HEAT TRANSFER

REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES..

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HEAT FLOW

PRESSURE

2ND LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS

CONDUCTOR

CALORIMETER
EVAPORATIVE COOLING

ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE

THERMOCOUPLE

GREENHOUSE EFFECT
SENSIBLE HEAT

1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ENTHALPHY

EVAPORATION

ATOMS

THERMOSTAT

HEAT EXPANSION

Farenheit and Centigrade Temperature Scale

CALORIES

ENTROPY
Internal energy

3rd Law of THERMODYNAMICS

LATENT HEAT

INSULATOR

KELVIN and RANKINE TEMPERATURE SCALE

latent heat of sublimation

Thermal Conductivity

SPECIFIC HEAT
CHANGE OF STATE

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION

FARENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE DEGREE UNITS

HEAT EXCHANGER
Law of Conservation of Energy

BTU

joule

CONCEPT OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY

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HEAT TRANSFER
REVIEW OF RELATED TERMINOLOGIES..

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1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Energy is neither created nor destroyed, that it only transforms from one form into another... The perception that energy is produced is technically literally incorrect. Energy with the aid of a certain process only changes in its form.

STEAM POWER PLANT POWER PLANT

Example: CHEMICAL ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL ENERGY MECHANICAL ENERGY ENERGY ELECTRICAL ENERGY

2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Is concerned with the availability of energy from a thermodynamic cycle and demonstrate the impossibility of a perpetual motion machine From such description, energy is needed to have a perpetual working machine otherwise, a machine would only be capable of working up to only a limited extent depending upon the amount of energy supplied to it. 3rd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Entropy tends to be at a minimum value as it nears the absolute zero temperature Entropy is a temperature dependent variable which is actually considered as the randomness or orderliness of the molecules within a substance. At a certain temperature range, a substance entropy is at a certain value and that it decreases as its temperature range decreases. ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE: All things are have their own molecular structure which are composed of atoms whose degree of separation/ attraction depends upon the type of matter they are classified. Such atoms are always moving (the hotter the object/ material is, the greater its motion) whose motion is totally dependent upon its temperature. A 0 oC or 32 oF temperature range (freezing point of water) does not mean that the atoms that actually comprise the water that turned into ice has zero/ nil movement from within. At that temperature range, there is still movement albeit very minimal.

For the atoms not to move, it must be subjected to an absolute zero temperature scale, -273 oC/ -476 oF/ 0 oK. ATOMS: Are the ones that actually comprises the molecular structure of either a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma matter. Such atoms are always on the move. They are continuously moving when an object is hot (with continous collisions/ bouncing-off with respect to one another, the object tends to expand) and slow moving when the object is cold (at this point in time, the atoms move together thereby contracting). BTU:
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Read as Bristish thermal unit and is commonly used to express the English Units for the amount of heat energy. But may also be used to specify units of work. 1 BTU: It is considered as the amount of heat energy needed to raise one (1) pound of water to a temperature of one (1) degree Farenheit. 1 BTU = 778.16 ft.-lbs. CALORIES: An MKS unit for measuring the amount of heat energy but may also be used to specify units of work. 1 kCal = 428.1 kg.-m. 1 Cal: It is considered as the amount of heat energy/ heat needed to raise one (1) gram of water to a temperature of one (1) degree Centigrade.

CALORIMETER: An apparatus that is used for measuring heat(heat capacity, enthalphy/ HHV) that is given of either during a chemical reaction or by a change of state. Typical calorimeters are usually made-up of a vessel where the substance (usually liquid) is stored along with a thermometer. CHANGE OF STATE:

CLAUSIUS STATEMENT: It is impossible for a self-acting machine unaided by an external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature The natural transfer or conveyance of heat is from hot body to cold body. But the transfer of heat could also be made from cold body to hot body but this would only be possible by using a mechanical device as in the case of

a basic refrigeration system that uses a compressor to absorb heat from the perishable items in the freezer(cold body) to be diverted into the condenser tubes (hot body) at the back. CONCEPT OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY: Otherwise known as Kelvin Plank Statement and is stated as it is impossible to operate an engine operating in a cycle that will have no other effect than to extract heat from a reservoir and then turn it into an equivalent amount of work. Refer to 2nd Law statement.
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CONDENSATION: The opposite of evaporation and may also be referred to as liquefaction or the change of state from gaseous substance into liquid substance. It normally occurs when a vapor is cooled. Example: In most industrial plants, condensation occurs in a heat exchanger called condenser.. That is liquid vapor or spent steam is liquefied by subjecting it to pass a series of tubes within the said condenser which is filled with running cooled water to bring the liquid vapor temperature to eventually cool it down and liquefy into saturated liquid for re-use in the industrial plant system. DEPOSITION: Change of phase of a matter from gas into liquid without ever passing through the liquid phase. ENTHALPY: Is considered as a combination energy between the internal energy and flow work and is affected by temperature changes. It maybe expressed in terms of specific enthalpy having units of kj/ kg and Btu/ lb or in terms of total enthalpy expressed in terms of kj and btu. ENTROPY: Is the randomness and or disorderliness of the molecules within a substance. Like enthalpy and internal energy its value decreases as it reaches a temperature of absolute zero. It has units of kj/ oK and Btu/ oF if considered as specific entropy and kj and Btu if considered as total entropy. EVAPORATION: Is the change of liquid into vapor state and is done by the addition of heat. FARENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE DEGREE UNITS: Are units used to represent that a change in temperature has taken place. In such case units expressed in Farenheit degrees is the same with Rankine degrees, the same with Centigrade degrees and Kelvin degrees.

FARENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURE SCALES: Are units used to express arbitrary or small scale temperature ranges. SI Unit: English Unit:
o

T2 T1

t2 t1

C =
o

= 5/9 (oF 32) o 9/5 C + 32

FREEZING: Change of phase of a matter/ substance from liquid into solid phase. GREENHOUSE EFFECT: A natural phenomena in which heat is trapped within a confined space causing the temperature from within to rise. HEAT: A measure of the total kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms or units of BTU, kCal, or joule.
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HEAT CONDUCTOR: A material that allows the transfer of heat to flow. Such maybe considered as an advantage and also a disadvantage. HEAT EXCHANGER: Are mechanical devices that either adds heat or rejects heat from within a system. Such examples include steam generator (boiler), reheater, economizer, superheater, and condenser. Steam generator (boiler) converts water into superheated vapor or superheated steam and involves the addition of heat for such process to take place. another type of heat exchanger and as the name implies reheats the used steam to improve its quality and minimize the percent moisture in the steam. Heat is added to such device. Economizer Involves the addition of heat and as the name implies are used to save on costs. This by using the otherwise wasted heat coming from the combustion gases that passes through the stack. Economizers are usually loops located in the stack to where used/ unused steam passes thru. Superheaters this by allowing the the steam generator to pass again exchanger. Are used to improve the quality of steam, steam generated from another heat Reheater

Condenser Another heat exchanger type in which the used steam (liquid vapor) is liquefied into saturated liquid by rejecting/ extracting the heat content of the used steam. HEAT EXPANSION: The physical changes(volume) exhibited not only by solids but by gases and also liquids due to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving and become active thus maintaining a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are rare; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges. HEAT FLOW: Heat flows naturally from hot to cold body, its rate is dictated by the difference in temperature between two bodies. As there is great disparity in

temperature, it would mean a greater heat flow that readily decreases as the temperature disparity subsides.. A BIG HEAT FLOW not always translates into a high temperature. A beaker of ice when heated is subjected to a big heat flow (coming from the burner) but notice that the beakers content has a very minimal temperature. This would continue as long as all the ice has not melted. HEAT INSULATOR: Are materials that are used to inhibit the flow of heat and are normally used to minimize losses and also for safety purposes. HIGHER HEATING VALUE (HHV): Is the amount of heat/ energy that could be liberated from a given quantity of fuel. every type of fuel has its own corresponding HHV that can be emitted. INTERNAL ENERGY: Stored energy within a given substance/ matter due to the motion of the molecules and forces of attraction between them.
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JOULE: An MKS unit for measuring the amount of heat energy but may also be used to specify units of work. 1 JOULE: It is considered as the amount of heat energy/ heat needed to raise 2,388 grams of water to a temperature of one (1) degree Centigrade. KELVIN AND RANKINE TEMPERATURE SCALE: Are units used to express absolute temperature ranges. SI Unit: English Unit:
o

K =
o

o = C + 273 o F + 460

LATENT HEAT: The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance undergoing a change of state, without a change in temperature. LATENT HEAT OF FUSION: The amount of heat required to be removed (335 kj/kg) from a liquid to turn it into a solid (ice) without an increase in temperature(only at 0 oC) LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION: The amount of heat required(2257 kj/kg) to convert a unit mass of liquid into gas (steam) without an increase in temperature(only at 100 o C) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: The sum of the energies coming out of the system must be equivalent to the sum of the energies coming into the system... Such statement holds true theoretically (without system losses) but in actual circumstances such statement would not be possible due to the presence of system losses. MELTING: Change of phase/ state from solid into liquid phase. PRESSURE: A thermodynamic variable that is affected by changes in temperature. In which changes in pressure is directly proportional to changes in temperature (refer to ideal gas law equation).

REEVES STATEMENT: Heat flows readily from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature SENSIBLE HEAT: The heat that is given-off or absorbed by a substance that is not accompanied by a change in state. SUBLIMATION: Change of phase of a matter from solid into gas without passing through the liquid phase. TEMPERATURE: The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms or units of degrees designated on a standard scale.
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