Signal to Noise Ratio Along A XMission Path

T- 1

Nyquist Criteria, Roll Off Factor

Frequency Response of Nyquist Channel

T- 2

Transmitter

Receiver

Superimposition of received waveform

Fig. 6 Generation of Eye Pattern

Superposition of received waveforms

T- 3

The details of digital systems currently available are given below :

8 Mb/s Optical fibre type Loss dB/km repeate r Span Optical source Detecto r Line Code Wavele ngth 6.1 8 Mb/s 6.1 34 Mb/s 6.1 140 Mb/s 6.1 140 Mb/s Monom ode 0.5 2530 LASER PIN FET 5B6B 1300

3.5 8 kms LED APD Scram bled binary 850

3.5 1520 LASER APD Scramb led binary 850

2.3 1520 LASER APD 3B4B 1300

2.3 2025 LASER PIN FET 5B6B 1300

T- 4

Table 1 A short message using even character and odd column parity
P 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 b6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 b5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 b4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 b0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ASCII Character d a t a SP c o m m BCC

T- 5

Table 2 Bit 1 of the SP character fails both character and column parity checks and is therefore in error.
P 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 b6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 b5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 b4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 b0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ASCII Character d a t a SP c o m m BCC

T- 6

Table 3 Twobit errors can be detected by a combination of character and column parity checks, but they usually cannot be corrected
P 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 b6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 b5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 b4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 b1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 b0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ASCII Character d a t a SP c o m m BCC

T- 7

A Parity Generator Circuit

T- 8

Table 4 Even the combination of character and column parity checks will not detect all errors P 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 b6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 b5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 b4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b2 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 b1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 b0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 ASCII Character d a t a SP c o m m BCC

T- 9

Shift right register

Shift right register

Shift right register

Data input

A CRC Circuit

T- 10

Encoded TDM (European)

T- 11

Frame Structure :

Frame Structure Frame alignment word (1111010000) Alarm to remote Tml National use Bits from tributaries Justification Control bits Bits from tributaries Justification Control bits Bits from tributaries Justification Control bits Bits for tributaries available for justification Bits from tributaries Frame Length bits/tributary

Bit No. 1 to 10 11 Set I 12 Set I 13 to 212 Set I 1 to 4 Set II 5 to 212 Set II 1 to 4 Set III 5 to 212 Set III 1 to 4 Set IV 5 to 8 Set IV 9 to 212 Set IV 848 bits 206 bits

T- 12

T- 13

Fig. 6

Generalized Model of a QPSK and QMA Modulator

T- 14

Fig. 7 Model of a Coherent QPSK and QAM Demodulator Fig. 8

T- 15

Multiplier Type Demodulator Carrier Recovery

( Here M is number of levels )

M=16

16

Fig. 6.1 BWPerBitRate Comparisons for Various Modulation Techniques

T- 16

(a)

T- 17

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of QPSK Modulator

T- 18

Fig. 2

Differential Encoder Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Differential Decoder

T- 19

Fig. 13 Dejitterister Schematic

T- 20

Fig. 14 Scrambler/Descrambler

T- 21

(i)

Fig. 2 Spectrum for

NRZ Signal

RZ Binary Waveform and Spectrum

T- 22

(1)

Spectrum of AMI Signal

3.4.1

code.

T- 23

Spectrum of HDB 1 Code

T- 24

Transition of 6 bit pattern state

T- 25

A Typical Microwave Radio Sys

Schematic of a Microwave Terminal

Frequency Bands Nomenclature Small capacity Small capacity Small capacity Small capacity Bit rate Mb/s. 0.704 2.048 8.448 8.448 No. of chls. 10 30 120 120 Frequency band 658712 MHz (UHF) 400 MHz band (UHF) 520585 MHz (UHF) 622712 MHz (UHF) 2 GHz band (M/W) (2.02.3 GHz)
T- 26

Medium capacity Medium capacity Medium capacity High capacity

34.368 34.368 34.368 139.264

480 480 480 1920

High capacity

139.264

1920

High capacity

139.264

1920

7 GHz band (M/W) (7.4257.725 GHz) 13 GHz band (M/W) (12.7513.25 GHz) band M/W 15 GHz band (M/W) (14.7515.75 GHz) 4 GHz band (M/W) (3.33.8 and 3.84.2 GHz) 6 GHz band (M/W) (5.9256.425 GHz; Lower) (6.4307.110 GHz; Upper) 11 GHz band (M/W) (10.711.7 GHz)

T- 27

T- 28

Hot Standby Digital Radio System (one

T- 29

Block Diagram of DM2G1000 Digital Radio Equipment

T- 30

Hot Standby Protection Switching System

T- 31

Route Line Diagram

Radio Frequency Channel Arrangement

T- 32

(U6 GHz, CCIR Rec. 3843, 6, 4 to 7.1 GHz)

Lower half band RF CH Radio frequency No. (MHz) 1 6460 2 6500 3 6540 4 6580 5 6620 6 6660 7 6700 8 6740

Upper half band RF CH Radio frequency No. (MHz) 1' 6800 2' 6840 3' 6880 4' 6920 5' 6960 6' 7000 7' 7040 8' 7080

T- 33

Frequency Bands
Nomenclature Small capacity Small capacity Small capacity Small capacity Medium capacity Medium capacity High capacity Bit rate 0.704 2.048 8.448 8.448 34.368 34.368 139.264 No. of chls. 10 30 120 120 480 480 1920 Frequency band 658712 MHz (UHF) 400 MHz band (UHF) 520585 MHz (UHF) 622712 MHz (UHF) 2 GHz band (M/W) (2.02.3 GHz) 7 GHz band (M/W) (7.4257.725 GHz) 13 GHz band (M/W) [12.7513.25 GHz band (M/W)] 4 GHz band (M/W) (3.33.8 and 3.84.2 GHz) 6 GHz band (M/W) (5.9256.425 GHz : Lower) (6.4307.110 GHz : Upper) 11 GHz band (M/W) (10.711.7 GHz)

High capacity

139.264

1920

High capacity

139.264

1920

T- 34

Survey and Feasibility Report for MW Routes

S.No. TABLE-I Type of MW Systems Channel Capacity 60 120/300 300 1800 1800

I ANALOGUE 1 UHF (400 MHz) 2 NARROWBAND 2 GHz 3 NARROWBAND 7 GHz 4 WIDEBAND 4 GHz 5 WIDEBAND 6 GHz II DIGITAL

T- 35

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

UHF 400700 MHz (2&8) mb/s NB 2 GHz (2&8 mb/s) NB 7 GHz (34 mb/s) WB 6 GHz (140 mb/s) NB 13 GHz (34 mb/s)

30/120 PCM chls. 30/120 PCM chls. 480 PCM chls. 1920 chls. 480 chls.

Table II S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Input Data Height above MSL Latitude Longitude Direction of True North Beam Direction Frequency of operations Hop distance Critical point distance Data to be Calculated Tower Height/Antenna Height Free Space Loss Feeder Loss Antenna System Gain required Received Signal level S/N ratio Interference level, if any Noise burst study

Table III

S.No. 1. 2. 3.

Type Z Type Y Type X Type

Plinth Area Where Used 136.575 Sq.m. UHF/NB Repeaters (Non dropping). 266.921 Sq.m. UHF/NB (Terminal) WB Rptr. 435.781 Sq.m. WB Terminal

T- 36

Table IV S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tower Height 50 60 70 80 90 100 Weight of Tower Materials : 60 M LW 60 M HW 100 M LW 100 M HW 100 M SHW : : : : : 30.51 MT 30.95 76.83 89.73 150 MT Soil Bearing Capacity 20 MT/Dry 20 MT/Dry 20 MT/Dry 20 MT/Dry 20 MT/Dry 20 MT/Dry

6 GHz DIGITAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Specifications The specifications of radio system are given below : 1. System Parameter (1) (2) (3) (4) Frequency range Modulation Repeating Transmission data rate 6430 to 7110 MHz (6 GHz band) 16 QAM Regenerative repeating 139.264 Mbit/s (equivalent to 1920 telephone
T- 37

channels). (5) Environmental conditions Temperature, Relative a. Performance humidity. guaranteed 0 to +50oC, up to 95% at 35oC b. Operation without 10 to +55oC, up to 95% at damage 45oC c. Transportation and 40 to +65oC, up to 95% at storage 45oC (6) Altitude of installation Up to 4500 m 2. TransmitterReceiver +30 dBm typical at the TX (1) Transmitter output power unit output (+27 dBm to +32 dBm) 3.5 dB typical, 4 dB (2) Receiver noise figure guaranteed, measured at RX unit input. (3) Frequency stability + 2 x 105 74 dBm to 17 dBm for (4) Receiver threshold level BER of 1 x 103 measured at RX unit input

3. ModulatorDemodulator Modulation Demodulation Spectrum shaping IF frequency 4. Base band switching

16 QAM Coherent/Instantaneous decision 35% rolloff at baseband 70 MHz One protection channel for maximum seven main channels. At the initial stage of this system, number of main channels is three.
T- 38

Switching capacity

Switching method

Hitless switching without frame loss on fades or maintenance actions.

Switching threshold a. Switching initiation 1 x 104 to 1 x 109 (1 x 10 4 BER , adjustable on site). 1 x 104 to 1 x 109 (1 x 10 6 b. Restoration BER , adjustable on site). Less than 15 ms c. Switching time excluding propagation time. 5. Baseband signal interface to/from MUX Bit rate 139.264 Mbit/s + 15 ppm Code format CMI in accordance with CCITT Level G.703 Impedance 75 unbalanced

6. Digital service channel Maximum number of 64 24 kbit/s channel 64 kbit/s, codirectional in Digital interface accordance with CCITT G.703. Analog interface a. Input/Output level 16 dBm/+7 dBm b. Connection method 4wire c. Impedance 600 ohms, balanced d. Signalling E&M 7. Auxiliary signal (option) Wayside signal 2,048 Mb/s 1 voice channel (Omnibus Analog service channel OW)
T- 39

Transmission line 8. Interface connector RF (at antenna port) IF and baseband Alarm and auxiliary signals

Protection and working channel

No.1

PDR70 at antenna side JIS BRJ7 at radio equipment side. SP3CJ coaxial, 75 Multipin jack

9. Power supply Input voltage Power consumption (typical) 1,074 W a. Terminal (3+1) with SD including SC WS and MSTR SV 1,358 W b. Repeater (3+1) with SD including SCWS and sub SV 10. Physical dimensions Rack, excluding RF 2500 mm high, 120 mm 48V nominal, positive ground (40 to 60 V)

T- 40

branching network

wide, 225 mm deep.

T- 41

Fig. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Terminal Configuration

T- 42

T- 43

Hardware of Centralized Supervisory Equipment (CSE)

T- 44

Fig. 2 Basic FibreOptic Link

nformation Transmission Sequence

Information in (Voice, Data, Video)

Core (m) 8 50 62.5 100

Cladding (m) 125 125 125 140

Fig. 3 Typical Core and Cladding Diameter

T- 45

Fig. 4 Optical Fibres Principle and Types

T- 46

Fig. Cross Section of Optical Fibre (Single Mode)

Fig. Siecor Mini Bundle Loose Tube Optical Fibre Cable

T- 47

12 Fibres PE/Nylon

Fig. Loss and Bends

T- 48

Fig. 1

Simplified Block Diagram of the Fibre Optics Transmission System T- 49

Fig. 3

T- 50

Block Diagram of a Typical Optical Line Transmission System

T- 51

Fig. 4 Frame Structure of Service Data for 140 Mbit/s Fibre Optics Transmission System

T- 52

Frame Structure of Service Data for 34 Mbit/s Fibre Optics Transmission System

T- 53

STM-N Frame Structure

T- 54

SDH Standards Bit Rates

T- 55

Multiplexing Principles

T- 56

Synchronous Multiplexers Optional Tributary Interfaces

Add Drop Multiplexer

T- 57

Add/Drop Multiplexers

Digital CrossConnects

T- 58

Modes of Communication T-1

T- 59

Frequency bands in use for satellite communication are :

"L" BAND "S" BAND 18302700 MHz 25002700 MHz INSAT IS USING 59256425 MHz UP "C" BAND INSAT IS USING 37004200 MHz DOWN 79008400 UP "X" BAND 72507750 DOWN 14.00014.500 Hz. UP 1095011200 "KU" BAND GHz/DN. 1145011700 GHz/DN. 27.530 GHz UP "K" BAND 17.721.2 GHz DOWN 67257025 UP EXTENDED C 45004800 INSAT IS USING BAND DOWN 4051 GHz UP V BAND 4041 GHz DOWN V Band 5964 GHz Intersatellite 5458 GHz

T- 60

T- 61

Example of Geographical Advantage

T- 62

T- 63

Three Basic Orbits

FM/FDM/FDMA

Table 1

T- 64

RF Bandwidth per Carrier (MHz) 2.5 5 10 36

Voice CHLS. per Carrier 24 60 132 972

Accesses per Transponder 14 7 3.5* 1

Voice CHLS. per Transponder 336 420 456 972

T- 65

T- 66

Configuration at Earth Station B

Configuration at Earth Station B

T- 67

Fig. 11

T- 68

T- 69

Fig. 1 System Concept of Multichannel VSAT Network

T- 70

2.5 m Dia
Fig. 2 Block Schematic of Multichannel per Carrier Very Small Aperture Satellite Terminal (MCPCVSAT)

6 GHz

T- 71

Block Schematic of Hub Station

T- 72

T- 73

(1/2) Illustration of IDR Channel Unit

T- 74

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS FOR IDR CARRIERS

S.No. PARAMETER REQUIREMENT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Information rate, IR Overhead data rate for carrier with IR > 1.544 Mbit/s Forward error correction encoding Energy dispersal (scrambling) Modulation Ambiguity resolution Clock recovery Minimum carrier bandwidth (allocated) Noise bandwidth (and occupied bandwidth) Eb/No at BER (Rate FEC) a. Modems back-to-back b. Through satellite channel C/T at nominal operating point (10 II BER) C/N in noise bandwidth at nominal operating point Nominal bit-error-rate at operating point C/T at threshold C/N in noise bandwidth at threshold Threshold bit-error-rate

64 Kbit/s to 44.736 Mbit/s 96 Kbit/s Rate convolutional encoding/Viterbi decoding As per CCITT Rec. V.35 4-Phase Coherent PSK Combination of differential encoding (180o) and FEC (90o) Clock timing must be recovered from the received data stream 0.7 R Hz or [0.933 (IR+overhead)] 0.6 R Hz or [0.8 (IR+overhead)] 10-3 5.3 dB 5.7 dB 10-7 8.3 dB 8.7 dB 10-8 8.3 dB 9.2 dB

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

-219.9 + 10 log10 (IR+OH), dBw/K 9.7 dB 1 x 107 -222.9 + 10 log10 (IR+OH), dBw/K 6.7 dB 1 x 10-3

T- 75

THE END

T- 76