DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS TO ALTERNATIVE RULES SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2

PREPARED BY: K. MOKHTARIAN, P.E.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9 Part 10 Part 11 INTRODUCTION TO ASME CODE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS DESIGN OF OPENINGS EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY OF OTHER REQUIREMENTS STRESS ANALYSIS FATIGUE ANALYSIS

Date: 30th October ~ 3rd November 2006

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PART 1

INTRODUCTION TO ASME CODE

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 1 - 1

INTENT OF DIVISION 2 AND COMPARISON WITH DIVISION 1

Division 2 was developed in the early 60s, to provide alternatives to the rules of Section VIII, Division 1 The allowable stresses are higher, but the material, design, and fabrication requirements are more restrictive than Div. 1) The intent was that both Divisions provide the same degree of overall safety Significant differences are: Div. 2 has higher stress allowable for most materials (The design margin on minimum specified ultimate strength is 3 for Div.2 and 3.5 for Div. 1 Div. 2 rules are limited to design temperatures that do not exceed the creep temperature for the material (with the exception of a Code Case), whereas Div. 1 rules extend into the creep range Div. 2 has a much more restrictive list of materials Div. 2 has more detailed design and analysis requirements Div. 2 has much more restrictive design details

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 1 - 2

INTENT OF DIVISION 2 AND COMPARISON WITH DIVISION 1

Div. 2 has some additional fabrication requirements such as MT/PT of cut edges Div. 2 requires 100% Radiography (RT) of all butt welds and additional MT/PT requirements Div. 2 uses the maximum shear stress theory which is more accurate than Div. 1 failure criteria which is the maximum stress theory Div.2 provides rules for stress analysis and fatigue analysis (If a Div. 1 vessel is subject to loadings for which no formula is provided, such as thermal loadings, or is subject to cyclic operation, it still needs to be analyzed. Since Div. 1 has no rules, the stress and fatigue analysis rules of Div. 2 are normally used. It is a misconception that Div.2 requires analysis and Div.1 does not) Overall, a Div. 2 vessel provides materials savings, but more expensive to fabricate. Which one to use is an economical decision that has to be evaluated for each vessel

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 1 - 3

NEW DIV. 2
A re-write of Div. 2 scheduled to be published July 2007. Will be mandatory 6 months after date of publication Contains major revisions and expanded rules Will allow higher stress allowable. Design margin on tensile strength will be reduced from 3.0 to 2.4 (joint efficiency introduced). The same margin applied to room temperature and elevated temperature values The design factor on yield strength will remain at 1.5. Stainless steel and strain hardening materials will not benefit

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 1 - 4

NEW DIV. 2
Formatted and paragraph numbered in accordance with ISO Use of appendices has been minimized and they are called Normative (mandatory) and Informative (nonmandatory) Units not specified in formulas, to allow use of different units Formulas provided for all curves, to facilitate computerization Material properties will be in the book (not II-D). An efficient index method (categories of materials) has been introduced Scope almost identical with old Div. 2. But, vessels falling under Section I or IV may not be U2 stamped No provision for lethal service

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PART 2

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 2 - 1

ORGANIZATION OF DIVISION 2
This Division is divided into 8 Parts, each addressing a specific area. Much more organized than Division 1 Part AG on General requirements provide the scope, the jurisdiction, and the responsibilities Part AM on Material Requirements covers the allowed materials and all material requirements Part AD on Design Requirements contains requirements for design of vessels and parts Part AF on Fabrication requirements contains all fabrication rules Part AR on Pressure Relief Devices contains rules for pressure relieving devices Part AI on Inspection and radiography contains contains requirements regarding third party inspection and radiography Part AT on Testing contains testing requirements and procedures Part AS on Marking, Stamping, Reports, and Records contains requirements for Data Reports and stamping of vessels and parts
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 2 - 2

ORGANIZATION OF DIVISION 2
Mandatory Appendices include rules that are additional to those in the body of the Code, for specific applications Non-Mandatory Appendices provide information and suggested good practices Each Part is broken into a number of Articles Each Article consists of several Paragraphs and subparagraphs

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 2 - 3

NEW DIV. 2

The following is how the new Div.2 will be set up: Part01_General Part02_Responsibilities and Duties Part03_Materials Part04_Design_By_Rules Part05_Design_By_Analysis Part06_Fabrication Part07_Examination Part08_Testing Part09_Pressure_Relief

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 2 - 4

SCOPE OF SECTION VIII

The following pressure equipment are excluded from the scope of Section VIII, Division 2: (See AG-121) Those within the scope of other Sections Fired process tubular heaters Integral parts of rotating or reciprocating mechanical devices (such as pumps, compressors, etc.) Piping systems and piping components Vessels containing water, up to certain pressure and temperature Hot water supply storage tanks Vessels having internal or external pressure not exceeding 15 psi Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (covered by PVHO-1) Vessels having an inside diameter not exceeding 6 in. Any pressure vessel which meets the requirements of the Code, may be stamped, unless specifically prohibited

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 2 - 5

NEW DIV. 2
Responsibilities and duties almost the same Provisions provided for others than a P.E. to certify UDS and MDR. More than one individual can certify. Registered P.E. in U.S. and Canada Responsible individuals in charge elsewhere More details on what needs to be in UDS and MDR MDR will have to include much more detail regarding computer programs and FEA Record maintenance rules spelled out. Much more extensive than old rules

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PART 3

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 3 - 1

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FERROUS MATERIALS

Specific requirements for ferrous materials are given in Article M-2 There are certain requirements on test specimens location and orientation that go beyond the material specifications With a few exceptions, test specimens for these materials may be taken in the direction parallel to the rolling or forging direction. In the parallel direction, the material generally has better properties than those in the transverse direction. Some companies insist that specimens be taken in the transverse direction For heat-treated plates, the specimens must be taken at a minimum distance of 1t from a heat-treated edge and at a minimum of t from a a heat-treated surface, where t is plate thickness (1/4t by t specimens)

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 3 - 2

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FERROUS MATERIALS

All plates 4 and greater in thickness must be ultrasonically examined (RT) When flat heads, tube sheets, and flanges with integral hubs for butt welding are machined from plate, the plate must be UTd All forgings 4 and greater in thickness must be UTd For clad material, if design calculations are based on total thickness, material must comply with SA-263, SA-264, or SA-265 When design calculations are based on base plate thickness, the cladding which is provided for corrosion allowance must be removed before mill tension tests

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 3 - 3

NEW DIV. 2
Stress allowable will be in a Annex Materials categorized into strength parameters. Physical properties specified in terms of these parameters List of materials more extensive Material requirements more detailed New material purchase requirements introduced New material NDE added Above creep temperatures allowed only for design by rule Analytical expressions are provided for determining the specified minimum yield and specified minimum tensile, as a function of temperature Formula for establishing stress-strain curves Expressions for determining Tangent Modulus

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 3 - 4

NEW Div. 2
Basic concept for toughness rules the same (exemption curves). But, values are different Much more refined. Differentiate between as-weled and PWHTed weldments Credit for low stress different Differentiate based on yield governing thickness the same The -20F impact exemption for ASME B16.5 flanges allowed, only if heat treated For material with governing thickness (based on weld joint) over 1 in., and not PWHTed, impact test is mandatory Allows establishing the MDMT by fracture mechanics methods of Part 5

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PART 4

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 1

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Part AD provides specific rules for some commonly used shapes under pressure loadings and and some guidance for treatment of other loadings Part AD does not contain rules to cover all loadings and all details When rules are not provided for a vessel part, a complete stress analysis must be performed, in accordance with Appendix 4, 5, or 6 When design-by analysis is used, the following must still be met: General design requirements of Article D-1 External pressure requirements of Article D-4 Welded joint requirements of Article D-4 Weld detail, fabrication, inspection and testing requirements When the designer chooses, a detailed stress analysis may be performed in lieu of design rules. However, the vessel wall thickness can not violate the minimum thickness required by design formulas (except in local areas as allowed by AD-200) Combinations of different materials may be used, unless specifically prohibited
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 2

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Design temperatures exceeding the max. values allowed by stress allowable tables are not permitted For vessels designed for external pressure, design temperatures exceeding those shown on external pressure curves are not permitted Test pressure is the pressure at the top of vessel during test. Hydrostatic head must be added for design of each element The basic allowable stresses for deign are listed in Tables of Section II, Part D. For loading conditions which include wind or seismic loading, the basic allowables may be multiplied by 1.2 The theory of failure used in this Division is the MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY The following three STRESS CATEGORIES are recognized: PRIMARY SECONDARY PEAK Primary stresses are classified as membrane or bending

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 3

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Primary membrane stresses are broken into general and local Definitions of various stresses:
PRIMARY STRESSES are due to imposed loading, they are needed for equilibrium, and they are not self-limiting SECONDARY STRESSES are due to restraint of the structure, are needed for compatibility, and are self limiting PEAK STRESSES are local high stresses due to local structural discontinuities and can contribute to fatigue failure MEMBRANE STRESSES are the average stress THROUGH THE SHELL THICKNESS BENDING STRESSES are the linearly varying stresses THROUGH THE SHELL THICKNESS GENERAL STRESSES are those that act over large segment of shell LOCAL STRESSES are those acting over a small portion of shell (to be defined later)

All of the following primary stress allowables must be met, for design by analysis (secondary and peak stress limits will be covered with Appendix 4 analysis) All the following limits may be increased by 1.2, for load combinations including wind or seismic
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 4

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

General primary membrane stress intensity shall not exceed Sm,where Sm is the basic stress allowable Local primary membrane stress intensity shall not exceed 1.5Sm Membrane stresses are local if the distance over which 1.1 Sm is exceeded is not greater than one square root of Rt, where R is the radius and t is the thickness of the shell The primary membrane plus bending stress intensity shall not exceed 1.5Sm The above limits are for design loads. Stress limits for hydrostatic test case are specified in AD-151.1 and for pneumatic test in AD-151.2 The Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) is defined as the coldest temperature expected in service, considering operating temperature, atmospheric temperature, and any operational upsets such as autorefrigeration MDMT is to be specified by the owner Metal temperature during hydrotest is recommended to be at least 30 degrees warmer than the MDMT (good idea to always meet this) Metal temp. during pneumatic test required to be at least 30 degrees warmer that MDMT
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 5

INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN

The formulas for design of shells subject to internal pressure are in Article D-2. See AD-200.1 for nomenclature Allowance has to be made in design for loads other than pressure F in the following formulas is the membrane force due to loads other than pressure (usually due to dead load or seismic/wind) For CYLINDRICAL SHELLS, the minimum required thickness is the greatest of the following: Thickness required for hoop stress
t = PR S 0 .5 P

Thickness required for axial stress ( this will control only if F is positive and has a value greater than 0,5PR
t = 0 . 5 PR + F S 0 .5 P

Thickness required to prevent axial buckling. If F is negative, thickness must be adequate for axial bucking rules
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 6

INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN

For SPHERICAL SHELLS, the minimum required thickness is the greater of the following: Thickness for pressure only
t= 0.5 PR S 0.25P
0.5 PR + F S 0.25 P

Thickness for pressure and other loadings

t=

Thickness required to prevent buckling. If F is negative, shell buckling must be considered For CONICAL HEADS, the minimum required shell thickness shall be determined the same way as for cylindrical shells, except the conical radius must be used For HEMISPHERICAL HEADS, the minimum thickness is calculated the same way as that for spheres For TORISPHERICAL HEADS, the minimum required thickness after forming must be established by Figure AD-204.1 (see next page). These rules not applicable for t/L less than 0.002 (buckling is a concern) or t/L greater than 0.045 (thin shell theory not accurate). Interpolation allowed, but not extrapolation. Crown radius limited to shell diameter. Knuckle radius limited to 6% of shell diameter and 3t
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 4 - 7

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PART 5

DESIGN OF OPENINGS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 1

REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
Nozzle reinforcement rules for pressure are provided in Article D-5 Rules are not provided for external loadings Area replacement rules may be overridden by analysis, but not normally done Rules apply to circular and elliptical openings with major to minor diameter ratio not exceeding 1.5 The d/D ratio shall not be greater than 0.5 There is a limit on how close the center lines of two adjacent nozzles can get together. See AD-501(a)(3). For more closely spaced nozzles need to do analysis The area must be replaced along all planes thru nozzle centerline. Usually check along the two major axes Nozzles may be located in a butt weld. Should be avoided, if possible Openings with diameters less than 0.2 times square root of Rt of shell are exempt from reinforcement (notice the difference with Division 1). The center of two such nozzles can not be closer than 1.5 times the sum their diameters. Unreinforced openings can not be too close to discontinuities (within 2.5 SQRT)
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 2

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 3

NEW DIV. 2
Provides design formulas similar to existing Div. 2. But, allows design by analysis to over ride the formulas, including the basic thickness formulas for external and internal pressure. A basic difference Basic thickness allowed is 1/16 in., with some exceptions Uses the term MAWP Uses Von Mises failure criteria. Existing Code uses Tresca (Maximum shear) theory, which is simpler and more conservative. Equation in new Code are much more complicated The term stress intensity is now equivalent stress Specifies design load combinations (in line with ASCE). No 1.2 increase in allowable for short term loadings

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 4

NEW DIV. 2
All weld joint types allowed by existing Code are allowed without analysis Any other detail (including Div. 1 details) are allowed, with analysis Old joint categories maintained Category E introduced for attaching non-pressure parts and stiffeners Weld joint types similar to existing Codes. Types 9 and 10 introduced for partial penetration and fillet welds A lot of detailed sketches added

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 5

NEW DIV. 2
Formulas for internal pressure design look different (more exact and based on Lame equations), but give very close results Design rules for ellipsoidal/torispherical rules are those of Code Cases 2260/2261, without fatigue consideration (they have been put in different format). See WRC Bulletin 501 for background and comparisons. Temperature limitations of the CC were removed The concern for fatigue in the knuckle (due to large deformations) has been addressed by imposing a lower number of cycles, for allowing exemption from fatigue analysis Local thin area evaluation procedure is the same as that of API-579, but the criteria is more limiting

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 6

NEW DIV. 2
Formulas provided for combined loading (pressure plus overturning) Cone-cylinder junction design rules are totally new and rather complicated (based on limit analysis External pressure and buckling rules are the same as those of CC-2268. (see WRC Bulletins 406 and 444 for background) More sophisticated buckling analysis allowed, in accordance with Part 5 Fatigue exemption rules the same Design by proof test not allowed (use FEA)

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 5 - 7

NEW DIV. 2
Design rules for openings based on Bildy theory (beams on elastic foundations) Rules provided for external loadings Better correlation with test data than area replacement rules Can override by analysis Specific minimum nozzle neck thickness requirements have been added. A lot more complicated than old rules. Let a computer program do it

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PART 6

EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 6 - 1

EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES

The Code does not provide rules for external loading on nozzles Usually WRC Bulletin 107 or 297 used to calculate local stresses Bulletin 107 has been used extensively and results, although not very accurate, are generally conservative Bulletin 107 is based on Bijlaard theory and does not account for the opening in the shell and the nozzle neck. See following sketches. Limitation of this theory are on a following page. The parameters needed for entering curves are shown on a following page.The terminology is also shown on a sketch

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 6 - 2

EXTERNAL LOADINGS ON NOZZLES

WRC Bulletin is more up to date and more accurate Is based on shallow shell theory and accounts for nozzle neck Gives stresses on the nozzle neck, as well as on shell Limitations shown on a following page. Nomenclature also shown A typical curve included here WRC Bulletin 368 is based on the same shallow shell theory. This Bulletin gives the stresses due to pressure Limitations and formulas of Bulletin 368 shown here

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PART 7

DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 7 - 1

DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS

The Rules for design of flat heads and covers are included in Article D-7 The minimum required thickness of a flat head, attached by welding, is calculated by the following formula:
T =d CP S

Where,

d is the diameter of the head subject to pressure (I.D. of vessel) C is from the appropriate detail of Fig. AD-701 S is the stress allowable

The factor of 1.5 for the allowable bending stress is built into the above formula For flat covers attached by bolts, an additional term is added to the design formula, to account for bending due to bolt loads (see AD-702) The C values of Div. 2 are not the same as those of Div.1. These values are rather arbitrary and are to account for the boundary effects associated with the attachment detail See attached Fig. AD-701.3, for some details
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 7 - 2

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PART 8

FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 8 - 1

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 8 - 2

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 8 - 3

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 8 - 4

NEW DIV.2
Fabrication rules have been expanded Welding and PWHT requirements are similar Forming requirements have been made more stringent Material traceability requirements expanded Some new tolerances added

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PART 9

SUMMARY OF OTHER REQUIREMENTS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 9 - 1

INSPECTION AND NDE

In this Code Inspection means the third party witnessing of Code compliance. Nondestructive examination (NDE) refers to RT, UT, PT, and MT The rules for inspection and radiography are in Part AI For responsibilities of various parties, see Article I-1 For Inspection of materials, see Article I-2 For radiographic examination requirements, see Article I-5 This Code recognizes RT as the primary method of volumetric examination Code Case 2235 allows UT in lieu of RT, for thickness greater than 4 in.

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 9 - 2

NEW DIV. 2
Examination requirements expanded and new ones added Allows UT or RT Joint efficiency concept basically the same Some concern about added costs Detailed cost comparisons being made, by several fabricators Need to compete with European codes

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 9 - 3

NEW DIV.2
Concept of examination groups introduced Rules provided for reduction in examination, based on successful experience Additional NDE requirements introduced, for vessels in cyclic service All documentation of examinations must be provided to the Purchaser Minimum hydrotest pressure has been increased to greater of: 1.43MAWP 1.25 MAWP(S/S)

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 9 - 4

STAMPING AND DATA REPORTS

Each stamped vessel must be marked with the U2 stamp, name of the Manufacturer, design pressure and design temp., MDMT, serial number, and year built More than one combination of pressure and temp. may be marked Marking and stamping requirements are in Part AS Samples of Data Report and instructions are in Appendix Form A-1 is for vessel and A-2 is for parts There is a separate block for Certification of Design. The professional engineers involved must be identified The requirements for quality control system are in Appendix 18

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PART 10

STRESS ANALYSIS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 10 - 1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TERMINOLOGY

Design may be based on stress analysis rules of Appendix 4. Basic thickness formulas must still be met. Analysis rules were developed for shells of revolution, but are being applied to other methods such as FEM. A number of analytical methods offered. But with computer methods available today, these tedious methods not being used. The theory of failure used is the maximum shear stress theory. MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS = ONE-HALF OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ALGEBRAICALLY LARGEST AND SMALLEST OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL STRESSES AT A POINT Some of the terms used in stress analysis are defined below: STRESS INTENSITY is twice the maximum shear stress. GROSS STRUCTURAL DISCONTINUITY is a source of stress or strain intensification which affects a relatively large portion of the structure.
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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 10 - 2

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND TERMINOLOGY

LOCAL STRUCTURAL DISCONTINUITY is a source of stress or strain intensification affecting a relatively small portion of the structure. MEMBRANE STRESS is the component of normal stress uniformly distributed across thickness. PRIMARY STRESS is that developed by the imposed loadings. It is necessary for equilibrium. It is not self limiting. Divided into general and local. With general stresses, no redistribution takes place as yielding occurs. A stressed region may be considered local if the distance over which the stress intensity exceed 1.1Sm does not exceed SQRT of Rt. Regions exceeding 1.1 Sm may not be closer together than 2.5 SQRT of Rt. SECONDARY STRESS is that developed by the constraint of adjacent parts or self constraint of the structure. Self limiting and not expected to cause failure in a few cycles. PEAK STRESS is localized and a possible source of fatigue or fracture. Does not cause significant distortion.

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 10 - 3

DERIVATION OF STRESS INTENSITY

The following 5 stress intensity limits must be satisfied for each load case: Pm limited to kSm PL limited to 1.5 kSm PL+ Pb limited to 1.5 kSm PL + Pb + Q limited to 3 Sm PL + Pb + Q + F limited by fatigue analysis k is equal to 1.2 for load cases which include seismic or wind Table 4-120.1, included here, helps the analyst to classify stresses Table 4-130.1, included here, summarizes the stresses of different categories and their limits WRC Bulletin 429 is intended to help with classifying stresses calculated by finite element analysis. Some excerpts are included here

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 10 - 4

NEW DIV. 2
The equivalent elastic stress analysis method has been kept (due to using Von Mises, the formulas much more complicated and will require a computer program) The term stress intensity has been replaced by equivalent stress Procedure and acceptance criteria provided for limit analysis and elastic-plastic analysis All different modes of failure are addressed Fatigue exemption criteria is the same (except for heads with a knuckle), but in different format Ratcheting rules expanded

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PART 11

FATIGUE ANALYSIS

Section VIII Div. 2

Part 11 - 1

FATIGUE ANALYSIS
If the design does not meet the fatigue exemption rules of AD-160, a fatigue analysis, in accordance with Appendix 5 must be performed. Fatigue curves are based on strain cycling data. Plotted values are equivalent elastic stresses The curves are based on margins of 2 on stress amplitude and 20 on the number of cycles. But these factors, in addition to providing safety margins, are to account for a number of other factors such as size effects, surface roughness, environmental effects, etc. (Some believe these factors do not provide adequate safety margins) Fatigue rules use Miners linear damage theory. The order of various cycles are not taken into consideration The curves have been adjusted to conservatively account fro mean stresses. Therefore, mean (non-cyclic)stresses do no have to included in fatigue analysis. For meeting the limits on primary plus secondary stress and primary plus secondary plus peak stress. The range of stress intensity must be calculated When the principal stress direction does not change (no shear stresses), the stress intensity range is calculated as follows: Pick a number of points in time (various load conditions), at which the stresses may have an extreme value (based on judgment

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 11 - 2

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 11 - 3

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Section VIII Div. 2

Part 11 - 4

NEW DIV. 2
The equivalent elastic fatigue analysis has been brought forward Rules have been provided for elastic-plastic fatigue analyses The Master Curve concept for fatigue analysis has been proposed by Pingsho Dong. But, very controversial and will probably not get into original issue The Master Curve is generated from test data and requires calculation of structural stresses only (not local peak stresses). One curve may be used for all joint details and for all materials Guidelines provided for finite element analyses Equations provided for fatigue curves, allowing easy programming Fracture mechanics evaluation also allowed, using the procedures of API-579 Stress indices of the old Code (Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors based on FEA at nozzle intersections) are reproduced in an Annex

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