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Taxonomy
I) Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae- Mustard family)
Classification: Class : Dicotyledoneae Sub-Class: Polypetalae Order: Parietals Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Genera and species: 365 genera and 3250 species Distribution: cosmopolitan Vegetative Characters: Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes Habit: Annual herb, rarely biennial and perennial shrub Root: Tap root system, branched, modified into napiform for storage Stem: Erect, cylindrical, pubiscent or glabrous, usually herbaceous, branched or unbranched, solid. Leaf: Radical and cauline, alternate, sessile, exstipulate, simple, venation unicostate or multicostate reticulate. Floral Characters: Inflorescence: Racemose type (raceme) Flowers: Ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, complete, perfect, tetramerous, hypogynous Calyx: Sepals - 4, polysepalous, arranged in two whorls, each whorl contains two sepals, aestivation-imbricate. Corolla: Petals - 4, polypetalous, alternate with sepals, cruciform, unguiculate(differentiated into distinct claw and a limb or blade), aestivation valvate. Androceium: Stamens 6, polyandrous, tetradynamous(stamens arranged in two whorls, two outer short and four inner long), anther- dithecous, basifixed and introrse or extrorse. Gynoceium: Carpels- 2, monocarpellary, ovary- superior, unilocular, but later becomes bilocular due to development of false septum called replum. Placentation- parietal, style short and thick, stugma bilobed or capitate. Pollination: Self or cross Fruit: Siliqua or silicula Seed: Non endospermic(Ex- albumious) Floral formula:

K2+2 C4 A2+4 G

(2)

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Identifying Characters: Plant herbaceous Leaves exstipulate and usually lyrate Inflorescence racemose Flowers ebracteate, complete, perfect, hypogynous, di ot tetramerous Calyx: with 4 sepasls, polypetalous, petals unguiculate(with limb and claw), cruciform and valvate Stamens- 6, tetradynamous Carpels - 2, syncarpous, ovary bilocular due to presence of false septum called replum Placentation parietal Fruit siliqua or silicula

Economic importance: Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Vegetable Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Vegetable Turnip (Brassica rapa) Vegetable Radish (Raphanus sativus) Vegetable Mustard (Brassica camperstris) Oilseed Floral Diagram:

II)

Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae- Pea family)

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Classification: Class : Dicotyledoneae Sub-Class: Polypetalae Order: Rosales Family: Fabaceae Sub- family: Papilonaceae Genera and species: 420 genera and 7000 species Distribution: cosmopolitan Vegetative Characters: Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes Habit: Annual herbs, perennial shrubs, trees or climbers Root: Tap root system, roots with root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium) Stem: Erect, prostate or climbers, cylindrical, pubiscent or glabrous, herbaceous, branched, solid or fistular, slender or angular. Leaf: Cauline and ramal, stipulate(generally foliaceous) generally alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, either paripinoiate or imparipiniate, compound (rarely simple), venation unicostate reticulate. Floral Characters: Inflorescence: Racemose type (simple raceme or axillary raceme) Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, pedicellate, zygomorphic, complete, perfect, pentamerous except pistil, hypogynous or slightly perigynous, papilionaceous Calyx: Sepals (5), gampsepalous, unequal in size or sepal anterior, persistent, campanulate, inferior, aestivation- ascending imbricate Corolla: Petals 1+2+(2),papilionaceous(one posterior largest petal (standard vexillum) that encloses two lateral petals (wings or alae) and two fused boat-like petals(keels or carina) aestivation descending or vexillary imbricate, inferior Androceium: Stamens 1 + (9), diadelphous, one posterior stamen is free, but remaining 9 are fused to form incomplete stamina tube that encloses ovary, or rarely (10), (5)+(5) or (9) monodelphous, inferior, antherdithecous, basifixed or dorsifixed, introrse Gynoceium: monocarpellary, ovary- superior, unilocular, single ovule, Placentation- marginal, style short and curved, stigma generally feathery. Pollination: Self or cross(entomophily by insects) Fruit: Legume or pod (dehiscence formed by placentation margin) Seed: Exalbumious with two cotyledons Floral formula: Br or Ebr %

K1+2+(2) C1+2+(2) A1+(9) G

(1)

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Identifying Characters: Plant herbaceous Root with root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, i.e. Rhizobium Leaf- Stipulate(generally poliaceous) paripiniate or imparipiniate, in some plants leaves are modified into tendril Inflorescence racemose Flowers Bracteate or ebracteate, complete,zygomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous, hypogynous Calyx- persistent or sepal anterior Corolla papilionaceous Monocarpellarty, ovary superior, placentation axillary Fruit Legume or bud Economic importance: Pea (Pisum sativum) Vegetable + Pulses Broadbean (Vicia faba) Vegetable + Pulses Ground nut (Archis hypogea) Vegetable + Pulses Cow pea (Vigna sinesis) Vegetable = Pulses

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III) Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade family)
Classification: Class : Dicotyledoneae Sub-Class: Gamopetalae Order: Polemoniales Family: Solanaceae Genera and species: 95 genera and 2200 species Distribution: cosmopolitan Vegetative Characters: Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes, rarely xerophytes Habit: Generally Annual herbs, perennial shrubs or rarely perennial trees Root: Tap root system Stem: Erect or prostate, branched, either cylindrical or angular, pubiscent or glabrous, usually herbaceous or woody, branched, bicollateral type of vascular bundle, solid or rarely fistular. Leaf: Cauline and ramal, alternate in vegetative region but opposite in floral region, petiolate or rarely sessile, exstipulate, simple or rarely compound(tomato and potato), venation unicostate reticulate. Floral Characters: Inflorescence: Cymose( axillary, extra axillary, sub umbellate cyme, combination of cyme), rarely solitary (or terminal) Flowers: Ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic (due to obliquely placed ovary), complete, perfect, hypogynous, outer three whorls pentamerous(pistil is not pentamerous), hypogynous Calyx: Sepals (5), gamosepalous, persistent, aestivation-valvate, inferior, campanulate or tubular Corolla: Petals (5) , gamopetalous, tubular, campanulate or infundibulum, inferior, aestivation valvate. Androceium: Stamens 5, polyandrous, epipetalous, alternipetalous, anther- dithecous, basifixed or dorsifgixed, introrse, dehiscence of anther through apical poresm connate anthers in some plants of this family (Solanum, Lycopersicum), filaments short, simple and slender Gynoceium: Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary- superior, obliquely placed, bilocular or rarely tetralocular(Dhaturo) due to development of false septum called replum, many ovules in each locule, placentation- exile and swollen placenta, style simple and slender, stigma single lobed, capitate. Pollination: Self or cross Fruit: Berry or capsule Seed: Albuminous or rarely exalbuminous, with two cotyledons

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Floral formula: Ebr

K(5) C(5) A5 G

(2)

Identifying Characters: Stem has bicolateral type of vascular bundle Leaves- alternate in vegetative region, but opposite in floral region, unicostate reticulate venation Inflorescence cymose Flower ebracteate, complete, perfect, hypogynous Persistent calyx Gamopetallous condition Epipetallous stamens, alternae petallous, dehiscence of anther through apical pores Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary superior and obliquely placed, placentation exile with swollen placenta Fruit Berry or Capsule Economic importance: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Vegetable Nightshade (sflnu]8L) (Solanum nigrum) Medicinal value for haemorrhage treatment Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Edible use Chilli (Capsicum anuum) Edible spices Floral diagram:

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IV) Family: Asteraceae(Compositae- Composite family)
Classification: Class : Dicotyledoneae Sub-Class: Gamopetalae Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae(Compositae) Genera and species: 1500 genera and 23000 species Distribution: cosmopolitan Vegetative Characters: Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes, rarely xerophytes Habit: Annual, biennial herbs, perennial shrubs or rarely perennial trees Root: Tap root system, in some species, tap root is modified as fasciculated root in Dahlia Stem: Erect or prostate, branched, either cylindrical , pubiscent, usually herbaceous or rarely woody, branched, solid or rarely fistular. Leaf: Cauline and ramal, alternate or opposite or whorled, petiolate or sessile, exstipulate, petiolate or sessile, margin pinnately or palmately lobed, simple or rarely compound(venation unicostate reticulate. Floral Characters: Inflorescence: Few to many flowered capitulum or head enveloped by an involucre of bract. Ray floret: Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, zygomorphic, sessile, incomplete, unisexual(pistillate), ligulate, epigynous Calyx: Sepals (2-5) or 2-5 polysepalous or gamosepalous, pappous or membranous (transparent paper-like structure or membrane-like), persistent, aestivation-valvate, superior Corolla: Petals (3-5) , gamopetalous, ligulate, superior, aestivation- valvate Androceium: Absent Gynoceium: Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary- inferior, unilocular, single ovule in each locule, placentation- basal, style long, simple and slender, stigma bifid Pollination: cross (entomophily) Fruit: Cypsela (dry, indehiscence fruit developed by bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior and placentation- basal) Seed: Albuminous or exalbuminous, with two cotyledons

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Floral formula: Br %

K(2-5) OR 2-5

PAPPOUS

C(3-5) A0 G

(2)

Disc floret: Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, actinomorphic, sessile, complete, bisexual, tubular, epigynous Calyx: similar to ray floret Corolla: Petals (5) , gamopetalous, tubular, superior, aestivation- valvate Androceium: Stamens (5), syngenesious, epipetalous, alternepetalous, anther- dithecous, basifixed or dorsifixed, introrse, filament simple and slender Gynoceium: similar to ray floret Pollination: self or cross (entomophily) Fruit: Cypsela Seed: Albuminous or exalbuminous, with two cotyledons Floral formula: Br Identifying Characters:

K(2-5) OR

2-5

PAPPOUS

C(5) A(5) G

(2)

Tap root system Unicostate reticulate venation Inflorescence Head or capitulum with involucre of bract Flower epigynous Ray floret- zygomorphic, pistillate and ligulate Disc floret actinomorphic, bisexual and tubular Calyx pappous or membranous and persistent Gamopetallous condition Androceium is syngenecious and epipetalous which is only present in disc floret Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior and placentation basal Fruit Berry or Capsule Sunflower (Helianthus annus) oil Marigold (Tagetes patula) ornamental purpose Lahure phul (Dahlia hybrid) ornamental

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V) Family: Gramineae (Poaceae- Wheat family)

Classification: Class : Monocotyledoneae Order: Poales Family: Poaceae(Gramineae) Genera and species: 95 genera and 2200 species Distribution: cosmopolitan Vegetative Characters: Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes Habit: Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubs Root: Fibrous or adventitious root system, stilt roots in maize, sugarcane, bamboo etc. Stem: Erect or prostate or creepers, unbranched, herbaceous or rarely woody culm(nodes solids and internodes fistular), pubiscent or glabrous, distinct nodes and internodes, terrate,(both nodes and internodes solid in sugarcane , maize) Leaf: Cauline and radical, exstipulate, sessile, alternate, simple leaf with leaf sheath and leaf blades ligules may be present at the junction of leaf sheath encloses internodes, leafblade, long, narrow, lanceolate with venation parallel Floral Characters: Inflorescence: Racemose(spike of spikelets), each spikelet consists of two sterile peripheral glooms and 1 to 15 flowers.

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Flowers: Bracteate(outer lemma with stiff hair-like structure called awn and palea),sessile. zygomorphic, incomplete, perfect(rarely unisexual), hypogynous Perianth: Reduced or absent, tepals -2 or rarely 3, polyphyllous, lodicules inferior Androceium: Stamens 3 or rarely (3+3) (in rice, bamboo etc) exherted, anher dithecous, versatile, introrse, filament long, simple and slender, ovary superior, unilocular, single ovule, placentation basal, style very short or absent, stigma- two or feathery Pollination: Cross pollination (entimophily) Fruit: Caryopsis (grains) Seed: Albuminous with one cotyledon Floral formula: Br % Identifying Characters: Fibrous Root System(in some plants stilt root system) Stem culm and terrate Leaf with leaf seed and leaf blade, venation parallel Inflorescence spike of spikelet Flower Bracteate ( outer lemma with awn and inner palea), zygomorphic and hypogynous Perianth lodicules Versatile anther Monocarpellary, ovary superior, placentation basal and stigma feathery Fruit caryopsis or grains Economic importance Wheat (Triticum aestivum) food Maize (Zea mays) food RIce (Oryza sativa) food Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Sugar Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hemiltoni) Domestic Floral Diagram

// P2 or rarely 3 (lodicules) A3

OR RARELY

3+3,

(1)

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