CHEM 1105 1.

INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW

Prefixes: d (deci) = 10-1, c (centi) = 10-2, m (milli) = 10-3, (micro) = 10-6, n (nano) = 10-9, k (kilo) = 103, M (mega) = 106, G (giga) = 109 Interconversion of C, F and K (kelvin) F = (C x 1.8) + 32; K = C + 273 Density = mass/volume (D = M/V) Sub-atomic Particles
31 P (P-31): p+ = 15, e- = 15, n = 31 - 15 = 16 15 66Zn2+: p+ = 30, e- = 30 - 2 = 28, n = 66 - 30 = 36 37 Cl 17

2.

3. 4.

: p+ = 17, e- = 17 + 1 = 18, n = 37 - 17 = 20

(a) (b) 5.

Complete Complete

A charge X Z A charge X Z

if p+ = 16, e- = 18, n = 17 if A = 52, n = 28, e- = 21

Atomic weight (AW) = (isotope mass x fractional abundance) Boron (B) consists of two isotopes, B-10 (10.01 amu) and B-11 (11.01 amu). Boron is 20.0% B-10. What is the AW of boron? % B-11 = 100 - 20.0 = 80.0. Fractional abundances: B-10 = 0.200, B-11 = 0.800 AW = (10.01 x 0.200) + (11.01 x 0.800) = 2.00 + 8.81 = 10.81 (a) Lithium consists of two isotopes with masses of 6.015 amu and 7.016 amu. Calculate the percentages of Li-6 and Li-7. (Hint: use algebra)

6.

Naming (Ebbing Table 2.6 on p 69 and Supplemental Material) Names of ions, ionic compounds, molecular (covalent) compounds (including acids) and hydrates. Reactions Balancing equations, physical states of reactants and products, types of reactions (Supplement). Moles 1 mole = gram formula weight (GFW) (molar mass); contains 6.02 x 1023 (Avogadros no.) "units". Formulas (empirical and molecular) atom ratios (= mole ratios), mass ratios (including mass %) (for covalent compounds, the molecular formula gives the actual numbers of atoms of each element per molecule) formulas mass % mass % (or mass ratio) empirical formula Will not use compounds with complicated formulas such as cortisone, C21H28O5 C4.2H5.6O1 Will limit examples to whole numbers, or fractions such as 4 (0.5), 2 (0.25), 6 (0.75), @ (0.33) or $ (0.67).

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8.

9.

-2A compound is 72.36% Fe and 27.64% O. What is its formula? O : Fe mass ratio = 27.64 : 72.36 O : Fe mole ratio = 1.7275 : 1.2956 = 1.33 : 1 = 4 : 3 Formula is Fe3O4 (a) A compound is 59.33% C, 5.53% H and 35.13% O. What is its empirical formula? (Ans. C9H10O4)

For compounds containing C and H or C, H and O, the mass ratios of the elements can be obtained from the masses of CO2 and H2O produced on combustion. Combustion of 0.2500 g of a compound which contains only C, H and O gave 0.5495 g of CO2 and 0.1800 g of H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. On combustion, all of the C goes to CO2 and all of the H goes to H2O. However, the O in the CO2 and H2O comes from the O2 used for the combustion as well as from the O in the compound. Hence, the mass of O must be obtained by difference. 12.01 g C mass of C = 0.5495 g CO2 x 44.01 g CO2 2.016 g H mass of H = 0.1800 g H2O x 18.016 g H2O = 0.02014 g H mass of O = 0.2500 - 0.1500 - 0.02014 = 0.0799 g O C : H : O mass ratio = 0.1500 : 0.02014 : 0.0799 C : H : O mole ratio = 0.01249 : 0.0199 : 0.00499 = 2.5 : 4 : 1 = 5 : 8 : 2 empirical formula is C5H8O2 (b) Combustion of 1.725 g of a compound which contains only C, H and O gave 4.166 g of CO2 and 1.194 g of H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound. (Ans. C10H14O3) = 0.1500 g C

We can also use the mole ratio approach for calculating the formula of a hydrate. The hydrate CaSO4nH2O was found to be 20.9% water. Calculate the value of n. % CaSO4 = 100 - 20.9 = 79.1 H2O : CaSO4 mass ratio = 20.9 : 79.1 H2O : CaSO4 mole ratio = 1.16 : 0.581 = 2 : 1 therefore, n = 2 (c) When 3.7200 g of Ni(NO3)2nH2O was heated to drive off water, a 2.3372 g residue of Ni(NO3)2 was obtained. Calculate the value of n. (Ans. 6) When 0.8655 g of MSO47H2O was heated to drive off water, a 0.4227 g residue of MSO4 was obtained. Calculate the atomic weight of M and hence identify M. (Hint: Use FW = grams/moles or algebra)

(d)

-3For a molecular compound, the molecular formula can be determined from the empirical formula only if the molecular weight (MW) is known (we will discuss some ways of determining molecular weights later). The molecular formula is an whole number multiple of the empirical formula; molecular formula = n x empirical formula (n is a whole number) The value of n can be found from n = MW/EFW (EFW = empirical formula weight) The sugar ribose has an empirical formula of CH2O and a MW of 150. What is the molecular formula of ribose? For ribose, EFW = 12 + (2 x 1) + 16 = 30; n = 150/30 = 5 Molecular formula is 5 x CH2O = C5H10O5 10. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry deals with the relative amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. The amounts may be given in moles or mass (usually, but not necessarily, in grams). A chemical reaction is described by a balanced chemical equation and hence the balanced chemical equation is always the starting point for all stoichiometric calculations. Consider the combustion of ethane, the reaction of ethane (C2H6) with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This reaction is represented by the balanced chemical equation given below. 2C2H6 + 7O2

4CO2

6H2O

For this reaction, 2 moles C2H6 7 moles O2, 2 moles C2H6 4 moles CO2 2 moles C2H6 6 moles H2O, 7 moles O2 4 moles CO2, 7 moles O2 6 moles H2O 4 moles CO2 6 moles H2O. From these equivalences, conversion factors may be written for converting moles of C2H6 reacted to moles of O2 needed ( 7 moles O2 2 moles C2H6 ) , for converting moles of C2H6 reacted to moles of CO2

4 moles CO2 produced ( 2 moles C2H6

) , etc. Since 2 moles of C2H6 have a mass of 2 x 30 g (2 x MW) and 7

moles of O2 have a mass of 7 x 32 g (7 x MW), the first factor may also be written as 4 x 44 g CO2 , and, similarly, the second factor can be written as . (It is better to 2 x 30 g C2H6 2 x 30 g C2H6 leave the masses as shown above, that is, as 2 x 30 g C2H6 instead of 60 g C2H6; it makes it easier to check your work since it is obvious that 2 x 30 g is the mass of 2 moles of C2H6). The use of mole ratios is important in solution stoichiometry, as we shall see later, and hence should be mastered. (1) Simple (amount of one reactant given) Based on the above reaction: (a) calculate the mass of CO2 that can be formed from the combustion of 75.0 g of C2H6 (Ans. 220 g) and (b) calculate the mass of O2 needed to make 88.0 g of H2O. (Ans. 183 g) 7 x 32 g O2

-4(2) Limiting Reactant (amounts of more than one reactant given) (c) Calculate the mass of CO2 expected from reacting 12.0 g of C2H6 with 42.0 g of O2, and the mass of the excess reactant left over (see reaction on p. 3). (You must first calculate if the two reactants are present in stoichiometric amounts or, if not, which is the limiting reactant). (Ans. 33.0 g CO2 and 0.8 g excess reactant) Calculate the mass of NH3 expected from reacting 28.0 g of Mg3N2 with 32.0 g of H2O, and the mass of the excess reactant left over. The equation for the reaction is given below. (Ans. 9.44 g NH3 and 2.0 g excess reactant) Mg3N2 + 6H2O (3)

(d)

3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield The amount of product calculated for a reaction is called the Theoretical Yield. When a reaction is carried out and the product obtained and weighed, the amount of product is called the Actual Yield. The Percent Yield is the amount obtained expressed as a percentage of the expected, or calculated, amount. Hence Percent Yield = Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield

(e)

When the reaction described in (d) was carried out, only 8.65 g of NH3 were obtained. Calculate the percent yield of NH3. (Ans. 91.6%) If Mg(OH)2 can only be obtained from the reaction in (d) in 96.4% yield, what mass of Mg3N2 must be reacted with an excess of water to give 77.0 g of Mg(OH)2? (Ans. 46.1 g)

(f)

(4)

Percent Purity Many samples of chemicals are not pure. We can define percent purity as mass of pure compound in the impure sample total mass of impure sample (g) x 100 .

A sample of impure NaOH of mass 43.5 g was analyzed and found to contain 39.3 g of NaOH. Calculate the percent purity of the sample. (Ans. 90.3%)

If an impure sample of known percent purity is used in a reaction, the mass of pure material must be determined before stoichiometric calculations can be done. The analysis of an impure sample is often achieved by determining what amount of a pure compound is needed to completely react with a known mass of the impure sample, or what amount of a product is obtained from the reaction of a known mass of the impure sample. (h) Reaction of 56.8 g of impure Mg3N2 required 54.1 g of water. Calculate the percent purity of the impure sample. (Ans. 89.0%) (Use the mass of water to calculate the mass of Mg3N2 which would react with it). The equation is given in (2)(d). 15.5 g impure Mg3N2 gave 4.72 g NH3. What is its percent purity? (Ans. 90.3%)

(i)

-511. Solution Concentration Mass percent = mass of solute x 100 mass of solute x 100 = mass of solution mass of solute + mass of solvent

(Independent of the molar mass of the solute) moles of solute volume of solution in litres

Molarity =

M =

n V

n = MV

V=

n M

(Dependent on the molar mass of the solute) (a) Calculate the mass percent of NaCl in a solution containg 24.5 g of NaCl dissolved in 150.0 mL of H2O (d of H2O = 1.00 g/mL). (Ans. 14.0%) What mass of KNO3 must be dissolved in 100.0 mL of water to make a 9.50% KNO3 solution? (Ans. 10.5 g) Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 22.6 g of NaOH in 225 mL of solution. (Ans. 2.51 M) Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 0.456 g of KOH in 48.5 mL of solution. (Ans. 0.168 M) Calculate the volume (in mL) of a 0.3568 M KOH solution that contains (1) 4.58 x 10-2 mole of KOH. (Ans. 128 mL) (2) 0.750 g of KOH. (Ans. 37.5 mL) What volume (in mL) of 0.0125 M CH3COONa contains 45.0 mg of CH3COONa? (Ans. 43.9 mL) For a 0.1098 M solution of NaOH, calculate (1) the number of moles of NaOH in 385 mL of the solution; (Ans. 0.0423) (2) the mass (in grams) of NaOH in 66.5 mL of the solution. (Ans. 0.292 g) What is the mass (in g) of CH3COONa in 7.45 mL of 0.2266 M CH3COONa? (Ans. 0.138 g) Calculate the molarity of a 17.00% solution of NaCl (d = 1.124 g/mL). (Ans. 3.270 M) A 1.465 M solution of fructose (C6H12O6) has a density of 1.100 g/mL. Calculate the percent by mass of fructose in the solution. (Ans. 24.00%)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h) (i) (j)

Dilution. When a given volume of a solution is diluted (that is, more solvent is added), the concentration of the solution decreases. Since, on dilution, only the amount of solvent has changed and the amount of solute remains the same, we can write nO = nD (nO = number of moles of solute in the given volume of the original solution and nD = number of moles of solute in the total volume of diluted solution). Since n = MV (V = volume in litres), we can write MOVO = MDVD (V can be in any units but VO and VD must be in the same units).

-6(k) Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained by diluting 25.00 mL of 6.00 M HCl to 75.00 mL. (Ans. 2.00 M) What is the molarity of a CH3COOH solution if adding 50.00 mL of water to 15.00 mL of the solution produced 0.4685 M CH3COOH. (Ans. 2.030 M)

(l)

(m) What volume of 0.2288 M HBr must be added to 235 mL of water to produce 0.1000 M HBr? (Ans. 182 mL) Mixing. When two (or more) solutions of the same substance are mixed, the molarity of the mixture is ntotal nA + nB = given by Mmixture = V (V must be in litres). VA + VB total (n) Calculate the molarity of the solution obtained on mixing 38.0 mL of 0.2450 M HCl with 52.0 mL of 0.1886 M HCl. (Ans. 0.212 M) When 46.5 mL of an unknown NaOH solution was mixed with 75.8 mL of 0.3566 M NaOH, 0.4000 M NaOH was obtained. Calculate the molarity of the unknown solution. (Ans. 0.4708 M)

(o)

N.B.: In both dilution and mixing, it is assumed that the sum of the volumes of the liquids mixed is equal to the volume of the mixture. This is valid for the dilute solutions used here but it is not valid for the mixtures of concentrated solutions. 12. Solution Stoichiometry When solutions undergo chemical reactions, it is the solute, not the solvent, that is reacting. The equation n = MV (n = moles, M = molarity, V = volume in L) is used to convert the volume of a solution of known molarity into the number of moles of solute. The number of moles of the solute, the reactant, can then be used in stoichiometric calculations in the usual way. (a) Calculate the number of grams of CaO that will react with 55.0 mL of 0.3500 M HCl. The (Ans. 0.540 g) reaction is CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O What volume of 0.2056 M NaOH is required to react completely with 25.00 mL of 0.1865 M H2SO4? The reaction is 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O (Ans. 45.36 mL) What is the molarity of a solution of H2SO4 if 25.00 mL of the solution needed 32.78 mL of 0.1268 M NaOH? (Ans. 0.08313 M) Calculate the molarity of a Sr(OH)2 solution if 16.86 mL of the solution were required to titrate Sr3(PO4)2 + 6H2O 25.00 mL of 0.1064 M H3PO4. The reaction is 3Sr(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 (Ans. 0.2367 M) A 3.55 g sample of impure Sr(OH)2 required 19.55 mL of 0.846 M H3PO4. Calculate the percent purity of the Sr(OH)2 sample. The reaction is given in (d) above. (Ans. 85.0%)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)