CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

SMK TAMAN DATO HARUN

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK

1/2011

MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD RASDI IC/NO: 940725146753 5 ANGGERIK / ( 2011 ) MR.TAN CHUNG CHING ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2011 | 2011

Content page : Content 1. 2. 4. Preface Introduction Definision : y Introduction of integration y History of integration y History of Petronas Malaysia y History Problem Solving : y Diagram y PART 1 y PART 2 y PART 3 y PART 4 y PART 5 Further Exploration Conclusion Reflection Reference pages 1 2

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Preface
First and foremost, I praises god for His kindness and blessing I was able to finish this interesting additional mathematics project. A full of thanks to all additional mathematics panels and teachers especially my additional mathematics teacher, Mr.Tan Chung Ching because all of them had help me a lot in compiling this project. Also not to-be-forget, thanks to my parents and family that had sacrifice their money and precious time to help me and encourage along the way in the making of this project. Also to all my friends thank you for helping me out in solving the mathematics problems that was given in the questions. This project has help me to realize and figure the beauty and essential of additional mathematics to be apply in everyday life. Additional mathematics is really exciting to be learn and it is important for us to appreciate the existence of this knowledge. Garden is the topic I choose to answer from the questions given as it hold many applications secret of additional mathematics in it.

INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 1/2011

The aims of carrying out this project work are to enable students to : a) Apply mathematics to everyday situations and appreciate the importance and the beauty of mathematics in everyday lives ; b) Improve problem-solving skills, thinking skills , reasoning and mathematical communication ; c) Develop positive attitude and personalities and instrinsic mathematical values such as accuracy , confidence and systematic reasoning ; d) Stimulate learning environment that enhances effective learning inquiry-base and teamwork ; e) Develop mathematical knowledge in a way which increase students interest and confidence.

INTRODUCTION OF INTERGRATION
INTRODUCTION OF INTEGRATION This article is about the concept of integrals in calculus. For the set of numbers, see integer. For other uses, see Integral (disambiguation).

A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded by its graph. Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function of areal variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral

is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xyplane bounded by the graph of , the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b. The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is the given function . In this case, it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between antiderivatives and indefinite integrals.

The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of is known, the definite integral of over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in science and engineering. The founders of the calculus thought of the integral as an infinite sum of rectangles of infinitesimal width. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. Aline integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These generalizations of integrals first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.

HISTORY OF INTEGRATION
Integrals appear in many practical situations. Consider a swimming pool. If it is rectangular with a flat bottom, then from its length, width, and depth we can easily determine the volume of water it can contain (to fill it), the area of its surface (to cover it), and the length of its edge (to rope it). But if it is oval with a rounded bottom, all of these quantities call for integrals. Practical approximations may suffice for such trivial examples, but precision engineering (of any discipline) requires exact and rigorous values for these elements.

Approximations to integral of x from 0 to 1, with (above) and 12 left samples (below)

5 right samples

To start off, consider the curve y = f(x) between x = 0 and x = 1, with f(x) = x. We ask: What is the area under the function f, in the interval from 0 to 1? and call this (yet unknown) area the integral of f. The notation for this integral will be

As a first approximation, look at the unit square given by the sides x = 0 to x = 1 and y = f(0) = 0 and y = f(1) = 1. Its area is exactly 1. As it is, the true value of the integral must be somewhat less. Decreasing the width of the approximation rectangles shall give a

better result; so cross the interval in five steps, using the approximation points 0, 15, 25, and so on to 1. Fit a box for each step using the right end height of each curve piece, thus 15, 25, and so on to 1 = 1. Summing the areas of these rectangles, we get a better approximation for the sought integral, namely Notice that we are taking a sum of finitely many function values of f, multiplied with the differences of two subsequent approximation points. We can easily see that the approximation is still too large. Using more steps produces a closer approximation, but will never be exact: replacing the 5 subintervals by twelve as depicted, we will get an approximate value for the area of 0.6203, which is too small. The key idea is the transition from adding finitely many differences of approximation points multiplied by their respective function values to using infinitely many fine, or infinitesimal steps. As for the actual calculation of integrals, the fundamental theorem of calculus, due to Newton and Leibniz, is the fundamental link between the operations of differentiating and integrating. Applied to the square root curve, f(x) = x1/2, it says to look at the antiderivative F(x) = 23x3/2, and simply take F(1) F(0), where 0 and 1 are the boundaries of the interval [0,1]. So the exact value of the area under the curve is computed formally as

(This is a case of a general rule, that for f(x) = xq, with q 1, the related function, the so-called antiderivative is F(x) = (xq+1)/(q + 1).) The notation

conceives the integral as a weighted sum, denoted by the elongated s, of function values, f(x), multiplied by infinitesimal step widths, the socalled differentials, denoted by dx. The multiplication sign is usually omitted.

Historically, after the failure of early efforts to rigorously interpret infinitesimals, Riemann formally defined integrals as a limit of weighted sums, so that the dx suggested the limit of a difference (namely, the interval width). Shortcomings of Riemann's dependence on intervals and continuity motivated newer definitions, especially the Lebesgue integral, which is founded on an ability to extend the idea of "measure" in much more flexible ways. Thus the notation

refers to a weighted sum in which the function values are partitioned, with measuring the weight to be assigned to each value. Here A denotes the region of integration. Differential geometry, with its "calculus on manifolds", gives the familiar notation yet another interpretation. Now f(x) and dx become a differential form, = f(x) dx, a new differential operator d, known as the exterior derivative is introduced, and the fundamental theorem becomes the more general Stokes' theorem,

from which Green's theorem, the divergence theorem, and the fundamental theorem of calculus follow. More recently, infinitesimals have reappeared with rigor, through modern innovations such as non-standard analysis. Not only do these methods vindicate the intuitions of the pioneers; they also lead to new mathematics. Although there are differences between these conceptions of integral, there is considerable overlap. Thus, the area of the surface of the oval swimming pool can be handled as a geometric ellipse, a sum of infinitesimals, a Riemann integral, a Lebesgue integral, or as a manifold with a differential form. The calculated result will be the same for all.

History of Petronas
PETRONAS was not the first company to extract oil or gas in Malaysia. It was Royal Dutch Shell that began the oil exploration in Sarawak, then a British colony, at the end of the 19th century. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri, Sarawak. This became the first oil producing well known as the Grand Old Lady. Shell was still the only oil company in the area in 1963, when the Federation of Malaya, having achieved independence from Britain six years before, united with Sarawak and Sabah, both on the island of Borneo, and became Malaysia. The authorities in the two new states retained their links with Royal Dutch Shell, which brought Malaysia's first offshore oil field onstream in 1968. Meanwhile, the federal government turned to Esso, Continental Oil, and Mobil, licensing exploration off the state of Terengganu, in the Malay Peninsula, the most populous region and the focus of federal power. By 1974, however, only Esso was still in the area. It made its first discoveries of natural gas in that year and then rapidly made Terengganu a bigger producer of oil than either Sarawak orSabah. By 1974, Malaysia's output of crude oil stood at about 81,000 barrels per day (12,900 m3/d). [edit]Setting up a state oil and gas company: 1970s Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state oil and gas company, as first proposed in its Five Year Plan published in 1971. Former Chief Minister of Sarawak, Tun Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was one of the people who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up their own oil company. These were years in which power in the world oil industry began to shift away from the majors, which then controlled more than 90% of the oil trade, toward the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), as well as a proliferation of new private and state companies joining in the search for reserves. By 1985, the majors, reduced in number from seven to five, were producing less than 20% of the world total. It seemed that Malaysia would either have to join the trend or continue to leave its oil and gas entirely to Royal Dutch/Shell and Esso, multinational corporations necessarily attuned to the requirements of their directors and shareholders, rather than to the priorities the government of a developing country might seek to realize.

Further, an agreement between Malaysia and Indonesia, signed in 1969, had settled doubts and disputes about each country's claims over territorial waters and offshore resources at a time when both were heavily indebted to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments and banks as well as to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Setting up a state oil and gas company, through which the government could get international capital but avoid tangling with foreign oil companies or governments, had worked for Indonesia: why not for Malaysia as well? The oil crisis of 197374 made the government even more aware of Malaysia's dependence on foreign oil and foreign capital in general. Another factor in the decision was that the technology had recently been developed for extensive exploration and drilling offshore. The local geography included a combination of broad basins of sedimentary rock with calm and shallow waters around the Sunda Shelf, making exploration for gas and oil relatively easier and more successful than in most areas of the world. Malaysian crude turned out to be mostly high quality with low sulfur content. A final and crucial factor in the creation of Petronas, and its continuation in much the same form since, has been the political stability of Malaysia. Since the restoration of parliament in 1971, the country has been ruled by the National Front (Barisan Nasional), the heirs to the Alliance Party which had been dominant from 1957 to 1969 and the originators in 1971 of the New Economic Policy, which was designed to improve the economic position of Bumiputrasnative Malays and other natives in Sabah and Sarawakrelative to Chinese and Indian Malaysians and to foreign corporations. The difficulties this policy has caused for foreign companies and investors are outweighed by the benefits they believe they gain from Malaysia's political stability. The Malaysian government chose to create a state company, rather than using taxes, production limits, leasing, or other familiar instruments of supervision. The government wanted, and needed, the cooperation of the majors but also sought to assert national rights over the use of the country's resources. A state company, having both supervisory powers over the majors and production activities of its own, was a workable

compromise between allowing the majors full rein and excluding them, along with their capital and expertise, altogether. Petronas was established in August 1974 and operates under the terms of the Petroleum Development Act passed in October 1974. It was modeled on Pertamina, the Indonesian state oil and gas company founded in 1971 in succession to Permina, which had been set up in 1958. According to the 1971 plan, Petronas's goals would be to safeguard national sovereignty over oil and gas reserves, to plan for both present and future national need for oil and gas, to take part in distributing and marketing petroleum and petrochemical products at reasonable prices, to encourage provision of plant, equipment, and services by Malaysian companies, to produce nitrogenous fertilizers, and to spread the benefits of the petroleum industry throughout the nation. Having created Petronas, the government had to choose what forms its dealings with private oil companies would take. Starting with its legal monopoly on oil and gas activities and resources, it had several options: it could simply award concessions without taking part in production, management, or profits; it could try offering services at the supply end; or it could make contracts to cover profit-sharing, production-sharing, joint venturessharing both profits and costsor all stages of the process, under "carried-interest" contracts. Petronas's first move was to negotiate the replacement of the leases granted to Royal Dutch/Shell on Borneo and to Esso in the Peninsula with production-sharing contracts, which have been the favored instrument, alongside joint ventures, ever since. These first contracts came into effect in 1976. Allowing for royalties to both federal and state governments, and for cost recovery arrangements, they laid down that the remainder would go 70% to Petronas and 30% to the foreign company. Esso began oil production in two offshore fields in 1978, exporting its share of the supply, unlike Petronas, whose share was consumed within the country. Petronas went downstream for the first time in 1976, when it was chosen by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to begin construction on the second ASEAN joint industrial project, a urea plant. The subsidiary, Asean Bintulu Fertilizer (ABF), is based in Sarawak and now exports ammonia and urea all over the world.

Also in 1976, Malaysia became a net exporter of oil, but exports were at such a low level as to make the country ineligible to join OPEC. This situation benefited Malaysia, and Petronas, by allowing the company a degree of commercial and political flexibility and reinforcing Petronas's chief purpose, Malaysian self-reliance. Petronas supervised its foreign partners' oil activities, taking no direct role in production until 1978, when the government saw to the creation of a subsidiary for oil exploration and production, Petronas Carigali. It began its work in an oil field off the Peninsula. Petronas retained its supervisory powers over all oil and gas ventures, particularly on issues of health and safety and environmental control. [edit]Developing natural gas: the late 1970s to the mid-1980s The government was determined to develop Malaysia's natural gas as well as its oilShipping Company]] (MISC), of which it owned 61%. These were to take LNG exports out of Malaysia, save the cost of hiring foreign tankers, and expand the country's fleet under its own controlin contrast to cargo shipping, which was controlled by international conferences. Shell BV, the Royal Dutch/Shell subsidiary that was building the LNG plant off Sarawak with Japanese and Asian Development Bank aid, accepted production sharing with Petronas but baulked at sharing equity, transport management, or refining. Negotiations went on, pushing commencement further and further back, until 1977, when Petronas and the government, faced with the costs of maintaining the tankers between delivery and first use, surrendered management rightsleading to a repeal of part of the Petroleum Development Actand settled for Petronas's taking 60% of equity in the new companyMalaysia LNG. The Sarawak state government took 5%, and the other 35% was divided equally between Shell BV and the Mitsubishi Corporation. Production of LNG in Sarawak at last began in 1983. After negotiations lasting from 1977 to 1982, Petronas had concluded contracts with Tokyo Electric Power and Tokyo Gas for the sale and delivery of LNG through to the year 2003. Malaysia LNG was to send almost the entire output of its Bintulu gas fields to Japan, under these

contracts and another one, signed in 1990, to supply Saibu Gas of Fukuoka, in southwestern Japan, for 20 years from 1993. When in 1982 Petronas Carigali formed an exploration and production company with Socit National Elf Aquitaine of France, it allowed Elf better terms for recovering costs than it had offered in earlier ventures. This development came against the background of the government's imposition of a depletion policy on Petronas, Royal Dutch Shell, and Esso in an attempt to postpone the exhaustion of oil reserves. These were then estimated to be about 2.84 billion barrels (452,000,000 m3), and it was officially predicted that by the late 1980s Malaysia would be a net oil importer once again. By 1980, oil and gas already represented 24% of Malaysian exports, and the government decided to impose a tax on these exports at a 25% rate. The new policy and the new tax combined to cause Malaysia's output and exports of crude oil to fall in 1981 for the first time since Petronas was established. Output rose again, beyond its 1980 level, in the following year, but exports took until 1984 to surpass their 1980 level. However, the depletion policy was being undermined by external circumstances. Through the early 1980s, a worldwide oil glut, which OPEC proved unable to control, forced the Malaysian government to increase production to offset deterioration in its balance of increased payments to a deficit of $1 billion. It became clear that this could only be sustained by relaxing the conditions for joint ventures between Petronas and the major oil companies. In 1982, the Petronasgovernment share, which had risen to 80%, was cut to 70%, and taxes on company income were also cut. Petronas went into refining and distribution in 1983. It initiated the construction of refineries at Malacca and at Kerteh in order to reduce its dependence on Royal Dutch/Shell's two refineries at Port Dickson and Esso's refinery in Sarawak. These two majors, and other foreign companies, already covered much of the domestic retail market, but the new subsidiary Petronas Dagangan was given the initial advantage of preference in the location of its stations. By 1990, 252 service stations carried the Petronas brand, all but 20 on a franchise basis, and another 50 were planned. Some were set up on grounds of social benefit rather than of strict commercial calculation.

As production from Royal Dutch/Shell and Esso's existing fields moved nearer depletion, the companies sought new fields and new contracts. In 1985, the government and Petronas revised the standard productionsharing contract, increasing the rate of recovery of capital costs from 30% to 50% of gross production in the case of oil and from 35% to 60% in the case of natural gas, abolishing signature, discovery, and production bonus payments and increasing the foreign partners' share of the profits. At first the drastic fall in oil prices during 1986, which cut Malaysia's income from exported oil by more than a third even though the volume of exports rose by 16%, discouraged interest in the new arrangements, but by 1989 Petronas had signed 22 new contracts with 31 companies from 11 countries. However, the contract period was still restricted to five years compared, for example, with the 35-year contracts available in neighboring Singaporeand there was still a 25% levy on exported crude oil, a measure that was intended to promote the domestic refining industry. These conditions, cited as disincentives to foreign investment, were eventually relaxed over the next several years. The government and Petronas aimed to encourage the replacement of fastdepleting oil within Malaysia itself and simultaneously to foster heavy industries which could help reduce the country's overwhelming dependence on exporting its natural resources. In 1980, petroleum products accounted for 88% of the country's commercial consumption of energy, the rest being provided from hydroelectric plants in Sarawak, too far away from the main population centers to become a major alternative. Five years later, gas accountedni osama the fayo for 17%, hydroelectricity for 19%, coal for 2%, and petroleum products for 62% of such consumption, and about half of each year's gas output was being consumed in Malaysia. The Petronas venture responsible for this shift in fuel use, andalong with Malaysia LNGfor Malaysia's becoming the third largest producer of LNG in the world, was the Peninsular Gas Utilization Project (Projek Penggunaan Gas Semenanjung), the aim of which was to supply gas to every part of the Peninsula. Its first stage was completed in 1985, following the success of smaller gasification projects in the states of Sarawak and Sabah, and involved the extraction of gas from three fields in the

Natuna Sea, between the Peninsula and the island of Borneo; its processing in a plant at Kertih on the Peninsula's east coast; and its distribution to the state of Terengganu by pipeline and abroad via an export terminal. Petronas's least happy venture was its ownership of the Bank Bumiputra, the second-largest, but least-profitable, of the commercial banks incorporated in Malaysia. Petronas spent more than MYR3.5 billion over five years trying to rescue the bank from the impact of the bad loans it had made, starting with its support of the Carrian property group of Hong Kong, which collapsed in 1985, taking the bank's share capital down with it. In 1991, Petronas sold the bank back to another state company, Minister of Finance Inc., and announced its intention to concentrate on oil, gas, and associated activities in future. Just as Petronas was disposing of this liability, the crisis caused by the Iraqi regime's invasion of Kuwait culminated in military action against Iraq on behalf of the United Nations. Petronas had already raised Malaysia's oil production rate from 605,000 to 650,000 barrels per day (103,000 m3/d) in late 1990 as the crisis unfolded. This move only reinforced the company's awareness of the need to vary its policies, since, with known reserves of 2.94 billion barrels (467,000,000 m3), and assuming no new major finds of oil, Malaysia risked seeing output decline to 350,000 barrels per day (56,000 m3/d) in 2000 and running down to depletion within another five years. This was exacerbated by the possibility that Southeast Asia in general would enjoy rapid economic growth in the 1990s, so that demand for oil there would rise twice as fast as demand in the relatively more sluggish, more mature economies of North America and Europe. The Malaysian government, and its state oil and gas company, was forced to decide what mixture of policies to adopt in response. [edit]Battling oil depletion: the late 1980s Fortunately for Malaysia, exploration was by no means at an end and could yet produce more reserves. The Seligi field, which came onstream at the end of 1988 and was developed by Esso Production Malaysia, was one of the richest oilfields so far found in Malaysia waters, and further concessions to the majors would encourage exploration of the deeper

waters around Malaysia, where unknown reserves could be discovered. Meanwhile, computerized seismography made it both feasible and commercially justifiable to re-explore fields which had been abandoned, or were assumed to be unproductive, over the past century. In 1990, Petronas invited foreign companies to re-explore parts of the sea off Sabah and Sarawak on the basis of new surveys using up-to-date techniques. Another way to postpone depletion was to develop sources of oil, and of its substitute, natural gas, outside Malaysia. Late in 1989, the governments of Vietnam and Myanmar (Burma) invited Petronas Carigali to take part in joint ventures to explore for oil in their coastal waters. In 1990, a new unit, Petronas Carigali Overseas Sdn Bhd, was created to take up a 15% interest in a field in Myanmar's waters being explored by Idemitsu Myanmar Oil Exploration Co. Ltd., a subsidiary of the Japanese firm Idemitsu Oil Development Co. Ltd., in a production sharing arrangement with Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise. Thus began Petronas's first oil exploration outside Malaysia. In May 1990, the governments of Malaysia and Thailand settled a long-running dispute over their respective rights to an area of 7,300 square kilometers in the Gulf of Thailand by setting up a joint administrative authority for the area and encouraging a joint oil exploration project by Petronas, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand, and the U.S. company Triton Oil. In a separate deal, in October 1990, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand arranged with Petronas to study the feasibility of transferring natural gas from this jointly administered area, through Malaysia to Thailand, by way of an extension of the pipelines laid for the third stage of the Peninsular Gas Utilization Project. That project was on course to becoming a major element in the postponement of oil depletion. Contracts for line pipes for the second stage of the project were signed in 1989 with two consortia of Malaysian, Japanese, and Brazilian companies. This stage, completed in 1991, included the laying of 730 kilometers of pipeline through to the tip of the Peninsula, from where gas could be sold toSingapore and Thailand; the conversion of two power stationsPort Dickson and Pasir Gudangfrom oil to gas; and the expansion of Petronas's output of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE),propylene, and polypropylene, which were already being produced in joint ventures with Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. of Japan

and Neste Oy of Finland. The third and final stage of the project was to lay pipelines along the northwest and northeast coastlines of the Peninsula and was completed in 1997. Another new venture in 1990 was in ship-owning, since Petronas's existing arrangements with MISC and with Nigeria's state oil company would be inadequate to transport the additional exports of LNG due to start in 1994, under the contract with Saibu Gas. Petronas did not lose sight of the government's commitment to Malaysian self-reliance, and the company's second refinery at Malacca, completed in 1994, with a capacity of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d), promoted the same policy. The fact that it was built in a joint venture with Samsung of Korea, the Chinese Petroleum Corporation of Taiwan, and Caltex of the United States did not negate the policy, for the subsidiary company Petronas Penapisan (Melaka) had a decisive 45% of equity while sharing the enormous costs of and gaining advanced technology for the project. More to the point, a side effect of the refinery's completion was that Petronas was able to refine all of the crude oil it produced, instead of being partially dependent on refining facilities in Singapore. Petronas, with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments whichby current, if not historical, Western standardswere strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal government's revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company: it controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained, for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. [edit]Expanding globally: the 1990s and beyond

The Petronas Twin Towers During the mid- to late 1990s, international exploration, development, and production remained key components in Petronas's strategy along with diversification. A key discovery was made in the Ruby field in Vietnam in 1994. That year, the firm also saw its first overseas production from the Dai Hung field in Vietnam and established its first retail station outside of Malaysia in Cambodia. In 1995, a subsidiary was created to import, store, and distributeliquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In addition, the company's polyethylene plant in Kerteh began operations. Petronas marked a significant milestone during this time periodtwo of its subsidiaries, Petronas Dagangan Bhd and Petronas Gas Bhd, went public on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. In 1996, Petronas entered the aromatics market by way of a joint venture that created Aromatics Malaysia Sdn Bhd. It also formed a contract with China National Offshore Oil Corporation and Chevron Overseas Petroleum Ltd. to begin exploration of block 02/31 of the Liaodong Bay area in China. While the Asian economy as a whole suffered from an economic crisis during 1997 and 1998, Malaysia was quick to bounce back due to successful government reforms. From its new headquarters in

the Petronas Twin Towers, the state-owned concern continued its development in the oil and gas industry. During 1997, Petronas heightened its diversification efforts. The firm set plans in motion to build three petrochemical plants in Kuantan as well as an aceticfacility in Kerteh. Its first LPG joint venture in China was launched that year and the company acquired a 29.3% interest in Malaysia International Shipping Corporation Berhad (MISC). In 1998, Petronas's tanker-related subsidiary merged with MISC, increasing Petronas's stake in MISC to 62%. That year, Petronas introduced the Petronas E01, the country's first commercial prototype engine. The company also signed a total of five new production sharing contracts (PSCs) in 1998 and 1999, and began oil production in the Sirri field in Iran. Petronas entered the new century determined to expand its international efforts. The company forged deals for two new exploration plots in Pakistan and began construction on the Chad-Cameroon Integrated Oil Development and Pipeline Project. By 2002, Petronas had signed seven new PSCs and secured stakes in eight exploration blocks in eight countries, including Gabon, Cameroon, Niger, Egypt, Yemen, Indonesia, and Vietnam. The firm also made considerable progress in its petrochemicals strategy, opening new gas-based petrochemical facilities in Kerteh and Gebeng. By 2003, Malaysia was set to usurp Algeria as the world's second-largest producer of LNG with the completion of the Malaysia LNG Tiga Plant. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad commented on the achievement in a May 2003 Bernama News Agency article, claiming that "the Petronas LNG complex now serves as another shining example of a vision realized of a national aspiration, transformed into reality by the same belief among Malaysians that 'we can do it.'" Indeed, Petronas had transformed itself into a global oil company over the previous decade, becoming a national symbol for success. The company realized, however, that it would have to continue its aggressive growth strategy in order to insure its survival in the years to come.

The Petronas overseas expansion drive continues with the acquisition of Woodside Energy Ltd Mauritania assets for $418 million in 2007.[6] The venture proved successful as they discovered oil in May 2008[7] In 2004, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department, Datuk Mustapa Mohamed[citation needed], stated that Petronas contributed RM 25 Billion to the country's treasury accounting for 25% of revenue collected via dividends and other revenues. Petronas continuously provides the Malaysian government dividends from its profits. Since inception in 1974, Petronas have paid the government RM 403.3 billion, with RM 67.6 billion in 2008. The payment represents 44% of the 2008 federal government revenue.[8] Petronas continues to focus on international exploration projects as 40% of revenue in 2008 was derived from international projects such as Iran, Sudan, Chad and Mauritania. The company's international reserves stood at 6.24 billion barrels oil equivalent in 2008.[9]

HISTORY
Over 2000 years ago, Archimedes (287-212 BC) found formulas for the surface areas and volumes of solids such as the sphere, the cone, and the paraboloid. His method of integration was remarkably modern considering that he did not have algebra, the function concept, or even the decimal representation of numbers.
Leibniz (1646-1716) and Newton (1642-1727) independently discovered calculus. Their key idea was that differentiation and integration undo each other. Using this symbolic connection, they were able to solve an enormous number of important problems in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. Fourier (1768-1830) studied heat conduction with a series of trigonometric terms to represent functions. Fourier series and integral transforms have applications today in fields as far apart as medicine, linguistics, and music.Gauss (1777-1855) made the first table of integrals, and with many others continued to apply integrals in the mathematical and physical sciences. Cauchy (1789-1857) took integrals to the complex domain.Riemann(18261866)andLebesgue(18751941) put definite integration on a firm logical foundation. Liouville (1809-1882) created a framework for constructive integration by finding out when indefinite integrals of elementary functions are again elementary functions. Hermite (1822-1901) found an algorithm for integrating rational functions. In the 1940s Ostrowski extended this algorithm to rational expressions involving the logarithm. In the 20th century before computers, mathematicians developed the theory of integration and applied it to write tables of integrals and integral transforms. Among these mathematicians were Watson, Titchmarsh, Barnes, Mellin, Meijer, Grobner, Hofreiter, Erdelyi, Lewin,

Luke, Magnus, Apelblat, Oberhettinger, Gradshteyn, Ryzhik, Exton, Srivastava, Prudnikov, Brychkov, and Marichev. In 1969 Risch made the major breakthrough in algorithmic indefinite integration when he published his work on the general theory and practice of integrating elementary functions. His algorithm does not automatically apply to all classes of elementary functions because at the heart of it there is a hard differential equation that needs to be solved. Efforts since then have been directed at handling this equation algorithmically for various sets of elementary functions. These efforts have led to an increasingly complete algorithmization of the Risch scheme. In the 1980s some progress was also made in extending his method to certain classes of special functions. The capability for definite integration gained substantial power in Mathematica, first released in 1988. Comprehensiveness and accuracy have been given strong consideration in the development of Mathematica and have been successfully accomplished in its integration code. Besides being able to replicate most of the results from well-known collections of integrals (and to find scores of mistakes and typographical errors in them), Mathematica makes it possible to calculate countless new integrals not included in any published handbook.

Part 1
Route Distnce 1.1 2.1 1.2 109km 2.2 307km 1.3 85km 2.3 104km

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N77.5 E

N78.7E

Coordina tes Possible Dangers Coral Shark,infes Coral,re reef ted water ef, sunken ship Shark,infes ted water,sunk en ship, thundersto rm Time For route 1(1.1,1.2,1.3)=55minutes 59seconds For route 2(2.1,2.2,2.3)=1hour 31minutes36seconds Giant octop us Giant octopus, thunderst orm

Judging from the possible dangers & possibilities of intruding into the preserved and conservation aresas and the time taken to reach the offshore oil rig,route 1 is the recommended optio

Part 2
a) Starting position

Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent = Vresultant= = +

= Vcurrent= v=36sin a V=60sin a _________ v=36cos a-15______ From , ,we get a=22.4,v=22.55km/h hour

Time taken= =0.4375hour

b)From

Vresultant= = Vboat= Vcurrent=

Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent = + ,B=54.6 ,v=29.915km/h

By using the similar concept as shown in step Time taken= hour=20.3416

c)From

Vresultant=Vboat+Vcurrent Vcurrent= Vboat= Vresultant= = Similary,by working it out youself,C=20.3 ,v=22.548km/h Time taken= =0.48hour a) Time to reach the wind farm=10.00a.m+26minutes15seconds+20minutes28seconds =10:46:43+2hours+28minutes48seconds =13:15:31a.m

Part 3

a) P=cAu2 C= = = =5.917 b)(1)E= 50000000= = =10000t t=5000seconds (2)500000000= = = = = t=1850.6seconds

Part 4
a)v= R2h = Vfull=1000000000 = R2h R2 (3000)=100000000 R2= v= R2h = = __________

3000metres=(10x365x24)hours = =

= = barrels per hour

b)

V= r2h = (0.25)2h =0.0625 h =0.0625 _______

Vfull= (0.25)2(1) =0.0625 Tfull=(5x60)seconds

________

=

x = 0.0625 

=



=20cms-1

Part 5
Oil Reserves - Top 20 Nations (% of Global)
Saudi Arabia has 261,700,000,000 barrels (bbl) of oil, fully 25% of the world's oil. The United States has 22,450,000,000 bbl.

The United States government recently declared Alberta's oil sands to be 'proven oil reserves.' Consequently, the U.S. upgraded its global oil estimates for Canada from five billions to 175 billion barrels. Only Saudi Arabia has more oil. The U.S. ambassador to Canada has said the United States needs this energy supply and has called for a more streamlined regulatory process to encourage investment

and facilitate development. - CBC Television - the nature of things - when is enough enough Oil Production & Consumption, Top 20 Nations by Production (% of Global) Here are the top 20 nations sorted by production, and their production and consumption figures. Saudi Arabia produces the most at 8,711,000.00 bbl per day, and the United States consumes the most at 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, a full 25% of theworld'soil consumption.

Exports & Imports Here's export and imports for all the nations listed in the CIA World Factbook, sorted alphabetically as having exports and imports. Conspicuously missing is the United States, but I can tell you that we consume 19,650,000.00 bbl per day, and produce 8,054,000.00, leaving a discrepancy of 11,596,000.00 bbl per day.

This compares to the European Union, which produces 3,244,000.00 bbl per day and consumes 14,480,000.00 bbl per day for a discrepancy of 11,236,000.00 per day. Basically, about the same.

World Oil Market and Oil Price Chronologies: 1970 - 2003

Further Exploration
Petroleum engineers work in the technical profession that involves extracting oil in increasinglydifficult situations as the world's oil fields are found and depleted. Petroleum engineers searchthe world for reservoirs containing oil or natural gas. Once these resources are discovered, petroleum engineers work with geologists and other specialists to understand the geologicformation and properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling methods to be used, and monitor drilling and production operations. Low-end Salary: $58,600/yr Median Salary: $108,910/yr High-end Salary: $150,310/yr EDUCATION: Engineers typically enter the occupation with a bachelors degree in mathematics or anengineering specialty, but some basic research positions may require a graduate degree. Mostengineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along withcourses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Engineers offering their servicesdirectly to the public must be licensed. Continuing education to keep current with rapidlychanging technology is important for engineers. MATH REQUIRED: College AlgebraGeometryTrigonometryCalculus I and IILinear AlgebraDifferential EquationsStatistics WHEN MATH IS USED: Improvements in mathematical computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and

enhanced oil recovery,have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. POTENTIAL EMPLOYERS: About 37 percent of engineering jobs are found in manufacturing industries and another 28 percent in professional, scientific, and technical services, primarily in architectural, engineering,and related services. Many engineers also work in the construction, telecommunications, andwholesale trade industries. Some engineers also work for Federal, State, and local governmentsin highway and public works departments. Ultimately, the type of engineer determines the typeof potential employer. FACTS: Engineering diplomas accounted for 12 of the 15 top-paying majors, with petroleum engineeringearning the highest average starting salary of $83,121.

Conclusion

I have done many researches throughout the internet anddiscussing with a friend who have helped me a lot in completing this project. Through the completion of this project, I have learned many skills and techniques. This project really helps me to understand more about the uses of progressions in our daily life. This project also helped expose the techniques of application of additional mathematics in real life situations. While conducting this project, a lot of information that I found.Apart from that, this project encourages the student to work together and share their knowledge. It is also encourage student to gather information from the internet, improve thinking skills and promote effective mathematical communication.Last but not least, I proposed this project should be continue because it brings a lot of moral values to the student and also test the students understanding in Additional Mathematics.

Reflection
In the process of conducting this project, I have learnt that perseverance pays off, especially when you obtain a just reward for all your hard work. For me, succeeding in completing this project work has been reward enough. I have also learnt that mathematics is used everywhere in daily life, from the most simple things like baking and decorating a cake, to designing and building monuments. Besides that, I have learned many moral values that I practice. This project work had taught me to be more confident when doing something especially the homework given by the teacher. I also learned to be a more disciplined student who is punctual and independent

REFERENCES:Books:i) Longman SUPER SCORE Additional Mathematics Form 4 Tam Siew Hong ii) Pelangi Analysis Series SPM Additional Mathematics Chong Pak Cheong iii) SetiaEmas AGENDA A+ Additional Mathematics Form 5 H.S.Wong iv) Longman Essential Additional Mathematics SPM 2011 - Lan Foo Huat, Yong KienChen v) Success Additional Mathematics SPM, Oxford FajarSdn.Bhd. Wong Pek Wei and Dr.Wong Sin Mong Internet:i) http://www.one-school.net/notes/SPMAddMaths/SPM-Add-MathsFormula-List-Form4.pdf ii) http://www.scribd.com/doc/35182797/Additional-Mathematics-Form4-and-5-Notes iii) http://www.oneschool.net/notes/SPMAddMaths/Integration%20Practice.pdf iv) http://www.keepandshare.com/doc/943521/probability-distributionspdf-december-3-2008-1-05-am-420k?da=y

v)

http://wanitasolehah87.blogspot.com/2009/03/formula-add-mathform-4.html