SECTION IV.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION

1. Ethics of Communication What is Ethics? The branch of philosophy that deals with morality. Ethics is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and non-virtuous characteristics of people. Ethics refers to standards of conduct, standards that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of right and wrong. Ethics can be viewed from two angles, normative and prescriptive. First, ethics refers to wellbased standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, and specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include those that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, the right to choose, the right to privacy, and right to freedom of speech and expression. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of personal ethical standards, as well as community ethics, in terms of behaviour, feelings, laws, and social habits and norms which can deviate from more universal ethical standards. So it is necessary to constantly examine ones standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying of our own moral beliefs and conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and our community and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based for the progress of human beings. What is Communication? Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs". Although there is such a thing as one-way communication, communication can be perceived better as a two-way process in which there is an exchange and progression of thoughts, feelings or ideas towards a mutually accepted goal or direction. Communications define as "sending, giving, or exchanging information and ideas," which is often expressed nonverbally and verbally. Communication is transfer of information from a sender to receiver with information being under stood by the receiver. 1.1. Definition of Communication Ethics Communication Ethics/Ethical Communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self 1

and others. Unethical communication threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the society in which we live. 1.1.1. Communication Ethics: - advocates truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. - endorses freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society. - strives to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. - promotes access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities, and society. - promotes communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. - is committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice. - advocates sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality. - accepts responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences for our own communication and expect the same of others. - condemns communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. 1.1.2. Basis of Ethical Communication - Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with other group members. - Listen when others speak. - Speak non-judgmentally. - Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings. - Seek to understand others (rather than to be right or more ethical than thou). - Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions. - Manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing. - Respect the personal boundaries of others. - Avoid interrupting and side conversations. - Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal air time if they want it. 1.2. Ethics and Professional Codes of Communication 2

Guidelines for behaviour, based on religious, cultural, familial, or professional values and customs 1.2.1. Guideline (codes) for Ethical Communication There are five guidelines for communicating ethically - Be truthful. Statements that are misleading or untrue should never be made. It is also not ethical to tell partial truths or to exaggerate. - Be sure to label opinions as opinions. Do not attempt to convince anyone that something you merely believe to be true is already a proven fact. Do the work; research thoroughly and assure yourself that you aren't just representing another person's opinion as your own. - Do not show bias. Understand that your own subjective beliefs may come through in your writing. Even if you are passionate in your opinions, ethics call for you to be dispassionate in your presentation. - Your communications should be easy to understand. You should put down your thoughts clearly, so they are simple to comprehend. Make sure that what you write can be easily understood by the reader. Don't muddy the waters by using convoluted sentences and all sorts of hard-to-comprehend industry jargon. - Credit your sources. Do not copy anyone's work. Most people have the basic knowledge that they must use quotation marks if they are using a direct quote from another writer. Yet there are a number of people who do not understand that they need to properly credit other people's ideas as well. You are still cheating if you paraphrase sentences and throw in a handful of new words without crediting the author. 1.2.2. A Communication Code of Ethics - I will take responsibility for my words and my actions - I will take care not to misrepresent myself or my message - I will avoid unnecessary hurt to others by my words or tone 2. Communication and Ethical Issues 2.1. Freedom of Thought and Expression Communication An Essential Human Need. Communication represents an essential and very important human need as well as a basic human right. Without having the possibility to communicate and talk to other people, no individual, community, group or any other institution would be able to exist, or prosper. Strictly speaking the ability to communicate or the general right of communication make it possible to exchange opinions, thoughts and meanings. So it enables people to express themselves and show their own points of view. Consequently communication makes people who and what they are and particularly strengthens human dignity. By having the right to communicate and express personal thoughts, ideas, and opinions, people feel themselves treated equally in other words: Communication validates human equality. Thus the protection and implementation of communication rights represents an essential part of the general topic of human rights. Freedom of thought concerns the interior aspect of the freedom, and is strictly connected with other rights regarding the personality, finalized to avoid external interferences in the personal sphere, such as liberty, security, and respect for private and family life. This freedom was histroically born as conscience and religion freedom, in the face of dominant religion, and on this basis developed as freedom of thought. Law Concerning Freedom of Thought & Expression 3

Art 9 of European Convention of Human Rights declares: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change ones religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest ones religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance. This right is absolute, that is it cannot be limited or balanced. Freedom of expression concerns the exterior aspect of the freedom, and bridges interior personal freedom and collective (like freedom of assembly or association) or cultural rights (such as arts, science and education freedom). As we find in the former, it claims absolute protection; but as the latter, may conflict with the maintaining of social order. This freedom can be limited and balanced with other rights and freedoms and with the necessity to conserve the social order. Art 10 of European Convention of Human Rights declares: The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The contents of this right are complex; to quote yet again art.10 ECHR: Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. So, we can considere that freedom of expression includes an active aspect (freedom to inform) and a passive aspect (freedom to receive information). The guarantee of this freedom implicates not just an abstention, but an activity of public powers, to build instruments which allow everybody to express his opinion and to find information: the guarantee of this individual right is, at the same time, also a guarantee of the pluralism of opinions in a democratic society. From this point of view, freedom of expression is closely linked with political rights. The two freedoms are very closely connected. The link between the freedom to form ones thought freely and the freedom to communicate ones ideas and opinions freely demonstrates the central role of the principle of self-determination of the individual in the community system of fundamental rights. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is of fundamental importance to a human rights-based Information and Communication Society, not only by requiring that everyone have the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media source, regardless of frontiers, but also because it implies the free flow of information, free circulation of ideas, freedom of the press, and availability of the tools to access information and share knowledge. Constitution of India: Freedom of Speech and Expression (Fundamental Right) 2.2. Communicating Towards Human Dignity The 60th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides a suitable opportunity to reflect on one of the key concepts which underpins and informs the human rights 4

enterprise. Due significantly to its centrality in both the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the concept of human dignity now plays a central role in human rights discourse. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) both state that all human rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person. But what does dignity mean in the contexts of communication? Can it be a basis for human rights, a right in itself, or is it simply a synonym for human rights? In particular, what role does the concept of dignity play in the context of communication? - Equal Right to communicate (to receive and pass on information) irrespective of caste, colour, ability, gender etc. 2.3. Quality and Decency (Photo & Visual Ethics) - Consideration of the visual contents (images) of the messages - Representation of the reality (no hidden identity or exaggeretation) 2.4. Censorship
Censorship -- the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society -- has been a hallmark of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. The rationales for censorship have varied, with some censors targeting material deemed to be indecent or obscene; heretical or blasphemous; or seditious or treasonous. Thus, ideas have been suppressed under the guise of protecting three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and the state.

- concealing the reality or truth - misinformation or wrong information - protection of human dignity - childrens protection from consumption of messages that contained violence & sexual behaviours. 2.5. Violence and Sex The Power of Media - Media effects Theory (Passive Audience) - Reception Theory (Active Audience) 2.6. Responsibility and Commercialisation (Advertisement Ethics) Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services or support political candidates or ideas. Frequently it communicates a message that includes the name of the product or service and how that product or service could potentially benefit the consumer. Advertising often attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume a particular brand of product or service. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 2.6.1. Ethical Guidelines for Advertising 1) Truthfulness in Advertising Some advertising is simply and deliberately untrue. Generally speaking, though, the problem of truth in advertising is somewhat more subtle: it is not that advertising says what is overtly false, but that it can distort the truth by implying things that are not so or withholding relevant facts. To be sure, advertising has its own conventions and forms of stylization, and these must be taken into account when discussing truthfulness. People take for granted some symbolic exaggeration in advertising; within the limits of recognized and accepted practice, this can be allowable. 2) The Dignity of Human Person 5

Advertising can violate the dignity of the human person both through its content (what is advertised, the manner in which it is advertised) and through the impact it seeks to make upon its audience. Much advertising directed at children apparently tries to exploit their credulity and suggestibility, in the hope that they will put pressure on their parents to buy products of no real benefit to them. Advertising like this offends against the dignity and rights of both children and parents; it intrudes upon the parent-child relationship and seeks to manipulate it to its own base ends. Also, some of the comparatively little advertising directed specifically to the elderly or culturally disadvantaged seems designed to play upon their fears so as to persuade them to allocate some of their limited resources to goods or services of dubious value. 3) Accountability Advertisement technique should be reliable enough to be scrutinized by any customer product magazine. 4) Use of Language Product should be presented using clear and straight forward language. Exaggerated claims should be avoided. 5) Use of Graphics They should accurately depict product. Significant information should not be in small print or placed in an unobtrusive spot. 2.7. Identity and Anonimity According to Gary Marx (1999), anonymity is one polar value of a broad dimension of identifiability versus nonidentifiability. It is being untraceable by any of Marx's dimensions of identity knowledge, including legal name, location, distinctive behavioral patterns, demographic categorization, pseudonymity, or certification. In Computer Mediated Communication environments, these markers of identity knowledge are embodied in e-mail addresses, IP addresses, browsing histories, screen names, and even in the writing styles of forum posts. What makes these examples more than mere concrete instances of Marx's typology are the nuances that information and communication technologies (ICTs) bring to the creation and monitoring of these identifiers.
Advantages The importance of anonymity can be seen in the many benefits it affords us. Marx (1999) lists some fifteen rationales for anonymity. These rationales can be placed into two broader categories: protection or facilitation. Anonymity protects the reputation, economic assets, and personhood of the actor. Corporate and governmental whistle blowing protect the interests of the public at large, but without the protection of anonymity few informants would be willing to expose the injustices and inefficiencies practiced in such organizations. Anonymity also facilitates the communication of information. People are more inclined to contribute personal information to research when they know their responses are anonymized. Journalists rely on anonymous sources to help provide the most thorough account of a story. Anonymity focuses attention on the content of the message rather than the character of the messenger, meaning it can circumvent audience biases. This is very important in cases involving gender; women are much more likely to assume a pseudonym of the opposite sex in order to communicate their message. Anonymity can also add a dramatic effect, a mystique to the message that may help in its distribution.

Disadvantages While anonymity has many benefits, its main drawback is significant: there is no accountability for the actions of the anonymous. Anonymity can help in the dissemination of truth about an 6

organization's actions, but it may also enable libelous charges, ruining a company's or individual's reputation without any possibility of retribution against the libeler. The media have publicized countless instances of destroyed lives because of postings on a gossip site. Spam, fraud, and other ecrimes are perpetrated under anonymous conditions, with little recourse for the victim seeking justice as the perpetrator is unidentifiable.

2.8. Copy Right and Plagiarism Copyright is a form of protection to the authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. Copyright is used to describe the right a writer/ creator has over his/her works. It is an intellectual property right. Copyright means the exclusive right to reproduce, translate or adapt the work for public dissemination and performance by any means. Once published, you enjoy copyright to your work during your lifetime and your heirs have the rights for another 60 years. You can choose to transfer your complete, partial or territorial rights as per your business priorities. (Indian Copyright Act 1957) What is plagiarism? Plagiarism means using anothers work without giving credit. If you use others words, you must put them in quotation marks and cite your source. You must also give citations when using others ideas, even if you have paraphrased those ideas in your own words. Work includes the words and ideas of others, as well as art, graphics, computer programs, music, and other creative expression. The work may consist of writing, charts, data, graphs, pictures, diagrams, websites, movies, TV broadcasts, or other communication media. The term source includes published works -- books, magazines, newspapers, textbooks, websites, movies, photos, paintings, plays -- and unpublished sources (e.g., materials from a research service, blogs, class handouts, lectures, notes, speeches, or other students papers). Using words, ideas, computer code, or any work without giving proper credit is plagiarism. Any time you use information from a source, of any kind, you must cite it. 2.9. Digital Divide Today, if we examine the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) landscape, we find simultaneous existence of zones of high information connectivity and information black holes, which is often referred to as digital divide. Digital divide refers to the gap between the individuals, house-holds, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to both to their opportunities to access information and communication technologies (ICT) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities.1 In case of India, the absence of technological and basic infrastructure from adequate telephone connectivity to bandwidth problems is definitely an important reason for the prevalence of digital divide in India. However, non-technological factors such as telecommunication policies and literacy levels have substantial impact on the digital divide. Thus we will be dealing with certain factors responsible for digital divide in the Indian context. - Income divide - The gender divide - The ethnic divide
1

Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development (OECD), Understanding The Digital Divide, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/57/1888451.pdf.

Education or literacy divide Disability divide.

3. Christian Ethical Response All the above mentioned ethical issues of communication are the consequences of the present media structure. 1) Capitalistic Media Structure which is profit-oriented in which media practitioners are trying to make maximum profit even to the extend of violating the media principles 2) Culturally Imperialistic Media Structure through which western/eastern cultures are promoting through various media 3) Elite Oriented Media Structure, media of the elite, by the elite and for the elite This invites Christians to give ethical response. 3.1. Promoting Christian Media Practices (Christian Principle of Communication) 3.2. Bringing Awareness of Communitarian Values - kingdom values (equality, sharing, love, care and concern) 3.3. Solidarity with the Weak and Vulnarable -special attention to socially outcaste and downthrodden - giving them a chance to participate in the media - including them in the content of our media 3.4. Reviving Traditional and Using Alternative Media - emphasizing less-expensive media - folk media or traditional media promotion - discovering alternative usage of new information technology 3.5. New Pattern for Christian Communication Communicating Christ in Cyberspace - creating wbsite/blog etc - helping people on the net (involving in social network) - internet missionery SECTION V. USE OF DIFFERENT MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Public television in India has the following social objectives: 1. To act as a catalyst for social change 2. To promote national integration 3. To stimulate a scientific temper in the minds of the people 4. To disseminate the message of family planning as a means of population control and family welfare 5. To provide essential information and knowledge in order to stimulate greater agricultural production 6. To promote and help preserve environmental and ecological balance 7. To highlight the need for social welfare measures including welfare of women, children and the less privileged 8. To promote interest in games and sports, 9. To create values of appraisal of art and our cultural heritage.
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LEGAL ISSUES:Legal consideration such as defamation an privacy are concern in all organizations. Individual or the company can be sued for defamation of the character. Although they are legal issues but they are also ethical issues as they are related to the basic principles of honesty and human dignity. INVASION ON PRIVACY:Our laws protect individual privacy. Large data-bases credit, marketing research firms and medical companies collect our personal data that has greatly increased chances that our private infrmation can become public. HARRASMENT;It involve irritating or tormatin another person on repeatedbasis. It is a poor way of communicating feelings and violetes respect for other. PLAGIARISM:It is also an ethical issue. It invove taking the ideas from other and presenting it as ones own.such behavior is unethical because it involve misrepresentation and denies original author proper ackowledgement. PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION:Questions of right and wrong arise whenever people communicate. Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. We believe that unethical communication threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of individuals and the society in which we live. Following are the principles of ethical communication: Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication. Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society. To understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages. Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential. Promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that respect the unique needs and characteristics of individual communicators. Condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred. 9

 Be committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice. Sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices while also respecting privacy and confidentiality. Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences for our own communication and expect the same of others. GUIDELINE FOR ETHICAL WRITTEN AND SPOKEN MESSAGE:1. MESSAGE PURPOSE:Be sure that your message is in the best interest of audience. Purpose of message should not include any disguised intentions that in anyway harm others 2. MAKE SURE GOALS ARE ETHICALLY SOUND:It is the responsibility of a speaker is to check that his/her goals are ethically sound. If you are to be a good communicator, you can not escape assessing the ethical soundness on your goals. 3. RESEARCH METHOD:All sources of information used as a research material should be recent, reliable and unbiased. 4. SELECTION OF MATERIAL:Choosen information should communicate ideas fairly. Sources must be representative of the information available. Propaganda technique should be prohibited. 5. BE HONEST IN WHAT YOU SAY:There is a assumption in ethical communication that words can be trusted and people will be truthful. Without this assumption, there is no basis for communication, no reason for person to believe any thing that another person says. It will make a bond of trust between speaker and listener. 6. DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS:Too much reliance should not be given to emotional appeals. Reasoning should be logical. There should no distortion of information. Information should be accurate and relevant. 7. USE OF LANGUAGE:Language employed should be easily understood by listeners. Language should be concrete avoiding all ambiguities, abstructions and slangs. Language should display respect for listeners. 8. ETHICAL CONTEXT:Listeners values. Feling and attitudes should be considered in communication. GUIDELINE FOR ETHICAL LISTENING:Communication is a two way process. Speaker has some duties so listener has also some ethical responsibilities. BE COURTEOUS AND ATTENTIVE:Listeners have the responsibility to be courteous and attentive during the communication. This responsibility is especially in speech important in speech class. Student are in learning process so they need to support each other.when you listen to speches in class, give your fellow your students the same courtesy and attention you want from them. As you listen, be conscious of the 10

feedback you are sending the speaker. Maintain eye contact with your speaker, show support and encouragement in your facial expressions. Keep in mind the power you have as a listener over the speaker confidence, exercise that power with strong sense of responsibility. AVOID PREJUDGING THE SPEAKER:You cant judge a speech by the name, race, lifestyle, appearance or reputation f the speaker. it is the of listener to listen to th speaker before deciding whether to accept or reject what he or she saying. Listener aim is to listen carefully to the speaker ideas to assess the evidence and reasoning offered in support of these ideas, and to reach an intelligent judgement about the speech. MAINTAIN THE FREE AND OPEN EXPRESSION OF IDEAS:Speaker need to avoid name calling and other tactics that can undermine free speech. So the listener have an obligationto maintain the right of speaker to be heard. It is important to keep in mind that ensuring a persons freedom to express his or her ideas do not amply agreement with those ideas. Listener can disagree with the message entirely but still support the speakers right to express it. CONCLUSION:We communicate our values and beliefs to others via verbal and non-verbal communication. We are defined in the eyes of others according to the way we behave. We have a responsibility to act in ways that promote honesty and fairness to maximize personal worth of each person. Ethical people should speak out when something wrong is portrayed. Often we know whats right but we lack impetus or collective feeling to act ethically. SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHICS:Querries of ethics are aroused whenever we are subjected to question like whether an action is in acordance with the prescribed rule or code of conduct. The importance of ethics are emphasized and encouraged in every walk of life. Following are the scenarios in which ethical standard should be acknowledged. Parents must decide how to deal with a child who has been sent school from home for unruly behaviour. Researcher must decide whether to manipulate a data just to bit in order to gain credit for an important scientific breakthrough. The student must decide whether to say any thing about a friend who has been cheating on final examination. Question of ethics also come into play whenever a public speaker faces an audience. In a factious world all speakers are pious and honest and are devoted but in real world evidential outcomes are opposite sides of fence.for illustration, we consolidate the example of adolf hitler who was unquestionably a persuasive speaker. His oratory galvonized German people and they start visualizing him as an ideal leader but his aims were horrifying and his tactics are despicable. It is an underlying fact that whether you re a speaker in a class room or he courtroomor whether you are participating in a business meeting or a religious sevices, ethical issues are always confronted and the person who is ethical would always make the most appropiate decision. FACTORS THAT RAISE ETHICAL STANDARD:Following are the factors that cause an increase in ethical standard. Public disclosure/publicity Inreased concern of well informed people. 11

 Government regulations. Inreased professionaism of business managers. Teaching of ethical values in business and other schools and universities. NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR:It has become evident by way of some widely publicized areas. In the light of his anaysis gellerman made several suggestions such as following: Provide clear guideline for ethical behaviour. Teach ethical guidelines and their importance . Set up contros (for example, establish an audit agency) that chek on illegal or unethical deeds. Conduct frequent or unpredictable audits. Punish trespassers in a meaningful way and make it public so that it may dater others. Emphasize regularly that loyalty to the company does not excuse improper behaviour or actions. Basic Christian Ethics Ethics of Interpersonal Communication:The principles governing communication, the right and wrong aspects of it, the moral-immoral dimensions relevant to Interpersonal communication are called the ethics of Interpersonal communication. In interpersonal communication, one person is speaking while the other person is listening. Maintaining the correct balance between the speaking and listening phases is one part of the ethics of Interpersonal communication. One of the most widely discussed ethical issues in communication is the legitimacy of fear and emotional appeal. It is difficult to determine how fear or emotions prevent certain choices. The degree of criticism and praise is another ethical matter that concerns Interpersonal communication. It is vital to maintain an appropriate magnitude of both elements during the communication. A dearth or an overdose of either of the factors could result in unfavorable consequences. Of course the principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because any amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent.

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