Rhoniel R.

Valdez I291 Assignment # 1 Describe the function of a DTE and DCE device --- DTE is short for Data Terminal Equipment, a device that controls data flowing to or from a computer. The term is most often used in reference to serial communications defined by the RS-232C standard. This standard defines the two ends of the communications channel as being a DTE and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) device. In practical terms, the DCE is usually a modem and the DTE is the computer itself, or more precisely, the computer's UART chip. For internal modems, the DCE and DTE are part of the same device. Explain the roles of an intermediary device/s. Give examples of intermediary device. --- For communication to run smoothly across the network there are devices that place intermediary roles in networking. These intermediary devices provide connectivity and work behind the scenes to ensure that data flows across the network. Examples of intermediary network devices are routers, switches and hubs. What are the characteristics of data as it flows from source to destination? --It manages data flows and determine the pathways of the said destination. What are the characteristics of network protocols? --- Network protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, and SMTP provide a foundation that much of the Internet is built on. What are the functions of header and trailer information in the encapsulation process? --- Each layer may add a Header and a Trailer to its PDU as it proceeds through the layers. The Headers contain information that specifically addresses layer-to-layer communication. Headers, trailers and data are relative concepts, depending on the layer that analyzes the information unit. What are the key functions of encapsulation? --- identifies pieces of data as part of the same communication , ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving end device, enables the reassembly of complete messages, identifies pieces of data as part of the same communication, ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving end device. What is a LAN and give its characteristics? --- local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. What is a WAN and give its characteristics? --- wide area network (WAN) is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. The term distinguishes a broader telecommunication structure from a local area network (LAN). A wide area network may be privately owned or rented, but the term usually connotes the inclusion of public (shared user) networks.

What are the layers of OSI and give the functions of each layer? --1. Layer 7: Application Layer - Defines interface to user processes for communication and data transfer in network 2. Layer 6: Presentation Layer - Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format 3. Layer 5: Session Layer - Manages user sessions and dialogues 4. Layer 4: Transport Layer - Manages end-to-end message delivery in network 5. Layer 3: Network Layer - Determines how data are transferred between network devices 6. Layer 2: Data Link Layer - Defines procedures for operating the communication links 7. Layer 1: Physical Layer - Defines physical means of sending data over network devices

Define PDU. What are the different PDUs in each layer of the OSI? --Short for Protocol Data Unit. The term used to describe data as it moves from one layer of the OSI model to another. In this reference, PDU is often used synonymously with packet. Compare and contrast OSI layers and TCP/IP layers. --- The main differences between the OSI architecture and that of TCP/IP relate to the layers above the transport layer (layer 4) and those at the network layer (layer 3). OSI has both, the session layer and the presentation layer, whereas TCP/IP combines both into an application layer. The requirement for a connectionless protocol also required TCP/IP to combine OSIs physical layer and data link layer into a network level.