Dynamo

A dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power), originally another name for an electrical generator, generally means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternatingcurrent alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods. The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.
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Description
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushe s. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alterna ting current, a pulsing direct current is produced.

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ire windings can conveniently roduce any voltage desired y changing the number of turns, so they have been a feature of alsubsequent l

generator designs, requiring the invention of the commutator to roduce direct current.

Jedlik's dynam

Pi ii's dynamo. he commutator is located on the shaft below the spinning magnet.

In 1827, Hungarian Anyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic selfrotors. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. He formulated the concept of the

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dynamo about six years before Siemens and

used, instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets opposite to each other to induce the magnetic field around the rotor. the discovery of the principle of dynamo self-excitation.
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Pixii's dynam
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he first dynamo based on araday's principles was built in 1832 byHippolyte Pixii, a rench instrument maker. It used apermanent

magnetwhich was rotated by a crank. he spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with insulated wire. Pixii found that the spinning magnet produced a pulse of current in the wire each time a pole passed the coil. However, the north and south poles of the magnet induced currents in opposite directions. o convert the alternating current to commutator, a split metal cylinder on the shaft, with two springy metal contacts that pressed against it.

Pacinotti dynamo

Pacinotti dynamo, 1860

hese early designs had a problem: the electric current they produced consisted of a series of spikes" or pulses of current separated by none

at all, resulting in a low average power output. As with electric motors of the period, the designers did not fully realize t seriously-detrimental he effects of large air gaps in the magnetic circuit.Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved this problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous win ding, connected to the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the commutator being divided into many segments. his meant that so part of me the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current.

Siemens and Wheatstone dynamo (1867)

he first practical designs for a dynamo were announced independently and simultaneously by r. erner Siemens and harles

n January 17, 1867, Siemens announced to the Berlin academy a "dynamo -electric machine" first use of the term) which employed self [4]

powering electromagnetic field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the stator field. announced to the Royal Society harles

n the same day that this invention was

heatstone read a pap describing a similar design with the difference that in the Siemens design the er heatstone's design they were in parallel.
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stator electromagnets were in series with the rotor, but in

he use of electromagnets rather than

permanent magnets greatly increases the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power generation for the first time. his i nvention led directly to the first major industrial uses of electricity. or example, in the 1 70s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to power electric arc 8 furnaces for the production of metals and other materials.

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heatstone but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to realize this. His dynamo
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Gramme ring dynamo

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Another advantage of

iron cores and minimizing the air gaps between the stationary and rotating parts. heGramme y amo was the first machine to generate commercial quantities of power for industry. urther improvements were made on the loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.

ramme ring, but the basic concept of a sp inning endless

Brush dynamo
Charles . Brush assembled his first dynamo in the summer of 1876 using a horse -drawn treadmill to power it. U.S. Patent #189997 "Improvement in Magneto-Electric Machines" was issued April 24, 1877. Brush started with the basic

sides and interior of the ring were outside the effective zone of the fieldand too much heat was retained. armature was shaped like a disc rather than the cylinder shape of the

ramme armature. he field electromagnets were positiond on the sides e

of the armature disc rather than around the circumference. here were four electromagnets, two with north pole shoes and two with south pole shoes. he like poles opposed each other, one on each side of the disc armature. In 1881 one of he Brush Electric Company dynamos was reported to be; 89 inches long, 28 inches wide, and 36 inches in height, and weighs 4,800 pounds, and ran at a speed about 700 revolutions of per minute. It was believed to be the largest dynamo in the world at that time. orty arc lights were fed by it, and it requi 36 horse power. red
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r amme dynamo, around 1878

r amme dynamo works to produce a smooth output waveform.

ramme reinvented Pacinotti's design in 1871 when designing the first commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. ramme's design was a better path for the magnetic flux, by filling the space occupied by the magnetic field with heavy

ramme design where the wire on the o improve upon this design, his ring

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overy of electric motor principles

While not originally designed for the purpose, it was discovered that a dynamo can act as an electric motor when supplied with direct current from a battery or another dynamo. At an industrial exhibition in Vienna in

when its terminals were accidentally connected to another dynamo producing electricity. Although this wasn't the first demons tration of an electric motor, it was the first practical one. It was found that the same design features which make a dynamo efficient also make a motor efficient. The efficient Gramme design, with small magnetic air gaps and many coils of wire attached to a many-segmented commutator, also became the basis for the design of all practical DC motors. Large dynamos producing direct current were problematic in situations where two or more dynamos are working together and one has an engine running at a lower power than the other. The dynamo with the stronger engine will tend to drive the weaker as if it were a motor, against the rotation of the weaker engine. Such reverse-driving could feed back into the driving engine of a dynamo and cause a dangerous out of control reverse-spinning condition in the lower-power dynamo. It was eventually determined that when several dynamos all feed the same power source all the dynamos must be locked into synchrony using a jackshaft interconnecting all engines and rotors to counter these imbalances.

Dynamo as commutated DC enerator

After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be useful for something, the word d namo became associated exclusively with the commutated DC electric generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip rings or rotor magnets would become known as an alternator. An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a synchronous motor, and a commutated DC motor could also be called an electric motor though with the understanding that it could in principle operate as a generator.

Rotary converter development

After dynamos and motors were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between mechanic al or electrical power, they were combined in devices called rotary converters, rotating machines whose purpose was not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type of electric current into another, for example DC into AC. They were multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more sets of rotating contacts (either commutators or sliprings, as required), one to provide power to one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or m ore attached to other windings to produce the output current. The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric power into any other. This includes converting be tween direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), three phase and single phase power, H AC and

H AC, or many different output voltages at the same

time. The si e and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any sudden surges or dropouts in the applied power. The technology of rotary converters was replaced in the early

th century by mercury-vapor rectifiers, which were smaller, did not produce

vibration and noise, and required less maintenance. The same conversion tasks are now performed by solid state power semiconductor

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Modern uses
Dynamos still have some uses in low power applications, particularly where low voltage DC is required, since an alternator with a semiconductor rectifier can be inefficient in these applications. Hand cranked dynamos are used in clockwork radios, hand powered flashlights, mobile phone rechargers, and other human powered equipment to recharge batteries.