Question : )

Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavors and are among favorite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer: Geometry To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced Calculus (differentiation) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced. Progressions To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

-diagram 11) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use= 3.142] Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)( d/2 ) x 7 (3.142) = (d/2 ) 863.872 = (d/2 ) = 29.392 d = 58.784 cm 2)The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a)If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights ,hcm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers Answer: First, form the formulafor d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is:

19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h d = = d d= Height, h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Diameter, d (cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

(b)Based on the values in your table, (i) state the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Answer: h< 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. (ii) suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between hand d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] Answer: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2 )h d 19000/(3.142)h = 24188.415 = d d= 155.53h d= log d= log d=

Log h Log d

0 2.19

1 1.69

2 1.19

3 0.69

4 0.19

(ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. Answer: h = 10.5cm,log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm (a)Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = 54.99 (3.142)( )x1 = 2375 cm Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

(b)Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream tube used on each of the cakes. Answer: Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

19000= base area x height Base area= 19000 Length x width= 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface) (Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm Triangle-shaped base

Answer: 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 1 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream

= Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm Pentagon-shaped base

Answer: 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375 = 3135 cm (c)Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

Part III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus .State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. Answer: Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3.142)rh- (1) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh- (2) From (1): h = 19000 (3) Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r(19000) V = (3.142)r + (38000) V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 (dV) = 2(3.142)r - (38000) dr 0=2(3.142)r- (38000 ) -->> minimum value, therefore dV =0 38000 =2(3.142)r r ( 38000 )= r 6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= 2(3.142) 6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h= h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm

Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh- (1) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr- (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + 2h ) (2h ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 2 2 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily. FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on.(a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns.

Answer: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31, r = 9 10 V = (3.142)rh Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, .. a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81 (b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. Answer: Sn = (a(1-rn)) (1-r) Sn = 57000= (18116.772(1-(0.81)n)) (1-0.81) 1.0.81 =0.509779 0.40221=0.81 Og0.81 0.40221 = n n=log 0.40221 log 0.81 n=4.322 therefore, n=4

Reflection : )
In the making of this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project. I sacrificing my precious time just for you.., sacrificing my Korean drama time, my facebook time, sacrificing my holidays time and I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes. From now on, I will do my best on every second that I will learn Additional Mathematics.

Name: Nur Farhana Bt Hashim I/C Number: Class: 5 Bestari Teacher: Puan Nor Anita Date: 3 July 2011

Content : )

Bil. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Content Acknowledgement Objective Introduction Question

Part 1

Page

Question
Part 2

Question
Part 3

Conclusion Reflection

Acknowledgement : )
First of all, I would like to say thank you, to my God, Allah S.W.T. for giving me strength to do this project work and finish on the time. Alhamdullilah! Thank you to my teacher, Puan Nor Anita, for helping me for doing this project work. She taught and guiding me for doing this project work patiently. Not forgotten, my parents for giving me support doing this project work and help me when I needed something. Not only that, my friends also keep supporting me although they also doing this project work and it individually. Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect in completing this project work. Thank you.

Objective : )
AIM of carrying this project work: ) To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics. To promote effective mathematical communication To improve thinking skill. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems.

Introduction : )
n number theory, Dirichlet's theorem, also called the Dirichlet prime number theorem, states that for any two positive coprime integers a and d, there are infinitely many primes of the form a + nd, where n 0. In other words, there are infinitely many primes which are congruent to a modulo d. The numbers of the form a + nd form an arithmetic progression

and Dirichlet's theorem states that this sequence contains infinitely many prime numbers. The theorem extends Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Stronger forms of Dirichlet's theorem state that, for any arithmetic progression, the sum of the reciprocals of the prime numbers in the progression diverges, and that different arithmetic progressions with the same modulus have approximately the same proportions of primes. Equivalently, the primes are evenly distributed (asymptotically) among each congruence class modulo d.

In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. The sum of the terms of a geometric progression is known as a geometric series. Thus, the general form of a geometric sequence is

and that of a geometric series is

where r 0 is the common ratio and a is a scale factor, equal to the sequence's start value

Differentiation is all about finding rates of change of one quantity compared to another. We need differentiation when the rate of change is not constant. Differentiation is also used in analysis of finance and economics Up until the time of Newton and Leibniz, there was no reliable way to describe or predict this constantly changing velocity. There was a real need to understand how constantly varying quantities could be analysed and predicted. That's why they developed differential calculus, which we will learn about in the next few chapters.

Sometimes we are told what we are learning is according to Euclid, but we dont learn very much about where it all comes from. Euclid demonstrated that all the geometrical theorems found in the Elements follow from 5 simple axioms: Definitions 1. A point is that of which there is no part. 2. And a line is a length without breadth. 3. And the extremities of a line are points. 4. A straight-line is (any) one which lies evenly with points on itself. 5. And a surface is that which has length and breadth only.

Conclusion : )

While doing this project work, I saw the advantage knowing about progression. It is not just used to measured things that to eat but also can use in everything to know the size or quantity. In conclusion, progression sometimes is needed in real life. It easier to understand, doing it, knowing and very important in daily

life. So, be thankful for those who crate or contribute in the idea of doing this progression.