VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 PP.

599-618 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 599

` l| dcctc| l+|d -|e||+ac es p|c|esc| t|tu|+| de |+ l||s| a de -da|a|st|+c| a l c||c+ de| teat|c de laes
t|e+c| a lcceac|+ lcca a|c+s (tlll. te|. !)~)). e\t. )~!. cc||ec e|ect| a|cc: d+|d.+|e||+acc|de.edu.
l| dcctc| la||cue t+c|e|c es d||ectc| eeae|+| de| teat|c de laest|e+c| a lcceac|+ lcca a|c+s (tlll. te|.
!)~)1. cc||ec e|ect| a|cc: ea||cue.c+c|e|cc|de.edu.
1
-|t cu|c |ec|c|dc e| 1 de eae|c de !)) +cept+dc e| !~ de a+|:c de !)). 1|+ducc| a de| |ae| s de :u
s+a+ Mc|eac l+|+d+.
David Arellano y Enrique Cabrero*
/: \a-:: 6-// a / ||/.: r
a /-r : 4- |: r.:a/::./ a
a :r.ao-a/ :a//|/|-r:|-
|a//./: r -;a/4:4 -a -| 4-|:/-
r.:a/::./a:| / ||/.
1
L+ \ue+ test| a l c||c+ (\tl |+ e+d|dc ua+ |apc|t+ate ccas|de|+c| a ea |+ ||te|+tu|+:
|+ d|scus| a scc|e |ust|c|+ ecu|d+d. ls | c|| eaccat|+| +utc|es cue de||ead+a sus p|ea|
s+s scc|e c+ses +da|a|st|+t|+s u c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es. 1+ac| a es pcs|c|e eaccat|+| +a ||s|s
|ast|tuc|ca+|es cue cusc+a susteat+| |+s |a|c|+t|+s de |+ \tl ea t |a|acs ||st ||ccs e |ac|u
sc cu|tu|+|es. lc| sue|te. +|c|+ ec:+acs de ua+ |+|e+ ||st+ de +|t cu|cs cue |e+||:+a +a ||
s|s eap ||ccs de |+s ccasecueac|+s de |+ \tl ea d||e|eates ccate\tcs. l+s ccasecueac|+s c|
e+a|:+c|ca+|es. ac|+|es. +da|a|st|+t|+s t|c+s de |+ \tl sca eac|aes es aeces+||c
+a+||:+||+s cca suac cu|d+dc.
lste +|t cu|c t|+t+ de |acu|+| |cs +|euaeatcs de |+ \tl cca |+ d|scus| a scc|e |ust|c|+.
ecu|d+d -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+|. - aeaudc. |+ \tl se p+|ece + |+s e|s|caes e\t|ea+s de |+s
c| t|c+s ||ce|t+||+s de| ||ce|+||sac. - eces. +|euacs +utc|es de |+ \tl p+|ecea de|eade| ua+
|s| a +utc||t+||+ de |+ scc|ed+d |+ c|e+a|:+c| a. lac|usc pcdeacs dec|| cue su tec| + de
|+ c|e+a|:+c| a + aeaudc es p|cpeas+ + cc||ce| e| seat|dc de| |ape||c de |+ |e |uad+aea
t+| ea cu+|cu|e| scc|ed+d ccateapc| ae+.
/:|:|r: .|::- tec| + de |+ c|e+a|:+c| a. \ue+ test| a l c||c+. tec| + de |+ |ust|c|+.
-/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+|.
\-. /a||/. h:a:.-o-a/ :a4 // |-rr / Or.:a/:://a
!r- |-r !a//|/|-r:| !r.ao-a/ Or.:a/:://a:| |a//.- :a4 /;a//r
T|e \lM |+s acst| esc+ped +a |apc|t+at ccas|de|+t|ca |a t|e ||te|+tu|et|e d|scuss|ca
ca |ust|ce +ad ecu|t. lt |s e+s tc ||ad +ut|c|s t|+t de|ead |ts p|ea|ses ca +da|a|st|+t|e
c| c|e+a|:+t|ca+| c+s|s. lt |s +|sc pcss|c|e tc ||ad |ast|tut|ca+| +a+|s|s |cc||ae tc suppc|t
t|e \lM |a|t|+t|es |a ||stc||c+|. eea cu|tu|+| te|as. lc|tua+te| eacue|. we ea|c acw +
|+|ee ||st c| +|t|c|es a+||ae eap|||c+| +a+|s|s c| t|e ccasecueaces c| \lM |a d|||e|eat set
t|aes. 1|e c|e+a|:+t|ca+|. ac|+|. +da|a|st|+t|e +ad et||c+| ccasecueaces c| \lM +|e eac|
acus +ad |ecu||e tc ce +a+|:ed ac|e c+|e|u||.
1||s p+pe| +tteapts tc ||a| t|e \lM +|euaeats w|t| t|e d|scuss|ca c| |ust|ce. ecu|t
+ad c|e+a|:+t|ca+| et|cs. \lM e| c|tea |eseac|e e\t|eae e|s|cas c| ||ce|t+||+a c||t|cues
tc ||ce|+||sa. :caet|aes. scae \lM +ut|c|s seea tc +dcc+te +a +ut|c||t+||+a |s|ca c|
scc|et +ad c|e+a|:+t|ca. \e c+a eea s+ t|+t |ts c|e+a|:+t|ca t|ec| |s e| c|tea p|cae
tc e|cde t|e sease c| t|e |u|e c| |+w aecess+| |a +a ccateapc|+| scc|et.
/-r.r4 c|e+a|:+t|ca+| t|ec|. \ew luc||c M+a+eeaeat. |ust|ce t|ec|. c|e+a|:+t|c
a+| et|cs.
ES LA NUEVA GESTIN PBLICA Y SU TEORA DE LA ORGANIZACIN
UN ARGUMENTO ANTILIBERAL? LAS CONSECUENCIAS
EN TRMINOS DE JUSTICIA Y ETHOS ORGANIZACIONALES
NGP: UN ARGUMENTO ANTILIBERAL?
lueec de ua+ e\teas+ |e|s| a de |+ ||te|+tu|+. es sc|p|eadeate ccse|+| cue |+
\ue+ test| a l c||c+ (\tl. ea eeae|+|. se |+ ||c|+dc de ua+ ccas|de|+c| a |apc|
t+ate: |+ d|scus| a scc|e |ust|c|+ ecu|d+d. ls | c|| eaccat|+| +utc|es cue de||eadea
|+s p|ea|s+s de |+ \tl scc|e c+ses +da|a|st|+t|+s u c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es (+|:e|+. 1))!:
-ucc|a. 1))). 1+ac| a es pcs|c|e eaccat|+| +a ||s|s |ast|tuc|ca+|es cue cusc+a sus
600 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
teat+| |+s |a|c|+t|+s de |+ \tl ea t |a|acs ||st ||ccs e |ac|usc cu|tu|+|es (lett|. 1))).
lc| sue|te. +|c|+ ec:+acs de ua+ |+|e+ ||st+ de +|t cu|cs ||c|cs cue |+cea +a ||s|s
eap ||ccs de |+s ccasecueac|+s de |+ \tl ea d||e|eates ccate\tcs (lc|||t. 1))~: :||c|.
1))~: k+a. !)).
:|a eac+|ec. |+ \tl ac puede e|se t+a s |c ccac ua cca|uatc de ea|ccues
cue cusc+a |ee|t|a+c| a +c+d a|c+. ls. s|a dud+. ua |ea aeac |e||e\|c. es dec||.
ua +|euaeatc cue t|eae |apc|t+ates ccasecueac|+s eap ||c+s. l+s ccasecueac|+s
c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es. ac|+|es. +da|a|st|+t|+s t|c+s de |+ \tl sca eac|aes es aece
s+||c +a+||:+||+s cca suac cu|d+dc. h+c|eadc usc de |ecet+s de |+ \tl. +||cs ec
c|e|acs de tcdc e| auadc est a |ede||a|eadc |e|c|a+adc sus est|uctu|+s ae
c+a|sacs p+|+ +cc|d+| |cs p|cc|ea+s scc|+|es. la este seat|dc. ac se| + dese+c|e
e|t+| |+ d|scus| a de |+s ccasecueac|+s scc|+|es a s |apc|t+ates de |+ |a||ueac|+
de |+ \tl. ccac s| |+ \tl |ue|+ ua d|spcs|t|c t ca|cc aeut|c cue se +d+pt+|+ + cu+|
cu|e| ccate\tc.
lste +|t cu|c t|+t+ de |acu|+| |+s supcs|c|caes de |+ \tl cca |+ d|scus| a scc|e
|ust|c|+. ecu|d+d -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+|. lst c|+|c cue +|eua+s p+|tes de |+ \tl. c
cu+adc aeacs ua+ e|s| a e\t|ea+ de |+ \tl (tca+adc +|euacs de |cs e|eaeatcs
cue p|cpusc lc|||t. !)). p+|ecea +pc+| ua +|euaeatc ||ce|t+||c. a s cue ||ce|+|.
la ct|+s p+|+c|+s. |+ \tl se p+|ece + aeaudc + |+s e|s|caes e\t|ea+s de |+s c| t|
c+s ||ce|t+||+s de| ||ce|+||sac. la cc+s|caes. +|euacs +utc|es de |+ \tl p+|ecea de
|eade| ua+ |s| a +utc||t+||+ de |+ scc|ed+d |+ c|e+a|:+c| a. lac|usc pcdeacs dec||
cue su tec| + de |+ c|e+a|:+c| a + aeaudc es p|cpeas+ + cc||ce| e| seat|dc de| |a
pe||c de |+ |e aeces+||c ea cu+|cu|e| scc|ed+d ccateapc| ae+. leas+acs cue ste
ac es ua p|cc|ea+ aeac|. pues |+ \tl est +|ect+adc |+ a+ae|+ ea |+ cue est+acs
ccast|ueadc |+s c+p+c|d+des euce|a+aeat+|es +|euaeat+adc +ce|c+ de c ac ccas
t|u|| c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s.
lcdeacs de||a|| e| ||ce|t+||+a|sac ccac ua+ pcs|c| a |||cs ||c+ cue |esp+|d+
|+ |de+ de cue |cs se|es |ua+acs decea se| due cs de s a|sacs (-|/.a-r|//
ccac e| a|cc aed|c p+|+ c|e+| ua+ scc|ed+d |ust+. la+ scc|ed+d es |ust+ c |ap+|c|+|
s| c+d+ |ad||duc es c+p+: de pe|seeu|| sus p|cp|cs cc|et|cs s|a |+ |ate||e|eac|+ de
ct|+s |ueates e\te|a+s. ccac e| est+dc (\c:|c|. 1)+. !e. \c ccst+ate. cu+|cu|e|
pcde| |ua+ac e\te|ac cue cc||eue + ua |ad||duc + +ud+| + ct|cs. + d+||e + ct|cs
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 601
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
|ecu|scs +|ee+adc ecu|d+d. es ua+ e\p|cp|+c| a |c|eat+ de |cs de|ec|cs |ad||
du+|es. pues es |apcs|c|e dete|a|a+| de a+ae|+ cc|et|+ cu |es sca e\+ct+aeate
|cs a ||tcs cue t|eaea |cs |ad||ducs p+|+ +|c+a:+| su p|cp|c dest|ac. -dea s.
cu+|cu|e| |ue|:+ e\te|a+ ccac e| est+dc se ccapcae t+ac| a de se|es |ua+acs.
|c cue cca|e|te + |+ e\p|cp|+c| a ea ua |ast|uaeatc |ape||ectc de aeut|+||d+d c
|ust|c|+ (t+ut||e|. 1)~e. 1+1. la tcdc c+sc. e| se| due c de s a|sac e| a
||tc sca |+s a|c+s a+ae|+s seeu|+s de de||a|| |+s |ue|:+s scc|+|es p+|+ +|c+a:+| |+
|ust|c|+ |+ |ap+|c|+||d+d. pc|cue cu+|cu|e| ct|+ |aeac| a |educ|| + e| +|c| a s
|apc|t+ate de |cs se|es |ua+acs: se| due cs de s a|sacs.
l+ \tl |e||ead+ c|+|+aeate +|euacs de escs +|c|es. :us +|euaeatcs ccat|+ |+
cu|cc|+c|+. ccat|+ |cs aec+a|sacs de p|cced|a|eatcs su a|+s|s ea |+ ae||tcc|+
c|+
!
sca p+|te de| +|euaeatc |+ |||csc| + ||ce|t+||+. l+ \tl de||eade |+ |de+ de cue
e| aec+a|sac de ae|c+dc. s|eap|e cue se+ pcs|c|e. es e| ae|c| aec+a|sac p+|+
d|st||cu|| |cs ceae||c|cs. +pc+adc |+ |de+ de cue e| a ||tc e| se| due cs de s
a|sacs (aed|+ate |+ ccapeteac|+ sca ae|c|es |ueces scc|+|es. pues sca t ca|ccs
aeut|cs (cstca. 1))e. l+s |ee|+s |c|a+|es |cs p|cced|a|eatcs |c|a+|es ac sca
t+a |apc|t+ates. pues sca |ue|:+s cue ||a|t+a e| se| due c de s a|sac aed|+ate
|ate|eac|caes ccast+ates ea |+ d|sc|ec| a |ua+a+. l+ ae|c| a+ae|+ de aed|| e|
\|tc de| ecc|e|ac es + t|+ s de sus |esu|t+dcs (\|s|+aea. 1)!. 1e). |cs cu+|es
de||aea c+d+ e: a s |cs | a|tes de |+ |ate|eac| a de| ecc|e|ac scc|e |+s p|e|e|ea
c|+s de |cs c||eates |cs c|ud+d+acs.
la t |a|acs c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es. |+ \tl de||eade cue |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s
t|eaea cue se| ccat|c|+d+s. \c cc||espcade + |cs cu| c|+t+s (c ee|eates p c||ccs cc
ac |e eust+ ||+a+||cs + |+ \tl de||a|| cu es cueac c a+|c p+|+ |+ scc|ed+d. sca
|cs |ad||ducs (ccac c|ud+d+acs c. ae|c| + a. c||eates cu|eaes ae|c| ccaccea |c
602 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
!
-|eu|ea pcd| + dec|| cue |+ cu|cc|+c|+ es ae||tcc|+c|+. 1+| e: ea e| seat|dc wece||+ac. pe|c ac ea e| sea
t|dc ea cue |+ \tl us+ |+ ae||tcc|+c|+: |+ d||e|eac|+ eat|e cu|cc|+c|+ ae||tcc|+c|+ |+d|c+ ea e| |ec|c de cue
|+ cu|cc|+c|+ est |acu|+d+ + |cs p|cced|a|eatcs. + |+ secueac|+ p|c|es|ca+| |ee+| est||ct+ de |+ +cc| a. l+ ae
||tcc|+c|+ se c+s+ ea |c a|sac. pe|c p+|+ |+ \tl t+ac| a es ua+ est|uctu|+ c+s+d+ ea e| deseape c. ea |+ e+
|u+c| a de |esu|t+dcs. ea eaccat|+| |+s c+p+c|d+des c+s| |e|ed+d+s p+|+ ecce|a+| (lae|+|+a kcseac|cca.
1))!. l+ e|d+de|+ est|uctu|+ cu|cc| t|c+. d|ce |+ \tl. t|eae c s|c+aeate ua+ a+tu|+|e:+ ae||tcc| t|c+. pe|c |+s
cu|cc|+c|+s pc| s a|sa+s ac c|e+a s|stea+s de a ||tcs |e+|es. pc|cue e| a ||tc dece se| aed|dc c s|c+aea
te aed|+ate |esu|t+dcs (c+p+c|d+d c |ce|c. ac pc| p|cced|a|eatcs (\cuae. 1)e!: :ea. !))). lc| |c t+atc. p+
|+ est+| ccasc|eates de |+ c+p+c|d+d. e| |ce|c e| deseape c decea e|se ccac |+s c+|+cte| st|c+s c|+e p+|+
d||e|eac|+| |+s cu|cc|+c|+s de |+s ae||tcc|+c|+s.
cue cu|e|ea (Ost|ca. 1). 1. le|c cued+ c|+|c cue |ac|usc |cs c|ud+d+acs aece
s|t+a +ud+ p+|+ de||a|| |c cue es ae|c| p+|+ e||cs. le acdc cue es pcs|c|e dec||
cue |+ \tl +pc+ |+ p+|t|c|p+c| a de |cs c|ud+d+acs ua+ e: cue e| d|se c de| p|c
e|+a+ p c||cc |+ p+s+dc pc| |cs aec+a|sacs de ae|c+dc. la ct|+s p+|+c|+s. |cs
ee|eates p c||ccs p||ae|c d|se +a e| p|ce|+a+ aed|+ate ua+ aed|d+ de |esu|t+dcs
. pcste||c|aeate. s |c pcste||c|aeate. |cs c|ud+d+acs. |stcs ccac c||eates. puedea
de||a|| |c cue a s |es cca|eae p+|t|c|p+| ea |+ ec|uc| a de| p|ce|+a+ p c||cc.
st+ es ua+ p+|te au |apc|t+ate de| +|euaeatc de |+ \tl p+|+ cue se+ |e+||s
t+. l+s cp|a|caes de |cs c||eates |cs c|ud+d+acs sca |apc|t+ates ea |+ aed|d+ ea
|+ cue e| p|ce|+a+ p c||cc t|eae ua cuea d|se c. lc cue |+ce cue e| d|se c se+
cueac es su +peec + |+s |ee|+s de e||c|eac|+ de| ae|c+dc |ape|sca+| e||c|eate (c
+| aeacs |cs cu+s|ae|c+dcs. le t|+ad. 1))1. l+ c+ptu|+ de c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||
c+s sus cu| c|+t+s pc| p+|te de e|upcs de |ate| s pcde|cscs. cue es ua+ p|eccu
p+c| a |apc|t+ate de |+ +da|a|st|+c| a p c||c+ t|+d|c|ca+| (hccd +c|sca. 1)~1.
se |esue|e +p+|eateaeate + t|+ s de ua +|euaeatc t ca|cc ac|+|: ua+ e: cue ua
p|ce|+a+ p c||cc s|eue |ee|+s |+c|ca+|es (ea cpcs|c| a + |+s |ee|+s cu|cc| t|c+s c pc|
t|c+s. |cs +ctc|es (t+atc ee|eates ccac c|ud+d+acs +ct +a |+c|ca+|aeate. pc|cue
|c cue es ac|+|aeate cc||ectc es +ctu+| de a+ae|+ |+c|ca+|. O. ea ct|+s p+|+c|+s. |+
c+ptu|+ e\|ste pc|cue + aeaudc es |+c|ca+| se| c+ptu|+dc (c d|c|c de ct|+ a+ae|+.
e| +ctc| cue se de|+ c+ptu|+| ac est +ctu+adc s|ac ea p|c de sus p|cp|cs |ate|e
ses. ua p||ac|p|c c s|c+aeate |+c|ca+| (h+ac|e| Mc|+a. 1)~). es |+c|ca+| +ctu+|
de a+ae|+ eec st+ cpc|tua|st+. la |+ aed|d+ ea cue d|se eacs cuea+s |ast|tu
c|caes c|e+a|:+c|caes cue s|e+a |+s |ee|+s de ae|c+dc. se| |+c|ca+| +ctu+| ac
|+|aeate |+ c+ptu|+ se| e|t+d+. pc|cue est ea |cs p|cp|cs |ate|eses eec st+s de
|cs +ctc|es e| e|t+| se| c+ptu|+dc (ccac sue|e|e t+ut||e|. / .//. +!~+!).
l+|ece cue |+ \tl est c|e+adc ua+ tec| + de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes cue ac |e d+ |+
su||c|eate |apc|t+ac|+ + |+ d|scus| a de |+ |ust|c|+ p+|+ se| ua ea|ccue cue cuscue
ae|c|+| |cs ecc|e|acs ea tcdc e| auadc. l+ supcs|c| a puede e\p|es+|se de est+
a+ae|+: ea |+ aed|d+ ea |+ cue |+ e||c|eac|+ se+ e| |apu|sc| de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes
p c||c+s |+ ae||tcc|+c|+ e| sectc| p c||cc c||eat+dc + |esu|t+dcs se+a |cs p||ac|
p+|es +|c|es c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es. se est+| a p|cpc|c|ca+adc tcdcs |cs e|eaeatcs ae
ces+||cs p+|+ c|e+| ua ecc|e|ac cueac |+c|ca+| (. pc| t+atc. ac|+|. l+ pc| t|c+.
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 603
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
|+ p|u|+||d+d e| |ape||c de |+ |e. +|c|es |uad+aeat+|es ea cu+|cu|e| scc|ed+d
ccateapc| ae+. depeadea de |+ e||c|eac|+. la+ e: cue se t|eae ua ecc|e|ac
|apu|s+dc pc| |esu|t+dcs. cca ua+ cu|cc|+c|+ ae||tcc| t|c+ |ee|+s p|ce|+a+s |a
pu|s+dcs pc| e| ae|c+dc. +suatcs ccac |+ c+ptu|+ de |+ cu|cc|+c|+ pc| p+|te de
|ate|eses p||+dcs. |+ |ead|c| a de cueat+s pc| p|cced|a|eatcs. aeces+||+ + ||a
de ccat|c|+| |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s. c |+ aeces|d+d de ua+ p|eccup+c| a c de
c+te p c||cc +ce|c+ de |+ |ust|c|+ p|e|dea su |apc|t+ac|+. l| +|euaeatc ||ce|t+||c
de |+ \tl p+|ece p|cpcae| cue. ua+ e: cue e| ae|c+dc |+ ae||tcc|+c|+ ||eea
tcd+s |+s +cc|caes euce|a+aeat+|es. |+ |+c|ca+||d+d |+ |ust|c|+ +p+|ecea pc| s sc
|+s. pues se| |+c|ca+| +ctu+| ac|+|aeate.
Ot|c +|euaeatc ||ce|t+||c |apc|t+ate de |+ \tl se de||+ de |+ d|scus| a scc|e
cu puede de||a||se ccac ua+ |ate|eac| a euce|a+aeat+| cc||ect+ (1u||cc|.
1)). l+ \tl p|cpcae ua ecc|e|ac |ue|te |c|a+| s|eap|e cu+adc +ct e |+c|c
a+|aeate. l+ |+c|ca+||d+d |eae t+atc de |+s |ee|+s de ae|c+dc (e| ecc|e|ac |+
ae||tcc|+c|+ c||eat+dcs pc| |cs cu+s|ae|c+dcs |cs |esu|t+dcs ccac de| eapcde
|+a|eatc de |cs c|ud+d+acs. :|a eac+|ec. e| eapcde|+a|eatc depeade de |+s |ee|+s
de ae|c+dc. l||ae|c |eae e| +|euaeatc |+c|ca+| despu s. ua+ e: cc|cc+dc e|
ccate\tc |+c|ca+|. |eae e| eapcde|+a|eatc de |cs c|ud+d+acs. ls cc||ectc |ate|
ea|| ea |+ tca+ de dec|s|caes de |cs |ad||ducs: lcs ||ce|t+||cs d|cea cue ac. cue
cu+|cu|e| |ate|eac| a scc|e |+ tca+ de dec|s|caes de |cs |ad||ducs es ua+ |apc
s|c| a |aaeces+||+. ce|c+a+ + ua usc +utc||t+||c de| pcde| (\c:|c|. 1)+. 1~1):
t+ut||e|. 1)~e. +++: uc|+a+a 1u||cc|. 1)e!.
:|a eac+|ec. este +|euaeatc ||ce|t+||c es c|e|tc ea |+ aed|d+ ea |+ cue e\|st+
ua ccate\tc |ast|tuc|ca+| cue pe|a|t+ +cc|caes |ad||du+|es |+c|ca+|es. lcs |ad||
ducs puedea +ctu+| |+c|ca+|aeate s|eap|e cu+adc e\|st+a |ast|tuc|caes scc|+|es
cue se |c pe|a|t+a. tu+|cu|e| |ast|tuc| a cu+|cu|e| c|e+a|:+c| a t|eaea e| pctea
c|+| de ccae|t||se ea ua+ est|uctu|+ de pcde| cue se |apcae scc|e |cs |ad||ducs.
le|c |cs ||ce|t+||cs de||eadea cue s| se de|+ sc|cs + |cs |ad||ducs. e||cs ccast|u|
| +a. a+tu|+|aeate. |ast|tuc|caes c|e+a|:+c|caes cue |cs p|ctee|e|+a de |+ es
c|+|tud de |+s +utc||d+des |c|a+|es (\c:|c|. 1)+. 1. l| pt|ac de l+|etc +p+
|ece a+tu|+|aeate s| se de|+ cue |cs |ad||ducs eacueat|ea su p|cp|c c+a|ac
(|ecu |dese e| p||ac|p|c de tc+se. 1)~~. cu+|cu|e| |ateatc pc| cc||e+| + |cs |ad|
604 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
|ducs + p|eccup+|se pc| +suatcs de |+ |ust|c|+ (pc| e|eap|c c|e+| |+ pcs|c|||d+d
de ec|+| +c+|c |+ |+c|ca+||d+d de |cs |ate|eses |ad||du+|es e| ecu|||c||c.
l+ \tl p+|ece cc|ac|d|| cca este +|euaeatc. de|ead|eadc |+ |de+ de cue |+ e||
c|eac|+. ac |+ |ust|c|+. es |+ p||ac|p+| p|eccup+c| a de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s.
l+ |ust|c|+ +p+|ece| ua+ e: cue |+ |ate|eac| a p c||c+ se+ |+c|ca+|. l+ ecu|d+d
+p+|ece| s| |cs |uac|ca+||cs p c||ccs se ue|ea ee|eates. - eces. |ac|usc se ||ee+
+ ccas|de|+| ea d|scus|caes de |+ \tl. deat|c de est+ ea+ ee|eac|+|. e| +|euaeatc
de cue |+s |ee|+s |cs p|cced|a|eatcs pcd| +a ccae|t||se ea ua ccst cu|c de |+
e||c|eac|+. l+ aeces|d+d de des|eeu|+| |+ s|dc uac de |cs +|euaeatcs a s |apc|
t+ates ea |+ p| ct|c+ p+|+ |+ \ue+ test| a l c||c+ (Otll. 1))!.
tcat|+||+ + |+ t|+d|c| a ||ce|t+||+ +ce|c+ de |+ d|scus| a de |+ |ust|c|+. e\|ste ct|+
t|+d|c| a au |ue|te ( +|c|+ |+acs+ cue se ||+a+ ||ce|+|. tcaea:+adc cca
k+w|s (1). 1)). !)) ccat|au+adc cca lwc|||a (1) -c|e|a+a (1)~).
pc| aeac|ca+| s |c uacs cu+atcs. e| +|euaeatc ||ce|+| de |+ |ust|c|+ t|+t+ de +pc
+| |+ |de+ de ||ce|t+d . +| a|sac t|eapc. |uc|+| pc| ua auadc |ustc. l+ |ust|c|+
es. see a est+ t|+d|c| a. ua +suatc de |ast|tuc|caes cue sca |ust+s . pc| t+atc. |a
p+|c|+|es. lst c|+|c cue |+ ||ce|t+d es e| +|c| a s |apc|t+ate de |+s scc|ed+des de
acc| t|c+s ( t+| e: de ct|+s: k+w|s. 1))).
:|a eac+|ec. s| es c|e|tc cue |+ ||ce|t+d es e| p||ae| +|c|. es |a+cept+c|e cue ea
acac|e de |+ ||ce|t+d pe|a|t+acs |+ |a|ust|c|+. ls |a+cept+c|e cue ea acac|e de |+
|e||c|d+d c c|eaest+| cc|ect|c +pceacs |+ ut|||d+d. pc| e|eap|c. pc| eac|a+ de
|+ ||ce|t+d. le|c |ac|usc s| +pc+acs |+ ut|||d+d pc| eac|a+ de |+ |ust|c|+. |+ ua |e
c|c pcde|csc: s| ua+ pe|sca+ a+ce cca eat+|+s scc|+|es c c|c| e|c+s scc|e ct|+s. es+s
eat+|+s sca ac|+|aeate +|c|t|+||+s. -s . s| ua+ |ast|tuc| a scc|+| pe|a|te cue es+s pe|
sca+s d|s||utea de a s ceae||c|cs t+a s |c pc|cue pcseea es+s eat+|+s. est+acs
||eate + ua+ |ast|tuc| a |a|ust+. l| p|cc|ea+ |eae cu+adc aeces|t+acs e||e|| ua s|s
tea+ de |ast|tuc|caes c|e+a|:+c|caes cue ccast|u+a |ust|c|+ e |ap+|c|+||d+d ccac
sus p||+|es s|a +|ect+| |+ ||ce|t+d de |+s pe|sca+s. lcs ||ce|+|es ccac k+w|s lwc|||a
d|cea cue t+| e: eaccat|+|ca |+ a+ae|+ de |esc|e| este p|cc|ea+. le|c e| acdc de
|+ce||c est |ue|+ de| +|c+ace de este +|t cu|c. l\|ste ua+ +ap||+ c|c||ce|+| + +| |espec
tc (+||. 1)~!: tc|ea. !))1: lwc|||a. 1). 1)): l|ste|. 1)). 1))!. 1)~): t+|e+
|e||+. 1))): h+ce|a+s. 1))~: M+clat|e. 1)~~. 1)~+: :+ade|s. 1)~!: :ea. 1))).
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 605
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A

l| dec+te de |+ |ust|c|+ c||ece auc|cs a s tea+s p+|+ |+ d|scus| a de |+ +da|a|st|+c| a p c||c+ su tec
| + de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes. le|a t+seacs c||ece| ua p+| de e|eap|cs. la e| d|se c de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||
c+s. se| + |apc|t+ate eateade| ac s |c |+ aeces|d+d u|eeac|+ de p|cpc|c|ca+| c|eaes se||c|cs p c||ccs. s|
ac t+ac| a de cu|d+| |+ |ap+|c|+||d+d de |+ est|uctu|+ c s|c+ de |+ scc|ed+d (k+w|s. !)). ~) a+ateae|
est+ est|uctu|+ cca e| p+sc de| t|eapc. Ot|c e|eap|c se| + |+ ccast|ucc| a de |ast|tuc|caes p c||c+s. - ||a de
e+|+at|:+| cue se escc|+ |+ est|uctu|+ cccpe|+t|+ eat|e |+s cue ae|c|+a |+ s|tu+c| a de |cs a|eac|cs aeacs
p||||ee|+dcs de |+ scc|ed+d. |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s decea est+| ccasc|eates p+|+ de|eade| cc+s|ca+|
aeate |apcae| e| c||te||c p c||cc de |ust|c|+. tu+adc aeacs. e\|ste ua+ c+p+c|d+d aeces+||+ de |+s c|e+a|:+
c|caes p c||c+s p+|+ +ud+| + ccast|u|| e| ccaseasc cc|ac|deate ea |+ scc|ed+d. |espet+adc |+ ||ce|t+d de pea
s+a|eatc de d|scu|sc ea tcd+ scc|ed+d deacc| t|c+ (k+w|s. !)). ~e).
l+|+ |cs p|cp s|tcs de este +|t cu|c. s |c aeces|t+acs d|scut|| e| |ec|c de cue.
p+|+ |+ t|+d|c| a ||ce|+| de |+ |ust|c|+. e| c |cu|c de ut|||d+d. |ac|usc de |+ ut|||d+d cc
|ect|+. ac c+st+ p+|+ e+|+at|:+| |+ |ust|c|+. Oue e| +|euaeatc de |+s scc|ed+des ae
||tcc| t|c+s. c+s+dc ea |+ |de+ de |esu|t+dcs deseape c. puede est+| +pc+adc
ccast|ueadc scc|ed+des |a|ust+s. c+s+d+s ea eat+|+s c ccad|c|caes +|c|t|+||+s. l+
ccast|ucc| a de scc|ed+des |ust+s e\|ee auc|c a s cue ua ecc|e|ac e||c|eate. aeu
t|c ee|eac|+|. \eces|t+acs cue e| ecc|e|ac se+ c+p+: de ccast|u|| |ast|tuc|caes
|ust+s. cue est ccasc|eate de| p||ac|p|c de d||e|eac|+ (+ ua +ctc| se |e pe|a|te ec
:+| de sus eat+|+s c|c| e|c+s c scc|+|es s |c s| estc eeae|+ ae|c|es ccad|c|caes p+
|+ |cs aeacs p||||ee|+dcs.
ls |uad+aeat+| ccast|u|| ecc|e|acs ccasc|eates de |cs aec+a|sacs ccac e|
e|c de |+ |eac|+ac|+ (aec+a|sacs cue e+|+at|:+a cue |cs +ctc|es e|||+a |ee|+s |us
t+s. pc|cue ac se |es pe|a|te tca+| ea ccas|de|+c| a. c |ac|usc ccacce|. |+s cca
d|c|caes ea |+s cu+|es ec:+| a de sus eat+|+s c su|||| a sus deseat+|+s. ls cc|c
cue e| dec+te de| p+pe| de| ecc|e|ac ea |+ ccast|ucc| a de scc|ed+des |ust+s + a
est +c|e|tc cue ac sca su||c|eates |cs +|euaeatcs ecca a|ccs ccac e| pt|ac
de l+|etc. e| cpc|tua|sac c e| ||+c+sc de |+ +cc| a scc|+| cc|ect|+.

lece |+ \tl tca+| ea ccas|de|+c| a este dec+te scc|e |+ |ust|c|+: l+|+ acsc
t|cs. p+|ece c|+|c cue |+ |espuest+ es s .
606 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
LA NGP Y LA DISCUSIN DE LA JUSTICIA:
HACIA UN NUEVO ETHOS ORGANIZACIONAL
stcs sca s |c uacs cu+atcs e|eap|cs de ua+ pcs|c|e |ate|p|et+c| a de |+ \tl + |cs
c|cs de| dec+te +ce|c+ de |+ |ust|c|+. Oc|+aeate. a| |+ \tl a| e| ||ce|t+||+a|sac a|
|+ d|scus| a ||ce|+| sca acac||tcs. h+ +||+s |de+s +utc|es |ac|uc|+dcs. cca d|
|e|eates pe|spect|+s. lste +|t cu|c es ua |ateatc c s|cc pc| |acu|+| est+ d|scus| a
ccap|e|+ + ||a de +c||| e| dec+te. e| cu+| ccas|de|+acs au |apc|t+ate. l+s ccase
cueac|+s de cue |+ \tl +pce |cs +|euaeatcs ||ce|t+||cs sca e|+es. l\p|c|+acs
es+s ccasecueac|+s ea |+ s|eu|eate p+|te. ccaea:+adc cca |+s ccasecueac|+s a s
p+|t|cu|+|es +ce|c adcacs |+c|+ ct|+s a s eeae|+|es e|cc+|es. ls |apc|t+ate te
ae| ea aeate cue est+acs +c||eadc ua dec+te. ac p|+ate+adc cue es+s ccase
cueac|+s sca |ae|ud|c|es c cue cu+|cu|e| de|easc| de |+ \tl cc|ac|d|| + cca |+ des
c||pc| a de ua+ \tl ||ce|t+||+ cue est+acs |e+||:+adc +cu . l+s ccasecueac|+s se
p|eseat+a ea t |a|acs de ua dec+te: cu d|| + |+ |s| a ||ce|+|. + aeaudc cc|ect|
|st+. scc|e |+ p|cpcs|c| a ||ce|t+||+ +pc+d+ pc| |+ \tl.
(a-.a-a./: I /: \6/ /r4a.- aa: / r4/4: 4- |: o// a r.:a/::./a:| |:
r.:a/::./a- / ||/.: -\//-a a | /:r: /r4a./r -r:/./ /:r: | .|/-a
/- /a /:o|/ a /:r: -://:r |: /o//./ a 4- aa ::|r ./:| o-/r /: r.:a/
::./a- / ||/.: a .r-:4r: 4- /.a///.:4 ./:| /: r.:a/::./a- / ||/
.: -\//-a -a aa: .o/|-/: r-4 /a/-rr.:a/::./a:|
l| |+dc ||ce|t+||c de |+ \tl p+|ece +pc+| |+ |de+ de cue |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||
c+s sca aeces+||+s s |c ea |+ aed|d+ ea |+ cue t|+c+|+a e||c|eateaeate p+|+ |+ scc|e
d+d. lcs |ad||ducs decea de|+|se ||c|es p+|+ +ctu+| dec|d|| |c cue cu|e|+a |+ce|.
|+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s s |c decea p|cduc|| +|euacs de |cs se||c|cs cue. pc|
+|eua+ |+: a. |cs |ad||ducs ac sca c+p+ces c ac est a d|spuestcs + p|cduc||. la+
e: cue teaeacs. ea cu+atc |ad||ducs. cue ||d|+| cca |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s.
st+s decea |c|a+| p+|te de ua+ |ed cue t|eae ccac a|c+ a|s| a |+ de se||| + sus
c||eates.
:|a eac+|ec. e| +|euaeatc ||ce|+| de||eade + |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s ac
a|c+aeate ccac ua+ est|uctu|+ cue c||ece se||c|cs. l+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 607
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
sca aeces+||+s ac s |c pc|cue |+ scc|ed+d aeces|t+ se||c|cs. s|ac t+ac| a pc|cue
cu+|cu|e| c|ud+d+ac t|eae e| de|ec|c de seeu|| su p|cp|c p|cectc. la+ c|e+a|:+c| a
p c||c+ ac puede +pc+| ua+ de||a|c| a de cuea+ |d+. s|ac cue t|eae cue c|e+|
|+s cpc|tua|d+des p+|+ cue tcdcs s|e+a |c cue c|eea cue es |+ ae|c| de||a|c| a de
cuea+ |d+ (s|eap|e cu+adc +cepte |cs |ape|+t|cs ac|+|es de| |ape||c de |+
|e. cc|+aeate: -c|e|a+a. 1)~). e: k+w|s. !)): lwc|||a. 1).
la estcs t |a|acs. ua+ c|e+a|:+c| a p c||c+ t+ac| a es ua c|e+dc| de s|ea|||c+
dc scc|+|: de||eade c +ct + + ||a de |educ|| c |eu+|+| |+s des|eu+|d+des. |apca|eadc
scc|e |cs |ad||ducs +|eua+s c+|e+s p+|+ c|e+| ua+ scc|ed+d a s |ust+. O||d+| este
+spectc |apc|t+ate de |+s +cc|caes p c||c+s es c||d+| |+ a+tu|+|e:+ pc| t|c+ de |+s
c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s ua+ p+|te |apc|t+ate de| dec+te: |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p
c||c+s sca |ast|tuc|caes scc|+|es. de|ead|d+s +t+c+d+s pc| |ate|eses scc|+|es. ste
se| + ua +|euaeatc au |apc|t+ate de |cs ccaua|t+||cs: |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes scc|+
|es c|e+a s|ea|||c+dc scc|+| (tc|ea. !))1: 1+|c|. 1)~: :+ade|. 1)~!: \+|te|. 1)).
-|euaeat+| ea |+c| de ua+ est|uctu|+ ||ce|t+||+ de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s es
pe|de| ua+ p+|te |apc|t+ate de |+ a+tu|+|e:+ pc| t|c+ t+| e: +c||| |+ pue|t+ + a s de
s|eu+|d+des ea |+ scc|ed+d. pues |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s s |c se p|eccup+a pc|
eat|ee+| se||c|cs s|a |apc|t+| |+ pcs|c|||d+d de ccse|+| + |cs e|upcs pcde|cscs |a
pcae| sus +|c|es scc|e |+s p+|tes a s d c||es de |+ scc|ed+d. -dea s. ua+ c|e+a|:+
c| a p c||c+ es p+|te de ua+ |ed de ct|+s c|e+a|:+c|caes c ccaua|d+des. l| |ap+ctc
de| ecc|e|ac ac puede se| e| |ap+ctc +tca|:+dc de c+d+ c|e+a|:+c| a p c||c+ ea |cs
|ad||ducs. la ecc|e|ac es ua+ ccap|e|+ |ed de c|e+a|:+c|caes cue +|ect+a ccaua|
d+des c e|upcs ea ua+ |ed |at||ac+d+ de |ad||ducs. l| +|euaeatc ||ce|t+||c de |+ \tl
c|e+| + ua ecc|e|ac +tca|:+dc. au d c|| p+|+ de|eade| + |cs e|upcs a s d c||es de
|+ scc|ed+d c p+|+ e|t+| cue ua e|upc pcde|csc |apcae+ su p|cp|+ |s| a de |+ cue
a+ |d+. lstc es seac|||+aeate |a+cept+c|e + |cs c|cs de| ||ce|+| c de| ccaua|t+||c.
(a-.a-a./: ` /| :r.ao-a/ |/|-r/:r/ 4- |: \6/ -|/o/a: |: .a./-a./: |/|-r:|
4- aa: ./-4:4 /|ar:| r 4-//a- :| .|/-ra .o aa: r.:a/::./ a ;a- /-r/
.a- aa | //a aa: -/ra./ar: / .a/.: -//./-a/- /:r: /r:--r -r:/./ /r |
/:a/ /r4a.- aa et|cs /r-.:r/ 4- /a//./: |: /a//./: /r:/-a- 4- aa: r.:a/
::./ a / .a/.: a o-4/:a/- r.:a/::./a- a/ 4/ |. /| //.
608 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
l+ \tl c|e+ |+ |ap|es| a de cue |+ pc| t|c+ |+ s|dc e| e|+a p|cc|ea+ de| ecc|e|
ac. la ecc|e|ac c+s+dc ea p|cced|a|eatcs. p+|ece dec|| e| +|euaeatc. esccade +
|+ pc| t|c+ cue auee + |+s cu|cc|+c|+s. l+ sc|uc| a de |+ \tl es au seac|||+: aece
s|t+acs eaccat|+| |+ e|d+de|+ a+ae|+ es. + tcd+s |uces. ua+ a+ae|+ t ca|c+. ac
pc| t|c+. lcs ecc|e|acs decea se| cc||e+dcs + +pee+|se + a+ae|+s t ca|c+s: e+|u+
c|caes de| deseape c. p|esupuestcs c||eat+dcs + |esu|t+dcs. s|stea+s de se||c|c
c||| ae||tcc| t|ccs. eest| a de |+ c+||d+d. etc te|+.
:|a eac+|ec. |+ p|eeuat+ es: cu sucede cca |+ p|u|+||d+d ea |+ scc|ed+d: :|
|+ p|u|+||d+d es ua e|d+de|c ccapcaeate de |+s scc|ed+des ccateapc| ae+s. c
ac + + de||a|| |+ aed|d+ t ca|c+ cc||ect+: :| |+ d|scus| a pc| t|c+ es ua ccst cu|c
p+|+ |+s a+ae|+s t ca|c+s de c|e+a|:+c| a. eatcaces. p+|ece dec|| cue |+ p|u|+||d+d
ea s es ua ccst cu|c. l+ \tl +suae ua +|euaeatc ut|||t+||c: cue de||eade cue |c
cue es |apc|t+ate. +| ||a. es cue |+ +uaeat+dc e| a|e| eeae|+| de s+t|s|+cc| a. de
|e||c|d+d. s|a |apc|t+| |+ a+ae|+ ea cue ||ee+acs + ese a|e| de |e||c|d+d.
:|. ccac de||eade k+w|s. |+ |ust|c|+ dece ea|| +ates cue |+ |e||c|d+d. |+ p||ac|
p+| p|eccup+c| a es e| tct+| desp|ec|c de |+ \tl |+c|+ e| dec+te deacc| t|cc. |+ de
||ce|+c| a |+ d|scus| a: |+ +|ea+ p c||c+ dece| + est+| ccateat+ cca d|scut|| +sua
tcs t ca|ccs c ac e| ecc|e|ac p|cee se||c|cs. ac ea eeae|+| c ac auest|cs
ecc|e|acs sca esp+c|cs de ecce|a+a:+. esp+c|cs p+|+ |+ d|scus| a |+ de||ce|+c| a
(l|ste|. 1))~: h+ce|a+s. 1))e.
h+c|+adc c|e+a|:+c|ca+|aeate. |+ \tl p+|ece +sua|| cue |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes
sca |ast|uaeatcs t ca|ccs |cs cu| c|+t+s pc| t|ccs. s|ap|es cc|etcs de |ate| s.
l| -/| de |+ |ust|c|+ ea |+s +cc|caes euce|a+aeat+|es des+p+|ece c+s| pc| ccap|e
tc. l+ |ust|c|+ es ua +suatc de |aceat|cs |ad||du+|es ||ce|t+||cs c|ea d|se +dcs
(\c:|c|. 1)+ de c|e+a|:+c|caes de est||c |cccs|+ac. dcade e| s|stea+ s|ap|e
aeate |e e+|+at|:+ +| |ad||duc cue |e cca|eae cccpe|+| ea |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes
(t+ut||e|. 1)~e. l+s c|e+a|:+c|caes. cca c s|a |ust|c|+. sca ua +suatc de c |cu|c
ut|||t+||c. ac de dec+te d|scus| a. l+s cu|cc|+c|+s ac decea p|eccup+|se pc| |+
|ust|c|+. pc|cue st+ est e+|+at|:+d+ ua+ e: cue e| s|stea+ t ca|cc c|e+ ua cca
|uatc de |aceat|cs p+|+ |+ cccpe|+c| a |+c|ca+|. lc| ccas|eu|eate. |+ p|u|+||d+d es
ua ccst cu|c de |+ e||c|eac|+.
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 609
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
(a-.a-a./: ` /| ./ 4- aa: :// a /a4/:/4a:|//: 4-| oaa4 -a -| .|/-ra
r -a |: r.:a/::./a- / ||/.:
:| |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s sca cca|uatcs de |ate|eses |ad||du+|es (t+atc cu
|cc|+c|+s ccac pc| t|ccs. eatcaces t+a s |c cu|e|ea pe|seeu|| su p|cp|c |ate| s:
|cs pc| t|ccs se| |ee|ectcs |+s cu|cc|+c|+s ccteae| a s p|esupuestc |ecu|scs
(Mce. 1)~): \|s|+aea. 1)1. le este acdc. c|e+a|:+| e| ecc|e|ac s|ea|||c+ c s|c+
aeate +||ae+| |cs |ate|eses |ad||du+|es p+|+ cue se+a ccap+t|c|es cca |cs |ate
|eses cc|ect|cs. la ct|+s p+|+c|+s. ac |apc|t+ des+||c||+| ua -/| t|cc c ac|+| ea
|+ +cc| a p c||c+ ea |+s c+ses c|e+a|:+c|ca+|es de |+ tca+ de dec|s|caes. -| ae
acs. esc ac es au |apc|t+ate. lc cue |apc|t+ es e+|+at|:+| cue e\|st+a |aceat|cs
p+|+ |+ +cc| a |ad||du+| ea |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes. + ||a de +uaeat+| |+ p|cc+c|||d+d de
cue |cs |ad||ducs pe|s|e+a sus p|cp|cs cc|et|cs |ueec se+ |+c|ca+| cue e||cs pe|
s|e+a |ce|cs cc|ect|cs.
l+ \tl p+|ece supcae| cue |+s cc|ect||d+des sca t+a s |c |+ sua+ de |ate|eses
|ad||du+|es. lcs |ad||ducs sca c||+tu|+s c s|c+s. cue s|eap|e est a ea |+ c scued+
de |aceat|cs s|eap|e est a c+|cu|+adc de cu a+ae|+ |+s e+a+ac|+s |ad||du+|es
ccapeas+| a |cs ccstcs |ad||du+|es. ls pc| e||c cue |+ \tl es t+a |+c|+c|e p+|+ |cs
+|es (:a.|-r .a:/o-r.:4. pues |+ |espcas+c|||d+d de c|e+| ua+ e+a+ac|+
cc|ect|+ es |apuest+ scc|e ua aec+a|sac |ape|sca+|. u| c|+t+s pc| t|ccs ac
decea p|eccup+|se pc| |+ |ust|c|+ |+ ecu|d+d: e| s|stea+ (uac cueac |+c|ca+|
e+|+at|:+ cue +| pe|seeu|| sus cc|et|cs. +a + eeae|+| c|eaes p c||ccs.
st+ es ua+ supcs|c| a au pe||e|cs+. l| sesec |ad||du+||st+ de |+ \tl puede
c|e+| ccasecueac|+s ccstcs |apc|t+ates p+|+ ua s|stea+ deacc| t|cc. l| seat|dc
de| dece|. e| -/| |+ t|c+ de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s. e| es|ue|:c pc| ccaea
ce| ea ua+ a+ae|+ ||ce|+| (es dec||. cu+adc tcdc +ctc| +cept+ cue su puatc de |st+
es uac eat|e ct|cs puatcs de |st+ pcs|c|es |ee t|acs. cue. ea p||ac|p|c. a+d|e
t|eae |+ e|d+d de||a|t|+ sca tea+s |apc|t+ates +| c|e+a|:+| ccast|u|| c|e+a|:+
c|caes +cc|caes p c||c+s ea ua+ scc|ed+d p|u|+|. :| |+ a|c+ |+: a pc| |+ cu+| +|
eu|ea |+ dec|d|dc p+|t|c|p+| ea ua+ c|e+a|:+c| a p c||c+ es pe|seeu|| sus p|cp|cs
|ate|eses. eatcaces |+ cccpe|+c| a. a|s| a. |s| a pe|sca+| c de e|upc ac sca |a
pc|t+ates. 1|+c+|+| ea |+ est|uctu|+ p c||c+ cue t|+t+ de +|||+| |+ pcc|e:+ dece se|
p+|ec|dc + t|+c+|+| ea e| ae|c+dc de +|c|es. l| -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+| de| sectc| p
610 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
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c||cc dece se| dec+t|dc. pues auc|+s pe|sca+s d|sc|ep+| +a c+st+ate cca est+ |t|
a+ c|+c| a.
(a-.a-a./: + /: r.:a/::./a- o-r//.r //.: -.a4-a aa: /r-.aa/: /o
/r/:a/- ;a/ a 4-//a- .a | o r// - ./:|o-a/- /o/r/:a/-
l+ \tl p|cpcae ua+ a+ae|+ ae||tcc| t|c+ de c|e+a|:+| e| ecc|e|ac. lstc cu|e|e
dec|| cue |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes |+s pe|sca+s (+ s+ce|. cu| c|+t+s decea se| e+|u+
dcs pc| |esu|t+dcs deseape c. l| p||ac|p+| +|euaeatc es cue e| ecc|e|ac dece
p|eccup+|se ac s |c pc| e+st+| e| d|ae|c ||e+| + c+cc p|cced|a|eatcs. s|ac c s|
c+aeate pc| c||ece| |esu|t+dcs + |+ scc|ed+d.
l+ |et ||c+ de |+ \tl es au ccat+e|cs+. :|a eac+|ec. es |apc|t+ate +a+||:+| cca
a+c| cu|d+dc sus ccasecueac|+s. l+ |de+ de cue |+s pe|sca+s sca d||e|eates es
ua+ c+se au |apc|t+ate de |+s scc|ed+des p|u|+|es . +dea s. cue d||e|eates pe|
sca+s t|eaea d||e|eates c+p+c|d+des aeces|d+des. ls p+|te de| +|euaeatc ||ce|+|
de cue ac |+ ua+ a+ae|+ c|eat ||c+ c ac|+| de de||a|| cue ua+ de||a|c| a de cue
a+ |d+ es ae|c| cue ct|+. tu+|cu|e| pe|sca+ t|eae e| de|ec|c de teae| su p|cp|+
de||a|c| a de cuea+ |d+ de |c cue se aeces|t+ p+|+ p|cduc|||+. lc| e||c. |+ scc|e
d+d ||ce|+| es. ea p||ac|p|c. ua+ scc|ed+d tc|e|+ate p|u|+|.
la s|stea+ ae||tcc| t|cc supcae cue es pcs|c|e. ea cu+|cu|e| c||cuast+ac|+. de
||a|| |cs |esu|t+dcs de |+ +cc| a scc|+| e |ad||du+|. :| es c|e|tc cue p+|+ cu+|cu|e|
scc|ed+d es |apc|t+ate ccat|c|+| su ecc|e|ac. t+ac| a es c|e|tc cue se est dec+
t|eadc |+ de||a|c| a de |esu|t+dcs de |+s +cc|caes p c||c+s. lc| t|c+aeate |+c|+adc.
supcae| cue |+ ua+ ae|c| a+ae|+ de de||a|| a ||tc |ap||c+ cue |+ ua+ a+ae|+
de de||a|| e| cc|et|c cc||ectc de |+ scc|ed+d. la |+ p| ct|c+. e| +|euaeatc ae||
tcc| t|cc de |+ \tl dece +pc+| |+ de|eas+ de sc|uc|caes tecacc| t|c+s: ua+ e: cue
|cs aed|cs t ca|ccs |+a c|e+dc ua+ sc|uc| a. + t|+ s de t ca|ccs c+||||c+dcs. ea
tcaces |+ scc|ed+d. |cs e|upcs ct|cs +ctc|es ac t|eaea auc|c cue dec|| (ccac ea
|+ lae|+te||+ |a+e|a+||+ de| s|e|c \\l de \cuae. 1)e!. -dea s. c|e+a|:+c|ca+|aeate
|+c|+adc. |+s scc|ed+des ae||tcc| t|c+s t|eaea ea e|+a est|a+ + |+s pe|sca+s cue
t|eaea +|eua+s c+p+c|d+des ccacc|a|eatc s|a |apc|t+| e| +a ||s|s de |+s ccad|c|c
aes aed|+ate |+s cu+|es es+s pe|sca+s +dcu|e|ea es+s c+||||c+c|caes. lcs cue t|eaea
|+ sue|te de estud|+| |c cue |+s e||tes ae||tcc| t|c+s |+a de||a|dc ccac ccacc|
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 611
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
a|eatc scc|+| |apc|t+ate tead| a ua+ eat+|+. l+ ae||tcc|+c|+ ac puede se| ua +
|c| scc|+| de |+s deacc|+c|+s ||ce|+|es: es t+a s |c ua |ast|uaeatc. lc| e|eap|c. e|
se||c|c c||| es ua+ |ast|tuc| a pc| t|c+: su p||ae|+ a|s| a ac es c|e+| ua+ cu|cc|+
c|+ ae||tcc| t|c+aeate e||c|eate. s|ac e|t+| e| s|stea+ de p|ecead+s (|+ c+p+c|d+d
de |cs pc| t|ccs de |apcae| sus +eead+s s|a |est||cc| a ea |+ +da|a|st|+c| a p c||c+
(hec|c. 1).
-dea s. |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes ae||tcc| t|c+s supcaea cue sca a cu|a+s. cue |cs
cu| c|+t+s decea |+ce| |+ t|+as|c| a de se| cu| c|+t+s + ccae|t||se ea ee|eates.
pc|cue |+ a+ae|+ ea cue est a c|e+a|:+dcs es +|ec aec a|cc ua+ e: cue se |+a
de||a|dc |cs |esu|t+dcs.
tca||+| ea |+ ae||tcc|+c|+ es |+ sc|uc| a t ca|c+ p+|+ tcd+s |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes
pc| t|c+s p c||c+s. le +|e a acdc. es e|t+| ea||eat+| |+ p|u|+||d+d de |+s scc|ed+
des |+ aeces|d+d de ccast|u|| c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s ccasc|eates de |+s d||e|ea
tes aeces|d+des scc|+|es de |+ d|e|s|d+d de e|upcs scc|+|es.
(a-.a-a./: |a4//-r-a./: |:./: |: /a//./: / ||/.: r |: /o/r/:a./: 4-| /o
/-r/ 4- |: |-r (a |:.-r .a:a4 :./a:r /a/:o-a/- a |-4-.-r |: |-r .r-: r-
a|/:4 /a-//./-a/-
l+ \tl p+|ece supcae| cue |cs aec+a|sacs pc| t|ccs cue c|e e| s|stea+ pc| t|
cc ccateapc| aec sca |ae||c|eates. \|s|+aea (1)1. pc| e|eap|c. t|+t de deacs
t|+| cue e| s|stea+ de pescs ccat|+pescs de lst+dcs la|dcs c|e ua aec+a|sac
|ae||c|eate de ecc|e|ac ea e| cue |+s cu|cc|+c|+s e|+a c+p+ces de a+a|pu|+| +| tca
e|esc + ||a de ccteae| a+c|es p|esupuestcs. l+ |eeu|+c| a e| ccat|c| de |+s cu
|cc|+c|+s pc| aed|c de p|cced|a|eatcs. ccat|a + +|euaeat+adc |+ \tl. c|e+|ca +
aeaudc p+pe|ecs |eeu|+c|caes e\ces|+s. M|eat|+s aeacs |ee|+s. a s e||c|eate
se| e| ecc|e|ac. 1cdc depeade de cue se ||ce|e este +spectc ee|eac|+|. la ct|+s
p+|+c|+s. ua+ c|e+a|:+c| a ee|eac|+|. deat|c de ua s|stea+ de ae|c+dc +c|e|tc.
c|e+| + ua ecc|e|ac e||c|eate |caestc.
:|a eac+|ec. cu sucede cca |+ pcs|c|||d+d de c+ptu|+: l+|ece cue |+ \tl su
pcae cue |+ c+ptu|+ de |+ +eead+ p c||c+ pc| p+|te de |cs |ate|eses pcde|cscs de
|+ scc|ed+d ac sucede| + ea |+ aed|d+ ea cue se ccast|ue |+ |eeu|+c| a pc| aed|c
de +|c|es de| ae|c+dc (hccd. 1))+. \c ccst+ate. |+ |eeu|+c| a t|+asp+|eate es
612 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
pcs|c|e ea +|euacs tea+s au t ca|ccs (e. |ac|usc ea e||cs. |+ |eeu|+c| a pcd| + ||+
c+s+| te|||c|eaeate. \ cu sucede cca |+ ccap|e|+ |ate||e|+c| a eat|e cu|cc|+c|+s
e|upcs scc|+|es ea |e+s ccac s+|ud educ+c| a. pc| e|eap|c: l+ c+ptu|+ es au
pcs|c|e ea ua+ scc|ed+d +c|e|t+. |+s |ee|+s |+s |eeu|+c|caes ac sca s |c c|e+c|caes
de aeates |etc|c|d+s p+|+ |educ|| |+ e||c|eac|+. s|ac cue + eces sca cu|d+dcscs
eu+|d|+aes p+|+ e+|+at|:+| e| |ape||c de |+ |e c e| ecu|t+t|c +ccesc + |+s ccad|c|c
aes cpc|tua|d+des scc|+|aeate aeces+||+s. l+ |ecc| a. s|eap|e cu+adc se+ ua+
dec|s| a t ca|c+aeate e||c|eate s|a |apc|t+| p|cced|a|eatcs c |ee|+s. puede se|
ua -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+| pe||e|csc p+|+ e| sectc| p c||cc.
le|eade| a|c+aeate |+ |eeu|+c| a puede c|e+| ecc|e|acs |ac+p+ces. :|a eac+|
ec. t+| e: st+ ac se+ |+ a|c+ ccasecueac|+. l| +|euaeatc p||ac|p+| ea ccat|+ de
|+s |ee|+s. ea eeae|+|. es p|cc|ea t|cc. tca auc|+ ||ecueac|+. |+s |ee|+s sca |apc|
t+ates eu+|d|+aes cue se ea||eat+a + ua+ scc|ed+d p|u|+|. dcade d||e|eates e|upcs
t|eaea d||e|eates p+|t|c|p+c|caes de| pcde| |cs |ecu|scs. |+s c+p+c|d+des |+s |+
c|||d+des. - aeaudc. dece |educ||se |+ e||c|eac|+. + ||a de e+|+at|:+| cue d||e|eates
e|upcs se+a t|+t+dcs de |+ a|sa+ a+ae|+. leac|+| este ccap|e|c dec+te es t+| e:
ua+ de |+s p||ac|p+|es |+||+s ac|+|es de |+ \tl.
+
(a-.a-a./: /| /o/-r://: 4- | o-.:a/o /:a ///. 4- .a/r| ;a- a
a .a./-a/- 4- |: a-.-/4:4 4- | /r:|:/:4r- r | 4-r-.| |:|r:|- /:
-r/ a 4-| et|cs / ||/. aa: :// a a//|//:r/: r |/|-r/:r/: 4o/a: |r- -| 4/
|. -| 4-|:/- |/|-r:| r |: 4-|/|-r:./ a
l+ \tl p+|ece supcae| ua+ scc|ed+d ||ce|+| sus +|c|es ac|+|es. :|a eac+|ec.
e| -/| p c||cc c|e+a|:+c|ca+| de |+ \tl p+|ece c|+|+aeate ||ce|t+||c deat|c de
+||cs de sus ccase|cs. l| |ad||duc es cc|cc+dc ccac s| tu|e|+ tcdcs |cs aed|cs
|+c|ca+|es p+|+ +ctu+|. ua+ e: cue se ||ce|+ de |cs ccst cu|cs.
la p||ae| |ue+|. se| + au |apc|t+ate e| s| |+ ccacepc| a pc| t|c+ de |+ \tl tca+
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 613
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
+
l| dec+te cue |acu|+ e| ||ce|t+||+a|sac. |+ |eeu|+c| a e| |ape||c de |+ |e es au ccap|e|c. le ua ac
dc. |cs ||ce|t+||cs de||eadea cue sus p|cpuest+s sca a s +eud+s cca +|c|es deacc| t|ccs pu|cs. pues de||ea
dea |+ +utcaca + de| |ad||duc. \c:|c| (1)+. pc| e|eap|c. +|||a+ cue |cs est+dcs cue c s|c+aeate |c|+a |cs
de|ec|cs de |cs |ad||ducs se ue|ea |at| asec+aeate |aac|+|es (p. \| cue |cs |ad||ducs. d||e|eates pc| a+
tu|+|e:+. de tcdcs acdcs eaccat|+| a. ea ua est+dc a a|ac. ua ecu|||c||c |ustc s|a |ate|eac| a. :ee a este ||
ce|t+||c. e| |ape||c de |+ |e puede se| t+a s |c ua p|ete\tc de |ad||ducs pcde|cscs cue cu|e|ea a+ateae|se
ea e| pcde| cca e| p|cp s|tc de dca|a+| + ct|cs |ad||ducs.
ea ccas|de|+c| a +| p|u|+||sac c ac. lac|usc ea t |a|acs de k+w|s (!))). +ce|c+
de| ccaseasc cue se t|+s|+p+ ua p|u|+||sac |+:ca+c|e. |+ \tl p+|ece cued+|se
cc|t+ ea t |a|acs de +|c|es ||ce|+|es susteat+c|es. l+ \tl +pc+ ua+ de||a|c| a t c
a|c+ de |esu|t+dcs ccac |+ p||ac|p+| |ee|+ p+|+ aed|| e| deseape c de |+s c|e+a|
:+c|caes p c||c+s. t ac des+||c||+| de||a|| escs |esu|t+dcs: s|c+aeate ae
d|+ate ua t|pc de deacc|+c|+ |ate||eeate (ae|c|: ae||tcc|+c|+s ee|eac|+|es.
|acu|+d+ + aed|d+s de| ae|c+dc cue cusc+| |+ p+|t|c|p+c| a scc|+| de |cs c||ea
tes. l+ p||ac|p+| cca||+a:+ de |+ \tl es cue |cs c||eates ua cuea d|+ea st|cc de
ae|c+dc. t+| e: |acu|+dc + cuea+s c+p+c|d+des t ca|c+s ee|eac|+|es. se| +a su||
c|eates p+|+ des+||c||+| es+s de||a|c|caes de |esu|t+dcs. lst c|+|c cue. t ca|c+aeate
|+c|+adc. |+ \tl supcae cue |cs |esu|t+dcs pc| t|ccs scc|+|es puedea de||a||se t c
a|c+aeate. 1+ac| a supcae cue |+ a+ae|+s t ca|c+s p+|+ ccaeace| + |+ scc|ed+d
+ |cs c||eates +ce|c+ de |+ ae|c| a+ae|+ de ||d|+| cca |cs +suatcs p c||ccs.
la t |a|acs de| t|+c+|c |+ ee|eac|+ de eap|e+dcs p c||ccs. cu |es sca. ea
tcaces. |+s p||ac|p+|es est|+tee|+s: -ates cue a+d+. |+ supcs|c| a de cue |cs cu|
c|+t+s aeces|t+a se| ccat|c|+dcs tcdc e| t|eapc. +|c|+ cca ua+ |s| a p+a pt|c+
a s p+ac| a|c+: e+|u+c| a pc| |esu|t+dcs. lcs |esu|t+dcs. de||a|dcs t ca|c+aeate.
decea se| |+ p||ac|p+| a+ae|+ ccac dece e+|u+|se + |+ cu|cc|+c|+. lcs de|ec|cs
|+cc|+|es de |+ cu|cc|+c|+ sca aeacs |apc|t+ates. pues su a|c+ a|s| a es s+t|s|+
ce| + |cs c||eates |e|es pc| t|ccs. tcac est suced|eadc ea e| sectc| p||+dc. |cs de
|ec|cs |+cc|+|es p c||ccs decea est+| tct+|aeate succ|d|a+dcs + |+s aeces|d+des
de| ae|c+dc.
l| -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+| de |+ \tl puede de||a||se de dcs a+ae|+s: ecca a|c+
ee|eac|+|. l+ a+ae|+ ecca a|c+ suc|++ e| |ec|c de cue |+s cu|cc|+c|+s est a |a
tee|+d+s pc| |ad||ducs e|upcs |ate|es+dcs cue aeces|t+a |aceat|cs c|+|cs (pc
s|t|cs c aee+t|cs p+|+ pe|seeu|| e| c|ea cca a. lc| |c t+atc. e| -/| c|e+a|:+
c|ca+| es p+|ec|dc + |+ |a+eea eeae|+| de |+ tec| + de| p||ac|p+|+eeate: ac e\|ste e|
-/| p c||cc. |cs cu| c|+t+s s |c pe|s|euea sus |ate|eses. pc| |c cue e| d|se c c|
e+a|:+c|ca+| dece se| c|+|c ea t |a|acs de |aceat|cs. ac ea t |a|acs de |u|c|cs
t|ccs c ac|+|es +ce|c+ de |+ |ust|c|+ c |+ ecu|d+d. l+ |ust|c|+. |+ ecu|d+d. e| |ape
||c de |+ |e sca s |c +cc|deates. a+ae|+s |et ||c+s de esccade| e| e|d+de|c +
|c| p c||cc: |+ c scued+ de |ate|eses. la t |a|acs ee|eac|+|es. e| -/| c|e+a|:+c|c
614 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
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a+| est |acu|+dc + ua+ de||a|c| a |de+||st+ de ua ee|eate: ua+ pe|sca+ cue est
ccast+ateaeate act|+d+ p+|+ se| |aac+dc|+ p+|+ est+| p|c|es|ca+|aeate s+t|s
|ec|+ cu+adc |+ ae|c|+dc p|ccescs c p|cced|a|eatcs.
lece dec||se. eatcaces. cue e| -/| ee|eac|+| de |+ \tl es aeut|c. cue pcde
acs pcae| ea e| +|c| ee|eac|+| cu+|cu|e| ccs+ cue cue|+acs (s| cue|eacs dest+
c+| |+ t|c+ c |+ |ust|c|+ ea |cs t|+c+|+dc|es p c||ccs. es ua+ cuest| a de c|uat+d.
de est|+tee|+. :|a eac+|ec. e| p|ccesc ee|eac|+| ac es aeces+||+aeate aeut|c. l|
ee|eac|+||sac (o:a:.-r/:|/o es ua+ dcct||a+ cue +uaeat+ |+ c scued+ |ad||
du+| de |+ |aac+c| a e| \|tc (latea+a. 1)). Ou sucede cu+adc |+ |ee|+s.
s acc|cs cue ae|c|+a |+ t|+d|c| a c |+ ccaua|d+d c |+ +cc| a cc|ect|+ e| |espe
tc. a s cue e| \|tc |+ ae|c| + |ad||du+|: lc| |c eeae|+|. e| ee|eac|+||sac sue|e
|eac|+| es+s pcs|c|caes pc| se| +|c+|c+s: |cs |esu|t+dcs e| \|tc sca |c a|cc |a
pc|t+ate. e| \|tc est |e|+c|ca+dc cca e| c+ac|c. cca | |ces |ad||du+|es.
l| -/| c|e+a|:+c|ca+|. ua+ e: cue |+ |ust|c|+ |+ ecu|d+d de|+a esp+c|c p+|+
ua+ d|scus| a |ad||du+||st+ de| \|tc |+ +cc| a |e|c|c+ c |+ |+|+ ccapeteac|+ |a
d||du+| de |ate|eses. c+ac|+ |+d|c+|aeate. Ou |+| cue e| se||c|c p c||cc pe|
a+ae:c+ ua|dc: lst+acs ccasc|eates. +s ccac ua+ scc|ed+d aeces|t+ ua+ cu|c
c|+c|+. de su p+pe| p+|+ |ce|+| e| ecu|||c||c. |+ |ust|c|+ scc|+| |+ ecu|d+d scc|+|:
lcdeacs |ce|+| escs |t|acs +|c|es aed|+ate e| -/| |ad||du+||st+: leceacs
ccast|u|| c|e+a|:+c|caes euce|a+aeat+|es c+s+d+s est||ct+aeate ea |+ ccapetea
c|+. e| a ||tc. |+ |aac+c| a |+ e||c|eac|+: O deceacs t+ac| a ccast|u|| c|e+a|
:+c|caes euce|a+aeat+|es ccasc|eates de |+ p|u|+||d+d. |+ ecu|d+d. |+ |ust|c|+. |ac|u
sc cu+adc tca+||+s ea ccas|de|+c| a |ap||c+ cue |+ e||c|eac|+ ||ap|+ ac dece se|
e| +|c| a s |apc|t+ate de |+s c|e+a|:+c|caes p c||c+s:
l+|+ acsct|cs. est c|+|c cue e| dec+te ac |+ ccac|u|dc: p+|+ teae| c|e+a|:+c|c
aes euce|a+aeat+|es e||c|eates. ac s |c aeces|t+acs e| ee|eac|+||sac. s|ac t+a
c| a ua d|se c pc| t|cc |ate||eeate. ccasc|eate de +spectcs de |ust|c|+.
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 615
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
G
l
l
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
-c|e|a+a. . (1)~). ./:| |a//.- /a /|- //|-r:| /:/-. \ew h+ea. \+|e la|e|s|t
l|ess.
-ucc|a. l. (1))). -da|a|st|+t|e ke|c|a |a luc||c M+a+eeaeat. l+|+d|eaes. l||ac|
p|es. l+|+dc\es +ad leadu|uas. 6:-ra:a.-. c|. . a a. !. pp. 111.
+||. ||+a (1)~). |-r/- / |a//.-. t+|||c|a|+. t+|||c|a|+ la|e|s|t l|ess.
+||. ||+a k. h+|d|a (1)~!. /://a:| h:a :a4 |rr://a:| ./-/r. lcad|es. :+ee.
+|:e|+. M. (1))!. |r-:|/a. /|ra.| |ar-:a.r:.r. t+|||c|a|+. t+|||c|a|+ la|e|s|t
l|ess.
cstca. . -/ :| (1))e. /a||/. h:a:.-o-a/ |- \-. /-:|:a4 h4-|. O\|c|d. O\|c|d
la|e|s|t l|ess.
uc|+a+a. -. (1)~). -ssess|ae t|e tcaaua|t+||+a t||t|cue c| l|ce|+||sa. //|/..
c|. )). |u||c. pp. ~!~~!.
uc|+a+a. . t.1u||cc| (1)e!. (:|.a|a / (a-a/. -aa -|cc|. la|e|s|t c| M|c||
e+a l|ess.
tc|ea. t. (!))1. / -r- /.a:|//:r//: . o - ;a- -r- /:a r/.. +|ce|ca+. l+|d s.
lupu. . l. (1))~. /| :.r///./ r |: -a:/4/:. +|ce|ca+. ted|s+.
lwc|||a. k. (1). :|/a. //.|/ -r/a|r. t+ac||dee. h+|+|d la|e|s|t l|ess.
(1)). //.: /r/::4: - /.a:|//:r/o /| //.. +|ce|ca+. l+|d s.
(1))e. /: .oaa/4:4 |/|-r:|. cect . la|e|s|d+d de |cs -ades.
l|ste|. ca (1)~). |- (-o-a/ / ./-/r. t+ac||dee. t+ac||dee la|e|s|t l|ess.
(1))!. /.:| |a//.-. lcad|es. k. :+ee.
(1)). /.ao/.. +|ce|ca+. ted|s+.
(1))~. |-|/|-r://:- |-o.r:.r. t+ac||dee. t+ac||dee la|e|s|t l|ess.
latea+a. \. (1)). h:a:.-r/:|/o |- /o-r.-a.- / : \-. |4-|.r. M+d|sca. la|
e|s|t c| \|sccas|a.
t+|e+|e||+. k. (1))). /: /-r : 4- |: /a//./: 4-/a 4- /:.|. +|ce|ca+. l+|d s.
t+ut||e|. l. (1)~e. hr:| |r !.r--o-a/. O\|c|d. O\|c|d la|e|s|t l|ess.
h+ce|a+s. . (1))~. /:.//./4:4 r ::|/4-:. \+||+dc||d. 1|ctt+.
h+ce|a+s. u|eea c|a k+w|s (1))e. |-|:/- |r- -| |/|-r:|/o /| //.. +|ce|c
a+. l+|d s.
616 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
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h+ac|e|. l. M. Mc|+a (eds. (1)~). (:///:|/o (a|/ar- :a4 /-.a|://a. O\|c|d.
t|+|eadca.
hec|c. h. (1). ! 6:-rao-a/ / /r:a.-r /\-.a//:- /|///. /a v:|/a./a. \+s|
|aetca. |cc||aes.
hccd. t. (1))+. /\/|:/a/a. /.ao/. /|/.r /-:-r:|. uc||ae|+a. Opea la|e|s|t
l|ess.
hccd. t. M. +c|sca (1))1. !4o/a//r://:- !r.ao-a/. l+|acut|. -|de|s|ct.
lae|+|+a. l. l. kcseac|cca (1))!. 1|e :t+te c| Me||t |a t|e lede|+| tce|aaeat.
ea l. lae|+|+a l. lett|. !.-a4: /r /\.-||-a.- /a||/. -r:/.- /a !o-r/.:. t|+t
|+a. t|+t|+a hcuse l.
lett|. l. (1))). |- 6||:| /a||/. h:a:.-o-a/ /-:|a//a. \+s||aetca. |cc||aes.
le t|+ad. u||+a (1))1. 1|e 1|ec| c| tce|aaeat l+||u|e. |r///| |ara:| / /|/
//.:| ./-a.-. c|. !1. a a. +. pp. +!++!.
M+clat|e. -. (1)~+. !//-r \/r/a-. \ct|e l+ae. la|e|s|t c| \ct|e l+ae l|ess.
(1)~~. v|- |a//.- v|/.| /://a:|//r. \ct|e l+ae. la|e|s|t c| \ct|e l+
ae l|ess.
Mce. 1. (1)~). |- Or.:a/:://a / |a/-r-/ |a.-a//:- :a4 /|- |a/-ra:| |ra:o/.
/ /|///.:| |a/-r-/ 6ra/. t||c+ec. la|e|s|t c| t||c+ec l|ess.
\|s|+aea. \. (1)1. |ar-:a.r:.r :a4 /-/r--a/://:- 6:-rao-a/. t||c+ec. -|d|ae
-t|e|tca.
\c:|c|. k. (1)+. !a:r.|r /:/- :a4 ////:. \ue+ \c||. +s|c cc|s.
Oltl (1))!. /-.a|:/rr /-/ro /r/:://:://a :a4 (o/-////a /|/.r. l+| s. Otll.
Ost|ca. \. (1). |- |a/-||-./a:| (r// /a !o-r/.:a /a||/. !4o/a//r://a. 1usc+
|ccs+. -|+c+a+ la|e|s|t l|ess.
lceee. 1. (1)~). /-:|/:/a. /:.|. lt|+c+. tc|ae|| la|e|s|t l|ess.
lc|||t. t. (!)). |- /-a//:| /a||/. h:a:.-r. e||s|||e. Opea la|e|s|t l|ess.
lc|||t. t. -/ :| (1))~. |-.-a/r:|//a. /a||/. -r:/.- h:a:.-o-a/. lcad|es. M+cM|||+a.
k+w|s. . (1)1. ! |-rr / |a//.-. t+ac||dee. h+|+|d la|e|s|t l|ess.
(1)). /|///.:| //|-r:|/o. \ue+ \c||. tc|uac|+ la|e|s|t l|ess.
(1))). |- /:. / /-/|-. t+ac||dee. h+|+|d la|e|s|t l|ess.
(!)). |a//.- : /:/ra- ! /-/:/-o-a/. t+ac||dee. h+|+|d la|e|s|t l|ess.
VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005 Gestin y Poltica Pblica 617
G E S T I N Y P O L T I C A P B L I C A
k+a. . (!)). h+|de| \+|ds -|e+d: 1|e :eccad :t+ee c| t|e luc||c :ectc| ke|c|a |a
\ew /e+|+ad. |a/-ra://a:| /-:/-. / /a||/. !4o/a//r://a. c|. ~. a a. 1.
pp. )1.
:+ade|. M. (1)~!. //|-r:|/o :a4 /|- //o// / |a//.- t+ac||dee. t+ac||dee la|e|
s|t l|ess.
:ea. -. (1))). |-:-|/o-a/ : /r--4o. \ue+ \c||. -ac|c| cc|s.
(!))). Me||t +ad ust|ce. ea l. -||cw (ed.. h-r//.r:.r :a4 /.ao/. /;a:
|//r. \ew e|se. l||acetca la|e|s|t l|ess.
:c||c|. -. (1))~. \| Mcst lee|cp|ae tcuat||es :|cu|d act 1| \ew /e+|+ads ke
|c|as. |- vr|4 |:a| /--:r.| O|-r:-r. \+s||aetca. 1 de |ec|e|c.
1+|c|. M. (1)~. |- //|/|//r / (/-r://a. t+ac||dee. t+ac||dee la|e|s|t
l|ess.
1u||cc|. t. (1)). /r/::/- \--4 :a4 /a||/. h-:a. \ue+ \c||. +s|c cc|s.
\+|:e|. M. (1)). /: -/-r: 4- |: /a//./:. M \|cc. ltl.
\cuae. M. (1)e!. |- //- / h-r//.r:.r. lcad|es. \|||ae l|ess.
618 Gestin y Poltica Pblica VOLUMEN XIV NMERO 3 II SEMESTRE DE 2005
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