Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
4
143 144 163 188
Mode Analysis
Chapter outline
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Mode analysis of a straight bar Mode analysis of a suspension for hard-disc drive Mode analysis of a one-axis precision moving table using elastic hinges
4.1
Introduction
hen a steel bar is hit by a hammer, a clear sound can be heard because the steel bar vibrates at its resonant frequency. If the bar is oscillated at this resonant frequency, it will be found that the vibration amplitude of the bar becomes very large. Therefore, when a machine is designed, it is important to know the resonant frequency of the machine. The analysis to obtain the resonant frequency and the vibration mode of an elastic body is called mode analysis. It is said that there are two methods for mode analysis. One is the theoretical analysis and the other is the nite-element method (FEM). Theoretical analysis is usually used for a simple shape of an elastic body, such as a at plate and a straight bar, but theoretical analysis cannot give us the vibration mode for the complex shape of an elastic body. FEM analysis can obtain the vibration mode for it. In this chapter, three examples are presented, which use beam elements, shell elements, and solid elements, respectively, as shown in Figure 4.1.
143
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 4.1
FEM element types: (a) beam element; (b) shell element; and (c) solid element.
4.2
4.2.1
Figure 4.2
Thickness of the bar is 0.005 m, width is 0.01 m, and the length is 0.09 m. Material of the bar is steel with Youngs modulus, E = 206 GPa, and Poissons ratio = 0.3. Density = 7.8 103 kg/m3 . Boundary condition: All freedoms are constrained at the left end.
4.2.2
Analytical solution
Before mode analysis is attempted using ANSYS program, an analytical solution for resonant frequencies will be obtained to conrm the validity of ANSYS solution. The analytical solution of resonant frequencies for a cantilever beam in y direction is given by: fi = 2 i 2L2 EI M (i = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) (4.1)
where length of the cantilever beam, L = 0.09 m, cross-section area of the cantilever beam, A = 5 105 m2 , and Youngs modulus, E = 206 GPa.
145
The area moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam is: I = bt 3/12 = (0.01 0.0053 )/12 = 1.042 1010 m4 Mass per unit width M = AL/L = A = 7.8 103 kg/m3 5 105 m2 = 0.39 kg/m 1 = 1.875 2 = 4.694 3 = 7.855. For that set of data the following solutions are obtained: f1 = 512.5 Hz, f2 = 3212 Hz, and f3 = 8994 Hz. Figure 4.3 shows the vibration modes and the positions of nodes obtained by Equation (4.1).
0.868 L
0.744 L
0.5 L
Figure 4.3
4.2.3
In FEM analysis, it is very important to select a proper element type which inuences the accuracy of solution, working time for model construction, and CPU time. In this example, the two-dimensional elastic beam, as shown in Figure 4.4, is selected for the following reasons:
yi i xi i yj j xj j
(a) Vibration mode is constrained in the two-dimensional plane. (b) Number of elements can be reduced; the time for model construction and CPU time are both shortened. Two-dimensional elastic beam has three degrees of freedom at each node (i, j), which are translatory deformations in the x and y directions and rotational deformation around the z-axis. This beam can be subjected to extension or compression bending due to its length and the magnitude of the area moment of inertia of its cross section.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Then the window Element Types, as shown in Figure 4.5, is opened. (1) Click [A] Add. Then the window Library of Element Types as shown in Figure 4.6 opens.
Figure 4.5
C B
Figure 4.6
(2) Select [B] Beam in the table Library of Element Types and, then, select [C] 2D elastic 3. (3) Element type reference number is set to 1 and click D OK button. Then the window Library of Element Types is closed. (4) Click [E] Close button in the window of Figure 4.7.
147
Figure 4.7
4.2.3.2 Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Real Constants Add/Edit/Delete Add (1) The window Real Constants opens. Click [A] add button, and the window Element Type for Real Constants appears in which the name of element type selected is listed as shown in Figure 4.8. (2) Click [B] OK button to input the values of real constants and the window Real Constant for BEAM3 is opened (Figure 4.9). (3) Input the following values in Figure 4.10. [C] Cross-sectional area = 5e5; [D] Area moment of inertia = 1.042e10; [E] Total beam height = 0.005. After inputting these values, click [F] OK button to close the window. (4) Click [G] Close button in the window Real Constants (Figure 4.11).
4.2.3.3
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
This section describes the procedure of dening the material properties of the beam element.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Material Props Material Models (1) Click the above buttons in the specied order and the window Dene Material Model Behavior opens (Figure 4.12).
A B
C D E
Figure 4.10
149
Figure 4.11
(2) Double click the following terms in the window. [A] Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic. As a result the window Linear Isotropic Properties for Material Number 1 opens (Figure 4.13). (3) Input Youngs modulus of 206e9 to [B] EX box and Poisson ratio of 0.3 to [C] PRXY box. Then click [D] OK button. Next, dene the value of density of material. (1) Double click the term of Density in Figure 4.12 and the window Density for Material Number 1 opens (Figure 4.14). (2) Input the value of density, 7800 to [F] DENS box and click [G] OK button. Finally, close the window Dene Material Model Behavior by clicking [H] X mark at the upper right corner (Figures 4.12 and 4.14).
4.2.3.4
CREATE KEYPOINTS
To draw a cantilever beam for analysis, the method of using keypoints is described.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Keypoints In Active CS The window Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System opens.
Figure 4.12
B C
Figure 4.13
(1) Input 1 to [A] NPT KeyPoint number box, 0,0,0 to [B] X, Y, Z Location in active CS box, and then click [C] Apply button. Do not click OK button at this stage. If you click OK button, the window will be closed. In this case, open the window Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System and then proceed to step 2 (Figure 4.15).
151
Figure 4.14
A B C
Figure 4.15
(2) In the same window, input 2 to [D] NPT Keypoint number box, 0.09, 0,0 to [E] X, Y, Z Location in active CS box, and then click [F] OK button (Figure 4.16). (3) After nishing the above steps, two keypoints appear in the window (Figure 4.17).
4.2.3.5
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Modeling Create Lines Lines Straight Line
D E F
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
The window Create Straight Line, as shown in Figure 4.18, is opened. (1) Pick the keypoints [A] 1 and [B] 2 (as shown in Figure 4.19) and click [C] OK button in the window Create Straight Line (as shown in Figure 4.18). A line is created.
4.2.3.6 Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Size Cntrls Manual Size Lines All Lines
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
The window Element Sizes on All Selected Lines, as shown in Figure 4.20, is opened. (1) Input [A] the number of 20 to NDIV box. This means that a line is divided into 20 elements. (2) Click [B] OK button and close the window.
Figure 4.20
From ANSYS Graphics window, the preview of the divided line is available, as shown in Figure 4.21, but the line is not really divided at this stage.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Preprocessor Meshing Mesh Lines The window Mesh Lines, as shown in Figure 4.22, opens. (1) Click [C] the line shown in ANSYS Graphics window and, then, [D] OK button to nish dividing the line.
4.2.3.7
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The left end of nodes is xed in order to constrain the left end of the cantilever beam.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Solution Dene Loads Apply Structural Displacement On Nodes.
Figure 4.21
B D
The window Apply U,ROT on Nodes, as shown in Figure 4.23, opens. (1) Pick [A] the node at the left end in Figure 4.24 and click [B] OK button. Then the window Apply U,ROT on Nodes as shown in Figure 4.25 opens. (2) In order to set the boundary condition, select [C] All DOF in the box Lab2. In the box VALUE [D] input 0 and, then, click [E] OK button. After these steps, ANSYS Graphics window is changed as shown in Figure 4.26.
Figure 4.24
D E
Figure 4.25
157
Figure 4.26
4.2.4
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Solution Analysis Type New Analysis The window New Analysis, as shown in Figure 4.27, opens. (1) Check [A] Modal and, then, click [B] OK button. In order to dene the number of modes to extract, the following procedure is followed.
Command
ANSYS Main Menu Solution Analysis Type Analysis Options The window Modal Analysis, as shown in Figure 4.28, opens. (1) Check [C] Subspace of MODOPT and input [D] 3 in the box of No. of modes to extract and click [E] OK button.
Figure 4.27
Figure 4.28
159
(2) Then, the window Subspace Modal Analysis, as shown in Figure 4.29, opens. Input [F] 10000 in the box of FREQE and click [G] OK button.
Figure 4.29
4.2.4.2 Command
EXECUTE CALCULATION
ANSYS Main Menu Solution Solve Current LS The window Solve Current Load Step, as shown in Figure 4.30, opens. (1) Click [A] OK button to initiate calculation. When the window Note, as shown in Figure 4.31 appears, the calculation is nished. (2) Click [B] Close button and to close the window. The window /STATUS Command, as shown in Figure 4.32, also opens but this window can be closed by clicking [C] the mark X at the upper right-hand corner of the window.
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
Window of Note.
Figure 4.32
161
4.2.5
Postprocessing
4.2.5.1 READ THE CALCULATED RESULTS OF THE FIRST MODE OF VIBRATION
Command
4.2.5.2 Command
ANSYS Main Menu General Postproc Plot Results Deformed Shape The window Plot Deformed Shape, as shown in Figure 4.33, opens. (1) Select [A] Def+Undeformed and click [B] OK. (2) Calculated result for the rst mode of vibration is displayed in the ANSYS Graphics window as shown in Figure 4.34. The resonant frequency is shown as FRQE at the upper left-hand side on the window.
Figure 4.33
4.2.5.3
READ THE CALCULATED RESULTS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD MODES OF VIBRATION
Command
ANSYS Main Menu General Postproc Read Results Next Set Follow the same steps outlined in Section 4.2.5.2 and calculated results for the second and third modes of vibration. Results are plotted in Figures 4.35 and 4.36. Resonant frequencies obtained by ANSYS show good agreement of those by analytical solution indicated in page 145 though they show slightly lower values.
Figure 4.34
Figure 4.35
163
Figure 4.36
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
In this example, the two-dimensional elastic shell is selected for calculations as shown in Figure 4.37(c). Shell element is very suitable for analyzing the characteristics of thin material.