OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the characteristics of a serves circuit 2. To study the characteristics of series parallel circuit.

QUESTIONS: 1. In series connection, how is the voltage related to the drops in the resistor?

2. From the result of the experiment, compare of the summation of the voltage drops in the resistor with the applied voltage. 3. In parallel connection, how is the total current related with the brunch current? 4. From the result of the experiment compare the total current with the sum of the brunch currents. 5. When resistors of unequal resistance are connected in series, how are the respective voltage drop related to each other. 6. When resistors of unequal resistance are connected in parallel, how are the respective voltage drop related to each other.

7. What would happen if a break occurs in a series circuit?

8. What would happen if a break occurs in one branch of a three-branch parallel circuit?

9. Explain why the equivalent resistance of a number of resistors in parallel is always less than the ohmic value of the smallest value.

10. A series lightning system has 100 incandescent lamps. If the resistance per lamp is 5 ohms, what is the T if the voltage drop is 120 volts? What is the total voltage impressed to the system.?

INTRODUCTION: With simple series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end to form only one path for electrons to flow through the circuit:

With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for electrons to flow from one end of the battery to the other:

With each of these two basic circuit configurations, we have specific sets of rules describing voltage, current, and resistance relationships.

Series Circuits: Voltage drops add to equal total voltage. All components share the same (equal) current. Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Parallel Circuits: All components share the same (equal) voltage. Branch currents add to equal total current. Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and parallel in others, we won't be able to apply a single set of rules to every part of that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that circuit are series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel rules as necessary to determine what is happening. Take the following circuit, for instance:

This circuit is neither simple series nor simple parallel. Rather, it contains elements of both. The current exits the bottom of the battery, splits up to travel through R3 and R4, rejoins, then splits up again to travel through R1 and R2, then rejoins again to return to the top of the battery. There exists more than one path for current to travel (not series), yet there are more than two sets of electrically common points in the circuit (not parallel). Because the circuit is a combination of both series and parallel, we cannot apply the rules for voltage, current, and resistance "across the table" to begin analysis like we could when the circuits were one way or the other. For instance, if the above circuit were simple series, we could just add up R1 through R4 to arrive at a total resistance, solve for total current, and then solve for all voltage drops. Likewise, if the above circuit were simple parallel, we could just solve for branch currents, add up branch currents to figure the total current, and then calculate total resistance from total voltage and total current. However, this circuit's solution will be more complex. The table will still help us manage the different values for series-parallel combination circuits, but we'll have to be careful how and where we apply the

different rules for series and parallel. Ohm's Law, of course, still works just the same for determining values within a vertical column in the table. Series Circuits A series circuit is a circuit where there is only one path from the source through all of the loads and back to the source. This means that all of the current in the circuit must flow through all of the loads. In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component.[1] In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component Parallel Circuit. Is a circuit in which there are at least two independent paths in the circuit to get back to the source. In a parallel circuit, each device is placed in its own separate branch. The presence of branch lines means that there are multiple pathways by which charge can traverse the external circuit. Each charge passing through the loop of the external circuit will pass through a single resistor present in a single branch. When arriving at the branching location or node, a charge makes a choice as to which branch to travel through on its journey back to the low potential terminal. A parallel circuit is one of the two basic types of electric circuit that can be found in electrical devices. "Circuit" refers to the total path of an electric current, or flow of electrical energy, and includes devices such as resistors, which control the flow of voltage, or difference in electrical charge, and capacitors, which store electrical charge. Circuits fall into one of two categories: series or parallel. In a series circuit, all the components of the circuit are lined up in a single path so that the current flows through each component in order.

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Discussion: The objective of this lab is to study resistances connected in series, parallel, and combination circuits. We perform experiments using two different types of circuit arrangements: series and parallel circuits. We compare a set up of series and parallel bulbs, make predictions about how the circuit will function, record results, and discuss the circuits as a group. We learn that different circuit designs result in different electrical behaviors also we learn about current flow and the operational differences between series
and parallel circuits

The Series and Parallel Circuits activity encourages students to test two different circuit designs through the use of low voltage light bulbs. Students work in teams to predict the difference between the two circuit designs, and then build examples of the two different circuits using wires, bulbs, and batteries. After testing several predictions about each circuit type, the groups will compare results and discuss findings.

Conclusion: Therefore concluded that in the series circuit, the current is same in every resistor and the potential difference varies directly to the resistance of the resistor. In the parallel circuit, the potential difference across each resistor is same and the current in each resistor varies inversely to the resistance of the resistor. In the series circuit the equivalent resistance of the circuit is more than the maximum value of individual resistance. In the parallel circuit, the equivalent resistance of the circuit is lesser than the lowest individual resistance The Series and Parallel Circuits activity encourages students to test two different circuit designs through the use of low voltage light bulbs. Students work in teams to predict the difference between the two circuit designs. If the two or more resistors are connected in the series combination with a battery, such circuit is known as the series circuit. If the two or more resistors are connected in the parallel combination with a battery, such circuit is known as the parallel circuit. In case of series combination, the electric current through all the resistors is same while in the parallel combination the potential difference across each resistor is same.