Comb Filters

Feedforward Comb Filter

b0 bM x(n) z M y(n)

b0 = Feedforward coecient bM = Delay output coecient M = Delay-line length in samples Dierence Equation y(n) = b0 x(n) + bM x(n M ) Transfer Function H(z) = b0 + bM z M Frequency Response H(ejT ) = b0 + bM ejM T
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Gain Range for Feedforward Comb Filter

b0 bM x(n) z M y(n)

y(n) = b0 x(n) + bM x(n M ) For a sinewave input, with b0, bM > 0: Gain is maximum (b0 + bM ) when a whole number of periods ts in M samples: 2 k T = k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . M (the DFT basis frequencies for length M DFTs) Gain is minimum (|b0 bM |) when an odd number of half-periods ts in M samples: k T = (2k + 1) , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . M

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Feed-Forward Comb-Filter Amplitude Response

a) 2

Magnitude (Linear)

1.5

0.5

0.1

0.2

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample))

0.8

0.9

b)

10 5 Magnitude (dB) 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample)) 0.8

g=0.1 g=0.5 g=0.9

0.9 1

Linear (top) and decibel (bottom) amplitude scales H(z) = 1 + gz M M =5 g = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 G() = H(ejT ) = 1 + gejM T 2 cos(M T /2) when g = 1 In angers, these nulls slowly move with time
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Feedback Comb Filter

b0 y(n) x(n) z M

aM

aM = Feedback coecient (need |aM | < 1 for stability) M = Delay-line length in samples Direct-Form-II Dierence Equation (see gure): v(n) = x(n) aM v(n M ) y(n) = b0 v(n) Direct-Form-I Dierence Equation (commute gain b0 to the input): y(n) = b0 x(n) aM y(n M ) Transfer Function b0 H(z) = 1 + aM z M Frequency Response H(e
jT

b0 )= 1 + aM ejM T
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Simplied Feedback Comb Filter Special case: b0 = 1, aM = g y(n) = x(n) + g y(n M ) 1 H(z) = 1 g z M Impulse response is a series of echoes, exponentially decaying and uniformly spaced in time: 1 H(z) = = 1 + g z M + g 2 z 2M + 1 g z M (n) + g (n M ) + g 2 (n 2M ) + = [1, 0, . . . , 0, g, 0, . . . , 0, g 2, 0, . . . ]
M 1 M 1

Models a plane wave between parallel walls Models wave propagation on a guitar string g = round-trip gain coecient: two wall-to-wall traversals (two wall reections) two string traversals (two endpoint reections)

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Simplied Feedback Comb Filter, Contd

y(n) x(n) z M

y(n) = x(n) + g y(n M ) H(z) = 1 1 g z M

For a sinewave input and 0 < g < 1: Gain is maximum [1/(1 g)] when a whole number of periods ts in M samples: 2 k T = k , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . M These are again the DFTM basis frequencies Gain is minimum [1/(1 + g)] when an odd number of half-periods ts in M samples: k T = (2k + 1) , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . M
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Feed-Back Comb-Filter Amplitude Response

a)

12 10 Magnitude (Linear) 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample)) 0.8 0.9 1

b)

20 15 Magnitude (dB) 10 5 0 5 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample)) 0.8 0.9 1

g=0.1 g=0.5 g=0.9

Linear (top) and decibel (bottom) amplitude scales H(z) = M = 5,

1 1gz M

g = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9

1gejM T 1
g=1

G() = H(ejT ) =

2 sin( M T ) 2

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Inverted-Feed-Back Comb-Filter Amplitude Response

a)

12 10 Magnitude (Linear) 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample)) 0.8 0.9 1

b)

20 15 Magnitude (dB) 10 5 0 5 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Normalized Frequency (cycles per sample)) 0.8 0.9 1

g=0.1 g=0.5 g=0.9

Linear (top) and decibel (bottom) amplitude scales H(z) = M = 5,

1 1gz M

g = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9

1gejM T
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G() = H(ejT ) =

g = 1

2 cos( M T ) 2

Schroeder Allpass Filters

b0

x(n)

z M

y(n)

aM

Used extensively in articial reverberation Transfer function: b0 + z M H(z) = 1 + aM z M To obtain an allpass lter, set b0 = aM Proof: H(e
jT

a + ejM T a + ejM T = jM T ) = jM T 1 + ae e +a a + ejM T = =1 jM T a+e

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First-Order Allpass Filter Transfer function: k1 + z 1 H1(z) = S1(z) = 1 + k1z 1

(a)
k1 x(n) z 1 y(n)

k1

(b)
x(n) k1 k1 y(n) z 1

(a) Direct form II lter structure (b) Two-multiply lattice-lter structure

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Nested Allpass Filter Design Any delay-element or delay-line inside a stable allpass-lter can be replaced by any stable allpass-lter to obtain a new stable allpass lter: z 1 Ha(z) z 1 (The pure delay on the right-hand-side guarantees no delay-free loops are introduced, so that the original structure can be used) Proof: 1. Allpass Property: Note that the above substitution is a conformal map taking the unit circle of the z plane to itself. Therefore, unity gain for |z| = 1 is preserved under the mapping. 2. Stability: Expand the transfer function in series form: S [Ha(z)z 1]1
2 = s0+s1Ha(z)z 1+s2Ha (z)z 2+

where sn = original impulse response. In this form, it is clear that stability is preserved if Ha(z) is stable.

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Nested Allpass Filters H2(z) = S1 [z S2(z)]

(a)
x(n) z 1 k2

k1 + z 1S2(z) = 1 + k1z 1S2(z)

k1 y(n)

z 1 S2 (z) k2

k1 S2 (z)

(b)
x(n) k1 k1 k2 k2 z 1 1

H2 (z) =

1 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2

H0 (z) =

a2 + a1 z + z 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2
0

y(n) 2

z 1

2 ya (n)

Ha (z) =

b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 1 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2

(a) Nested direct-form-II structures (b) Two-multiply lattice-lter structure (equivalent)

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Feedback Delay Network (FDN)

x1 (n) x2 (n) x3 (n)

u1 (n) u2 (n) u3 (n)

z M1 z M2 z M3 q11 q12 q13 q21 q22 q23 q31 q32 q33

y1 (n) y2 (n) y3 (n)

g1 g2 g3

Order 3 MIMO FDN Vectorized Feedback Comb Filter Closely related to state-space representations of LTI systems (vectorized one-pole lter) Transfer function, stability analysis, etc., essentially identical to corresponding state-space methods

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