oncentration

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For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation). In chemistry, concentration is defined as the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Four types can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.[1] The term concentration can be applied to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently it refers to solutes in homogeneous solutions.
Contents
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1 Qualitative description 2 Quantitative notation 2.1 Mass concentration 2.2 Molar concentration 2.3 Number concentration 2.4 Volume concentration 3 Related Quantities 3.1 Normality

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3.2 Molality 3.3 Mole fraction 3.4 Mole ratio 3.5 Mass fraction 3.6 Mass ratio 4 Table of concentrations and related quantities 5 See also 6 References

[edit]Qualitative

description

These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.

Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in aqualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To concentrate a

solution, one must add more solute(for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are fully misciblethere exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be saturated. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve (except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur). Instead, phase separation will occur, leading to either coexisting phases or a suspension. The point of saturation depends on many variables such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.
[edit]Quantitative

notation

There are four quantities that describe concentration:

[edit]Mass

concentration

Main article: Mass concentration (chemistry)

The mass concentration i is defined as the mass of a constituent mi divided by the volume of the mixture V: The SI-unit is kg/m3.
[edit]Molar

concentration

Main article: Molar concentration The molar concentration ci is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the volume of the mixture V: The SI-unit is mol/m3. However, more commonly the unit mol/L is used.
[edit]Number

concentration

Main article: Number concentration The number concentration Ci is defined as the number of entities of a constituent Ni in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture V: The SI-unit is 1/m3.

[edit]Volume

concentration

Main article: Volume concentration The volume concentration i (also called volume fraction) is defined as the volume of a constituent Vi divided by the volume of all consituents of the mixture V prior to mixing: The SI-unit is m3/m3.
[edit]Related

Quantities

Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. Note that these should not be called concentrations.
[edit]Normality

Main article: Normality (chemistry) Normality is defined as the molar concentration ci divided by an equivalence factor feq. Since the definition of the equivalence factor may not be

unequivocal, IUPAC and NIST disco urage the use of normality.

[edit]Molality

Main article: Molality The molality of a solution mi is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the mass of the solvent msolvent (not the mass of the solution): The SI-unit for molality is mol/kg.
[edit]Mole

fraction

Main article: Mole fraction The mole fraction xi is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture ntot: The SI-unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-

per notation is often used to describe small mole fractions.

[edit]Mole

ratio

Main article: Mixing ratio The mole ratio ri is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture: If ni is much smaller than ntot, the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction. The SI-unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.
[edit]Mass

fraction

Main article: Mass fraction (chemistry)

The mass fraction wi is the fraction of one substance with mass mi to the mass of the total mixture mtot, defined as: The SI-unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.
[edit]Mass

ratio

Main article: Mixing ratio The mass ratio i is defined as the mass of a constituent mi divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture: If mi is much smaller than mtot, the mass ratio

is almost identical to the mass fraction. The SI-unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.
[edit]Table

of concentrations and related quantities

Concen other Sym Defini SItration unit( bol tion unit type s) g/100 mass i or kg/m mL concentr mi / V 3 (=g/d i ation L) molar concentr ci ation M mol/ ni / V m3 (=mo l/L)

number concentr Ci ation volume concentr i ation

Ni / V 1/m3 1/cm3

m3/ Vi / V m3

Related other Sym Defini SIquantiti unit( bol tion unit es s) normalit y M mol/ ci / feq m3 (=mo l/L)

molality mi

ni / m mol/
solvent

kg

mole x fraction i mole ratio

ni / nt mol/ ppm, ppb, mol

ot

ppt

ri

ni / mol/ ppm, (ntot mol ppb,

ni)
mass w fraction i

ppt ppm, kg/k ppb, g ppt

mi / mtot

mass ratio

mi / ppm, kg/k (mtot g ppb, ppt mi)

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