. Cambri-oedorit sea sediment of A Vuong formation

Interrupted arranged underground water in Preterosai-Akesoi degenerate sediment. The aquiferous capacity of this stratum is under medium, the arrangement is irregular.

Belt of intrusion and weathering. It is popular in Binh Dinh territorial waters and makes up of the total Binh Dinh area. The aquiferous capacity of this stratum is low, unpromising for water supply.

I.2 Socio-economic conditions I.2.1 The current situation of the urban system and rural residential zone system a) The current situation of the urban system
a.

The urban population statistical data of Binh Dinh province in 2007 shows that

the urban population is more than 400,000 people; makes up more than 25% of the total provincial population. The urban land area is 24,471ha, makes up 4.06% of the total provincial area, in which the residential land is 1,251.5ha, 31.2m 2/person.
b.

The urban areas are set up and developed along the National Highway 1 and

the National Highway 19, and form a line point spatial structure. The rapiddeveloped urban areas mostly gather along the National Highway 1 such as Quy Nhon city, Dieu Tri town, Binh Dinh town and Bong Son town.
c.

In Binh Dinh province, there are 14 urban centers, in which Quy Nhon city is

2nd-categorized urban area, and the provincial cultural economic political center.

The urban areas in Binh Dinh province are formulated on the basis of urban levels: provincial-level central urban area, district-level central urban area.
Table 1.1 The urban system of Binh Dinh province

NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Name of urban area Quy Nhon city Dap Da town Binh Dinh town Bong Son town Tam Quan town Phu Phong town Tang Bat Ho town Tuy Phuoc town Dieu Tri town Ngo May town Binh Duong town Phu My town Van Canh town Vinh Thanh town d.

Category of urban area 2nd 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th 5th

Area (ha) 14,531 (in-town) 507 612 1,704 734 379 580 636 547 755 399 1,055 2,025 936

Population (person) 231,700 18,878 17,937 19,515 12,083 13,644 7,528 12,827 12,428 11,475 5,611 12,132 5,206 5,874

Apart from Quy Nhon city, the other urban areas in Binh Dinh province have

low population (from >5,000 to about 20,000 people), are 5 th-categorized, not diversified, mostly district urban areas, and there have not been specialized urban areas like tourist urban area, scientific urban area Based on physical conditions and socio-economic features of Binh Dinh province, the province can be divided into 3 urban regions:

The region of Quy Nhon city and adjacent areas include Quy Nhon city, Dieu Tri town, Tuy Phuoc town, Binh Dinh town. It is the main region of industry, seaport, port service, transport head and the center of trade and tourism. Therefore, it is invested well in houses, trading structures, tourist structures and urban and industrial infrastructural headwork.

The region along the National Highway 1 and along the beach: Bong Son town, Tam Quan town, Binh Duong town, Phu My town, Ngo May town, and Dap Da town. These towns form a line-point spatial system along the National Highway 1. Apart from Bong Son town, the other towns have slow urbanization speed, their agricultural

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production makes up a large rate in the economic structure. The towns in this region are mainly district towns.

The region of midland and mountain: Phu Phong town, Tang Bat Ho town, Van Canh town and Vinh Thanh town. It is a large area but the population density is low, about 30-120 persons/km2. The transport is difficult because of the separated terrain. The economic structure is mainly agriculture and forestry. The urbanization and population scale is low, about 5,000 8,000 people.

b) The current situation of the rural residential zone system The rural population is about 1,200,000 people, equivalent to 75% of the total provincial population. The rural residential land area is 5,630ha, equivalent to 0.9% of the total provincial area. The density is 43.1m2/person. The rural residential zones are located in 127 communes of 10 districts and 1 city. The rural residential system according to the agricultural economic model includes the following types:
a.

Agricultural residential zones in villages, communes, with rice and cash crop

production, and aquiculture:

Coastal plain and sand dune : This region makes up about 20% of the total provincial area. It includes the districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, Phu Cat, Tuy Phuoc, An Nhon and some communes of Quy Nhon suburb. The terrain here is separated; the plain is intermixed with low hills and mounds. The area is narrow, located along the riverbanks and from 2-3m to 20-30m. The fertility of the soil is good, the crop production is high, and the irrigation system is developed. Besides the agricultural potentiality, this region also has a big potentiality on sea economy, especially freshwater and brackish aquaculture (there are 5,000 pools, lagoons, tidal flats, estuary This is the important economic zone and the main agricultural production zone of the province.

The general features of this region are high population density, many trades (agricultural production, aquaculture, craft, and business, especially in Quy Nhon suburb). In some areas, there are high population densities, so they become residential zones according to the urban model obviously such as Hoai Huong (Hoai Nhon district), My Tho (Phu My district), Cat Tien (Phu Cat district), Phuoc Hoa (Tuy Phuoc).
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The difficulties of this region are little cultivated land, high population density and flood. Some areas usually have floods in the rainy season and drought in the dry season. The empty hills and mounds are still a lot, the crop change is slow, the rice monoculture is put the emphasis on, big specialized areas have not formed, and gardening is miscellaneous and low valued. Quy Nhon suburb has not met the demand on fresh fruit, vegetable, flower and food of the urban Quy Nhon. In general, the rural residential areas develop equally. Some rural infrastructure projects have been implemented such as water supply projects, power supply projects Some areas are being studied and planned to become the centers of communes.

Hill and mound (midland): This region makes up about 10% of the total provincial area. It includes the districts of Hoai An, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon, An Lao, Phu Cat and Tuy Phuoc.

The terrain here is low hills and mounds, separated a little. The average height is 300-400m; some areas are lower than 100m. The slope is relatively high and long, the botanical sod is poor, the botanical potentiality is low. The bare hill is large (make up more than 70% of the total area). This region is potential in developing protective forests, productive forests, setting up hill gardens and forest gardens. The general features of this region are the slow development of economy, the lack of water for agricultural production. The population density is low. The people live in the valley of An Lao River, Kim Son River The main business is agricultural production, rice growing and kaingin.
b.

Agricultural and forestry residential zones, developing industrial trees,

growing and managing forests: The population gathers mainly in the mountainous areas, where there are many natural forests and the big rivers are risen from. This region has an important role in regulating the water source for the production and living needs of the province. The fertility of the soil is low and the botanical sod is medium. The general features of this region are low development of economy, high rate of ethnic minority, backward cultivation method, insufficient infrastructure, low income, poor living, shifting farming and nomadic life. The people live along the rivers and big streams, where are favorable for production and living.
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c.

Residential zones established recently along the national highways and near

the concentrated industrial zones: This region is along the national highways 1 and 19, the provincial highways 629, 630, 632, 636 and 640. It tends to the service business besides the existing agricultural production, such as the areas of Cho Gom, My Tho, Dong Pho c) General remarks
a.

Now the urban areas of the province still exists some shortcomings that are the

same as other areas in the entire country, i.e. weak eco-technical base or development motive, unbalanced rate between economic growth and population growth. The urban areas in Quy Nhon city and its adjacent areas have their urban development motive clearly. The other urban areas need to confirm their development motive based on their own potentiality and their administrative function in order to increase their attraction, development ability and central role of urban areas.
b.

The situation of population distribution and land use: Because of their own

properties in terrain, economic growth speed and low population amount, the housing area is small and the population distribution is not even. Most of the population is distributed along the national highways, provincial highway and main rivers. The biggest shortcoming is that there has not had any synchronization in enlarging the residential areas and investing in technical material base and infrastructure. Therefore, some areas are passive whenever the natural disaster, such as flood, drought, comes.
c.

The spatial structure of the residential system: The eastern part of the province,

including the districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, Phu Cat, An Nhon, Tuy Phuoc and the city of Quy Nhon, is the area with the most population, more than 80% of the total provincial population. The high-density urban and residential points are mainly in this region. The western part of the province, where concentrates the most natural forests of the province and includes the districts of An Lao, Hoai An, Vinh Thanh, Tay Son and Van Canh, makes up 60% of the total provincial area. However, its population is only 20% of the total provincial population.

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d.

The technical infrastructure is weak and does not pass the standards of urban

development. There has not been any infrastructure solution on a large scale suiting with each area. The social infrastructure does not correspond to the development speed of population, urban and industry. There is a lack of large-scale centers of commerce, service and travel in order to impulse the development and assist in the development of sea economic potentiality. I.2.2 Economic features Binh Dinh is one of five provinces belonging to the Central main economic zone. Its area is 6025.5km2, its population is more than 1,500,000 people, and its population density is 261 persons/km2.
a.

Economic growth: The annual GDP average increase in 2000-2005 is 9%,

more than the national annual increase. The GDP increase in 2006 is 12.1%, in 2007 12.5%, the first six months of 2008 10.8%. The average increase in 3 years (20062008) is estimated to be 12.02%. The GDP/person at the end of the 2008 is estimated to be 807USD, 1.93 times more than in 2005. Recently, the economic growth of Binh Dinh province has been more than the national average growth. In which, the industry construction sectors increase 13.32%. The agro-forestry-fishery sectors increase 6.64%. The trade and service sectors increase 8.49%.
b.

Economic structure: The economic structure of Binh Dinh province is

Agriculture Trade Service Industry. It is estimated that up to the end of 2008 the agro-forestry-fishery will be 36.3%, industry-construction 31.7%, service 32%.
c.

Agro-forestry-fishery: The agricultural production is relatively all-sided. The

annual agro-forestry-fishery production increase in the period of 2000-2005 was 5.7%/year, in the period of 2006-2008 6.6%/year. The structure of production is as follow: agriculture production is 71.7%, forestry production 3.3%, and fishery 25%. The production of food meets the provincial objectives of food security. The increasing export value and food production helps the province to become an important actor in the central coastal area. However, the export value of this sector is not proportional to the existing potentiality, especially in the fishery and aquaculture.

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d.

Industry-construction: The industrial production in the period increase of

2000-2005 was 14%/year, in the period of 2006-2008 22.2%. Of the industrial structure of Binh Dinh province, the processing industry makes up the biggest amount, which is about 89%. In which, the main structure is consumer goods manufacture, especially food and drink processing (44%0, wood and forest goods processing (22%). Recently, the industrial distribution of the province is mainly in the area of Quy Nhon city and its neighborhood. The industry of other areas is not developed at all. The features of Binh Dinh industry are low starting point, weak technical material base, and lack of emerging products controlling the market.
e.

Trade-service: Quy Nhon seaport is the terminal center of import and export

for the southern central and highland provinces. Therefore, Binh Dinh province has favorable conditions to develop the trade-service sectors, especially the services of import-export, transport and depository. The service increase is more than 8%/year. The export turnover in the last 2.5 years has been 781 million USD, equivalent to 52% of the plan for 5 year. Until now, there have been 108 enterprises joining in the export activities to 83 countries/territories. The services of passenger and good transport are in the growth. The service of post and telecommunication is relatively developed, 47.3 telephones/1,000 people. The total investment budget in 3 years 2006-2008 is estimated to be 19,472 billion VND, the average increase is 25%/year (43.3%). Until now, 100% of the communes get access to the electricity, in which 97% of the communes get network electricity, 98% of the hamlets get access to the electricity, and the rate of households getting network electricity in 2008 is about 98.5%. The rate of rural households getting access to the hygienic water is 75%. The markets are distributed unevenly because they were set up and developed spontaneously in the beginning. The rural markets are mainly temporary, semi-concrete, and poor in term of goods variety. The urban markets have more varieties of goods. Now in Quy Nhon city there is only one large-scale commercial center.

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In general, the infrastructure of the trading sector is still weak and slowly invested. The trading activities only focus on meeting the input of production and consuming. They have not correlative to the goods production and circulation, and market enlarging.
f.

Traveling: With rich traveling resources in term of nature and human, the

traveling sector of Binh Dinh province has recently developed this advantage. However, the development efficiency is not high as expected because it depends on the development of other sectors.

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CHAPTER II: THE CURRENT SITUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT II.1 Domestic solid waste II.1.1 Amount, composition, and property of solid waste As the statistic of the agencies managing, collecting and transport SW in the districts/city of Binh Dinh province, the urban domestic SW amount in the provincial are is 306.6 tons/day. In which, the SW amount of Quy Nhon city is 58% of the provincial amount.
Table 2.1 The urban domestic SW amount in Binh Dinh province

Ord. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Source:

Name of the urban area SW amount (ton/day) Quy Nhon city 178 An Nhon district 12 Hoai Nhon district 30 Tay Son district 5 Hoai An district 0.4 Tuy Phuoc district 27 Phu Cat district 50 Phu My district 3 Van Canh district 0.2 Vinh Thanh district 0.5 An Lao district 0.5 Total 306.6

1. Binh Dinh DoNRE, the Environment Divisions of DPCs in Binh Dinh province
2. The statistic of the agencies managing, collecting and transport SW in the districts/city of Binh Dinh province

The compositions of the domestic SW include a large rate of organic substance. The domestic SW compositions of Quy Nhon city include 60.8% of organic substance, 14% of the recyclable and reusable substances such as metal, paper, carton, wood, plastic, glass, and 25.2% of other substances. (See table 2.2)

Table 2.2. The current situation of domestic SW composition

Ord 1 2 3 4 5

Composition % of the amount Organic waste 60.8 Metal 2.65 Plastic, rubber, leather 9.12 Paper, cloth 5.38 Glass, bone, stoneware 2.85 17

Other compositions Total

19.2 100

Source: Report on the composition separation of the domestic SW in Quy Nhon city, the URENCO Quy Nhon

The other urban areas of the province have not conducted the analysis of the SW composition. However, we can consider that the composition of domestic SW in these urban areas is similar to that of Quy Nhon city, or their organic percentage is higher than Quy Nhons, their percentage of ash, recyclable and reusable substances is lower than Quy Nhons because these areas are less developed in economy-society than Quy Nhon. II.1.2 The current situation of separation, collection and transport The domestic SW in Binh Dinh province has not been separated at the source. The SW collected is transported to the landfill. At the landfill, the waste collectors separate and only collect the waste that can be recycled and reused. However, these activities are happened spontaneously. a. The URENCO Quy Nhon is in charge of the collection and transport of SW in Quy Nhon. Now at 16/20 communes and wards, the collection is carried out with high rate (95%), at 4 islands and peninsulas, the collection is just 60%. In general, the collection of the entire city is 85%.
b.

The company has 260 workers collecting SW directly. They are divided into 5

teams, including 4 teams of environmental sanitation nr.1, 2, 3, 4, and 1 team of water surface sanitation. They have 254 handcarts of 0.35m 3. They work in 2 shifts: morning shift is from 3am to 7am, afternoon shift is from 15pm to 18pm.
c.

Everyday, the workers of URENCO Quy Nhon collect the domestic SW from

residential zones, streets, offices in Quy Nhon city and then transport them to intermediate stations. Besides, the management boards of the markets collect and transport the SW from markets to intermediate stations. Now in Quy Nhon city there are 17 intermediate stations located at 10 markets to gather domestic SW from the markets and the adjacent residential zones, and other 7 intermediate stations located at intersections and in front of some public places. After domestic SW is gathered at the intermediate stations, they will be transported by Quy Nhon URENCO trucks to Long My treatment plant, where is 20km to the south west from the city center. The SW is transported daily from 3am to 5am, and from 15pm to 17pm.
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Table 2.3. The current situation of SW transpoting vehicles of Quy Nhon city

N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Kind of vehicle Truck Truck Truck Truck Truck Dumper truck Dumper truck Small rolling truck Small rolling truck Small rolling truck Small rolling truck Medium rolling truck Medium rolling truck Medium rolling truck Health dump truck

Brand and load Hino 5 tons IFA 5 tons IFA 5 tons IFA 5 tons Nissan 3.5 tons Kamaz 15 tons Reo 5 tons Toyota 2.5 tons Toyota 2.5 tons Toyota 2.5 tons Toyota 2.5 tons Nissan 5 tons Hino 4 tons Kia Rhino 5 tons Daihatso 1 ton

Manufacturing country Japan + VN Germany Germany Germany Japan Russia America Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan + VN Korea Japan + VN

Amount 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1

Starting time to use 2000 1987 1990 Unknown Unknown 2001 Before 1975 Unknown 1986 1992 Before 1993 1990 2002 1990 2001

Current quality 75% 40% 40% 30% 30% 65% 30% 40% 40% 40% 40% 50% 70% 50% 90%

Source: The Technical Division of URENCO Quy Nhon 2003

19

SW from households and business enterprises

SW from schools, offices

SW from markets

Handcart s

Intermediate stations

Intermediate stations at markets

SW transporting trucks Landfills

Figure 2.1. The current process of domestic SW collection, transport and treatment in Quy Nhon city

In the districts, the collection is only conducted in district towns, in which only main streets and some parts of residential zones are collected SW. The collection rate is low, about 15%30%. Cooperatives or Ltd. companies under TPCs or DPCs are in charge of the SW collection. After collected, SW is transported to temporary landfills of the districts, which is 0.5ha-1ha. The uncollected SW gathers at riverside areas, bridges and then pollutes the environment.

20

Table 2.4. The current situation of SW collection and transport in Binh Dinh province

District/Cit y An Nhon

Implementing agency

Service scale

Agricultural Cooperative of Binh Dap Da town, Nhon Thanh commune, Nhon Hau Dinh town, An Nhon commune, Nhon Hung commune, Binh Dinh town Cooperative Union under An

Hoai Nhon

Nhon DPC Nguyen Tin Ltd. Co, supported Bong Son town, some communes along National in policy and tariff by DPC Highway 1: Hoai Duc, Hoai Thanh, Hoai Thanh Tay, Hoai Hao, Tam Quan town, Tam Quan Bac commune, Hoai Huong commune and part of Hoai Chau Bac commune Phu Phong town

Tay Son

Phu

Phong

II

Service

and

Agricultural Cooperative under Hoai An Tuy Phuoc Phu Cat Phu My Van Canh Vinh Thanh An Lao DPC Collection team under TPC Ha Thanh Plant & Environment Ltd. Co Transport & Public Along main streets of Tang Bat Ho town 13 communes and 1 town

Work Along main streets of the communes and town: Ngo May,

Division Cat Tan, Cat Tuong, Cat Trinh, Cat Hanh Collection teams under Binh Binh Duong town and Phu My town (limited along the Duong TPC and Phu My TPC Collection team under Van Canh TPC Collection team of the market management board Not yet collected and treated main streets) District market and along provincial highway 638 in the town Market and residential area around the market

The collection and transport vehicles in districts are insufficient and unqualified, can not meet the actual demand. II.1.3 The current situation of treatment a. The domestic SW in Binh Dinh province is treated by burying or burning. Now the landfill of Long My at Long My hamlet, Phuoc My commune, Tuy Phuoc district, which is 30ha, is used for Quy Nhon city and Tuy Phuoc district. The hygienic burying technology here is half-submerged half-emerged dry landfill. Because it was built before the issue of the Joint Circular nr.01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction instructing the environment protection regulations in selecting location, building and operating landfills; the landfill cell
21

nr.1 of Long My was not qualified in term of hygienic standards (there is not inner wall lining, bottom lining, waste water collecting system, waste air collecting system ). The cells nr.2 and nr.3 has been being built according to the hygienic regulations (build water sewerage channel, wastewater-collecting system, line and waterproof the walls and bottom ). However, the wastewater and waste-air treatment system has not been invested sufficiently because of the lack of budget. The landfills in districts are all unhygienic, there is not waste water treatment system, the SW is disposed naturally. The landfills are temporary. Some of them do not have walls; some are small, 0.5ha-1ha. See the table below. b. The composting process is still pilot. There are 2 projects on it: compost / day o The treatment plant at Nhon Phu ward, Quy Nhon city, its capacity is 5 tons/3 months (within the framework of the pilot project Community based SW management and compost production). The compost is sold at the Cooperative 1 Nhon Phu at the price 700VND/kg.
Table 2.5. Current situation of the landfills in Binh Dinh province

o The SW treatment plant in Quy Nhon city, its designed capacity is 250 tons of

District/city Location, scale Quy Nhon The landfill of Long My: 30ha a. The cell nr.1 was

Assessment of the situation From now on, the wastewater and not waste-air treatment system need to be

constructed according to the techniques of completed. The landfill of Long My a hygienic landfill. Now it has been filled will able to meet the demand of SW with SW already. b. constructed according to the techniques of a hygienic landfill (build water sewerage channel, wastewater-collecting system, line and waterproof the walls and bottom ). However, the wastewater and waste-air treatment system has not been invested sufficiently. treatment of Quy Nhon city and Tuy The cells nr.2 and nr.3 was Phuoc district in the near future.

22

District/city Location, scale Assessment of the situation An Nhon The landfill of Phu Son hamlet, Nhon Hoa Inapplicable, a new location needs to commune, 2ha, unhygienic Hoai Nhon be selected and a new landfill needs to be invested. The landfill of Tam Quan Bac commune They will not able to meet the (500m2) and the landfill of Bong Son town demand of SW treatment for Hoai (600m2); both are temporary and unhygienic Tay Son The landfill of Tay Xuan, 1ha Nhon district in the near future. So a new landfill needs to be invested It is temporary and small. It will not be able to meet the demand of SW treatment in the future. So a new and Hoai An hygienic landfill needs to be invested The landfill of Gia Thieu I hamlet, Tang Bat It is temporary and located near the Ho town, 1ha town center (1km away from the town center), so it is not applicable to extend the area. A new location needs to be selected and a new Tuy Phuoc landfill needs to be invested. The SW of Dieu Tri town and Tuy Phuoc The landfill of Long My is able to town are buried and treated at the landfill of meet the demand in the near future Phu Cat Long My The landfill of An Hanh Tay hamlet, 1ha It is temporary and located near the town and the residential zone, so it is not applicable. A new location needs to be selected and a new landfill Phu My The temporary landfill of Phu My town, 1ha needs to be invested. It is temporary and the location is inapplicable. A new location needs to be selected and a new landfill needs Van Canh The landfill at the base of Hon Ong mountain to be invested. It is temporary and the location is inapplicable. A new location needs to be selected and a new landfill needs to be invested.

23

District/city Location, scale Assessment of the situation Vinh Thanh a. A temporary dumping ground The district is investing a new near the town b. An Lao The district is investing a new A new landfill needs to be planned and invested. landfill The SW has not been collected and treated landfill.

II.1.4 The model of SW management In Quy Nhon city, the URENCO is in charge of the SW management. The URENCO Quy Nhon is a public office under the PC of Quy Nhon city. It is in charge of collecting only the SW in Quy Nhon city.
Table 2.6. The current tariff of urban SW management in Quy Nhon city

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Category Tariff/month (VND) Households locating in front streets 10,000 Households locating in alleys 5,000 Households locating in streets without tars 7,000 Restaurants 20,000 100,000 Shops 20,000 100,000 Markets 2,000,000 4,300,000 Hospitals 100,000 5,300,000 Private hospitals 150,000 Private clinic 15,000 Schools 100,000 Collecting zone 3,000

Source: URENCO Quy Nhon - 2003

24

Quy Nhon CPC

Binh Dinh DoNRE

Director of URENCO

Binh Dinh DoC

Deputy Directors and Divisions

Environmental sanitation (ES) teams

Water surface ES team

Transport and truck repairing team

Landfill management team

EM output team

Health SW transpor t team

Urban natural area management team

Figure 2.2. The current SW management agencies in Quy Nhon city

In the districts, the SW collection is only conducted in towns and some adjacent communes. The collection is assigned to cooperatives, transport agencies of districts, collecting teams under the TPCs. But in Hoai Nhon district, the collection is assigned to Nguyen Tin Ltd. Co.; and in Tuy Phuoc district, it is assigned to Ha Thanh Plant & Environment Ltd. Co. The tariff is from 3,500VND to 10,000VND for households and from 10,000VND to 12,000VND for offices. II.2 Industrial solid waste II.1.1 The running situation of the industrial zones and small industrial zones in Binh Dinh province Currently, in Binh Dinh province, there have been 2 IZs put into use. They are Phu Tai IZ with 108 enterprises, in which 68 enterprises have operated, the others are in the period of construction or investment procedure finishing; Long My IZ (Long My hamlet, Phuoc My commune, Tuy Phuoc district) with 21 projects registering to join in the IZ, in which 3 projects have operated.

25

Besides, in the province area, there have been some IPs put into use such as the IPs of Go Da Trang in An Nhon district, Quang Trung in Quy Nhon city, Gach Ngoi in Binh Nghi commune of Tay Son district and Go Mit in Phu Cat district... The general situation in these IPs is small in term of area, backward in term of technology (many enterprises are under the model of waste material recycling and reusing). In addition, some IZs are in the period of planning or calling for investment such as the IZs of Nhon Hoi, Nhon Binh, Nhon Hoa and Nhon Tan Binh Nghi commune Tay Son district.
Table 2.7. The running situation of the IZs and IPs in Binh Dinh province

No I 1 2 3

List of IZ/IP IZ Phu Tai IZ (Quy Nhon city) Long My IZ (Quy Nhon city) Nhon Hoi IZ (within the general economic zone of Nhon Hoi,

Current situation Filling rate: 95% Filling rate: 81% On constructing On constructing On constructing Planned already Planned already Filled already Filled aready On constructing Running Running Filled already Running Running Filled already Running Running Running 20ha 26

Quy Nhon city) 4 Nhon Hoa IZ (An Nhon district) Cat Khanh Hoa Hoi IZ (Phu Cat district) 5 Nhon Tan IZ Binh Nghi commune (Tay Son district) 6 Bong Son IZ (Hoai Nhon district) II 10 IPs (running now) Quy Nhon city 1 Quang Trung IP 2 Nhon Binh IP 3 IP of Quarter 8 of Bui Thi Xuan ward Phu My district 3 Binh Duong IP Phu Cat district 4 Go Mit IP An Nhon district 5 Go Da Trang IP Nhon Phong IP 6 Nhon Hoa IP Tay Son district 7 Hoc Bom IP 8 Phu An IP Tuy Phuoc district 9 Phuoc An IP An Lao district 10 Cay Duoi IP III 4 IPs (planned already, getting ready to run) Vinh Thanh district 1 Ta Suc IP

No 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IV 1 2 3 4 5 6

List of IZ/IP Van Canh district Van Canh IP Canh Vinh IP An Nhon district Go Son IP Binh Dinh Town IP Tay Son district Cau Nuoc Xanh IP Phu Cat district Cat Nhon IP Tuy Phuoc district Phuoc An IP 4 IPs (in planning, not run yet) Hoai Nhon district Thiet Dinh IP Hoai An district Doc Truong Soi IP Phu My district Diem Tieu IP My Thanh IP Dai Thanh IP An Luong IP

Current situation 17ha 60ha 27ha 23ha 47ha 50ha 51.4ha 13ha 10ha 23.5ha 73ha 63.4ha 20ha

II.2.2 The current situation of SW amount, composition and property The industrial SW collection in the province area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW in the province. Particularly, according to the reports of the Industrial Zones Management Unit of Binh Dinh province, the total amount of industrial SW requiring to be collected and treated in the two IZs of Phu Tai and Long My is 810 tons/day. The SW composition depends on the manufacturing type. See table 2.8 for more details.
Table 2.8. Industrial SW compositions

District/city

IZ/IP

Manufacturing type Forest processing Stone processing

SW composition Non-hazardous SW Hazardous SW product Slab, sawdust, packing ... Waste stone, stone acid corroding

Quy Nhon city Tuy Phuoc district

Phu Tai IZ

Long My IZ Building

dust stone material Stone, coal residues, soil ... Waste paper, carton 27

processing Paper manufacture

Sugar-cane industry An Nhon district Tay Son district Quy Nhon city Go Da Trang IP Binh Nghi IP Quang Trung IP Plating industry Brick and tile industry Electronic manufacture

Sugar-cane dregs and skin ... Waste metal Waste brick, soil ... Plastic, spare parts Heavy metal -

Source: - Baseline Report in Environment of Binh Dinh province 2004 - IZs Management Unit of Binh Dinh province

- Baseline Report in Environment of An Nhon district, Tay Son district...

II.2.3 The current situation of SW separation, collection and transport The current situation of SW separation at the source Until now, the SW separation has not carried out thoroughly. Most of enterprises only separate the SW that brings them some economic value such as sawdust and waste timber from timber processing, SW from frozen aquatic product processing, waste stone... These kinds of waste are used for firing or sold to cattle-feed processing enterprises... The SW that has no economic value including even hazardous SW (such as cloth with oil, broken light tube...) is collected and mixed with domestic SW. The current situation of SW collection and transport
a.

The collection and transport of industrial SW is in charge of the enterprises.

After separated and collected, the SW can be reused in the enterprises. The recyclable SW is sold to water purchasing agencies or recycling agencies. The disposed SW is transported to the waste storehouse of the enterprises.

28

Industrial SW

Domestic SW of enterprises

Separation

Can, nylon... collected by the cleaner

Reusable SW

Non-reusable SW

Reuse on site or sell Handcart

Leaves, soil, sand, waste... strewed over the enterprise precinct

Long My landfill or districts landfills

Waste gathering points outside the urban areas or free disposals

Figure 2.3. Typical collection cycle at IZs/IPs

After collected, the industrial SW is transported to waste gathering points or piled up in the yard and waits for being transported out of the enterprises. The transport of SW out of IZs/IPs is conducted through many ways as follows:
b.

In the two main running IZs, which are Phu Tai and Long My, the industrial

SW collection is done by Quy Nhon URENCO. The SW is collected and transported to Long My landfill of Quy Nhon city. However, the collection rate is rather low, only about 3.7% of the SW amount (according to the report of the Management Unit of the IZs in Binh Dinh province). The reason is the disagreement upon prices between the collection agency and the waste generating agency. c.
d.

In the IZs in districts, the SW collection is done by the waste collecting service The rate of industrial SW collection and treatment is low (in particularly, in the

suppliers of the districts. two IZs of Phu Tai and Long My, this rate is only about 3.7% of the SW amount). Most of SW has not been collected and treated safely and controlled closely. Therefore, the uncontrolled disposal usually happens. The current situation of SW recycling and reusing
29

Recycling and reusing SW happens at many manufacturers. The reusable SW is used for revolving manufacturing. The recyclable SW is used to sell to waste purchasing agency for recycling:
a.

For timber processing factories: The SW here is sawdust, waste timber,

packing ... They are reused for firing (In the IZs of Phu Tai and Long My, there are 35 timber processing enterprises, making up a large rate in comparison with the total running enterprises).
b.

For paper and carton processing factories: The SW is mainly waste paper, they For granite processing factories: The SW is stone powder, stone slab ... Stone For frozen food processing factories: The SW is sold to cattle-feed processing

are reused for recycling paper factories. c. d. slab is used for construction materials. enterprises. II.2.4 The current situation of SW treatment The industrial SW from IZs/IPs is treated by several methods depending on its properties and compositions. The currently applied methods include recycling, reusing, burying, transferring to other agencies or storing at the enterprises. The recyclable and reusable industrial SW is collected and reused for the enterprises or sold to waste purchasing agencies. The enterprises contract with specialized agencies or private agencies/individuals to collect, transport and treat non-recyclable and non-reusable waste. Thus, there are many inadequate problems in the collection, transport and treatment of hazardous SW and non-hazardous SW in IZs/IPs. There have not been hygienic treatment methods in many manufacturers. The collection and treatment have not been controlled strictly, especially in case the enterprise hires an individual to collect and transport SW to the disposal points. Moreover, in the province there is no centralized treatment plant for hazardous waste. II.2.5 The model of SW management
-

Our experience shows that the industrial SW management has not been assigned clearly to a responsible agency. There has not been a united management apparatus. While the DoI, Nhon Hoi Economic Zone Management Unit and IZs Management
30

Unit are assigned to bear the main responsibility, they have no sufficient financial resources to implement it.
-

The regulations on SW management have not been obliged to implement fully. There is insufficient control in the SW management and treatment. There are not enough incentives for the industrial enterprises to invest in the SW separation, collection and treatment systems. The IZs and industrial enterprises make reports on environmental impact evaluation, but in fact, they do not implement fully the recommendations proposed in their reports.

The fine for activities violating SW management is too low. II.3.1 The current situation of SW amount, composition and property

II.3 Health solid waste Now in the entire provincial are, there are about 2,500 hospital beds. According to the reports on the SW management in Binh Dinh from 2001 to 2005 and the environmental situation in Binh Dinh in 2005, the total amount of hospital SW in Binh Dinh is about 1,289 tons/year, in which health SW is 129 tons/year, hospital domestic SW is 1,160 tons/year. See table 2.9 for more details.
Table 2.9. The current situation of the health SW amount arisen in Binh Dinh province

N o 1

District City Quy Nhon

Hospital Provincial Policlinic Quy Nhon City Policlinic Quy Hoa Leprosy and Dermatology Hospital Army Hospital 13 Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Center Ophthalmology Center Preventive Health Center Traditional Medical Hospital Tuberculosis Hospital

Number of beds 600 250 200 150 150 0 0 120 120

Amount of hospital SW (ton/year) Total Health Domestic amount(2) 373.17 52.66 27.17 6.36 3.11 1.96 3.15 1.96 14.49 SW(1) 37.32 5.27 2.72 0.64 0.31 0.20 0.32 0.20 1.45 SW 335.85 47.39 24.45 5.72 2.80 1.76 2.84 1.76 13.04 31

Children

and

Mother 110

0.88 3.06 1.13 0.57 0.06

0.09 0.31 0.11 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.76 0.90 0.93 0.99 1.03 0.51 9.64 0.72 0.41 0.41 0.41 65.67

0.79 2.75 1.02 0.51 0.05

Health Care Center Psychiatric Hospital Hoa Binh Private Policlinic Dermatology Center Community Health Care Center (*) Sanatorium Policlinic Policlinic Policlinic Policlinic Policlinic Health Center Bong Son Hospital Health Center Health Center Health Center Health Center

0 0 50 90 130 110 100 100 50 200 70 40 40 40

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

Tuy Phuoc An Nhon Phu Cat Phu My Tay Son Hoai Nhon Hoai An(1) An Lao(1) Van Canh(1) Vinh Thanh(1) Total
Binh Dinh DoH

7.55 8.97 9.30 9.93 10.30 5.00 96.36 7.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 656.74

6.80 8.07 8.37 8.94 9.27 5.00 86.72 6.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 591.07

Source:
(1) (2)

Estimated amount (according to the Baseline report on the environment of Binh Dinh province, the amount of health

SW is about 10% of the hospital SW)

The composition of hospital SW in Binh Dinh province can basically follow the result of the survey on SW composition in Vietnam hospital carried out by the cooperation project between the MoH and WHO.
-

Paper of all kinds: Metal, can: Glass, medicine bottle, plastic syringe and injection needle: Dressing of wounds, plaster: Plastic bags and bottle of all kinds: Patient bodys parts Organic waste: Soil, stone and other hard things:

3% 0.7% 3.2% 8.8% 10.1% 0.6% 52.57% 21.03%

32

II.3.2 The current situation of SW separation, collection and transport The current situation of SW separation at the source Since Dec 2001, the hazardous SW in hospitals and health stations has been separated at the source. The health SW is separated into 2 categories: -

Domestic SW from health staff, patients and patient-sitters Health SW (hazardous waste) includes dressing of wounds, transfusion tubes, extracting tubes, blood filter, injection needles ... after used; waste including poisonous chemical, radioactive substance and patient bodys parts (bodys part rejects from operation, blood test)

The separation at the source: It has been done in most of provincial hospitals, hospitals and health centers in Quy Nhon city, and some district hospitals. It has not been done in mountainous district hospitals and private health centers. The current situation of SW collection and transport The collection and transport of hospital SW is done as follows: The health SW that has been separated at the source is collected and transported complying with the regulations on health SW management. Domestic SW from hospitals is collected together with urban domestic SW. According to the General report on the health SW management and treatment from Dec 2001 to Aug 2005 in Binh Dinh province, the collection happens in 76% of the health agencies in the province, in which 71.4% of therapeutic agencies and 100% of preventive health agencies. The collection happens in 89.4% of the hospital beds in the province. Therefore, the non-collected hazardous health SW amount decreases remarkably. Many district health agencies have not had storage devices for hazardous SW before collection and transport. Some health agencies do not usually use plastic bags to store SW as regulated, so the SW is scattered while they are transporting to incinerators. In addition, the area is large, the transport means is insufficient, so the regulation on storage time of SW (48 hours) issued by the MoH has not been abided by. At the health agencies that have not separated SW at the source, the SW treatment has not done according to safe methods. Health SW is collected together with domestic SW and
33

transported to landfills or buried in the hospital precinct, causing environmental pollution to the underground and surface water source, and causing latent pathogen to the human. The transport of health SW is supervised by the Health SW Steering Committee under the PPC, and is coordinated by many relating agencies. This supervision and coordination ensure to maintain the activities of health SW separation, collection and treatment at the areas. In general, the collection, treatment and management of SW are being more and more stable. The treatment plants in the district are being more and more extending. In comparison with other provinces, the separation, collection and treatment of health SW in Binh Dinh province are conducted quite well. The rate of health agencies that treat health SW by incinerators increase from 40% in 2001 to 76% in 2004 and 77.7% in 2005, in which 67% are hospitals, and 100% are preventive medical agencies. There are 21 health agencies participating in the system (15 hospitals, 4 provincial preventive centers). The province of Binh Dinh is highly appreciated in regards of the collection and treatment of health SW by the MoH. II.3.3 The current situation of SW treatment Now the health SW in Binh Dinh province is treated by 2 methods: burning and burying.

The method of burning by the incinerators, the ashes after the incineration will be buried.

In the province, there are 3 incinerators for health SW, located in the Tuberculosis Hospital, the Policlinic of Bong Son district and the Policlinic of Tay Son district.
-

The Tuberculosis Hospital: The capacity of the incinerator is 500kg/time. The incinerator is of kind HOVAL-MZ4. The Policlinic of Bong Son and the Policlinic of Phu Phong (Tay Son district): The incinerator has smaller capacity, 30kg/time, and of kind BDF-LDR30. The method of burying: This method is used for the ashes after the incineration and for the health SW at the hospitals that have not had incinerators. After the incineration, the left ashes are about 10% of the original SW volume. These amount of ashes are transported to the landfill of Long My and buried in the same cell of hazardous industrial SW.

34

At the district hospitals where there have not had incinerators, the health SW is buried at the local dumpsites or at the vacant grounds inside hospitals. That error treatment causes environment pollution and disease, and affects to the health of the community. II.3.4 The modal of SW management

The PPC sets up the Provincial Steering Committee, whose tasks are to give the health agencies the direction on the activities of health SW separation, transport, incineration and treatment fee. To assist the Steering Committee, there is a team including 3 members:
-

There is a Health SW Treatment Committee in each health agency. The health agencies separate the health SW and domestic SW, then collect, store and transfer them to the URENCO Quy Nhon as scheduled. The URENCO Quy Nhon receives health SW from the health agencies, transports them to incinerators in the Tuberculosis Hospital everyday, and then receives the left ashes for burying.

The incinerators in the Tuberculosis Hospitals, the Policlinic of Bong Son district and the Policlinic of Phu Phong in charge of the incineration of health SW.

The transport of health SW is under the supervision and management of the Provincial Steering Committee, which is under the PPC, and under the coordination of the relating agencies. This supervision, management and coordination ensure to maintain the activities of health SW separation, transport and treatment at the local areas.

35

Medical agencies

Separation

Health SW

Domestic SW & refuse

Collection, storage

Incinerator of health SW

Transport ashes after incineration

Landfill
Figure 2.4. The process of health SW management and treatment in Binh Dinh province

II.4 The ongoing projects in Binh Dinh province 1. The project on construction of SW treatment plant in Quy Nhon city Capacity of the plant: 250 tons/day; area under use: 6.6ha Location: At the Long My landfill Total investment cost: 50.5 billion VND of Long My landfill; it aims to:
-

2. The WB project on sanitation in Quy Nhon city, which includes the component Rehabilitate the existing landfill; build a new SW landfill, a new landfill for hazardous SW, fence and some technical items for the treatment demands of the landfill. Coordinate the WB project and the on-construction SW treatment plant Tay Son district: It was approved by the PPC at the Decision nr.582/QD-CTUBND
36 3. The detailed plan for the SW treatment plant and landfill of Phu Phong town,

Med ical agen cies that have no inci nera tors

Transport

dated 11 Mar 2005. The area is 72,410m 2. It is a basement to make the plan and design of the landfill.
4. The plan for the SW landfill of Vinh Thanh district: the area is 2.1ha

5. The pilot project Community based SW management and compost production Getting the financial and technical assistance of UN ESCAP, WASTE CONCERN and ENDA VIETNAM, the Quy Nhon city had the SW and compost workshop constructed. The investment cost was about 412 million VND. The workshop is more than 1,500m 2 and located at Area 5, Nhon Phu Ward. The above project aims to help the people get familiar with the separation of domestic SW into 2 categories: inorganic and organic. After 3 months of operation, the workshop produced more than 5 tons of compost. The compost is used to fertilize the crops, so the farmers can lessen their investment in inorganic fertilizer, it helps them to increase their income and economic efficiency. The compost is sold at 700 VND/kg at the Cooperative of Nhon Phu 1. 6. The projects calling the finance from the Belgian Government (1) The project on the landfill of Nhon Tho commune, An Nhon district - Area: 30ha; Capacity: 30-35 tons/24 hours - Service scale: Binh Dinh town, Dap Da town and 13 commune centers - Total investment cost: about 19 billion VND, in which 15 billion VND financed by Belgium (2) The project on the landfill of Tay Xuan commune, Tay Son district - Area: 12ha; Capacity: 25 tons/24 hours - Service scale: Phu Phong town and 15 commune centers - Total investment cost: about 17 billion VND, in which 15 billion VND financed by Belgium (3) The project on the landfill of My Phong commune, Phu My district - Area: 30ha; Capacity: 35 tons/24 hours - Service scale: Phu My town, Binh Duong town and 19 commune centers - Total investment cost: about 17 billion VND, in which 15 billion VND financed by Belgium
37

(4) The project on the landfill of Hoai Duc commune, Hoai Nhon district - Area: 25ha; Capacity: 30-35 tons/24 hours - Service scale: Bong Son town, Tam Quan town and 15 commune centers - Total investment cost: about 20 billion VND, in which 15 billion VND financed by Belgium II.5 General remarks on the situation of SW management and treatment II.5.1 The achievements
-

The collection of domestic SW and health SW is conducted rather well but unalike in different areas (in towns, it is just in the initial step). The socialization and privatization of SW management have been organized and conducted in the local areas, but the incentives for the socialized and privatized agencies are still needed.

The incinerators of health SW have been invested, but they have just set up in 3 are centers. II.5.2 The shortcomings

II.5.2.1 The issues on collection, transport and treatment a. Domestic SW The rate of SW collection in the district urban areas is still low (about 15-30%). The uncollected and uncontrolled SW is the cause of environmental pollution and affects to the community health.
-

Some districts have not managed SW (An Lao district). Organic SW makes up a big amount and is the source of compost production, but it has not been utilized thoroughly. The amount of synthetic plastic is big, difficult to treat. The recycling and reusing happen popularly but still spontaneous. The spontaneous activities implicitly cause environmental pollution and affect the community health. The landfill under control is only in Long My, but it is not hygienic. The others are temporary or open, cannot meet the demand in the future.

b. Industrial SW

38

The management of industrial SW in the urban areas and IZs has not currently met the actual demand. -

The control and management is not strict enough, the agencies give their own solutions for the arising SW. The ratio of industrial SW that treated hygienically is low. The hazardous SW has not been treated centrally. Most of them are buried together with domestic SW or disposed at wrong places. So it causes an implicit risk of dispersion of pollutant.

There is a potentiality in SW recycling and reusing. But it is still spontaneous. In the future, with a high orientation of industrial development, the amount of arising industrial SW will be very large. It will be a challenge to the management if we do not draw up any plan immediately.

c. Health SW
-

The safe storage and transport equipment is insufficient. The ashes after health incinerators have not been treated safely. The mechanism, process and regulations on SW management have been issued, but they have not been paid much attention. The resources for management, organization and conducting are insufficient.

II.5.2.2 The issues on management

39

CHAPTER III: THE SOLID WASTE MASTER PLAN FOR BINH DINH PROVINCE UP TO 2020 III.1 The socioeconomic development plan for Binh Dinh province up to 2020 III.1.1 Some socioeconomic development targets of the province up to 2020 Some economic development targets The forecast of economic growth of the province up to 2020: The GDP in the province will be 9,500 billion VND in 2010 and 31,000 billion VND in 2020. The annual increase of the GDP growth tempo in the period 2005-2010 is 14%; in the period 2010-2020 13.58%, in which the tempo increase of the specific economic sector is as follows: + In the period 2005-2010: Industrial-construction sector: 21.8%; agro-forestryfishery sector: 5.6%; commercial-service: 13.5% + In the period 2010-2020: Industrial-construction sector: 16.73%; agro-forestryfishery sector: 4%; commercial-service: 13.27% The forecast of GDP/person in 2010: it will be more than 900USD and in 2020 2,031USD. The forecast of GDP-based economic structure of the province up to 2020: + In 2010: Industrial-construction sector: 37-38% Agro-forestry-fishery sector: 27-28% Commercial-service: 34-35% + In 2020: Industrial-construction sector: 49% Agro-forestry-fishery sector: 11% Commercial-service: 40% Some social development targets
-

Population: The population of the province increases rapidly, the mechanical growth rate is high, the distribution is unalike. In 2005, the total population of the province is 1,562 million, the annual natural growth is 2.33%, the urbanization rate is 25.15%. The forecast in 2010: the total population of the province will be 1.65 1.7 million,
40

the annual natural growth is 1.05%, the urbanization rate is 36%. The forecast in 2020: the total population of the province will be 1.9 - 2 million, the annual natural growth is 0.98%, and the urbanization rate is 52%.
-

Social labor: In 2005, there are 890,700 persons in the labor age in the province, which is 56% of the total population. In which, 793,700 labors are working for the economic sectors, which is 89.1% of the total labors. In 2010, it is forecasted that there will be 926,850 persons in the labor age in the province, which is 55.5% of the total population. In which, 843,400 labors are working for the economic sectors, which is 91% of the total labors. In 2020, it is forecasted that there will be 1,092,900 persons in the labor age in the province, which is 56% of the total population. In which, 986,900 labors are working for the economic sectors, which is 90.3% of the total labors.

Training education: Up to 2010, there will be 100% communes having their kindergartens, in which more than 42% of the kindergartens will meet the national standards; 50% of the primary schools will meet the national standards. Up to 2020, each commune will have at least 1 junior high school meeting the national standards. The senior high schools will be developed for commune groups and centers of commune groups. The non-public schools will be encouraged to develop.

Health: Up to the end of 2010 the following targets will be reached: 100% of the districts/city have their upgraded health centers or newly-built health centers that suit the hospital bed scale approved by the province. 100% of the commune groups have their regional policlinic. 100% of the communes, wards and towns have their health station constructed according to the national standard model. The ratio of suffering and death due to infectious diseases will be decreased. The ratio of suffering and death due to malaria, petechial fever, plague and sexually transmitted diseases will be minimized. The social diseases will be prevented and managed efficiently. III.1.2 The plan of urban system and rural residential zone development in the province are up to 2020

a) The development viewpoint

41

Develop urban areas and rural residential areas in the province in line with the distribution of economic areas in order to facilitate the development of each urban area.

Develop urban areas and rural residential areas in the province based on the distribution of the center urban system at many levels; combine the rehabilitation and the construction in order to make an equal development among the areas.

Develop urban areas and rural residential areas based on the attention to the investment of social and technical infrastructure, the functional structure, the suitable arrangement and the protection of the natural landscapes, production areas, natural environment and ecology. The investment in line with the local specific conditions and characteristics is objected to the sustainable development.

b) The development objective Arrange the urban system according to the development areas. Concentrate to the investment of the focus urban areas in line with the focus economic area of the province and the focus economic area of the central. Invest suitably the district urban areas and the rural residential areas and develop their specific advantages in the mean time. Review the master plan of each urban area, define the new development motivation and the urban function and characteristics, especially the function of urban economy to each district or each inter-district area; and carry out the focus investment projects for each urban area in the beginning steps.
-

Protect the agriculture, forestry, infrastructure and water environment.

c) The urban system and rural residential are plan of the province up to 2020 Central urban points of the inter-provincial region - Quy Nhon city (urban point of rank I): It is the southern center of the focus economic area of the Central. It plays the roles of a trading, service and transaction center. It is an large industrial center of the Central region with more than 2,000 ha for industrial development. It is also a tourism, education and training center of the Central and Highland region. By 2010, the population is expected as 340,000 people and by 2020 as 520,000 people. Central urban points at provincial level
42

Binh Dinh provincial town (urban point of rank IV): It is a provincial center with the functions as an important transaction and trading bridge to the Highland, industrial, a center of industry, commerce, service, tourism, history and culture of the province. By 2010, the population is expected as 70,000 people and by 2020 as 100,000 people.

Bong Son provincial town (urban point of rank IV): It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic, agro-forestry-fishery and rural development. It is the entrance gate and the northern economic center of the province. The population is expected 50,000 people by 2010 and 85,000 people by 2020.

Phu Phong provincial town ((urban point of rank IV): It is a western center of the province, a center of small centralized production area of rice, cash crops, industrial crops, fruit crops and building stones. It is located in an appropriate place for the socioeconomic development of the western mountainous area. The population is expected 15,000 people by 2010 and 50,000 people by 2020.

Cat Tien provincial town (urban point of rank IV): It is in the Phu Cat district. It has many potentialities for the tourism development. It is a tourism and service urban point at the north of Nhon Hoi Economic Zone. The population is expected 10,000 people by 2010 and 50,000 people by 2020. Central urban points at district level

Up to 2020, Binh Dinh province will have 10 central points at district level with the population of about 7,000 25,000 people. Their existing functions are administrative service and center of agro-forestry-fishery production. Besides, their specific potentiality can be developed.
-

Tam Quan district town (urban point of rank V): It is a new district town of Hoai Nhon district, which is a plain district with the potentialities of aquaculture, fishery, craft, tourism, food production, industry trees and fruit trees. It plays a meaningful role in term of national defense. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the north-end district. The population is expected 15,000 people by 2010 and 20,000 people by 2020.

Phu My district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Phu My district, which has potentialities of aquaculture, fishery, sea tourism, fruit crops, industrial
43

trees, mineral exploitation. It plays a meaningful role in term of national defense. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 14,000 people by 2010 and 20,000 people by 2020.
-

Ngo May district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Phu Cat district. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 15,000 people by 2010 and 25,000 people by 2020.

Tuy Phuoc district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Tuy Phuoc district, which is rice storage of the province. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 15,000 people by 2010 and 20,000 people by 2020.

Nhon Tan district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of the new An Nhon district, which is rice specialized production area. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2010 and 10,000 people by 2020.

Van Canh district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Van Canh district, which is forestry production area with the potentiality of building stone exploitation. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 7,000 people by 2010 and 10,000 people by 2020.

Vinh Thanh district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Vinh Thanh district, which is the mountainous area to the western of the province, the forestry production area, with the potentiality of hydroelectric, hydraulic and valuable metal exploitation. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 6,000 people by 2010 and 8,000 people by 2020.

Tang Bat Ho district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Hoai An district. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic

44

development of the district. The population is expected 9,000 people by 2010 and 10,500 people by 2020. An Lao district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of An Lao district. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2010 and 8,000 people by 2020. Tay Binh district town (urban point of rank V): It is the town of Tay Son district. It is a general central urban with the role as a booster for the socioeconomic development of the district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2010 and 10,000 people by 2020. Specialized urban points at district level and new urban points By 2020, the province will have 10 specialized urban points at district level. They are formulated based on the development effect of industrial areas, traffic head, tourism service, and agro-forestry production. Binh Duong town (urban point of rank V): It is located on the National Highway 1A in Phu My district. It is the logistic service center of fishery and seafood processing. The population is expected 7,000 people by 2010 and 12,000 people by 2020.
-

Cat Khanh town (urban point of rank V): It is located on the Provincial Highway 639, which is coastal vein of the provincial, in Phu Cat district. It is the logistic service center of fishery, seafood processing and mineral exploitation. The population is expected 7,000 people by 2020.

Go Boi town: It is located on the Provincial Highway 640 accessing to the Nhon Hoi economic zone. It is a crowded area of Tuy Phuoc. The population is expected 6,000 people by 2020.

Cho Gom town: It is located on the National Highway 1A in Phu Cat district. It is the center of traffic service and industrial development. The population is expected 7,000 people by 2020.

Xuan Phong town: It is the service center town of An Lao district. The population is expected 4,000 people by 2020.

45

Go Loi town: It is the service center town of Hoai An district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2020. An Luong town: It is the service center town of Phu My district. The population is expected 4,000 people by 2020. Cau Ba Gi town: It is the service center town of Tuy Phuoc district. The population is expected 7,000 people by 2020. An Thai town: It is the service center town of An Nhon district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2020. Dong Pho town: It is the service center town of Tay Son district. The population is expected 5,000 people by 2020. Phuoc Loc town: It is the service town of Tuy Phuoc district. The population is expected 6,000 people by 2020.

Organization of rural residential zones

The centralized rural residential zones are divided into 3 main categories: rural town, center of inter-communes, and techno-economic rural zones. By 2010, there will be 15 rural centralized residential points invested in technical and social infrastructure in line with the new development demand. By 2020, there will be 11 rural towns and 4 inter-commune centers. An Lao district: There will be An Nghia inter-commune center. The population is expected 2,000 people by 2010 and 3,000 people by 2020. Hoai An district: Lien Hoi inter-commune center. The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. My Duc inter-commune center. The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. Vinh Thanh district: There will be Vinh Kim inter-commune center. The population is expected 1,000 people by 2010 and 3,000 people by 2020. Phu My district:

My Tho rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and

5,000 people by 2020.

46

 My Hiep rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. Tay Son district: Hoa Trung rural town: The population is expected 5,000 people by 2010 and 6,000 people by 2020. Tay An rural town: The population is expected 5,000 people by 2010 and 6,000 people by 2020. Phu Cat district: Cat Minh rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. An Nhon district: Nhon Khanh rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. Phu Hoa rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. Tuy Phuoc district: Ky Son rural town: The population is expected 2,000 people by 2010 and 4,000 people by 2020. Van Canh district: o Canh Vinh rural town: The population is expected 3,000 people by 2010 and 5,000 people by 2020. o Canh Hoa rural town: The population is expected 2,000 people by 2010 and 3,000 people by 2020. III.1.3 The master plan of industrial zones and small industrial zones in the province up to 2010 and the development orientation up to 2020 According to the Decision nr.124/2004/QD-UB dated 6 Dec 2004 of the Binh Dinh PPC approving the Master Plan of IZs and IPs in the province up to 2010 and the development orientation up to 2020, and the Decision nr.878/QD-UBND dated 26 Dec 2006 of the Binh Dinh PPC approving the modification and supplementation of the Master plan of industrial development in the province up 2010 and the vision up to 2020; there will be 8 IZs (in which the Nhon Hoi IZ belongs to the Nhon Hoi economic zone) and 33 IPs.

47

III.1.3.1 Industrial zones Phu Tai IZ (in Quy Nhon city) o o Planning area: 350ha Trading orientation: forestry processing, agro-seafood processing, building

materials, mechanism, electronics, wood, paper, carton, soft drinks Long My IZ (in Quy Nhon city) o Planning area: 200ha o Trading orientation: -

Be the destination to move some in-town industrial manufactures in Quy Nhon Attract the projects of agro-forestry product processing, building material, Develop the industrial sectors of steel plating and manufacture. Assemble equipment and machine for agriculture and forestry production. Produce specialized equipment for industrial factories. Planning area: 1,395ha (according to the Decision nr.142/2005/QD-TTg dated

city to. fertilizer, plastic and rubber manufacture.

Nhon Hoi IZ (belongs to the general economic zone of Nhon Hoi, Quy Nhon city) 14 Jun 2005 approving the General Plan for the investment of Nhon Hoi economic zone in Binh Dinh province up to 2020).
o

Trading orientation: heavy industry, petrochemical industry, ship repairing and

shipbuilding, engine and spare part manufacture, car assembling, processing and exporting industries, fabric, electronics Nhon Hoa IZ (Nhon Hoa commune, An Nhon district)
o o

Planning area: 180ha Trading orientation: agro-forestry processing, mechanics of consumer goods

combining with mechanics of national defense, production activities of some medium-scaled industries and large-scaled industries, combining with transit warehouse. Binh Nghi IZ (Tay Son district) o Planning area: 150ha
48

Trading orientation: construction material processing (stones of all kinds),

mechanics, depot services Hoa Hoi IZ (Phu Cat district) o

o

Planning area: 260-300ha Trading orientation: agro-forestry processing, mechanics, agricultural machine

manufacture, construction material manufacture, consumer goods manufacture Cat Khanh IZ (Phu Cat district) o o Planning area: 150ha Trading orientation: agro-forestry processing, mechanics, agricultural machine

manufacture, construction material manufacture, consumer goods manufacture, posttitanium goods manufacture Bong Son IZ (Hoai Nhon district) o o Planning area: 100ha Trading orientation: agro-forestry processing, food processing, mechanics,

agricultural machine manufacture, construction material manufacture III.1.3.2 Industrial points (Small industrial zones) The formation of IPs aims to on one hand facilitate the development of industry and handicraft in Quy Nhon city and the districts, and on the other hand to move the polluting manufacturing establishments located in residential zones to another places, as well as to gather manufacture establishments scattered everywhere. Quy Nhon city:
-

Quang Trung IP: 8.6ha; Trading orientation: mechanic manufacture, exporting Nhon Phu IP (Nhon Phu commune): 40ha; Trading orientation: mechanic

sewing, exporting plastic and bags

-

manufacture, metal spare parts, plastic, electronic assembling and disassembling, dry seafood, exporting rice cake, soft drink
-

Suoi Con Co IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: mechanic manufacture, electronic

assembling and disassembling, fresh drinking water, fermented soft drink, exporting sewing, high-graded confectionery, fine handicrafts articles ; and move the outstanding polluting manufacture establishments in Quy Nhon city to this IP.
49

Nhon Binh IP: 46.87ha; Trading orientation: agricultural food processing, food

processing, depot service, electronics Hoai Nhon district:

-

Bong Son Thiet Dinh IP (Bong Son town): 13ha; Trading orientation:

mechanic industry, agricultural food processing, food processing and move the outstanding polluting manufacture establishments to this IP.
-

Tam Quan IP (Tam Quan town): 15ha; Trading orientation: agro-forestry food

processing, food processing, agricultural mechanics, construction material, cattle-feed processing

-

Hoai Chau IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: ashler facing stone for export, Hoai Duc IP: 10ha; Trading orientation: mechanic industry, fresh drinking Hoai Tan IP (Giao Hoi I hamlet, Hoai Tan commune): 30ha Binh Duong IP: 33.63ha; Trading orientation: agricultural mechanics,

agricultural food processing, dry seafood processing, repairing mechanics

-

water, construction material

-

Phu My district:
-

agricultural food processing, timber processing, construction material manufacture, ice water manufacture
-

Go Mang IP: 10ha; Trading orientation: sea service, centralized seafood Phu My town IP: 15ha; Trading orientation: fertilizer processing, vegetable oil

processing (planned by the Fishery sector)

-

processing, cattle-feed processing, corrugated iron laminating, mechanics, timber sawing Phu Cat district:
-

Cat Nhon IP: 50ha; Trading orientation: cashew nut processing, timber sawing,

fine handicraft, mechanics, construction material manufacture, agricultural food processing, exporting timber processing
-

Go Mit IP: 13.42ha; Trading orientation: fish sauce processing, agricultural

food processing, food processing, seafood processing An Nhon district:

50

Nhon Phong IP: 11.5ha; Trading orientation: fish sauce processing, refined

brick processing, seafood processing, agricultural food processing, handicraft timber, mechanics
-

Go Da Trang IP: 24ha; Trading orientation: mechanics, incense powder Binh Dinh town clean IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: garment, electronic Binh Dinh center IP: 23ha; Trading orientation: garment, fine handicraft, Nhon Hoa IP: 11ha; Trading orientation: iron casting, copper casting, forestry

processing, metal casting, plastic processing, bags, construction material

-

assemble
-

agricultural mechanics
-

food processing, iron laminating, steel laminating Tay Son district:

-

Tay Giang IPL 30ha; Trading orientation: construction mechanics, centrifugal

concrete (use the available source of sand in Con River), eucalyptus shavings processing
-

Truong Dinh IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: construction material manufacture, Phu An IP: 15.5ha; Trading orientation: welding, car body making, Cau Nuoc Xanh IP: 35ha; Trading orientation: depot service and transport Hoc Bom IP: 25ha; Trading orientation: brick and tile manufacture Phong Tan IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: agro-forestry-fishery product

agro-forestry food processing, repairing mechanics

-

agricultural mechanics, construction material manufacture, civil wood

-

service.
-

Tuy Phuoc district:

-

processing, fine handicraft, construction material manufacture, repairing mechanics

-

Phuoc An IP: 26.32ha; Trading orientation: agro-forestry-fishery product

processing, fine handicraft, construction material manufacture, mechanics, electricity An Lao district:
51

Go Bui IP: 12ha; Trading orientation: forestry product processing, woodwork

processing, fine handicraft, ashlar facing stone processing, agricultural product processing (dry)
-

Cay Duoi IP: 10ha; Trading orientation: dry, chopstick manufacture, small

mechanics, wood sawing, woodwork processing, agro-product processing Van Canh district:
-

Canh Vinh IP: 10ha; Trading orientation: high-graded building stone Van Canh town IP: 12.62ha; Trading orientation: industrial product processing

processing, handicraft, construction material manufacture from the sand

-

using existing local materials such as wood, rattan, high-graded building stones Hoai An district:
-

Doc Truong Soi IP: 10ha; Trading orientation: brick manufacture, wood Go Loi IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: tea processing, construction material

sawing, civil woodwork processing, husking, small repairing mechanics

-

manufacture, agro-forestry-fishery processing Vinh Thanh district:

-

Cau Ta Suc IP: 20ha; Trading orientation: agro-forestry product processing,

wood sawing, woodwork processing, ashlar facing stone processing, brick and tile manufacture, chopstick manufacture III.1.4 The master plan of medical network According to the socioeconomic development orientation of Binh Dinh province up to 2010, the medical sector of Binh Dinh province will intensify the protection, cure and improvement of the health of the people: Carry out well national medical programs, attach special importance to prevention programs of social diseases and hazardous epidemics. Improve the quality of medical examination and treatment services; conduct well the health care policy of old people, ethnic people, and poor people; conduct well the population birth control, the protection and cure of mother and children health, especially pregnant mothers and under-6 year old children; decrease the rate of malnourished under-5 year old children to <20% by 2010. Improve the medical socialization; diversify the cure and protection of people health. Develop categories of voluntary medical insurance, community
52

medical insurance and move towards medical insurance for all people. Plan the examination and treatment network according to residential areas; upgrade the Provincial Policlinic to be the hospital of 1st rank prior to 2010; set up Ophthalmology hospital, Obstetrics and Pediatrics hospital; upgrade the area Policlinics, district/city hospitals. Strengthen and finalize basic medical network, build 100% of the communes meeting national medical standards. Continue to second doctors to communes, 100% of the commune medical stations having doctors by 2008. Intensify to invest in material facilities, medical equipment. Attach much importance to the training and consolidation of the medical staff in terms of quantity, quality and mechanism. Upgrade the Medical High School into the Medical College. Increase the responsibility and professional ethics of medical staff. Strengthen the state management in term of private medical business. Combine closely oriental medicine with western medicine, traditional medicine with modern medicine in the cure of people health (Extracting from the Document of the Party Congress nr.17 of Binh Dinh province). In order to specify the socioeconomic development orientation, Binh Dinh province sets up the provincial socioeconomic development plan for 5 years (2005-2010) with the medical system development plan as follows: Continue to strengthen and finalize the organization; develop the basic medical system in both quality and quantity. There will be 100% of the commune/ward/town medical stations having doctors by 2008.
-

Decrease the rate of suffering and death caused by infectious diseases,

minimize the rate of suffering and death caused by malaria, petechial fever, sexually transmitted diseases Children in the regulated age are given vaccination fully. The rate of malnourished under-5 year old children decreases to <20%. Prevent and avoid efficiently social diseases, hazardous epidemics, 100% of HIV/AIDS patients are given consultancy and cure.
-

Complete the upgrading and rehabilitating of the Provincial Policlinic into the

hospital if 1st rank prior to 2010; set up Ophthalmology hospital, Obstetrics and Pediatrics hospital. Continue to upgrade the area Policlinics, district/city hospitals. Supplement equipment gradually in order to enhance the quality of medical establishments from provincial level to commune, ward, and town level.
53

Encourage to open private hospitals, examination clinics and family hospitals

according to the legal regulations. Set up high-tech medical diagnosis centers. Carry out pilots activities to mobilize non-state budget to invest in equipment of some public hospitals. Transfer the operation mechanism of most public hospitals into service operation mechanism. Enlarge the medical establishments registering to examine and treat the patients under medical insurance. III.2 The Solid Waste Master Plan for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh province up to 2020 III.2.1 Forecast of the arising SW amount, composition and property III.2.1.1 The basement of forecast
Table 3.1. The technical indicators of arising SW forecast

No Content I Domestic SW 1 Target of arising SW Special, I II III-IV V 2 Collection rate Special, I II III-IV V 3 Rate of recyclable SW 4 Rate of organic SW II 1 Industrial SW Target of arising SW Newly-planned IZ, IP, manufacture establishment Thermo-electric factory Long My IZ, Phu Tai IZ

Unit Kg/person/day Kg/person/day Kg/person/day Kg/person/day % % % % % %

Target 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 100 95 90 85 14-20 50-60

Source Vietnamese building standard, Apr 2008

Vietnamese building standard, Apr 2008

Based on the analysis of the real domestic SW composition in Binh Dinh province

Ton/ha/day and night

0.1-0.3 Based on some typical studies in some IZs countrywide

Ton/day

875

Based on the analysis of real SW in some ongoing thermoelectric factories countrywide Based on the statistics of real SW in Long My IZ and Phu Tai IZ 54

Ton/ha/day and night

2.26

SW growth rate

%/year

6-6.5

The urban SW and IZ management strategy of Viet Nam up to 2020 Based on some typical studies in some IZs countrywide

3 4

Rate of hazardous industrial SW Rate of recyclable industrial SW

% (of the total amount of arising industrial SW) % (of the total amount of arising hazardous industrial SW)

25-41 65

III Hospital SW 1 Target of arising SW Hospital Medical center 2 Rate of hazardous 3 IV V health SW Rate of SW growth Construction SW Mud and sediment in culverts

The urban SW and IZ Kg/bed/day Kg/bed/day % % % (of the total amount of arising domestic SW) 2.2 1.5 15-20 2 8 6 management strategy of Viet Nam up to 2020 Study of WB in Viet Nam The urban SW and IZ management strategy of Viet Nam up to 2020

III.2.1.2 The forecast result a. The forecast result of domestic SW By 2020, the total amount of domestic SW arising in Binh Dinh province is expected as 1,176 tons/day, the collected SW amount is expected as1,154 tons/day (the collection rate is calculated according to the planning target of each urban level). See the forecast result in the table 3.2. See the detailed forecast in the Annex 3

Table 3.2. The forecast of domestic SW arising in Binh Dinh province in 2020

Unit: ton/day
N o 1 2 Urban point Quy Nhon city Binh Dinh town (An Nhon district) 55 2015 Arising SW Collected amount 508.0 81.5 SW amount 508.0 78.4 2020 Arising SW Collected amount 676.0 100.0 SW amount 676.0 100.0

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bong Son town (Hoai Nhon district) Phu Phong town (Tay Son district) Cat Tien town (Phu Cat district) An Nhon district Hoai Nhon district An Lao district Hoai An district Vinh Thanh district Phu My district Phu Cat district Tuy Phuoc district Tay Son district Van Canh district Total

65.0 31.0 29.0 12.5 15.0 8.6 15.9 7.0 28.3 27.6 21.5 13.8 10.3 874.8

62.8 30.1 28.4 10.7 13.2 7.5 13.7 6.1 24.7 24.3 18.9 11.7 8.8 847.2

85.0 50.0 50.0 18.5 18.0 12.3 19.0 8.7 37.4 38.1 30.2 19.5 13.0 1,176

85.0 50.0 50.0 16.7 16.2 11.1 17.1 7.8 33.7 34.2 27.2 17.6 11.7 1,154.1

b. The forecast result of industrial SW By 2020, the total amount of industrial SW arising in Binh Dinh province is expected as 6,724 tons/day (including the industrial SW amount arising from the Thermo-electric center, which is planned to build at Cat Khanh commune and Cat Thanh commune, Phu Cat district; and the industrial SW amount arising from the Sai Gon Binh Dinh Pulp factory, which is planned to build at My Chau commune, Phu My district with the scale of 300ha). The industrial SW composition is expected as follows: - The recyclable SW is estimated as 2,616 tons/day. - The hazardous industrial SW is estimated as 776 tons/day. - The non-hazardous industrial SW is estimated as 3,333 tons/day. See the forecast result in the Table 3.3 (See the detailed forecast in Annex 3)

Nonh azardous SW , 1 4%

Hazardo us SW , 28 %

Recy clable SW , 5 8 %

Figure 3.1. The forecast of industrial SW composition

56

Table 3.3. The forecast of industrial SW arising in Binh Dinh by 2015, 2020

Unit: ton/day
District/city/IZ 2015 SW required to treat Recycling, NonHazardous reusing hazardous 2020 SW required to treat Recycling, NonHazardous reusing hazardous

Arising

Arising

Nhon Hoi IZ Quy Nhon city An Nhon

225.7 881.9 54.0 9.8 118.6 253.1 3.2 30.4 4.2 50.0 3.1 2.8 1,637

126.4 495.0 31.0 5.9 66.9 143.4 2.1 18.3 2.8 30.2 2.1 1.9 926

67.7 263.1 15.3 2.4 35.0 73.8 0.5 7.5 0.6 12.6 0.5 0.4 479

31.6 324.0 123.8 1,266.1 7.7 1.5 77.6 14.0

181.4 710.7 44.5 8.4 1,382.3 205.9 3.1 26.2 4.1 43.4 3.0 2.7 2,616

97.2 377.7 22.0 3.5 137.7 106.0 0.7 10.8 0.9 18.0 0.7 0.6 776

45.4 177.7 11.1 2.1 3,025.3 51.5 0.8 6.6 1.0 10.3 0.7 0.7 3,333

district Tuy Phuoc district Phu district Tay Cat Son

16.7 4,545.3 35.8 0.5 4.6 0.7 7.2 0.5 0.5 231 363.3 4.5 43.6 6.0 71.7 4.4 4.0 6724

district Van Canh district Hoai Nhon district Hoai district Phu district An An My Lao

district Vinh Thanh district Total

Note: The industrial SW amount of Phu Cat district is inclusive of the amount arising from the Thermo-electric center, which is planned to build at Cat Khanh commune and Cat Thanh commune, Phu Cat district.

The industrial SW amount of Phu My district is inclusive of the amount arising from the Sai Gon Binh Dinh Pulp factory 300ha, which is planned to build at My Chau commune, Phu My district.

c. The forecast result of health SW

57

By 2020, health SW arising in Binh Dinh province is expected as 8.5 tons/day, in which: Domestic SW: 7.2 tons/day Health SW: 1.3 tons/day
Table 3.4. The forecast of hospital SW arising in Binh Dinh province by 2020

See the forecast result in the Table 3.4 (See details in Annex 3) Unit: ton/day
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total District/city Quy Nhon An Nhon Tuy Phuoc Phu Cat Tay Son Van Canh Hoai Nhon Hoai An Phu My An Lao Vinh Thanh Total 5.6407 0.2165 0.1499 0.1832 0.4382 0.0666 0.6074 0.0833 0.1665 0.0666 0.0666 7.7 2015 Hazardous health SW 0.8461 0.0325 0.0225 0.0275 0.0657 0.0100 0.0911 0.0125 0.0250 0.0100 0.0100 1.2 Domestic SW 4.7946 0.1840 0.1274 0.1557 0.3725 0.0566 0.5163 0.0708 0.1415 0.0566 0.0566 6.5 Total 6.228 0.239 0.165 0.202 0.484 0.074 0.671 0.092 0.184 0.074 0.074 8.5 2020 Hazardous health SW 0.934 0.036 0.025 0.030 0.073 0.011 0.101 0.014 0.028 0.011 0.011 1.3 Domestic SW 5.294 0.203 0.141 0.172 0.411 0.063 0.570 0.078 0.156 0.063 0.063 7.2

III.2.1.3 The forecast of total arising SW amount The total SW arising in the whole province by 2015 is expected as 2,642 tons/day, by 2020 as 8,073 tons/day. See the forecast result in the Table 3.5.

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Table 3.5. The forecast of SW amount arising in districts/city by 2015, 2020

Unit: ton/day
2015 No District/city Domestic SW Construction SW Industrial SW Health SW Sediment of culverts Total Domestic SW Construction SW 2020 Industrial SW Health SW Sediment of culverts Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Quy Nhon An Nhon Tuy Phuoc Phu Cat Tay Son Van Canh Hoai

508 93.95 21.5 56.625 44.75 10.3 80 15.875 28.3 8.55 6.95 875

40.6 7.5 1.7 4.5 3.6 0.8 6.4 1.3 2.3 0.7 0.6 70

1,107.6 54.0 9.8 118.6 253.1 3.2 30.4 4.2 50.0 3.1 2.8 1,637

5.64 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.44 0.07 0.61 0.08 0.17 0.07 0.07 7.7

30.48 1,692 5.64 161 1.29 34 3.40 2.69 0.62 4.80 0.95 1.70 0.51 0.42 183 305 15 122 22 82 13 11

676 118.5 30.2 88.05 69.5 13 103 18.95 37.4 12.3 8.7 1,176

54.1 9.5 2.4 7.0 5.6 1.0 8.2 1.5 3.0 1.0 0.7 94

1590.1 77.6 14.0 4545.3 363.3 4.5 43.6 6.0 71.7 4.4 4.0 6,724

6.23 0.24 0.17 0.20 0.48 0.07 0.67 0.09 0.18 0.07 0.07 8.5

40.56 2,367 7.11 213 1.81 49 5.28 4,646 4.17 443 0.78 19 6.18 162 1.14 2.24 0.74 0.52 28 115 18 14

Nhon 8 Hoai An 9 Phu My 10 An Lao 11 Vinh Thanh Total

52 2,642

71 8,073

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III.2.2 The separation, collection and transport system plan III.2.2.1 Domestic SW Separation at the source: It aims to reduce the buried SW amount, to last the life-span of the treatment plants, increase the rate of recycling and composting. Based on the SW property and treatment technology, domestic SW is required to be separated at the source into 3 categories. See the urban domestic SW separation model in the Figure 3.2.
Domestic SW source

Separation and storage at the source

Disintegrated Organic SW

Others

Recyclable SW

Intermediate station

Intermediate station

Separation point at the treatment plant Organic fertilizer factory

Others

Recyclable SW

Organic fertilizer

Waste

Hygienic landfill

Recycling establishment

Figure 3.2. The domestic SW separation model in urban areas

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The detailed separation method is as follows: -

Organic waste: vegetables, fruits, foods ..., stored in green plastic bags >10 litters (from 3.5-4kg), transported to organic fertilizer factories. Recyclable waste: paper, plastic, metal, glass , stored in dark plastic bags, transported to recycling establishments after the separation at intermediate stations. Others: unable to recycle or reuse such as rubber, coal residues, stones, soil, broken porcelain. Mobilize people to use waste plastic bags or other available storage to store this kind of waste. The SW collection process:

In big urban points like Quy Nhon cities, 4 provincial towns and district towns

The collection process is both manual and mechanical. The organic SW is collected from 18:00h to 22:00h everyday in order to keep the environment clean. Other waste is also collected at that time but every two days in order to reduce transport costs. In order to collect absolutely all domestic SW arising in all urban areas, even residential points that the handcarts can not access (small alley, high slope and narrow street surface), the specific collection methods are proposed in Figure 3.3. In rural residential points The SW is collected by collection teams of communes (or hamlets) everyday or every two days, and then transferred to intermediate stations of each communes. Then SW will be transported to the district landfill by specialized trucks. The transport of SW from intermediate stations to district landfill is conducted by a private enterprise (after a tender) or the district agency in charge of environmental service. The collection and transport method is proposed in the Figure 3.4. In order to keep the environment clean, a SW intermediate station for rural residential zone is required to meet the following criteria:
-

The distance from the intermediate station to the SW source is not more than 2km. The distance from the intermediate station to residential zone is 200m, depending on the scale and capacity of the intermediate station.

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The intermediate station needs a buffer zone around it. In the buffer zone, we can locate traffic roads, sewerage system, plant trees in order to improve the scenery and reduce the smell dispersion.

The capacity of the intermediate station is not more than the volume of SW arising in 3 days. The intermediate station needs a cover in order to avoid the fact that light SW is blown away. The operation of the intermediate station must be monitored and supervised closely. Any scatted waste must be cleaned immediately, not more than 1-2 hours. The large-scaled intermediate stations require waste water treatment plant in order to treat waste water arising in the intermediate station. In order to reduce the dust concentration in the SW partition of the intermediate station, we spray water into the space above the waste receiving funnel.

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Residential zones that can be accessed by handcarts (in the street front, big alley, high slope but wide street surface)

Offices, schools

Trading centers

Residential zones that can not be accessed by handcarts (small alley, high slope but narrow street surface)

Streets

SW after separation SW after separation Street waste collected by workers

Collectors (hired and paid by people)

Handcarts

Handcarts placed at the street ends or intermediate stations

Handcarts

Specialized agency for collection and transport

Concentrated separation point

Organic SW

Inert substances

Recyclable and reusable SW

Organic fertilizer factories

Hygienic landfills

Recycling establishments

Figure 3.3. The model of domestic SW separation, collection and transport for every quarter of urban zone

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SW arising source

Commune

Inter-communes

Collection network of commune

Collection network of intercommunes

Intermediate station

District landfill
Figure 3.4. The model of domestic SW collection at rural residential zones

The means and agency collecting and transporting SW:

Collection means: + At urban areas: use handcarts to collect SW at residential areas, offices, schools , use specialized trucks to transport SW from intermediate stations to landfills. + At rural areas: use semi-mechanic means like handcarts, improved carts to collect SW at households and transfer it to intermediate stations, use trucks or specialized trucks to transport SW from intermediate stations to landfills.

Collection agency: according to the modality of socialization or tender Each district needs a specialized agency for SW collection, transport and treatment. + Set up 2 agencies for SW collection and transport of Vinh Thanh district and An Lao district. + Other districts that have had existing agencies for SW collection and transport continue to strengthen and improve their capacity. + Besides the task of collection and transport of domestic SW for Quy Nhon city, harbour area and health SW, Quy Nhon URENCO should continue to improve their
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capacity in order to extend their service scale, serve for industrial SW collection for the whole province and domestic SW collection for other urban areas. III.2.2.2 Industrial SW a. SW separation Separation SW at the source creates both many economic benefits in recycling, reusing, collection, transport and treatment and environmental benefits. Every treatment technology requires the separation before treatment. Therefore, a mechanism to encourage and force manufacture establishments attending in the separation at the source is needed. Based on the forecast of industrial SW composition of Binh Dinh province, the industrial SW in the province can be categorized as follows: Reusable SW: + The SW at the final step of the manufacture cycle that can be reused to be the input material of the first step like apatite powder, waste products + The SW that can be used immediately for other purposes like clout with/without chemicals, plastic/metal pails with/without chemicals, coal residues, pyrites residues
-

Recyclable SW: The SW that can be recycled to be necessary materials for other manufacture process like metal, glass, paper, nylon, plastic Compostable SW: The nutritious waste that can be used to produce organic fertilizer like the refuses of the agricultural food/seafood processing, beer malt, diatomite powder, sugar cane dregs, domestic SW

SW for the landfill: The SW that can not be used for other purposes but disposal. Hazardous SW: The SW that is managed by a special mechanism and collected separately according to the Government regulations. The list of hazardous SW is issued in the Decision nr.23/2006/QD-BTNMT dated 26 Dec 2006 of the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment.

See the forecast of industrial SW composition of every industry sector in Annex 3. The methods of SW separation: Combine two separation methods in order to utilise absolutely the recyclable and reused SW.

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SW separation at the source: separate SW at every workshop of the manufacture establishment. SW separation at the centralized separation point: aim to gather up a large amount of SW from the same industrial sector, use a separation machine system (aeration, screen, magnetism, crane ) to increase the collection efficiency, save time and labour.

See the chart of industrial SW separation at the source in the Figure 3.5.

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SW from industrial establishments

Separation at the source (Primary separation)

Domestic SW and office SW

Industrial SW

Reusable compositions

Recyclable, regenerated compositions

Disintegrated organic compositions

Hazardous compositions

Other compositions

Papers and cartons

Plastic, glass, rubber, metal

Collection, transport

Separation at the centralized point (Secondary separation)

Treatment

Reusing

Recycling

Regenerating

Composting

Special treatment

Burying

Figure 3.5. The chart of industrial SW separation at the source

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Separation at the workshop (primary separation):

Separation at the workshop is manual method. If it is well done, it will bring high economic efficiency for the manufacture establishment because they can reuse SW, sell recyclable SW to recycling agencies and reduce the cost for SW treatment. The separation at the workshop is done by the workers at the final step of the production cycle creating SW. In order to separate SW at the source efficiently, we should follow a strict process as follows: + Workers must put all waste in regulated storage bins, which have pictures or indicators on it. + Before the SW is transferred to the common storage area of the factory, the person in charge of the shift must check the separation if SW is put in right bins or not. + After separated at every workshop, SW is transported to the common storage area of the factory. The hazardous SW must be stored and kept carefully during the transport. The SW storage bins must be transported by specialized vehicles (4-wheel handcarts) to avoid scattering and spilling out. Separation at the centralized point of the IZ (secondary separation): After separated at the manufacture establishments, the SW is transported to centralized points for centralized separation. In order to separate SW efficiently and save time and labour, we should use separation machines (aeration, screen, magnetism, crane ). The SW of the same industrial sector is separated at the same separation system. In order to localize the service scale of centralized separation points as well as to locate the centralized separation points for investment, we based on the following:
-

The forecast of SW composition and amount in IZs/IPs of Binh Dinh province; Geographic features and arrangement of IZs/IPs in Binh Dinh province; The improvement of the SW exchange among IZs/IPs; the recycling and reusing capacity; The labour resource conducting the separation and the investment possibility of SW separation technological and technical equipment;

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Based on the geographic and topological features of Binh Dinh province, in order to minimize pollution dispersion and transport time, the centralized separation points are expected to locate at the places that are expected to build treatment plants. Particularly, Nhon Hoi economic zone (large scale) will have its own centralized separation point for the IZs located in the economic zone. From the above basement, the localization of service scale is defined in Figure 3.7. The equipments of SW separation: The selection of separation equipment depends on separation method, SW category, SW amount. The equipment of SW separation at the source includes:
-

SW storage bags: They can be made of paper or plastic depending on the stored waste. They have metal supporting frames in order to support the bags when SW is put in. Bags for different SW must have different colours and signals. Each bag only stores one or some industrial SW. These bags are usually used in workshops, to store clouts, waste paper, waste textile

SW storage bins: They can be made of metal or plastic. The bins storing hazardous SW or SW which is easy to be scattered must have covering lids and hook system in order to facilitate the collection by machines. They can be mono-partition or multipartitions, fixed or mobile. The mobile bins should have wheels in order to move easily: 2 small fixed wheels for small bins, 4 mobile wheels for big bins. The bins are painted and signed according to the regulations for each category of industrial SW. Each bin only stores one or some similar categories of SW. The capacity and shape vary depending on SW property and amount. They are usually used in workshops, to store shavings, metal cinder, glass, waste wood, residues of manufacture process, and dregs of equipments.

Normally, each factory/establishment has a warehouse or reservoir to store and separate SW at the source. At these places, an alarm of dangerous should be made in order to avoid damages caused by hazardous SW. The reservoir are usually used to store mud, coal residues, metal cinder, sand, soil, stone, stone powder The warehouses or containers are used to store all SW or SW with big amount/volume like apatite powder, plastic/metal bins with or without chemicals
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b. Collection and transport

-

The method of industrial SW collection and treatment:

For IZs/IPs: the collection and transport follow the SW management regulations of IZs/IPs For manufacture establishments not belonging to IZs/IPS: self-manage the collection and transport through contracting with an agency having collection and transport permit.

The collection and transport happen from 2 sources: Collect SW that has been separated at manufacture establishments: + Organic SW is transported to composting factory. + Recyclable or reused SW is transported to recycling factory. + Hazardous SW is transported to incinerators. + The others are transported to centralized separation points. At this place, SW is separated at the next step: secondary separation. Collect and transport SW at the centralized separation points: After separated at the centralized points, SW is transported to respective treatment plants: + Recyclable or reused SW is transported to recycling factory. + Hazardous SW is transported to incinerators. + Inert substances are transported to landfills. The plan of industrial SW collection and transport in Binh Dinh province is shown in Figure 3.6.

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SW from industrial manufacture establishments

Recyclable SW

Workers separate, collect, transport and store at the source

Reusable SW

Disintegrated organic SW Procurement, collection and transport agency

Hazardous SW

Other SW

Specialized agency for collection and transport

Self-collect

Recycling agency

Centralized separation point

Input material

Specialized agency for collection and transport

Recyclable SW

Disintegrated organic SW

Hazardous SW

Other SW

Specialized agency for collection and transport

Composting factory

Hazardous SW treatment plant

Hygienic landfill

Figure 3.6. The plan of SW collection and transport at IZs/IPs

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The equipment of industrial SW collection and treatment:

In order to collect and transport SW following the above cycle, it requires a fully equipment system from the steps of collection, separation, storage to the steps of transport and treatment. These equipments include:
-

Storage equipment: Use bags, bins, reservoirs, warehouse, depots to store industrial SW at the source. Collection equipment: Use handcarts, trucks, dumper-trucks for the primary collection process from manufacture establishments to intermediate stations. Centralized separation equipment: Use the system of centralized separation machines. Each intermediate station should equip one separation system in order to separate SW absolutely.

SW pressing equipment: Use press or compressor at intermediate station in order to reduce SW size before transporting them to centralized treatment plant. Transport equipment: Use specialized vehicles like pressing and rolling trucks, pressing and lifting trucks, non-dome trucks, container trucks, for SW collection and transport with big capacity, including primary and secondary collection.

The SW categories that are treated by the same method are collected and transported with the same suitable equipment, depending on the SW amount and property. The collection and transport equipments are shown in the Table 3.6.
Table 3.6. Collection and transport equipment

SW property Non-hazardous, high density, high moisture, direct burying Non-hazardous, low density, direct burying Hazardous SW requiring to be stable and clotted before burying Hazardous SW requiring to be burned Hazardous SW buried directly

Equipment Technological features Truck with close body or container truck Normal vehicles for SW transport like pressing and rolling trucks, pressing and lifting trucks, or trucks without dome Bodied-truck with suction system or container truck

Capacity 10-15m3 6m3

10-15m3

Pressing truck or non-dome truck Truck with close body

6m3 10-15m3 72

The plan of industrial SW collection and transport system for Binh Dinh

province: With the above-proposed SW separation method, the collection and transport of industrial SW for Binh Dinh province is also conducted in IZs/IPs. Each IZ should have an intermediate station. In order to reduce construction cost and facilitate the separation, collection, transport and exchange of SW, the intermediate stations will be located in some SW treatment plants. The functions of each treatment plant cum intermediate station will include:
-

Separate industrial SW in order to recover as much as possible the recyclable and reusable SW and then transfer them to the centralized recycling point of the whole province;

Exchange SW among industrial sectors in order to utilise as much as possible the reusable SW (This modality has been implemented successfully in Bien Hoa II IZ of Dong Nai province);

Bury non-hazardous industrial SW.

After separated at intermediate stations, recyclable SW and hazardous SW will be transported to the general treatment plant at Cat Nhon commune, Phu Cat district. The proposed plan of industrial SW collection and transport system is shown in Figure 3.7.

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Figur SW source Treatment plant / Intermediate station

Hoa Hoi IZ, Cat Trinh IZ, IPs of Phu Cat district, adjacent areas of Cat Nhon treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km Nhon Hoi EZ Phu Tai IZ, Long My IZ, IPs of Quy Nhon city and Tuy Phuoc district, adjacent areas of Long My treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km Bong Son IZ, IPs of Hoai Nhon district, adjacent areas of Hoai Duc treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km Binh Nghi IZ, IPs of Tay Son district, adjacent areas of Tay Xuan treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km IZ/IPs of Van Canh district, adjacent areas of Hiep Hoa treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km IPs of Phu My district, adjacent areas of My Phong treatment plant within the radius of 2025km IPs of An Nhon district, adjacent areas of Nhon Tho treatment plant within the radius of 2025km IPs of Hoai An district, adjacent areas of An Thanh treatment plant within the radius of 2025km IPs of An Lao district, adjacent areas of An Trung treatment plant within the radius of 2025km IPs of Vinh Thanh district, adjacent areas of Vinh Quang treatment plant within the radius of 20-25km Centralized separation station in Nhon Hoi EZ Long My treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

General treatment plant at Cat Nhon commune, Phu Cat district - Centralized separation - Hazardous SW burning and burying - Non-hazardous ISW burying - SW exchange - SW recycling

Hoai Duc treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying Tay Xuan treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying Hiep Hoa treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying My Phong treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying Nhon Tho treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying An Thanh treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying An Trung treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying Vinh Quang treatment plant - Centralized separation - SW exchange - Non-hazardous ISW burying

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

Hazardous SW Recyclable SW

e 3.7. The plan of industrial SW collection and transport system for Binh Dinh province

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III.2.2.3 Health SW a. SW separation Hospital SW should be separated immediately at the source. Hospital SW compositions include: + Normal SW + Infectious SW + Hazardous chemical SW + Radioactive SW + Pressure cylinder According to the Health SW management regulation (enclosing to the Decision nr.43/2007/QD-BYT), hospital SW is divided into 4 categories: 1. Infectious SW 2. Hazardous chemical SW and radioactive SW 3. Normal SW and small pressure cylinders 4. Recyclable SW Regulating colour for each category: 1. Yellow for infectious SW 2. Black for hazardous chemical SW and radioactive SW 3. Green for normal SW and small pressure cylinders 4. White for recyclable SW b. SW collection, transport and storage
-

Methods of storage, collection and transport

Regulation on waste bin location: + Each division must fix the location of waste bins for every category of SW. Each place arising SW must have respective waste bin. + At the place of waste bins, the instructions of separation and collection must be shown. + Use waste bins as regulated and clean them everyday.

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+ Clean bags for waste collection must be available all the time at the places arising waste in order to replace full bags. Full bags will be transferred to the temporary storage place of the medical establishment. Requirements of SW collection: + Each category of SW is collected and put into collection equipments according to the regulated colour, and it must be labelled or written on the bags. + Hazardous SW must not mix with normal SW. If it is mixed together due to the carelessness, that mixture must be treated as hazardous SW. + Bags must store only of its capacity, and then they are bound. Collection frequency: Hospital orderly or staff in charge of SW collection must collect hazardous SW and normal SW from the places arising SW to the temporary storage place of the division at least once per day and when necessary. Infectious SW must be primarily treated at the places arising SW before collected to the temporary storage place. The health SW collection process: After separated, hospital SW is collected and transferred to the temporary storage place of the medical establishment. The detailed process is as follows: Hospital domestic SW is collected and transported to landfill to be buried together with urban domestic SW. Health SW is collected and transported to incinerators by URENCO. The medical establishments at provincial level, policlinics and specialized hospitals, which have a large number of hospital beds and create a large amount of domestic SW and health SW, require a high collection frequency. The collection and transport must be done everyday.
-

For the small establishments, which create a small amount of health SW (i.e. Van Canh, Vinh Thanh), the collection frequency can be lower, but the storage time must not more than 48 hours. Because the storage time here is longer, the SW must be primarily treated like disinfection, packing in yellow bags as regulated to avoid infection before they are transported to the incinerators. Sharp things must be put in boxes that are made of hard material, non-leakage, and burnable. The sizes of these
76

boxes vary depending on the sizes of sharp things. Normally, district hospitals use 2.5l boxes, provincial hospitals use 6-12l boxes. Each district is planned to build one incinerator. Therefore, they must be equipped with storage and transport means meeting the standards of MoH. At the incinerator, in the normal operation condition (continuous incineration), the infectious SW is stored outside and at least 24 hours. If the incinerator is broken down, SW must be stored in some days, causing pollution for the adjacent areas. Therefore, a small freezing chamber must be built next to the incinerator to reduce the infection to adjacent areas. After the incineration, ashes will be compressed and transported to the landfill to be burned together with domestic SW. III.2.3 The treatment system plan III.2.3.1 The basement of location and scale of SW treatment centers The location of SW treatment plants must base on the following criteria: Conform to the construction plan and socioeconomic development plan of the The available land must be enough for the need of SW treatment province The area of the treatment plant includes the area of hygienic landfill, the area of hazardous landfill, the area of composting factory and the area of hazardous incinerator (if any) The scale of the landfill and the capacity of the composting factory must be calculated based on the rate of SW treated by different methods.

Ensure safe isolation distance and hygienic conditions according to the

following documents: Vietnamese building standards on building plan, 4/2008 Circular nr.01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD dated 18 Jan 2001 instructing on the regulations of environment protection towards the location selection, construction and operation of landfills TCXDVN:261-2001: Landfill Design standards TCXDVN: 320-2004: Hazardous landfill Design standards SW management strategy in urban areas and industrial zones of Viet Nam up to 2020

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III.2.3.2 The orientation of SW treatment technology Apply up-to-date treatment technologies, applicable to the conditions of Vietnam and minimize the SW amount buried. Increase the recycling and reusing of SW; especially for industrial SW, increase the SW exchange among IZs. For organic SW, apply the composting method to serve the agricultural sector through the up-to-date and comprehensive technological lines. For hazardous industrial SW and health SW, apply the incineration method by modern incinerators. Only bury inert substances that can not be recycled and reused, and the ashes of the incineration of hazardous SW. Recycling, reusing Recycling: Recycled waste needs some important treatment methods regard to chemicals, physics, and biology (e.g., waste paper is recycled through ink erasing, regrind, reprocess) Reusing: Reuse directly the SW for its initial purpose or for new purposes without any big improvement of the waste before reuse it (waste paper is reused for packing, bags) Recycling and reusing SW is one of the best strategy to manage SW based on the ecology and circulation principles of material and power through recycling technologies and techniques. For the urban and industrial SW, the recycling and reusing can be done at many forms from scattering to concentrating. On scattering scale, SW is recycled and reused at the establishment creating SW. On concentrating scale, SW is recycled and reused at SW exchange centers. These centers not only provide the information on the exchanged SW among manufacture establishments but also receive, treat primarily or recycle SW before supply it to the establishments in need. These centers are SW recycling and reusing complexes. Currently, in Vietnam, the recycling and reusing of SW are popular for both domestic SW and industrial SW. The rate of recycled waste is high, about 14-20% of the total domestic SW, and 58% of the total industrial SW. However, the recycling and reusing are only applied for valuable waste, and they happen non-systematically. Sometimes, they create extra substances with have higher pollution rate than the recycling waste. The model of
78

ecological IZ and the SW exchange among the enterprises in the IZ have been conducted in Bien Hoa I IZ. However, this model has not been popularized yet. In order to recycle and reuse SW, the separation at the source is the most efficient and suitable solution to manage SW for recycling, minimize the buried SW amount and avoid environmental pollution at the source. The separation at the source is done with the collection equipments at the source and under the close coordination among community, enterprises and SW collecting agency. In Binh Dinh province, the separation is planned to be done step by step. At the first step, which the separation at the source has not been done widely, the SW will be separated at centralized separation points. At the next steps, after the success of pilot activities, the separation at the source will be popularized. With that strategy, the recycling and reusing of SW will create positive effects on economy and environment. Incineration Incineration is the oxidation process at high temperature. According to technical documents, the incinerators must be designed according to 4 basic requirements: supply the pyrolysis process with enough oxygen through supplying the incineration chamber with a surplus air amount; the surplus created during the incineration must be kept in the incinerator long enough to burn absolutely (usually at least 4 seconds); the temperature must be high enough (usually higher than 1,000oC); and good mixture of airs. The after-incineration products are calorie, ash, slag and waste air. The incineration technology has many good points, such as heat utilization, SW volume reduce (reduce to 10% of the original), SW weight reduce (reduce to 25% of the original), land reduce. However, it has some shortcomings, such as big cost of investment, operation and treatment, creation of dangerous extra products. In Vietnam, the incineration technology has been used for health SW and hazardous industrial SW treatment: incinerator CEETIA-CN150 at Nam Son landfill (Ha Noi), incinerator for hazardous industrial SW at Le Minh Xuan IZ, Linh Trung I, II, III IZs (HCMC) This technology requires big costs of investment and operation. Moreover, the organic composition in Vietnam is high. Therefore, the application of incineration technology in urban domestic SW treatment is expected to face many financial challenges.

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This technology is very applicable for the treatment of organic industrial SW and hazardous SW, like rubber, plastic, paper, leather, oil dregs, solvent, plant protection chemicals, especially health SW, in the specialized incinerators or industrial incinerators like cement kiln. In the future, using specialized incinerators and industrial incinerators for hazardous industrial SW and health SW will be a feasible and practical solution meeting the treatment needs of Vietnam in general and of Binh Dinh in particular. Waste to Energy (WTE) This is a technology to create energy from SW through pyrolysis process. It has been a new technology since 1980s and created many discussions among the environmental scientists. In 2005, Germany issued some regulations on WTE in their Environmental Law, in which the materials which heating coefficient is more than 6000kJ/mol are not allowed to be buried. The applicable materials have high heating coefficient like timber, paper, plastic, rubber extracted from domestic SW and industrial SW. WTE aims to reduce the buried SW amount; reuse carbon amount in SW, reduce natural carbon content in SW, then reduce the waste air content of the landfill; replace fossil power. WTE products can be used in the factories using thermal energy such as electric factory, cement factory and bitumen factory. The good points of WTE are reducing the buried SW amount and replacing fossil energy. However, it requires high standards on waste composition and property. This technology has not been applied in Vietnam. In the future, the application of this technology in Vietnam is expected many challenges because it requires high standards on waste composition and property. Composting Composting is the aerobiological disintegration process of the organic SW, it changes SW into humus and nutrient for crops. Its good points are reducing environmental pollution and creating compost, which is good for land and crops and affordable to the farmers. However, it requires a larger area than incineration; it is only able to treat disintegrated organic SW and absolutely separated SW. A composting factory includes SW separation system, grinding, mixing and screen system, piling and composting system.

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In Vietnam, some composting technologies have been applying in some areas: Spanish technology in Cau Dien Ha Noi, capacity 50,000 tons SW/year; Vietnamese-Chinese technology in Viet Tri, capacity 30,000 tons SW/year; French-Spanish technology in Nam Dinh, capacity 39,000 tons SW/year (designed capacity 78,000 tons SW/year); Vietnamese technologies (ASC) in Thuy Phuong Hue and Ninh Thuan, capacity 24,000 tons SW/year; Vietnamese technology (Seraphin) in Dong Vinh, capacity 24,000 tons SW/year; Danish technology in Hoc Mon HCMC, capacity 87,000 tons SW/year; Vietnamese technology (VCC Construction Ministry) in Vung Tau, capacity 15,000 tons SW/year. In which, some factories have stopped operation: Hoc Mon HCMC and Vung Tau. In general, the composting is facing some difficulties because the SW has not been separated at the source and the consumer market for the compost has not defined. In order to improve the compost quality and extend the network of composting factories, we need to strengthen the SW separation and set up market for the products. For Vietnam in general and for Binh Dinh province in particular, domestic SW has a big content of organic composition (45-60%), suitable for composting. If it is popularized widely, it will become a useful solution to reduce the buried SW amount. In addition, Binh Dinh province, with large forestry and agriculture area, is a potential consumer market to the compost products Hygienic landfill Hygienic landfill is the most popular solution because it is simple and cheap in terms of investment, operation and maintenance costs. This method is applied in most countries over the world. The orientation of up-to-date treatment technology will intensify SW recycling and reusing, and minimize burying. The landfill technology is planned to be applied in Binh Dinh province in order to bury inert substances of urban SW that can not be recycled, reused or composted. Hygienic landfill must be built according to the standard TCVN 6696-2000 Hygienic landfill Requirement on environmental protection. The landfill technology is also used for hazardous SW even some nuclear waste, infectious waste, but they must be chemically and physically treated and isolated by suitable materials before they are buried. According to this technology, industrial SW and hazardous SW in
81

solid state or in tablet state will be buried in filling cells, which are built according to the standards of hazardous landfills. III.2.3.3 The plan of SW treatment network, the location of the service scale Together with the socioeconomic development, the amount of urban domestic SW, industrial SW and health SW is increasing. The investment in general treatment plants, especially the general treatment plants for a wide region including hygienic landfill, composting factory, recycling factory, incinerator will reduce the land used for landfills, increase the life-span for treatment plants, increase the land for urban investment, and reduce environmental pollution. For the domestic SW, non-hazardous industrial SW and hospital domestic SW: Each district, city, town has a hygienic treatment plant conforming to the standards. The service scale is not limited in administrative area, the service radius of the treatment plant is about 20-25km.
-

The total number of treatment plants that are planned to be built in the whole province is 1 SW treatment complex and 14 SW treatment plants.

The treatment network is shown in the table 3.7 and the map of treatment network plan. The scale of land used will be defined much more than the real demand in order to extend the life-span of the treatment plants over 2020, vision over 2030, avoid moving to a new location. For the hazardous industrial SW: In order to gather up all hazardous industrial SW for efficient treatment, minimize the dispersion of hazardous SW to environment, and minimize the land used for landfills, the selected technology is incineration. Based on the consideration of economic issues and treatment efficiency: -

The investment cost of hazardous SW incinerator is very high (20,000 25,000 USD/ton SW); The waste air from the incinerator is an implicit cause of environmental pollution if the waste air treatment system does not conform to regulated standards; The amount of hazardous industrial SW only makes up a small part of the total SW amount. If we invest in too many systems, they will not be used up their capacity.
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We propose that all hazardous industrial SW of the province will be transported to the hazardous SW incinerator of the general treatment plant at Cat Nhon commune, Phu Cat district. For health SW: Invest 11 hazardous health SW incinerators located in the treatment plants for district medical establishments, and 4 incinerators in big hospitals, see details below:
-

Invest 4 hazardous health SW incinerators in 4 big hospitals: Provincial Policlinic, Tuberculosis and Lung Hospital, Bong Son Policlinic and Phu Phong Policlinic. Invest 1 health SW incinerator located in the treatment plant for each district. The existing capacity (30kg/time) of some incinerators should be increased in order to meet the demand arising in the future.

The health SW incinerator plan is shown in the Table 3.8 and the map of incinerator network plan.

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Table 3.7. The plan of domestic SW and industrial SW treatment network up to 2020

No 1

District/city Phu Cat

Treatment plant (TP) Cat Nhon TP

Treatment technology Service scale scale (ha) 70 - Bury domestic SW - Treat domestic SW and non-hazardous - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Burn and bury hazardous SW - Recycle inorganic SW industrial SW for Phu cat district, Hoa Hoi IZ, Cat Trinh IZ and residential area, IPs of Phu Cat district, Nhon Hoi EZ, adjacent areas of Cat Nhon TP within the radius of 20km. the whole province. - Recycle inorganic SW for the whole province. - The northern and northeast of Phu Cat district 30 - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Compost - Bury domestic SW and non-hazardous industrial SW for Tuy Phuoc district, Quy Nhon city and adjacent areas of Long My TP within the radius of 20km. for Quy Nhon city, Tuy Phuoc district and Van Canh district.

Plan

Note Build a new plant

- Treat health SW (burn) - Burn and bury hazardous industrial SW for

Phu Cat

Phu Cat 2 TP (northern of Ba Mountain) Long My TP

10

- Bury domestic SW

Build a new plant Extend and upgrade the existing plant, which is 6ha

Quy Nhon and Tuy Phuoc

- Treat health SW (burn) - Produce organic fertilizer from organic SW

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No 4 5

District/city Quy Nhon An Nhon provincial town

Treatment plant (TP) Phuoc My TP Nhon Tho TP

Treatment technology scale (ha) 4 - Treat and recycle stone 20 powder - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW

Plan

Service scale - Stone powder SW from Phu Tai IZ and Long My IZ - An Nhon provincial town and adjacent areas of Nhon Tho TP within the radius of 20km. - Bong Son provincial town and adjacent areas of Hoai Duc TP within the radius of 20km. Hoai Nhon district (after Bong Son provincial town is set up)

Note Existing project Build a new plant

Bong Son provincial town

Hoai Duc TP

20

Build a new plant

Hoai Nhon

Hoai Nhon 2 TP (Hoai Son)

10

Build a new plant

Phu My

My Phong TP

16

- Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury domestic SW and non-hazardous - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Compost industrial SW for Phu My district and adjacent areas of My Phong TP within the radius of 20km. for Phu Cat, Phu My, Hoai Nhon, Hoai An, An Nhon and Tay Son districts

Build a new plant

- Treat health SW (burn) - Produce organic fertilizer from organic SW

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No 9

District/city Phu My

Treatment plant (TP) Phu My 2 TP (western of National Highway 1A) An Trung TP

Treatment technology scale (ha) 10 - Bury domestic SW

Plan

Service scale Western of Phu My district

Note Build a new plant

10

An Lao

- Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW

- An Lao district and adjacent areas of An Trung TP within the radius of 20km.

Build a new plant

11

Vinh Thanh

Vinh Quang TP

- Vinh Thanh district and adjacent areas of Vinh Quang TP within the radius of 20km.

Build a new plant

12

Van Canh

Hiep Hoa TP

- Van Canh district and adjacent areas of Hiep Hoa TP within the radius of 20km.

Build a new plant

13

Tay Son

Tay Xuan TP

16

- Treat health SW (burn) - Bury domestic SW - Bury domestic SW and non-hazardous - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn) industrial SW for Binh Nghi IZ, IPs of Tay Son district and adjacent areas of Tay Xuan TP within the radius of 20km.

Build a new plant

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No 14

District/city Tay Son

Treatment plant (TP) Tay Son 2 TP (northern of Tay Son district) An Thanh TP

Treatment technology scale (ha) - Bury domestic SW

Plan

Service scale - Northern of Tay Son district and adjacent areas

Note Build a new plant Build a new plant

15

Hoai An

- Bury domestic SW - Bury non-hazardous industrial SW - Treat health SW (burn)

- Hoai An district and adjacent areas of An Thanh TP within the radius of 20km.

Total

225

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Table 3.8. The plan of health SW incinerators of Binh Dinh province

Nr

District/City

Amount of health Incinerator capacity solid waste (kg/day) (kg/time) The period up to 2015 846.1 32.5 60 17.2 27.5 65.7 10 12.5 25 10 10 1,152.8 The period up to 2020 934.2 35.9 67.5 19.3 30.3 72.6 11 13.8 27.6 11 11 1,272.8 700 50 100 50 50 100 30 30 50 30 30

Frequency (time/week) 7 (2 times/day) 5 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 4 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Quy Nhon An Nhon Bong Son provincial town Hoai Nhon Phu Cat Tay Son Van Canh Hoai An Phu My An Lao Vinh Thanh Total Quy Nhon An Nhon Bong Son provincial town Hoai Nhon Phu Cat Tay Son Van Canh Hoai An Phu My An Lao Vinh Thanh Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

700 50 100 50 50 100 30 30 50 30 30

7 (2 times/day) 5 4 3 3 5 4 4 3 4 4

Note: 4 existing hazardous health SW incinerators in 4 hospitals (Provincial Policlinic, Tuberculosis and Lung Hospital, Bong Son Policlinic and Phu Phong Policlinic) are still being used.

III.2.4 The primary environmental impact assessment a. Environmental impact The SW treatment methods usually cannot avoid environmental problems. In some cases, the secondary environmental problems become more dangerous than the waste themselves (e.g., wastewater, dioxin disposal from incinerators). Therefore, in most cases, the secondary SW treatment is integral in the SW treatment technology system. Many SW treatment technologies have paid much attention to the development of technical and technological solutions in order to minimize the environment impact caused by secondary waste. If they get right investment, management and operation, the secondary
88

waste will not be considered a problem in SW treatment technology. However, we do not exclude the polluting possibility and environmental impact of treatment systems in some certain cases. Therefore, being the criteria for technology selection, environment impacts are considered worst. According to this viewpoint, the safety of treatment methods is suggested as follows:
Table 3.9. The environmental impact rate of SW treatment methods

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Environment impact Surface water source pollution Underground water source pollution Air pollution (disposal of greenhouse effect substances) Smell Disease germ Soil pollution Urban scenery Ecosystem Environmental risks People health

Hygienic landfill Medium Medium Medium High Medium High High High High Medium

Composting Incineration Recycling Low Low Medium Medium High Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low High Medium Medium Low Low Low High High High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium Low High High

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Table 3.10. Environment impact of the SWMP in urban areas and IZs for Binh Dinh province and solution

Benefits INCINERATION - Reduce the buried SW amount, increase the land use efficiency - Large applied scale: applicable for various SW categories, especially hazardous SW - Can recover thermo energy, create an energy source for industrial sectors COMPOSTING - Reduce the buried SW amount, reduce the natural carbon amount in landfills, then reduce the greenhouse air amount - Set up a natural nutrition circulation; reduce remarkably the buried urban SW (40-60%) - The land used is smaller than the land of incineration method - It is considered the clean method

Shortcomings - High investment and operation cost - Emerge harmful substances like CO2, SO2, NOx, dioxin, mercury gas if the incineration condition is not good or lack of waste air treatment system - After-incineration ashes and slag still have heavy metal content - High humidity in SW in Vietnam causes the inability to recycle thermo energy

Solution - The Government should draw up policies to support funds or call for foreign funds to invest in treatment plants for hospitals. - Operate conforming to technical requirements and install the air treatment plant efficiently.

The steps of the production cycle that can cause pollution are: - Receive materials: smell, dust, affect to operators - Selection and separation: smell, dust, affect to operators - Composting: smell and gas can affect directly to operators and spread out to adjacent areas

- Operate conforming to technical requirements and install the air treatment plant efficiently. - Equip the workers with onthe-job protection equipments - Build a protection area (trees around) to isolate the landfill with the adjacent residential areas

90

- Can cover production cost by the revenue from compost. Save land used. RECYCLING, REUSING - Reduce the buried SW amount - Recover the valuable and economic things from SW - Save raw materials for the production

- The recycling technology is still too backwards for the requirements. Therefore, it causes environmental pollution right at the recycling establishments - Risks of soil, water and air pollution if the treatment systems are not invested and operated conforming to standards - Workers are subject to catch occupational diseases

- Equip the workers with onthe-job protection equipments - Invest in up-to-date recycling technology and environmental pollution controlling equipments - Invest in environmental management and controlling system

HYGIENIC LANDFILL - Low investment and operation costs - If it is invested, managed and operated conforming to the regulations, it will be the best solution for the disposal of hazardous SW and the SW that we unable to treat - After the closure, we can build

As planned, the landfills will be invested conforming to the building standards of hygienic landfills with waterproof layer, wastewater collection and treatment system and gas collection system. Therefore, if the operation of the hygienic landfill abides by the regulated process, the negative effect of the landfill towards the environment will not be considerable, just partial: The step of SW receiving: smell and dust affect the operators The noise of the transport vehicles affects the operators

- The landfill management and operation must be conducted fully and correctly according to the regulations on hygienic landfill - Regularly control the situation of waste water / gas treatment systems - Equip the workers with on-

91

public works on it: park, stadium, golf -

and the adjacent residential areas pollution just in case there is problem with the waste water / gas treatment system

the-job protection equipments around) to isolate the landfill with the adjacent residential areas

Cause surface and underground water source pollution, air - Build a protection area (trees

92

b. The methods of environmental observation and supervision The content of observation program The content of the environmental observation and supervision program at the landfill, incinerator and recycling station includes: - Observe, supervise the quality of air, noise during the operation period, the running of landfill, incinerator and after the closure; - Observe, supervise the quality of water (surface and underground) during the operation period, the running of landfill, incinerator and after the closure; - Observe, supervise the quality of soil, the sinking of the landfill and the ecosystem quality during the operation period, the running of landfill, incinerator and after the closure; - Supervise the running of waste gas treatment system of the incinerator, and the waste water treatment system; - Provide periodical health examination to the staff working for the landfill, incinerator and recycling station, as well as the people living near the effected area. The frequency of observation Operation period: + Physical chemical biological parameters:

every 4 months + Hydraulic parameters: every 3 months

- After-closure period: in the 1st year, every 4 months; from the 2nd year, twice per

year.
No

The observation parameters

Defining parameters Methane CH4, CO2, O2, temperature Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etan, propan, n-butan 93

Observation method/objective environment The observation parameters for the hygienic landfill 1 Waste gas - Measure the arising gas on the surface of the landfill Specify the quality of air at the landfill through the observation at the output of the air sucking system in the landfill

Observation

Analyze the waste gas from the disintegration process in the bore holes and the underground gas sucking pipe mouth Metan, CO2, Oxygen

2 Underground water 3 Waste water

Specify the waste gas amount at on-the-job works or in the lab Measure the waste gas at the gas collection and disposal systems Analyze the gas disposing through the systems Analyze volatile organic Depth, underground water level of observed well, temperature, Metan, CO2, Oxygen, temperature, pressure H2S, HCL, HF, HBr, HSO3, NO2, CO

compound Measure the quality and level of underground water

Ph Measure waste water level of the observed Depth, waste water level, well Measure the waste water quality of the temperature, pH Depth, waste water level, temperature, pH Temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chlorine, N-NH4 TSP, RSP, noisy level Organic compounds like hydrocarbon, dioxin, furans, volatile carbon compounds, metals, gases Harmful substances like heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn Antimony, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn, Al, dust filter system Periodical health examination to assess the environmental impact to human 94

Surface water

waste water management system Analyze surface water quality

5 Risks Dust, noise The observation parameters for the incinerator 6 Air The chimney mouth of the incinerator and environment the environment within the incineration area; the air environment around the 7 Water environment 8 Soil environment 9 People health incineration area The waste gas treatment system through wet method; waste water arising before the incineration The ash and slag disposal area after the incineration; the distance of the disposal pipe At the incinerator and the affected residential area around the incinerator

III.2.5 The primary forecast of the SW management of Binh Dinh province up to 2030 Based on the annual population growth, the expected economic growth and the SW growth/hospital bed, the SW amount in binh Dinh province is expected as 15,425 tons/day by 2030. See the detailed in the below table.
Table 3.11. The primary forecast of the SW arising in the districts/city by 2030

No District/city 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quy Nhon An Nhon Tuy Phuoc Phu Cat Tay Son Van Canh Hoai Nhon Hoai An Phu My An Lao Vinh Thanh Total

Domestic SW 784.5 137.5 35.0 102.2 80.7 15.1 119.5 22.0 43.4 14.3 10.1 1,364

Construction SW 62.8 11.0 2.8 8.2 6.5 1.2 9.6 1.8 3.5 1.1 0.8 109

2030 Industrial SW 3,277 160 29 9,368 749 9 90 12 148 9 8 13,859

Health SW 7.59 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.59 0.09 0.82 0.11 0.22 0.09 0.09 10.34

Total sediment 47.1 4,179 8.3 317 2.1 69 6.1 9,485 4.8 841 0.9 27 7.2 227 1.3 38 2.6 198 0.9 25 0.6 20 82 15,425

Culvert

As planned, by 2020, the SW separation, collection and transport system of Binh Dinh province will be relatively perfect. Therefore, in the period from 2020 to 2030, the SW management will have many favorable conditions; the cost for SW collection and transport will be mainly depreciation cost. The new investment will be financed by the revenue from the service or privatization The SW treatment plant scale and health SW incinerator capacity are defined larger than the real demand of 2020. Therefore, basically it can serve the SW treatment demand of the whole province up to 2030. III.3 The implementation roadmap
Table 3.12. The implementation roadmap of the SWMP in urban areas and IZs of Binh Dinh province up to 2020

Period 2009-

Implementing Projects 1. Capacity building and awareness

Objective Raise the management capacity

Completion year 2015 95

2015

raising - Raise community awareness, encourage the community participation through awareness raising programs and training on SW management in schools, community and businesses; improve the staff and people awareness on SW treatment unlimited in administrative areas - Complete the management structure, improve the capacity and equip fully for the management staff in order to fulfil their tasks of SW recycling supervision 2. Complete the policy-frame structure - Set up and issue the SWM regulation in the urban areas and IZs in Binh Dinh province - Set up and issue a consensus tariffframe of the SW collection and treatment service for the whole province - Set up and complete the policy and mechanism system of SW separation at the source 3. Build SW treatment plants - Regional level SW treatment plant project at Cat Nhon commune, Phu Cat district, including the SW treatment plant for Nhon Hoi EZ - SW treatment plant project in Hoai Nhon district (phase 1) - Extend Long My treatment plant (15ha) - SW treatment plant project in Tay Son, Phu My, An Nhon districts (phase1 )

and community awareness in order to implement successfully the SWMP of Binh Dinh province

Complete the legal document system on SW and relating to SW; develop the policy and mechanism on SW management

2009

2009

2010

Prepare for the investment and construction of SW treatment plants, give the priority to the regional-level and provincial level SW treatment plants, hazardous SW treatment plants; build recycling works

2010-2020

2009-2012 2011-2015 2009-2012

96

- SW treatment plant project in other districts (phase 1) 4. The socialization of SW management - Assess, draw lessons learnt on the activities of private enterprises in SW management (Nguyen Tin Ltd. Co., Ha Thanh Co. ) - Set up the SW management and organization model with the participation of many economic classes (mechanism, policy, tender regulation, order regulation, management, tariff ) 5. SW separation at the source - Implement pilot activities, assess and draw lessons learnt on the SW separation at the households (at the first phase, carry out pilot activities in the urban areas that have sanitation projects or SW investment projects: Bong Son town, An Nhon town, Quy Nhon town) - Communicate, train, inform and instruct the SW separation at the households 6. Capacity building in SW collection and transport - Procure equipment for SW collection and transport sufficiently - Carry out the mechanization of the sweeping and collecting steps - Extend the collection and transport service, cover the whole urban area with the participation of many economic sectors - Build SW intermediate stations Increase the collection, transport and treatment efficiency (100% of domestic SW are separated, collected and treated for Quy Nhon city, 60% for other urban areas; and 95% of the industrial SW from IZs) Utilize the recyclable SW amount, treat absolutely the arising SW through many technologies Gradually implement the socialization of SW management, through the order or tender mechanism, ensuring the environmental safety and security

2010-2015 2009

2009

2010-2012

2009-2012

2009-2015

97

- Prepare material facilities: storage bins, vehicles for the pilot projects of SW separation at the source (avoid the situation that after separated at the source, SW is collected and transported and mixed together) 7. Invest in the health SW management system - Invest in the incinerators at district policlinics - 100% of the medical establishments invest in the hygienic separation and 20152020 storage system 1. Capacity building on SW collection and transport (transition projects) - Make the plan and procure equipment for SW collection, transport and treatment - Extend the service scale and increase service quality - Prepare material facilities: storage bins, vehicles for the wide implementation of SW separation at the source 2. SW separation at the source Popularize the domestic SW separation at the source (households) for the urban areas 3. The socialization of SW management (transition projects) relating to the signature and procedures to facilitate private enterprises taking part in the SW management quickly 98 The private sector can take part in the SW management in the coordination between the state and the private sector 2015 100% of the urban domestic SW are separated at the source 2020 - Upgrade and complete the SW collection, transport and treatment system - 100% of domestic SW are separated, collected and treated for Quy Nhon city, 80% for other urban areas; and 100% of the industrial SW from IZs 2017 Collect and treat 100% of the health SW arising 2010

- Set up and issue guidelines, documents privatization trend; well

- Set up service tariff and norm in order to facilitate the private sector access and organize SW management 4. Build SW treatment plants Complete the construction of SW treatment plants in all districts Complete the construction of SW treatment plants 2020

III.4 The cost estimate III.4.1 The basement of cost estimate calculation SWM strategy in urban areas and IZs of Vietnam up to 2020; The assessment methodology of SW management tariff presented in the Environment happenings report of Vietnam 2004 SW, prepared by WB, MoNRE, Canadian International Development Agency; The guideline on hazardous SW treatment cost calculation, Department of Environment, Ha Noi-2001; The ongoing SW treatment plant investment projects in Vietnam; Other relating technical documents 1,610 billion VND (see the details in table 3.13) 862 billion VND 748 billion VND

III.4.2 The cost estimate Total investment cost: In which: The period up to 2015: The period from 2016 to 2020:

Table 3.13. The cost estimate of SWMP in urban areas and IZs in Binh Dinh province up to 2020

Estimated cost Implementing projects 1. Capacity building and awareness raising - Raise community awareness, encourage the community participation through awareness raising programs and training on SW management in schools, community and businesses - Complete the management structure, improve the 0.5 (billion VND) 2009- 20162015 1.2 0.7 2020

Note

State budget

State budget 99

capacity and equip fully for the management staff in order to fulfil their tasks of SW recycling supervision 2. Build SW treatment plants - SW treatment complex project in Cat Nhon commune, Phu cat district (including the treatment plant for Nhon Hoi EZ) - SW treatment plant project in Bong Son provincial town - Extend Long My treatment plant - Tay Xuan SW treatment plant, Tay Son district - My Phong SW treatment plant, Phu My district - Nhon Tho SW treatment plant, An Nhon district - An Trung SW treatment plant, An Lao district - Vinh Quang SW treatment plant, Vinh Thanh district - Hiep Hoa SW treatment plant, Van Canh district - An Thanh SW treatment plant, Hoai An district - Hoai Nhon 2 SW treatment plant - Phu Cat 2 SW treatment plant - Phu My 2 SW treatment plant - Tay Son 2 SW treatment plant 3. The socialization of SW management Set up the SW management and organization model with the participation of many economic classes (mechanism, policy, tender regulation, order regulation, management, tariff ) 4. SW separation at the source Phase 1: 2009-2015 - Implement pilot activities, assess and draw lessons learnt on the SW separation at the households (at the first phase, carry out pilot activities in the urban areas that have sanitation projects or SW investment projects: Bong Son town, An Nhon town, Quy Nhon town) - Communicate, train, inform and instruct the SW separation at the households Phase 2: 2016-2020 Popularize the domestic SW separation at the source (households) for the urban areas 100 0.55 50 million VND x 11 districts/city 11 Refer to the project 3R carrying out in Ha Noi 1.15 1.15 0.6 11 State budget 10.4 60 16.5 24.9 14.8 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.2 2.7 63.9 8 12.9 3.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 Pilot projects in An Nhon town and Bong Son town - State budget 538.2 405 638.1 540 Loan and State budget (80/20)

0.2 0.2

and planning to extend to some other urban areas 5. Capacity building on SW collection and transport Phase 1: 2009-2015 - Procure equipment for SW collection and transport sufficiently - Carry out the mechanization of the sweeping and collecting steps - Extend the collection and transport service, cover the whole urban area with the participation of many economic sectors - Build SW intermediate stations - Prepare material facilities: storage bins, vehicles for the pilot projects of SW separation at the source (avoid the situation that after separated at the source, SW is collected and transported and mixed together) Phase 2: 2016-2020 - Make the plan and procure equipment for SW collection, transport and treatment - Extend the service scale and increase service quality - Prepare material facilities: storage bins, vehicles for the wide implementation of SW separation at the source 6. Invest in the health SW management system - Invest in the incinerators at district policlinics + Health SW incinerator of An Nhon district + Health SW incinerator of Phu cat district + Health SW incinerator of Van Canh district + Health SW incinerator of Hoai An district + Health SW incinerator of Phu My district + Health SW incinerator of Hoai Nhon district + Health SW incinerator of An Lao district - 100% of the medical establishments invest in the hygienic separation and storage system Total 5.62 5.4 0.5 State budget and nonrepayable ODA fund 98 Socialization fund and ODA fund 316 316 98 Collection and transport cost: 2,500 VND/ton/km, in which depreciation cost is 5% of the total cost

0.22 862

0.5 500 million VND x 11 districts/city 748

III.4.3 The fund source

101

The urban area and IZ SWMP of Binh Dinh province up to 2020 expects to use the following fund sources: The investment fund of Binh Dinh provincial budget; The investment fund of private enterprises; The ODA loan of ADB and other foreign organizations; The non-repayable ODA of international organizations,

See the detailed source in the table 3.14

Table 3.14. The fund source structure to implement the urban area and IZ SWMP in Binh Dinh province up to 2020

Estimated cost (billion Fund source Investment fund of Binh Dinh provincial budget Objective of fund use - Set up a policy and mechanism policy, tariff - Training, capacity building in management - Communicate, train, raise community awareness - Counterpart funds for investment projects Investment fund of private enterprises ODA loan of ADB and other foreign organizations Non-repayable ODA of international organizations Total of SW treatment plants - Capacity building on SW collection and transport - Investment projects of SW treatment plants - Technical assistance (guideline and pilot implementation of SW separation at the source ) 862 748 1,610 108 140 248 370 269 162 319 532 588 20092015 116 VND) 20162020 128

Total 244

102

CHAPTER IV: ORGANIZATION AND SOLUTION TO IMPLEMENT THE SWMP IV.1 Organization and implementation
Table 4.1.The assignment of the SWMP implementation

Agency Department of Construction

Functions, duties Be the advisor of the PPC in directing the implementation of the PSWMP for the urban areas and the industrial zones in the province up to 2020, be the leader in the coordination with other departments to draw up an implementation plan up to 2020.

Assess the construction plan of solid waste treatment plants, monitor and supervise the construction as planned. Coordinate with the districts and the Department of Planning and Investment to make the list of investment projects according to the priority order to arrange the fund sources (government budget, ODA fund and other fund sources according to the socialization policy).

Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with other departments to draw up the Provincial Solid Waste Management Regulation (in the districts, city, industrial zones, and health enterprises) and then submit it to the PPC for approval as a basement of state management.

Bear the responsibility in the coordination with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to instruct the district/city Peoples Committees on the technical standards and conditions of location selection and solid waste intermediate point construction at rural residential zones.

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Department of Planning and Investment

Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with the relating departments to draw up investment incentive policies for the organizations that take part in the solid waste collection, transport and treatment in the province, and then submit it to the PPC for approval.

Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with the relating departments to submit the Tender Regulation or Order Regulation of solid waste collection, transport and treatment service in the province to the PPC for approval and issuing.

Arrange the government budget for the solid waste management plans approved by the PPC.

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Department of Natural Resources and Environment

Be in charge of the state management on environment matters at the intermediate points, solid waste treatment plants in the province.

Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with the Department of Industry and Commerce, Binh Dinh Economic Zone Management Unit and the district/city PCs to periodically inspect and supervise the solid waste management situation at the industrial zones, small industrial zones and enterprises in the province.

Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with the Department of Health to periodically inspect and supervise the solid waste management situation at the health agencies in the province.

Preside over the program of solid waste separation at the source. Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with other departments to appraise the compositions and properties of solid waste imported to Binh Dinh.

Make annual reports on solid waste management, including domestic solid waste, industrial solid waste, health solid waste and hazardous solid waste in the province, and then send them to the Provincial Peoples Council and Provincial Peoples Committee.

Coordinate with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to instruct the district/city Peoples Committees on the technical standards and conditions of location selection and solid waste intermediate point construction at rural residential zones. Appraise and submit the tariff of solid waste collection, transport and treatment service in the province to the PPC for approval. Bear the main responsibility in the coordination with other departments to draw up tax and finance incentive policies for the organizations that take part in the socialization of solid waste management.

Department of Finance

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Department of Industry and Commerce

Be in charge of the state management on industrial solid waste, monitor and supervise regularly the compositions of industrial solid waste, the amount of solid waste at industrial zones, trade villages and enterprises, and the implementation of solid waste management regulations in the province.

Binh Dinh Economic Zone Management Unit and district/city PCs Department of Health Department of Science and Technology -

Give the instructions on the collection, transport and treatment of hazardous solid waste originated from industrial production. Direct and organize the solid waste management within their scales of control. Coordinate with environment inspectors and environment police officers to inspect and penalize any breach of environmental protection regulations in term of solid waste at industrial zones. Be in charge of the state management on health solid waste in the province. Regularly supervise the collection and treatment of hazardous solid waste originated from health activities in the province. Appraise the technologies and equipments of solid waste treatment and recycling in the province. Appraise the treatment technologies of hazardous solid waste in the province. Coordinate with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment to assess the compositions and properties of solid waste imported to Binh Dinh from abroad. Organize and implement the task of state management on environment and sanitation matters inclusive of solid waste in their areas.

PCs of city, districts (provincial towns)

Coordinate with the relating departments to draw up investment plans of solid waste treatment plants in their areas, implement the PSWMP as approved.

Set up the tariff of solid waste collection and treatment service in their areas, request the DoF to assess it, and then submit it to the PPC for approval.

Be in charge of planning solid waste intermediate points for rural residential zones in their areas. 106

Urban Environmental Company / Cooperatives / Solid waste collection teams -

Collect, transport and treat solid waste according to the signed contracts. Coordinate with the DoNRE to implement pilot activities and promote the solid waste separation program at the source (at households, organizations, offices, schools, trading service enterprises ) Check and penalize administratively any breach of environmental law; conduct investigation to any breach of environmental law; verify environment criteria

Environment Police

Take the initiative in engaging reconnaissance missions to any environmental trouble spot. Coordinate with the natural resources and environment branch, through the combination of common administrative penalization methods and security professional methods, to delve into the penalization of breach on solid waste management and illegal solid waste import.

Have the authority to suspend an enterprise if any breach on environment is detected. If the enterprise does not make good his breach, he will be prosecuted to the law.

IV.2 The solution of SWMP implementation IV.2.1 Mechanism of SWMP implementation The management operation mechanism To implement the plan, it requires a comprehensive management operation mechanism for the government, people and enterprises. The detailed mechanism is as follows: Management mechanism: + The State manages through policies and guidelines + The community is the subject conducting the management of SW. + The enterprises (organizations), which take part in the SW management, implement their tasks with the high responsibility to the community, under the supervision of the community and the inspection of the State. Operation mechanism:
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+ The State directs the SW management according to legal documents, creates all favorable conditions to raise community awareness on SW, calls for investment from many fund sources, gives the priority of land use to treatment plants. The State usually supervises, checks, inspects the relating activities. The State gives investment incentives and controls the service tariff, penalizes strictly any breach and rewards the individuals / organizations implementing well relating policies. + The community: raise awareness on SW; contribute to the SW management together with the State and enterprises. Principals: The one who disposes SW must pay. The subjects create SW (households, manufacture establishments, commercial enterprises, service enterprises, offices ) should be aware of their participation, through separating at the source, not using backwards technology that creates many wastes Close cooperation with SW collection, transport and treatment agencies. + The enterprises (organizations), which take part in the SW management: implement as contracted on SW management, organize the best SW collection, transport and treatment network. They are under the State direction and supported with incentives to ensure covering the operation costs. The investment mechanism Provincial budget supports the investment in the access road; supports the investment in treatment plants in mountainous districts. Provincial budget invests in the infrastructure beyond the fence of Cat Nhon SW treatment complex in Phu Cat district. Provincial budget gives the priority to the investment of SW treatment plant for Nhon Hoi EZ. IV.2.2 Incentive policy and socialization in SW management The objective of this policy is to create favorable conditions for the community to show their subjective roles in SW management, to mobilize all social resources to take part in the sanitation. It includes 3 main policy groups:

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1. Encourage and mobilize all fund sources from the community and the society in the SW management The construction of treatment plants as proposed in the SWMP will cost much. Therefore, we cannot only rely on the Government budget. The mobilization of fund sources from local and abroad communities, individuals, enterprises, organizations will not only reduce the burden of government budget but also increase the responsibility of communities, individuals, enterprises, organizations in the SW management. Some main solutions:
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Issue mechanism, policies to encourage social forces taking part in the SW treatment field, e.g., support treatment cost, give loan with low interest, give land without land use fee, exempt fixed-term land use tax and business income tax

Mobilize and use efficiently the investment fund sources + Call for investment in SW management and treatment in urban areas and IZs. These projects can be combined with the investment works of urban upgrading, poverty reduce in urban areas, urban environmental improvement + Search for foreign partners to invest in SW recycling factories under the modality of BOT (Building Operation Transfer) or 100% foreign fund source. Doing that, we can acknowledge the up-to-date technology besides the mobilization of fund.

2. Investment incentives to strengthen the privatization in SW management (collection, transfer and treatment) The investment incentives are regulated in 2 documents: Decree nr.04/2009/ND-CP dated 14 Jan 2009 of the Government on the incentives and support in environmental protection activities; Circular nr.121/2008/TT-BTC dated 12 Dec 2008 of the Ministry of Finance instructing the incentives and financial support towards the investment in SW management. A. The incentives and financial support towards SW treatment plants a. Support in infrastructure investment The State supports in the investment of infrastructures (traffic road, power, water supply and sewerage) that are beyond the project scale and connected to the common infrastructures of the area;
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In case the State has not allocated the supporting budget yet, the investors are

allowed to use other legal fund sources for the investment. These funds will be deducted from the land use fee or land hire fee or other fees that the investors must pay to the government budget as regulated; b. Support in ground clearance and compensation, land use fee and land hire fee The PPC will base on the approved SWMP and land use plan to allocate the land that has finished the ground clearance and compensation to the investment projects in sanitation and environment.
-

In case the land for infrastructure investment and sanitation service is

being used by another, the authorized state agency must acquisition the land and compensate as regulated, then assign it to the investors. -

Exempt the land use fee, land hire fee. The SW treatment plants are given priority to attract the ODA fund and apply

c. Support through ODA fund, incentive credit loan the financial mechanism like the domestic SW, urban SW treatment projects regulated in the Circular nr.108/2003/TT-BTC dated 7 Nov 2003 and the Circular nr.08/2008/TT-BTC dated 20 Jan 2008 of the Ministry of Finance instructing the financial mechanism applied for sanitation projects using ODA fund
-

The organizations / individuals investing in SW treatment plants are supported

in credit loan under the forms of: loan for investment, support after-investment interest, investment credit guarantee from the Vietnamese Development Bank, the Vietnamese Environmental Protection Fund, or the local Environmental Protection Fund (if any) if they meet all requirements for each supporting form. The investment support is done according to the current legal regulations and the regulations of the loan. d. Support in the mobilization of investment fund The SW treatment establishments, which apply the treatment technology so as that the buried SW after treatment is <10%, will be supported 50% investment cost by the State, in which 40% from Government budget and 10% from local budget. The

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other 50% will be loaned from the Vietnamese Development Bank or the Vietnamese Environmental Protection Fund with incentive interest. e. Tax incentive * Import tax incentive Imported equipment to be fixed assets of the establishment will be exempted Imported material for the production will be exempted from import tax during Tax exempting documents and procedures are prepared according to the legal from import tax 5 years since the first day of operation regulations on import/export tax * Business income tax incentive Satisfied SW treatment establishments will be exempted or reduced from business income tax f. Consuming support and price support Fund g. Support in SW recycling, reusing and treatment technology study and development
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Ensure to cover all the costs and incentive interest The time of price support is defined based on the time projects create products The price support fund is taken from the Vietnamese Environmental Protection

and based on the covering ability of the production cost

The organizations / individuals investing in SW treatment plants are supported

with the cost of SW recycling, reusing and treatment technology study and development through the technological scientific projects and programmes. The maximum support does not exceed 30% of the total cost of the study plan The training cost of the labor (who is paid by the SW treatment establishment) The PC of any level considers and support the training cost for the labor based h. Support in labor training is considered suitable cost as regulated by the law. on the available budget and the training plan in order to standardize the basic knowledge for the labors (when necessary).
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B. The incentives and financial support towards SW collection and transport establishments a. Incentive in land use fee, land hire fee The organizations / individuals investing in SW intermediate stations are exempted from land use fee and land hire fee, and supported with ground clearance and compensation cost.
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The organizations / individuals carrying out SW collection and transport

activities receive credit incentives. b. Tax incentive Incentive in import tax for equipment Incentive in business income tax The domestic SW collection and transport establishments are supported by the

c. Supporting policy from the Government budget local budget to cover all the collection and transport costs based on the service contract, in addition to the revenue from the service fee. d. Sanitation fee collection Cooperatives, business households, who carry out the SW collection, transport and treatment activities in the rural residential areas and trading village that have not had the SW collection and transport service, are allowed to collect sanitation fee as regulated and supported by the local budget to cover all the collection and transport costs based on the service contract. 3. Encourage to minimize SW and to recycle SW by many forms -

Set up supporting policies towards the technological changing investments and The organic fertilizer has not been used very popularly, so the province should

towards consumer market for the environmental protection goods. have price supporting policy for the composting factories in order to sell the products at an affordable price (relatively cheap). This cost should be considered the urban environment cleaning cost.

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Manage comprehensively the purchasing and selling activities of waste at

other IZs, processing and exporting zones, industrial manufacture establishments, industrial centers IV.2.3 Improve the cost recovery in order to ensure the sustainability of the investment In order to increase the financial sustainability of SW management systems, the participation of private sectors must be intensified, and the principal: the one disposes SW must pay must be applied. Some solutions:
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The DoF coordinates with DoC and DoNRE to set up and issue the specific

tariff frame of sanitation, SW collection, transport and treatment for each category of customers: households, administrative offices, schools, factories, hospitals and canteens, small business households , based on the principals of operation cost covering, investment cost repayment gradually, facilitating the equitization and increase the investment fund from economic sectors We propose to collect sanitation fee so as to be affordable to the people, e.g, hospitals: VND/person/day in hospital; small business households: VND/day IV.2.4 Strengthen the inspection and supervision of SW management and treatment Intensify the supervision and inspection of the SW management regulation Penalize strictly any breach of Environmental protection law, urban sanitation implementation. regulations and rules. IV.2.5 Community awareness raising
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Raise the staff and people awareness on SW treatment benefits, environmental

protection requirements of hygienic landfill in order to get the agreement between the people and local authority towards the SW treatment unlimited in administrative location. Strengthen the professional training on SW management for the staff in charge of SW management in ministries, departments, local divisions and SW collection, transport, storage and treatment agencies.

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Put the content of SW management in the lesson plan of business management

training (prevent and minimize SW arising, use environment-friendly materials, collect and transport SW as regulated ) -

Put environmental training in schools; communicate and raise awareness Carry out the community awareness raising activities, encourage the

through the media, organizations (youth union, veteran union, women union ) community participation through the awareness raising programs on SW management at schools, communities and business enterprises, in order to provide the community with basic sanitation knowledge, innovative and practical ideas on socialization programs

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION I. Conclusion 1. The current situation of SW management in Binh Dinh province, disadvantages and advantages a. The achievement -

The collection of domestic SW and health SW has achieved good result but The socialization and privatization of SW management have been carried out Health SW incinerators have been invested but the after-incineration ashes Commenced to implement the socialization of SW management The health SW management and treatment are efficient, highly appreciated by

unevenly (in towns, just initial step) but lack of an incentive and supporting mechanism. -

have not been treated safely. -

the MoH. b. The shortcomings * Domestic SW -

The collection rate at districts towns is low (15-30%). The uncollected SW is One district has not managed SW (An Lao district). High rate of organic SW is a potentiality for composting. However, it has not The amount of synthetic plastic is big, difficult to treat. Recycling and reusing is popular but still spontaneous. Therefore, it is an Most of landfills are unhygienic or temporary; the areas are small so they are

an implicit risk to the environment and the people health.

utilized absolutely.

implicit risk to the environment and the people health.

-

unable to meet the SW treatment plant in the future. * Industrial SW The SW management at urban areas and IZs has not met the real demand. The SW has not been controlled closely; manufacture establishments solve the arising SW amount themselves.
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The rate of hygienically treated industrial SW is too low, especially the

hazardous SW. They have not treated separately, most of them have been buried together with domestic SW or disposed in wrong places, easy to disperse the polluting waste into the environment. -

There is a potentiality of recycling and reusing, but it is spontaneous. In the future, the arising industrial SW amount will be very big. It can be a

challenge to the SW management if we do not make up any plan right now. * Health SW The safe storage and transport equipments are insufficient. 2. The specific objectives of the SWMP for Binh Dinh province towards the objects: urban domestic SW, industrial SW and health SW are as follows: Up to 2015: 100% of domestic SW arising in Quy Nhon city, 70% of the total domestic SW arising in other urban areas will be collected and treated; 100% of the industrial SW arising in IZs will be separated, collected and treated through applicable methods. Up to 2020: 100% of domestic SW arising in Quy Nhon city, 80% of the total domestic SW arising in other urban areas will be collected and treated; 100% of domestic SW arising in urban areas will be separated at the source. 3. The applied SW treatment technology 4 treatment technologies are planned to be applied: SW. -

Apply recycling technology for the recyclable domestic SW and industrial Apply composting technology for organic SW. Apply incineration technology for hazardous health SW and industrial SW;

apply stabling and compressing technology for the after-incineration ashes before burying. Apply hygienic landfill technology for inert substances. 1 SW treatment complex (including treatment for Nhon Hoi EZ) 14 SW treatment plants
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4. The SW treatment system plan

11 hazardous health SW incinerators The total investment cost is estimated as 1,610 billion VND, in which 862 Find source: budget (244 billion VND), ODA and loan from other foreign

5. The roadmap of SWMP implementation in the periods of 2009-2015, 2016-2020 billion for the period 2009-2015, 748 billion for the period 2016-2020. organizations (588 billion VND), non-repayable ODA (248 billion), socialization and others (532 billion VND). Propose the organization and implementation modality, define the investment fund, and policy mechanism for the SWMP implementation. I. Recommendation In order to implement successfully the SWMP for Binh Dinh province up to 2020, we recommend:
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The agencies implement their tasks as assigned in the SWMP. Follow the roadmap as proposed. Implement comprehensively the solutions of policy mechanism to ensure the

success of the SWMP. + Intensify the separation at the source to reduce the treated SW amount and ensure the quality and quantity for the treatment plant, increase socioeconomic effects. + Encourage industrial manufacture establishments to carry out clean production to prevent and reduce the arising SW. + Set up recycling market policies to develop recycling market, achieve the objective proposed in the SWMP, which only treat the SW that can not be recycled. + Mobilize all fund sources for the SWMP organization and implementation, especially treatment plants. + Increase the rate of O&M cost. + Socialize the SW management. + Intensify the capacity building and awareness raising activities. The PC of districts should make the plan of the intermediate stations for rural residential points.

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If the SWMP for Binh Dinh province is implemented, it will improve the SW management in particular and environment protection in general: Reduce the arising SW amount. Improve the SW separation, collection and transport systems of urban areas. Absolutely treat hazardous SW. Set up hygienic treatment plants. Intensify recycling, reusing In term of social issues, it will raise community awareness on environmental

sanitation and encourage the community participation in SW management. We kindly request the PPC of Binh Dinh to approve the SWMP for Binh Dinh province up to 2020 soon, in order to facilitate the implementation of the projects in the proposed periods in the SWMP.

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