Pg 43-PHARM MOST COMMONS

Cardiovascular What is the most common cardiac valve involved in cocaine dependence on autopsy -- -- the tricuspid. What is the most common cause of S3 -- a rapid ventricular filling most commonly caused by left ventricular failure. What is the most common cause of laterally displaced PMI -- ventricular dilation from dysfunction & MIs. What are the 2 most common diastolic murmurs aortic insufficiency (aka aortic regurgitation) & mitral stenosis; {Diastolic murmurs are less common than systolic murmurs, and are always abnormal} What is a common cause of edema -- venous insufficiency. What is a common cause of fibrosing mediastinitis -- histoplasmosis (rare). Blood is most commonly obtained from which vein -- median cubital. What is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or brain injury -- -- lactated ringers soln. What are the most common sxs of mi in women -- -- weakness, dyspnea, fatigue, sob. What is the most common triggering event of ACS -- -- rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery. What is the most common sx of acute mi -- -- retrosternal, pressure chest pain (>30 min) What is the most common sx of angina retrosternal, pressure chest pain (210 min) Silent mis are more common in whom -- -- the elderly. When is myocardial rupture most common -- -- three to five days after mi. What is the most commonly performed non-invasive testing method for blood flow limitations, detecting lumen narrowing of >75% -- -- cardiac stress testing. What is one of the most commonly recognized infarction scenarios -- -coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery causing mi. What is the most common WBC -- -- neutrophil granulocyte (Nobody Likes My Educational Background) What is a common vascular disease -- -- atherosclerosis. What is a common cardiac arrhythmia -- -- atrial. What is a common cause of embolic material -- -- blood coagulation (thrombus). What is a common cause of sudden death (sads) in the US -- -- cad. What are the 2 most common types of LQTS -- -- genetic and drug-induced. What is the most common congenital atrial septal defect -- -- patent foramen ovale (pfo) 25% of adults. What is the most common type of asd -- -- ostium secundum asd. What is the most commonly heard murmur -- -- regurgitation through mitral valve.

What class of diuretics is most commonly used for relief of moderate CHF -- -loop (furosemide). What is the most common type of shock -- -- hypovolemic. What is the most common metal in most animals -- -- calcium. In whom is bradycardia more common -- -- elderly. What is the most common type of leukemia in young children acute lymphocytic. What is the most common cause of elephantiasis -- -- lymphatic filariasis. What is the most common ion in the extracellular space -- -- sodium. What is the most common cause of adult amputation, usually toes/feet -- -diabetic foot. What is the most common hemoglobin type in adult humans -- -- tetramer called hemoglobin A. What is the most common cardiac cause of clubbing -- -- congenital cyanotic heart disease. How many iron atom heme subunits does the most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contain -- -- four. What is the most common cause of anemia in the Western world -- -- iron deficiency. What are the most commonly performed blood tests -- -- hemoglobin levels (cbc) in g/L, g/dL, or mol/L. Where do aneurysms most commonly occur -- -- base of brain(circle of willis) and infrarenal abdominal aorta. What is the most common cause of aortic aneurysms -- -- atherosclerosis. What is the most common type of shock -- -- hypovolemic. What are the most common causes of ketoacidosis -- -- type one diabetes mellitus and starvation also, alcohol. ( is formed from severe breakdown of fatty acids) When is lactated Ringers soln most commonly used -- -- for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery or a burn injury. What is the most common cause of a normal anion gap -- -- hyperchloremic acidosis. What are the most common causes of high anion gap in metabolic acidosis MUDPILES (Methanol, Uremia, DKA/AKA, Paraldehyde/phenformin, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol, Salicylates) What are the most common causes of metabolic acidosis w/o an anion gap HARDUP (Hyperalimentation/hyperventilation, Acetazolamide, RTA, Diarrhea, Uretal diversion, Pancreatic fistula/parenteral saline) What is the most common type of renal tubular acidosis -- -- distal RTA: failure of acid secretion by the alpha intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron. What are the most common complications of DKA -- -- treatment. In what type of insulin deficiency is DKA more common -- -- type one diabetes. What is the most common cause of delayed capillary refill -- -- vasospasm (Raynaud's Phenomenon) or hypovolemia. What is the most common cyanotic pediatric congenital heart abnormality -- -tetrology of fallot. What are the five causes of fever -- -- 5Ws: wind, water, walking, wonder drugs, wound infectn: (atelectasis, uti, dvt, drugs, abscess)

In whom does Raynauds Phenomenon, severe vasospasm, most commonly occur in -- -- women after exposure to cool temperatures, causing white and painful hands. What are the most common serious ailments affecting the lower extremities --- arterial/venous insufficiency and edema. What is the most common cause of CVAs -- -- blood clots 80%; {50%atherosclerosis /50%embolism} What is the most common sx of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) -- -thunderclap headache (most severe ever developing from seconds to minutes) 10% What is the most common cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage --- cerebral aneurysm (85%) What are the most common complications of subarachnoid hemorrhages -- -vasospasms (50%) & rebleeding (40%); seen in CT invasive agiography and treated w/ endovascular coiling w/platinum coils. What are the most common sensitive methods to identify SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage -- -- CT (95%), LP (98%) why is LP higher? -- -- detects xanthochromia from bilirubin (yellow appearance of centrifuged CSF from hemoglobin breakdown) What is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults -- -- (AML) acute myeloid/ melogenous leukemia. What is the most common congenital conditn increasing risk of leukemia -- -down syndrome. (10-18-fold increase) What is the common tetrad of multiple myeloma -- -- CRAB - C = Calcium (elevated), R =Renal failure, A = Anemia, B = Bone lesions What are the most common infections of multiple myeloma -- -- pneumonias and pyelonephritis. What is the most common cause of microcytic anemia -- -- iron deficiency anemia. What is the most common sign of congestive heart failure -- -- the S3 heart sound. What is the most common autograft (valve from patients own body moved to different position) -- -- most frequent is the pulmonary valve moved to the aortic position. What is the most common etiology of non-constrictive pericarditis -- -- (90%) are idiopathic. What is the common atrial septal defect -- -- (80%) persistence of ostium secundum. Where is the most common site of intracranial aneurysms -- -- base of skull at circle of willis. What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest outside of a hospital -- -ventricular fibrillation (vf) What is the most common mnemonic used for clinical approach to loc pt & CPR -- -- AcBCD A-airway, c-cervical spine injury, B-breathing, C-circulation, Ddefibrillation. What is the most common cause of sustained (longer) PMI and ventricular hypertrophy -- -- hypertension or any other state of chronic pressure overload. What is the most common cause of an unusually vigorous PMI -- -- ventricular hypercontractility; (ex: compensated mitral regurgitation or aortic insufficiency resulting in exceptionally large stroke volumes).

What is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension -- -- left heart failure leading to pulmonary venous hypertension. What is the most common cause of angina pectoris -- -- ischemia due to coronary artery disease. What is the most common cause of stenosis of hearts arteries and angina pectoris -- -- atherosclerosis. What are the most common immediate tx methods for angina pectoris -- -ASA & nitroglycerin (blood thinner & vasodilator) What are the 4 most common ways to distinguish the IJV from the carotid artery -- -- 1) having a biphasic waveform 2) falling pressure during inspiration 3) rising with abdominal pressure, and 4) being compressible with direct pressure. What are the most common causes of peripheral edema -- -- high hydrostatic P, low oncotic P, blockage of lymph drainage, inflammation: (CHF, DVT, varicose veins, asymmetric compression of thigh/leg {e.g. knee pads/tight jeans}), (cirrhosis, malnutrition, nephritic syndrome {renal protein loss}, epidemic dropsy), (infection, cancer, post-op fibrosis, filariasis?), (increased permeability from inflammatory mediators, allergic conditns {e.g. angioedema}). What are the most common roles of cytokines -- -- innate & adaptive immune responses in immune system, inflammatory & infectious disease response, & embryogenesis. What is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation in US -- -myxomatous degeneration of the valve. What is the most common cause of secondary mitral regurgitation -- -- dilation of left ventricle, causing stretching of mitral valve annulus and displacement of papillary muscles. What are the most commonly used agents in tx of chronic mitral regurgitation -- -- ACE inhibitors and hydralizine. What is the most common normal range for JVD from the right atrium -- -- 79cm. What is the most common cause of an absence of a waves in JVP -- -- atrial fibrillation. What is the most common cause of an absent or inverted P wave in EKG -- -dysfunction of SA node. Hematoma > ecchymosis > purpura > petechia. What is the most common cause of acquired heart disease among children in US -- -- Kawasaki disease (10-18% of children w/KD develop coronary artery aneurysms) What are the 3 most common causes of purpura -- -- thrombocytopenia, vascular disorders (HTN, vasculitis, microvascular injury), coagulation disorders (Disseminated intravascular coagulation: DIC) What is the most common cause of Subclavian Vein Thrombosis unrelated to trauma -- -- thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS): (positional compression of subclavian artery & vein, vertebral artery & nerve cords of brachial plexus btwn neck & axilla.) What sxs are the most common presentation of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) -- -- (95% of cases) neurological sxs. What is the most common determinant of migrating hematomas -- -- gravity. What is the most common use of an ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate -- -monitoring response to therapy in chronic infections like rheumatoid arthritis,

tuberculosis, infective endocarditis, temporal arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, myeloma. What are the 3 most common causes of bradycardia -- -- 1) depressed automaticity of heart, 2) conduction block, 3) escape pacemakers & rhythms. Where is the most common site of varicose veins -- -- superficial veins of legs; b/c theyre subject to high pressures when standing. When are levels of prostaglandins elevated -- -- in scenarios of inflammation. What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest & sudden death in pts w/ hearts damaged by CAD -- -- ventricular fibrillation; due to rapid, random AV node firing of electrical impulses by tachycardia. What are the 3 main pathways in portal-systemic (portal-caval) anastomoses -- -- 1) veins in inferior esophagus, 2) hemorrhoidal veins in wall of anal canal, 3) superficial veins in anterior abdominal wall surrounding navel. When is the most common time of occurrence for angina pectoris -- -- during exercise; b/c when vigorous contracting heart demands more O2 than stenosed coronary arteries can deliver. What are the most common causes of CHF (AKA dilated cardiomyopathy)-- -progressive weakening of ventricles (damage by MI), failure to fill ventricles (mitral stenosis), or overfilling of ventricles (aortic/ pulmonary stenosis) Where is the most common site of occurrence of aortic dissection -- -originates w/an intimal tear in the ascending aorta. (65%) Where is the most common extent of aortic dissection (localized to either the ascending aorta or descending aorta) -- -- propagates at least to the aortic arch and often beyond it distally; descending is more common. (Type 1) (60%) What is the most common etiology in pts w/aortic dissection (72-80%) -- -present w/PMH of HTN. (higher HTN in those w/ distal dissection) What is the most common age of aortic dissection -- -- 50-70 y/o. What is the most common event found in PSH in 18% pts present w/acute aortic dissection -- -- a hx of open heart surgery; What is the most common valve malfunction leading to aortic dissection -- -aortic insufficiency (50-66%); especially, those whove undergone aortic valve replacement (b/c aortic insufficiency inc. blood flow in ascending aorta causes dilating & weakening of ascending aortisc walls) What are the most common sxs of aortic dissection -- -- (96%) sudden, severe, tearing/stabbing/sharp pain. (17%) feel pain migrate as dissection extends distally. Anterior CP= ascending dissection; Intrascapular pain= descending dissection. Pleuritic=acute pericarditis (hemorrhage into pericardial sac); murmur of AI heard in 32% of proximal dissections. What is the most common difference btwn MI and dissection -- -- No other sxs (CHF, ECG changes). No diaphoresis. What are the 2 most positive CV results from regular, vigorous exercise -- -- 1) retarding atherosclerosis by clearing of fatty/lipid deposits from coronary vessels, 2) gradual inc. heart strength/contractility from adapting to inc. in demand. What are the 3 most common age-related changes affecting the heart (common in elderly) -- -- 1) hardening/thickening of cusps of heart valves, 2) decline in cardiac reserve (less efficient sympathetic control, dec. HR, & slower at inceasing output to pump more blood), 3) fibrosis of cardiac muscle (hinders initiation & transmission of contraction-signaling impulses & lowers max cardiac output) Which valves cusps are most commonly hardened/thickened w/ age -- -mitral & aortic (subjected to highest BPs).

What is most commonly used to detect marked imbalances in blood flow to the heart muscle -- -- a cardiac stress test. What artery is most commonly involved in coronary occlusions & is bypassed in byass cardiac surgery -- -- anterior interventricular artery. What artery is most important to the SA node -- -- nodal artery from RCA What is the most common cause of stable/reproducible exercise-related angina -- -- severe coronary stenoses greater then 75% lumen narrowing What is the most common cause of varicose veins -- -- hereditary (women 2x as likely) What are the most common WBCs -- -- neutrophils (NLMEB); predominant cells in pus (whitish/yellowish appearance) Occlusion of which coronary artery is the most common cause of an acute MI -- -- circumflex branch. Where the most common site of metastases of a breast cancer -- -- axillary lymph nodes (75%) from the pectoral/anterior lymph nodes; parasternal (25%) What is the most common cause of pleural effusion -- -- left ventricular failure. What is the most common cyanotic heart defect -- -- tetralogy of fallot. (can be caused by rubella) What is the most common cause of a systolic ejection murmur at the upper sternal border -- -- aortic sclerosis. What is the most common cause of eosinophilia in the U.S. allergic conditions, including drug reactions & atopic asthma. Parasitic infections are rare. What is the most common cause of eosinophilia worldwide/internationally helminthic parasitic infections; several involve hundreds of millions of people. (tx involves thiabendazole) (absolute eosinophil count [AEC] >600/uL) Mild = AEC 600-1500/uL; Moderate = AEC 1500-5000/uL; Severe = AEC >5000uL What are the 2 most common causes of proteinuria 1. protein filtration through an abnormal glomerular-capsule membrane, 2. increased [protein] in blood plasma What is the most common cause of venous thrombosis in children placement of venous access devices. Arterial Aneurysms are most commonly detected by what technique auscultation of a bruit over the aneurysm. What is the most common cause of HTN in children renal dz What is the most common cause of hyperglycemia in the morning the Somogyi effect: rebound hyperglycemia after being hypoglycemic in the wee ours of the night. Caused by release of glucagon & stress hormones Epi & cortisol signaling liver to release glucose into blood & insulin resistance x several hours, respectively. What is the most common cause of maternal death in the US pulmonary embolism. Which leg is more commonly affected by DVT in pregnant women left leg; (due to compression of left iliac vein by the right iliac artery and the uterus. 3 most important things that to consider in surgery that cause post-op Wound Infections Blood transfusion, hypothermia, Hypoxia What is the most common cause of a mid-systolic murmur mitral stenosis What is the most common cause a positive abdominojugular reflux test Right-sided heart failure, secondary to elevated Left heart filling pressures.

What is the most common cause of Kussmauls sign (an increase rather than the normal decrease in the CVP during inspiration) severe Right-sided heart failure; also a frequent finding in pts w/ constrictive pericarditis or RV MI. What test is most commonly needed when a patient is experiencing limiting or escalating symptoms of cardiac dysfunction or myocardial infarction or when objective measures (such as ECG or stress testing) suggest that the patient has a high risk of progressing to rapid functional deterioration, MI, or other adverse events cardiac catheterization What is the most commonly used tx for CHF loop diuretics (furosemide) Ascending Loop Diuretic What is the most common cause o myocardial ischemia obstructive atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary arteries. What is the most common serious, chronic, life-threatening illness in the US ischemic heart disease. What are the 2 most common causes of reversed splitting of S2 left bundle branch block (LBBB) and delayed excitation of the LV from a RV ectopic beat. What is the most common cause of holosystolic or pansystolic murmurs leaky AV valves. What is the most common cause of prehospital cardiac arrests in adults Vfib What is the most common cause of longer P-R intervals on ECG 1st-degree AV heart block ( constant PR interval = >0.2 sec) What is the most common site of coarctation of the aorta just distal to the origin of L subclavian artery (so circulation to head & arms is NOT affected) What is the most common congenital lesion in adults after bicuspid aortic valve atrial septal defect What are the most common predisposing congenital heart lesions bicuspid aortic valves, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, and tetralogy of Fallot. What is the most common cause of CABG graft closure in 3 years graft atherosclerosis What is the most common cause of death of men and women over 20 y/o coronary artery disease. What is the most common cause of hospital admission in Medicare age group congestive heart failure What is the most common ECG abnormality during diagnostic testing of CAD in the elderly nonspecific ST-T changes (often drug related) What is the most common arrhythmia sinus tachycardia. What is the most common cause of myocarditis the Coxsackievirus B virus (followed by echovirus) What is the most common dz involving the pericardium acute pericarditis (may be associated w/ pericardial effusion & even tamponade) What is the most common heart valve involved in acute rheumatic fever mitral followed by aortic valve (left side of heart more commonly affected than right) What is the most common cause of endocarditis in IV drug users staph aureus What is the most commonly involved valve in endocarditis in IV drug users tricuspid valve

What is the most common type of primary cardiac tumor benign =75% (malignant = 25%) What is the most common primary benign cardiac tumor myxoma What is the most common cause of atrial tachycardia digitalis toxicity What are generally considered the most common mechanism of sustained paroxysmal/spasmodic tachyarrhythmia disorders of impulse propagation (reentry) What is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia AV nodal reentrant tachycardia What is the most common cause of bacterial myocarditis death diphtheritic myocarditis; (occurs in of patients with diphtheria) What is the most common cause of chronic pericardial effusion tuberculosis What are the 3 most common causes of cardiac tamponade neoplastic dz, idiopathic pericarditis, and uremia. Who is most commonly affected by acute rheumatic fever children between the ages of 5-15 What age range do myxomas most commonly occur in the third through sixth decades w/ a female predilection. What is the most common electrolyte disturbance hyponatremia What is the most common sustained supraventricular tachycardia atrial fibrillation What is the most common intravenrricular conduction defect left anterior fascicular block Where is the most common site for AAA infrarenal aorta (below level of renal aa.) What is the most common pathologic condition associated with aortic aneurysm atherosclerosis What is the most common cause of ascending aortic aneurysms cystic medial necrosis (degeneration of collagen & elastic fibers in the tunica media of the aorta, as well as the loss of medial cells that are replaced by multiple clefts of mucoid material characteristically affects the proximal aortal) What is the most common cause of aneurysms of the aortic arch & descending thoracic aorta atherosclerosis. What is the most common cause of AAA (>90%) atherosclerosis What is the most common cause of isolated, severe mitral regurgitation requiring surgical treatment in North America mitral valve prolapse What are the 3 most common arrhythmias that have been reported from mitral valve prolapse premature ventricular contractions, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, & ventricular tachycardia. What is the most common complaint of deep venous thrombosis calf pain. What is the most common form of vasculitis temporal arteritis What is the most common cause of central retinal a. occlusion a gardenvariety atheroma or embolism What is the most common cause of death in diabetics myocardial infarction (glycosylated products accelerate the atherosclerotic process) What is the most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia av nodal reentry. (~70%)

What is the most common treatable CV risk factor in the elderly hypertension What is the most common valvular disorder in the elderly mitral regurgitation (in most cases, surgical intervention NOT required) What is the 2nd most common indication for major cardiac surgery in the elderly aortic stenosis What are the 2 most common indication for major cardiac surgery in the elderly left main artery dz & triple vessel dz What is the most clinically significant valvular lesion in the elderly aortic stenosis (severity often underestimated b/c of gradual progression) What is the most commonly reported side effect of nitroglycerin headache What is the most common cause of hypertension in children renal dz. What is the most common antecedent of HF and chronic renal failure hypertension. What is the most common type of hypertension in the elderly isolated systolic hypertention. What is the most common cause of treatable secondary hypertension renovascular dz. Where is the most common area of peripheral vascular disease superficial femoral artery. What is the most common adrenal medullary tumor in adults pheochromocytoma (comprises 0.2% of pts w/ HTN) What is the most common cardiovascular cause of secondary hypertension coarctation of the aorta. What is the most common cause of aortic aneurysms atherosclerosis What is the most common cause of aortic dissection HTN Where do aortic aneurysms most commonly occur abdomen Where is the most common site of occurrence for AAAs (abd aortic aneurysms) >90% distal/below renal arteries What is the most common abnormal objective PE finding in pts w/ aortic dissections asymmetric upper extremity blood pressure What part of the body is most commonly affected by PVD (peripheral vascular disease) lower extremities What is the most common initial presenting sign in pts w/ PVD intermittent claudication (leg pain w/ walking & relieved by rest) What is the most common cause of acute ischemia in PVD embolization from the heart Where is the most common site of acute occlusions in PVD at bifurcations distal to the last palpable pulse ----------What is the most common artery which supplies the inferior portion of the left ventricle 80% of the time, RCA supplies LV via the PD (Posterior Descending) artery { = Right dominant) Where is the most common site of coronary artery occlusion LAD (left anterior descending) which supplies the interventricular septum What is the diagnostic gold standard in the 1st 6 hours of an MI EKG (ST elevation-transmural ischemia & Q waves-transmural infarct)

In the cardiac cycle, when is the period of highest oxygen consumption isovolumetric contraction What is the most frequent valvular lesion, especially in young women mitral prolapse What are the 3 variables that affect Stroke volume SV CAP Contractility, Afterload, Preload What are the 2 most common side effects of cholestyramine, colestipol & other bile acid resins tastes bad & GI discomfort What is the most common side effect of Niacin red, flushed face (thats decreased by ASA or long-term use) What are the 3 most common side effects/problems with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (the statins) expensive, reversible increased LFTs, Myositis What are the 2 most common side effects of gemfibrozil, clofibrate, and other lipoprotein lipase stimulators myositis & increased LFTs What is the most common cause of AV Type 1 Mobitz (2ndary HB) aka Wenckebach Drug effect-beta blockade, digoxin, Ca++ channel blockers (also increased vagal tone) What is the most common cause of AV Type 2 Mobitz (2ndary HB) Diseased infranodal conduction system What is the most common jugular venous pulse sign found in pts w/ tertiary/complete HB cannon A waves What are the 7 most common causes of a-fib PIRATES (Pulmonary dz, Ischemia, Rheumatic dz, Anemia/atrial myxoma, Thyrotoxicosis, Ethanol, Sepsis) What is the most common EKG finding in a-flutter sawtooth appearance (250-350 bpm) What disorders is a-flutter most commonly associated with CAD, CHF, COPD, valvulopathy, & pericarditis What are the 3 most common causes of MAT (Multifocal atrial tachycardia) multiple atrial pacemakers, re-entrant pathways, & COPD (rate >100bpm) What is the most common etiology of PSVT (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia) usually 2ndary to reentry (ex: WPW) always has a normal QRS! (150-250bpm - - can be tx with carotid massage) What are the most common causes of PVCs hypoxia, electrolyte abnormalities, & hyperthyroidism (sxs: palpitations & syncope but usually asymptomatic) What 2 disorders are most commonly associated with VF & VT(3 or more consecutive PVCs) CAD & MI What is the classic triad of Angina substernal CP, precipitated by exertion/emotion, relieved by rest/nitrates What is the most common cause of death in the US ischemic heart disease In whom is ischemic heart heart disease most common middle-aged men & postmenopausal women What is the most common type of angina stable (caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis w/luminal narrowing >75%) What is the most common EKG finding in stable angina ST depression (subendocardial ischemia)

What is the most common EKG finding in prinzmetal variant angina transient ST elevation (transmural ischemia) What are the 3 critia for CABG LAD stenosis >50%, 3-vessel dz w/ reduced EF, diabetic CAD What is the most common cause of death in the US MI What is the most common thrombosed coronary artery in MIs LAD-45% (RCA-35% , LCA-15%) What type of infarction is most commonly seen in MIs transmural (ischemic necrosis of >50% of myocardial wall) In whom is Atypical presentations of MIs most commonly seen Diabetics, Elderly, Alcoholics, Trauma to the spinal cord, Hypertensive, (= DEATH) also women, postsurgical pts What is the most common type of necrosis coagulative - d/t denaturing & coagulation of proteins w/in the cytoplasm (seen w/in 4-24 hours of an MI)

Dermatology What are the most commonly affected areas in cellulitis -- -- skin on face or lower legs. What 2 bacteria most commonly cause cellulitis -- -- group a streptococcus and staphylococcus. What is the most common cause of stasis dermatitis -- -- varicose veins. What age group does impetigo most commonly occur children age 2-6 years What age group does Staphyloccoccal scalded skin syndrome (Ritter disease) most commonly occur children < 5. Where are infections with MRSA most common -- -- hospitals and other institutional health care settings such as nursing homes; elderly and immune deficiency. What is the most common cause of hand ulcer and regional adenopathy after touching a hare/rabbit -- -- ulceroglandular tularemia. What is the most common ID associated w/wool contact -- -- b. anthracis. What is the most common type of onychomycosis (80-90%), caused by dermatophytes -- -- tinea unguium (tinea of the nails). What are the most common causative agents of ring worm -- -- the dermatophytes Trichophyton and Microsporum. What is the common name of athletes foot, jock itch, and ringworm -- -Tinea. What is the most common tick-borne disease in North America and Europe and one of the fastest-growing infectious diseases in US -- -- lyme disease. What condition is commonly confused w/Lyme Disease b/c of the bulls eye rash -- -- ringworm. Dermatophytes of what generas are the most common causative agents of ringworm -- -- trichophyton and micosporum. What is the most common cause of hot tub folliculitis -- -- the bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa; body parts that sit in a new, uncleaned hot tub. What is the most common cause of petechia -- -- thrombocytopenia. (Hematoma > ecchymosis > purpura > petechia) What are the most common skin cancers (95%) -- -- basal cell & squamous cell carcinomas; which stem from keratinocytes.

What cancers only make up 5% of skin cancers but are responsible for 75% of the mortality associated w/skin cancer -- -- melanocyte cancers/ melanomas. What is the most common site for ganglion cysts -- -- the back of the hand. In whom is exfoliative dermatitis most commonly seen infants & young children. What is the most common cause of carbuncles staphylococcus aureus What age group is impetigo most common among children age 2-6 years. What is the most common cause of impetigo staphylococcus aureus. In what setting is necrotizing fascitis most common after surgical procedures In whom is necrotizing fascitis most common in patients with diabetes & peripheral vascular disease What is the most common cause of cutaneous anthrax on the neck wool scarf containing Bacillus anthracis What bacteria are the 2 most common causes of skin infections streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus. What is the most common cause of skin lesions in travelers (25%) Cutaneous larva migrans (Creeping Eruption) (most commonly Africa, the Caribbean, & southeast Asia) In whom is cutaneous larva migrans (Creeping Eruption) most common travelers, children & swimmers: Among those returning from travel in tropical regions (most commonly Africa, the Caribbean, & southeast Asia) What is the most common cause of cutaneous larva migrans (Creeping Eruption) skin contact w/ contaminated sandy soil; from nematode parasites in dog & cat feces What is the most common nematode parasite causing cutaneous larva migrans (Creeping Eruption) Ancylostoma braziliense. Where is the most common site of infection of Creeping Eruption (cutaneous larva migrans) lower extremities What is the most commonly involved toe for ingrown toenails big toe What is the most common cause of erysipilis Group a or b strep What is the most common cause of a fine sandpaper rash over the upper body that may spread to cover almost the entire body, sparing the mouth, palms, & soles scarlet fever (streptococcus pyogenes a complication of strep pharyngitis) What is the most common cause of acanthosis nigricans insulin resistance; usually from type II diabetes. What is the most common cause of lichenification (thickening of skin w/accentuation of normal skin surface markings) chronic rubbing Which toe is most commonly involved in ingrown nails the large/big toe. What is the most common cause of onycholysis minor trauma to the fingernails. Most common benign neoplastic growh cervical polyp What is the most common cause of nodules then ulcers on gardeners sporothrix schenckii; found in soil & on plants (rose thorns & splinters) What is the most common skin cancer in geriatrics basal cell carcinoma (~75%)

What is the most common benign epithelial tumor of adulthood seborrheic keratosis Where are the 2 most commonly involved areas in basal cell carcinoma head & neck What is the most common precursor lesion for squamous cell carcinoma actinic keratosis What is the 2nd most common skin cancer squamous cell carcinoma (200,000 cases/yr in US) In whom are ischial pressure sores most common paraplegics What is the most common reason for removal of a skin tag cosmetic removal for unsightly appearance What are the most common skin lesions involved in sarcoidosis erythema nodosum, plaques, maculopapular eruptions, subcutaneous nodules, and lupus pernio (Treatment is not required, since lesions resolve spontaneously in 2-4 weeks) Where are the most common sites of petechiea resulting from fat embolism syndrome across the neck, in the axillae, & in the conjunctivae; however, their appearance is evanescent (vanishing, fading away, fleeting) Where is impetigo (dried pustules w/superficial golden-brown crusts) most commonly found around the nose & mouth Where is erythema nodosum (erythematouss\ plaques & nodules) most commonly located on pretibial areas (lesions are painful & indurated, but heal spontaneously w/o ulceration) In whom does Karposis sarcoma (red-purple nodules & surrounding pink-red macules) most often appear immunosuppressed patients Where are skin changes in psoriasis (demarcated dark red plaques w/silvery scales) most commonly located on exterior surfaces (elbows, knees, etc.) Where is actinic keratosis (discrete patch that has an erythematous base & rough white scaling) most commonly found in sun-exposed areas (AK is a premalignant lesion that may progress to squamous cell carcinoma) What is the most common type of malignant melanoma superficial spreading melanoma (begins w/ initial radial growth phase before invasion) What is the most common type of malignant melanoma superficial spreading melanoma (primarily horizontal growth pattern) What is the most common melanoma in dark-skinned individuals acrallentiginous melanoma (affects palms, soles, & subungual area) ---What is the most common type of skin eruption during sepsis maculopapular eruption: centrally located primarily truncal What is the most common age for Exanthem Subitum (Roseola) children < 3y/o (2-3 mm rash usually appears after fever has subsided) What is the most common cause of Hand-Foot & Mouth disease coxsackie virus type A-16 In which groups does Hand-Foot & Mouth outbreaks most commonly occur within families Which 2 types of HPV cause 97% of visible warts types 6 or 11 What is 2 types of HPV cause 70% of cervical cancer types 16 & 18 What is the most common cause of

-----------Where is atopic dermatitis most commonly seen flexural surfaces, neck, eyelids, forehead, face, dorsum of hands & feet Where is dyshidrosis (pruitic, small vesicles in clusters {tapioca appearance}) most commonly seen on hands & feet (occasionally, bullae form) Where are kerion (indurated, boggy inflammatory plaque studded w/ pustules) most commonly seen/present in tinea on the scalp Where does lichen planus most commonly occur on the flexor aspects of the wrists, lumbar area, eyelids, shins, & scalp What are the 3 most common causes of erythema multiforme rug rxn (esp PCN & sulfonamides), concurrent herpetic infection, Mycoplasma infection What is the most common finding in patients with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 90% have mucocutaneous erosions (mouth, lips, conjunctiva, genital & anal skin) What areas are most commonly affected by bullous pemphigoid (affects pts >60 years) axillae, thighs, groin (mucous membrane lesions are less severe & less painful) What is the most common complication of rosacea (scattered, small, inflammatory papulopustules on cheeks, chin, forehead, glabella, & nose) rhinophyma (enlarges nose) What is the most common cause of hot tub Folliculitis Pseudomonas (tx w/fluroquinolone) Where does scabies most commonly occur in web spaces of hands & feet, genitalia, axillary folds What is the most important spider bite brown recluse What is the most common skin cancer basal cell carcinoma What is the most common type of basal cell carcinoma noduloulcerative What is the 2nd most common skin cancer squamous cell carcinoma Where is the most common site of melanoma rise normal skin (only 2025% of melanomas arise from existing moles) What is the most common type of malignant melanoma superficial spreading melanoma Where is the most common site for lentigo maligna melanoma in sunexposed areas (esp face) What type of melanoma is most commonly mistaken for plantar warts or subundual hematomas acral lentiginous Which type of melanoma most commonly manifests itself as a rapidly growing, oten ulcerated or crusted black nodule nodular melanoma What are the 3 most common causes of cellulites staph aureus, h. influenza, streptococcus Where are vasculitis lesions most prominent on lower extremities Where are the 2 most common sites of acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation w/thick, velvety accentuation of the dermal lines) axillae and neck (but can occur on groin, anogenitalia, antecubital fossae, knuckles, submammary, & umbilicus) Where are the 2 most common sites for decubitus ulcers sacrum & hips (complications include osteomyelitis, bacteremia, & sepsis)

Emergency Med What is the most common reason for seeking medical care in the emergency setting migraine HA (although tension Has are 5 x more common in the general population) Where is the most common site of migraine pain over one or both temples (like HA of malignant arterial HTN & SAH, migraine pain is throbbing & pulsatile as opposed to steady HA of meningitis, brain tumor, or tension HA) When do cluster HAs most commonly strike at night (1-2 hrs after sleep; often at the same time: alarm-clock HA) What is the most common type of HA reported, occurring in ~78% of population tension HAs (aka muscle-contractionHA, stress HA, essential HA, idiopathic HA, etc.) What is the most common cause of SAHs Berry aneurysms (associated w/ Poly Cystic Kidney Dz and coarctation of the aorta) What is the most common viral cause for septic appearing neonates or infants HSV infection --What is the most common cause of Pulseless Electrical Activity hypovolemia (others are tamponade, PE hypoxia, hypothermia tension Ptx, MI, met acidosis) What is the most common cause of maternal death hemorrhage (placenta abruption)

Endocrine

What is the most common type of bone protein 90% is type 1 collagen What is the most common form of inherited dwarfism achondroplasia (decreased enchondral bone formation & premature ossification of the growth plates) What is the most common clinical sxs of osteogenesis imperfecta (OGI) (brittle bone disease) thin sclera with a blue hue What is the most common inherited disorder (1:500) Familial hypercholesterolemia (defect in LDL receptor gene on chromosome 19) What is the most common cause of death in pts with Marfan syndrome (mutation of fibrillin gene {FBN1} which acts as a scaffold for alignment of elastic fibers) aortic dissection What is the most common type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (inherited connective tissue diseases w/defects in collagen structure/synthesis) EDS Type 3-AD unknown defect ---------

What is the most common cause of acromegaly pituitary adenoma (benign 99% of the time) What is the most common cause of Addisons disease gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex to an autoimmune process (50% have anti-adrenal antibodies) What are the 3 most common symptoms of Addisons disease weakness, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation What is the most common overall pituitary tumor/adenoma prolactinoma What is the most common cause of Cushings syndrome corticosteroid therapy suppression of inflammation (followed by pituitary corticotroph adenoma) What is the most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia 21hydroxylase deficiency What is the most common adrenal disorder of infancy and childhood congenital adrenal hyperplasia What is the most common cause of primary hypogonadism klinefelters syndrome (d/t presence of one or more X chromosomes, usually a 447 XXY karyotype --: azoospermia present, testosterone low, gonadotropins increased {FSH>LH}) In whom is thyrotoxicosis factitia most common seen in medical and paramedical personnel and in those with easy access to thyroid hormone What is the most common cause of nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus lithium What is the most common complication of Alendronate esophagitis (thats why its taken standing up w/ a full glass of water) What is the most common source of dx of hyperparathyroidism hypercalcemia (not kidney stones or osteitis fibrosa cystica) What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients malignancy d/t secretion of PTH-related peptide (PTHrp)

Gastroentintestinal/ Rectal What is the most common cause of splenomegaly -- portal hypertension. What is the most common cause of projectile vomiting -- pyloric stenosis. What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis -- profuse vomiting, which depletes [H+] and increased bicarbonate . What is the most common cause of hypokalemia -- vomiting and diarrhea. What is the most common cause of adult hyponatremia -- increased adh. What is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in infants/children -- intussusception What is the most abundant plasma protein in most mammals -- albumin. What is the most common cause of portal systemic anastomosis -- -- portal hypertension What are the most common causes of liver cirrhosis -- alcoholism and hepatitis C.

What is the most common cause of ascites -- cirrhosis and severe liver disease. What is the most common screening test for hepatitis c -- EIA-2. What are the most commonly used indicators of liver damage -- alt and ast (spgt and sgot) What is the most common cause of recurrent, intermittent abd pain -- ibs. What is the most common gastric volvulus -- organoaxial volvulus. 59% What is the most common cause of abd pain -- nonspecific abd pain. What is the most common cause of US water-borne diarheal outbreaks -Giardia. What is the most common sx of excess oral magnesium intake -- -- diarrhea. >400mg/day What serine protease is most commonly inadequate due to Cystic Fibrosis -- -trypsin. What is the most commonly used form of testing for CF -- -- sweat test. What is the most common cause of pancreatitis -- -- gallstones. What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis in the Western world -- -- alcohol abuse. What are the most common sxs of cystic fibrosis -- -- difficulty breathing and insufficient enzyme production in the pancreas. What age group is most commonly affected by acquired umbilical hernias -- -people over age forty; stretching due to pregnancy/obesity. What is the most common place of pain for appendicitis especially after rebound tenderness -- -- mcburneys point; 2/3 way from umbilicus to ant sup iliac spine. What is the most common cause of peritonitis -- -- burst appendix leaking feces into peritoneal cavity. What is the most common type of intussusception -- -- ileum enters the cecum. What is the most common age group affected by appendicitis -- -- btwn ages fifteen and twentyfive.; affects 7% of people in US and Europe. Where is the most common site of diverticulosis (95%) -- -- sigmoid colon; increased P. What is the most common cause of dysphagia (trouble swallowing) in scleroderma -- -- peptic stricture(narrowing of esophagus) near junctn w/stomach due to GERD. What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers -- -- chronic inflammation from Helicobacter pylori that colonizes the antral mucosa leading to gastritis; spiral-shaped and lives in acidic stomach environment.(90% duodenal and 60 % gastric) What is the most common cause for rectal bleeding in US adults over 40 -- -diverticulosis. What are the most common disorders from high-cholesterol, low-fiber diets --- diverticulosis and gallstones. What is the most common cause of hypernatremia -- -- a deficit of free water in the body. What is the most common disorder associated w/Hesselbaschs Triangle -- -inguinal hernias; (rectus sheath, inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric vessels). What is the most common cancerous cause of obstructive jaundice -- -- cancer in head of pancreas obstructing bile duct, biliary tract, ampula of vater, etc.

What is the most common condition thats confused w/appendicitis -- -pyelonephritis. (30%-35% misdiagnosis rate in pregnancy) What is the most common age at clinical presentation of Meckels diverticulum -- -- two years of age. (Rule of 2s) What is the most common cause of peritonitis -- -- perforation of a hollow viscus. What are the most common bacterial agents isolated in perforatn of a hollow viscus -- -- gram-negative bacilli(e.g. e. coli) and anaerobic bacteria(e.g. Bacteroides fragilis). What are the most common bacterial agents isolated in disruption of the peritoneum -- -- cutaneous species such as staph aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci. What is the most common bacteria mimicking appendicitis -- -- yersinia; in enterobacteriaceae family. What is the most common congenital GI anomaly, predominantly affects males -- -- meckels diverticulum; Rule of 2s. What are the most common sxs of type 1 diabetes and many cases of type 2 diabetes -- -- polyuria and polydipsia (excessive urination and thirst) What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure worldwide in developed world -- -- diabetic nephropathy. (damaged kidney leading to failure & dialysis) What is the most common cause of adult amputation, usually toes/feet, in developed world -- -- diabetic foot. Neuropathy & arterial disease->ulcer>infection->necrosis & gangrene. What is the largest organ derived from mesenchyme and lying in the mesentery -- -- spleen. What is the most common sx of GERD -- -- heartburn. What are the three most common sites of intestinal involvement in Crohns disease (regional enteritis) -- -- ileocolic (50%), ileal (30%), and colinic (20%). What is the most common disease that mimics the sxs of Crohns disease (regional enteritis)-- -- ulcerative colitis; b/c both are IBDs that affect colon w/similar sxs. What is the most commonly affected area by Crohns disease -- -- terminal ileum. What is the most common cause of a positive Blumberg sign (rebound tenderness) -- -- aggravation of the parietal peritoneum by stretching/moving from peritonitis or appendicitis. Which part of the intestines contains most lymphoid tissue -- -- ilium (Peyers Patches w/macrophages, dendritic cells, Messenger cells, B & T-lymphocytes) What is the most common cause of hypochloremia from metabolic alkalosis --- vomiting. What are the most common causes of diarrhea -- -- (DIT) drugs, infection, toxins. What is the most common complication of laxative therapy -- -- laxative abuse. What is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes in US adults, and is Dx after r/o other causes of steatosis, particularly infectious hepatitis & alcohol abuse. -- -- nonalcoholic liver disease. What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea escherichia coli

What is the most common type of food poisoning staphylococcus aureus intoxication (ham, salted pork, custard-filled pastries, potato salad, ice cream) What is the most common tumor of childhood Whilms tumor (a nephroblastoma) What is the most common antigen found in strains of neonatal meningitis in GI tract of pregnant women & newborn infants K1 Capsular antigen What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US campylobacter What is the most common site for semilunar/spigelian/ventrolateral Herniation at the junction of the arcuate line & the linea semilunaris. Where is the most common site of occurrence for duodenal ulcers w/in 5cm of the pylorus & most frequently on the anterior wall. What is the most common cause of groin hernia indirect hernia: protruding laterally from the inferior epigastric vessels through the deep inguinal ring usually ending into the scrotum. What is the most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis & diarrhea on cruise ships norovirus What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants < 3 rotavirus; febrile convulsion also accompany. What is the most common complication of gastroenteritis sugar malabsorption, especially in infants What is the most common cause of diarrheal hospitalizations (33%) rotavirus What is the most common opportunistic infection in the US among patients w/AIDS pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP); (80% of AIDS patients will contract it) What is the most common cause of acute hepatitis infection HAV What is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis infection HCV What is the most common cause of hepatitis (acute & chronic infection) hepatitis b virus (HBV) What is the most common cause of UGI bleeding PUD (peptic ulcer dz) What is the most common cause of pancreatitis in the US alcohol ingestion; (followed by biliary tract dz, blunt trauma, metabolic, drugs) What is the most common cause of SBO (Small Bowel Obstruction) fibrous adhesions from previous surgery. What is the most common cause of GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux dz) A functional (frequent transient LES relaxation) or mechanical (hypotensive LES) problem of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction adhesions What are the 2 most common causes of indigestion gastroesophageal acid reflux & functional dyspepsia. What is the most common congenital GI anomaly Meckels diverticulum (predominantly affects males) Rule of 2s: Affects 2% of population, 2 inches long, 1st 2 years of life, 2 feet proximal to iliocecal valve, 2 types of epithelium: gastric & pancreatic Where are the 2 most commonly affected sites involved in GI tuberculosis terminal ileum & cecum sites (but may affects any portion of the GI tract) What is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain acute appendicitis

What are the 2 most common causes of free air in the abdomen peptic ulcers & perforated sigmoid colon (appendix is way down the list) What is the most common cause for rectal bleeding in US adults over the age of 40 diverticulosis (colonoscopy is most used for Dx) What is the most common cause of pruitis ani (itchy butt) hyper-wiper syndrome What is the most common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding Mallory-Weiss tear caused by forceful coughing/vomiting or excessive alcohol ingestion which form lacerations in the mucosal layer @ the gastric-esophageal jxn (an acute condition which lasts ~10 days) What is the 2nd most common cause of GI bleeding gastric/peptic ulcers What is the most common cause of lower GI bleeding hemmorhoids What is the most common cause of Mallory-weiss tears alcoholism (present w/ hematenesis) What is the most common cause of acute Mallory-Weiss tears retching/vomiting What is the most common cause of esophageal varices (Hint: result from portal HTN) cirrhosis (asymptomatic & massive hematemesis when ruptured) What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months 6 months intussusception What is the most common cause of ascending cholangitis bacterial infection What are the 3 most common signs of ascending cholangitis fever (usually w/rigors), jaundice, RUQ biliary colic (Charcots Triad) What is the most common origin of bacteria in ascending cholangitis from a preceding choledocholithiasis. What is the most common type of gallstone (cholelithiasis) cholesterol stones (80%) What are the 5 most common risk factors for cholelithiasis 5 Fs: Female, Fat, Fertile, Forty, Flatulent What is the most common presentation of cholelithiasis 80% asymptomatic What is the most common type of hiatal hernia 95% are sliding hiatal hernias where GE jxn & portion of stomach protrude (5% are paraesophageal hiatal hernias where GE jxn remains but portion of fundus herniates) What are the 2 most common causes of sclerosing cholangitis choledocholithiasis & IBD What are the most commonly organisms associated with cholangitis gram negative enterics (eg, E. coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas) What is the most common cause of cholangitis obstruction from gallstones or malignancy What is the most common method of performing a cholecystectomy laparoscopically What is the most common primary tumor of the liver hemangioma (benign vascular tumor; asymptomatic & detected incidentally) What is the most common benign liver tumor related to oral contraceptive use hepatic adenoma (liver cell adenoma ; may rupture, causing an intraperitoneal hemorrhage ; may regress after oral contraceptives are discontinued)

What is the most common tumor found within the liver a metastatic tumor to the liver What is the most common primary maligatnt tumor of the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ; Asia & Japan > U.S. What is the most common cause of HCC cirrhosis (then Hep B & C virus, alcohol, aflatoxin B1) What are the 3 most common sxs of Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic vein thrombus occlusion) abd pain, ascites, hepatosplenomegaly and death What is the most common CA which causes metastatic CA to the liver pancreatic cancer What is the most common cause of acute lower GI bleed in pts >40 y/o diverticulosis What is the most common cancer of the esophagus (90%) squamous cell carcinoma (rest is adenocarcinoma) What is the most common cause of esophageal adenocarcinoma Barretts esophagus What is the most common location for carcinoid tumors (neuroendocrine tumor often producing serotonin) appendix (followed by terminal ilium) What is the most common form of chronic gastritis in the US Antral (Type B) H. pylori gastritis Who is most commonly affected by pancreatic cancer men in their 60s What is the most common type of islet cell tumor insulinoma (followed by gastrinoma{ZE-syndrome}, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma, VIPoma) What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction adhesions (followed by hernias) --What is the most common progressive motor disorder (of unknown etiology) esophageal achalasia What is the most common cause of mucosal malabsorption in GI celiac sprue (non-tropical sprue) In whom is severe vomiting out of proportion to diarrhea most commonly seen viral infections/pathogens & in food poisoning cases What is the most common cause of intraluminal maldigestion pancreatic exocrine insufficiency What is the most common cause of upper gi bleeding peptic ulcer disease What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis alcoholism What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis in non-alcoholics gallstones What is the most common cause of mechanical obstruction of the colon carcinoma Where is the most common location of diverticula left colon Where is the most common location for bleeding from a diverticula right colon What are the 2 most common causes of toxic megacolon (dilatation of colon w/fulminant colitis) 1. when pts w/severe colitis are given hypomotility agents (diphenoxylate or loperamide) 2. when such pts undergo a barium enema radiographic procedure

the most common cause of abdominal pain in patients over 65 years of age who present to the emergency department gallbladder disease What are the 3 most common causes of diarrhea in the world Campylobacter jejuni, ETEC, the Rotavirus What is the most common place to acquire salmonella in the US eating chicken & uncooked eggs ------------------What is the leading cause of diarrhea in Japan (uncooked seafood sushi) Vibrio parahaemolyticus What is the most common food-related cause of death in Florida (from shellfish: oysters) Vibrio vulnificus food poisoning What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea entertoxigenic Escherichia coli (etec) What is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the US Campylobacter jejuni Which 4 types of salmonella most commonly cause cases of human disease in the US S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. newport What is the most common manifestation of salmonella diarrhea (gastroenteritis) What is the most common cause of Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi (less commonly by S. paratyphi) In whom does typhoid fever most commonly occur travelers What is the most common cause of shigellosis in the US Shigella sonnei What are the 2 most common causes of shigellosis in the developing world shigella flexneri & shigella dysenteraie In whom is shigellosis most common children & gay men What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis and severe dehydrating diarrhea in children <3 years of age worldwide rotavirus What is the most common route of transmission of amebiasis food-borne exposure What is the most common type of amebiasis infection asymptomatic cyst passage (persons may remain infected carriers for years) Which pathogens most commonly cause severe vomiting out of proportion to diarrhea viral pathogens & food poisoning cases What is the most common cause of primary or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) cirrhosis due to alcoholism (ascites) What is the most common presenting symptom documented in 80% of pts w/ primary or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) fever (Abdominal pain, acute onset of symptoms, & peritoneal signs on PE are diagnostically helpful but not always present) What is the most common presenting symptom of intraperitoneal abscesses fever What is the most common organ in which visceral abscesses develop liver What is the most common presenting symptom of visceral liver abscesses fever (only 50% have hepatomegaly, RUQ tenderness, or jaundice) What is the most common associated infection along with splenic visceral abscesses SBE (subacute bacterial endocarditis)

What imaging study is most useful in diagnosing intraperitoneal abscesses cat scan What is the most common cause of perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome) 70% Chlamydia (followed by Gonnorrhea) What is the most common source of hepatitis A virus infection household/sexual contact (12-26%) What is the most common cause of

Genetics What is the most common life-limiting autosomal recessive disease among people of European heritage -- -- cystic fibrosis. 1:22 What is the most common mutation of CF -- -- F508 (66%-world/90%-US), responsible for active transport of Ch- into cell; which is a deletion of 3 nucleotides resulting in loss of AA phenylalanine(F) at the 508th position on the protein ??? Ummm, Too detailed What are the 3 most common genes contained in retrovirus genomes -- -group-specific antigen (gag), polymerase (pol), envelope (env) What is the most common form of dwarfism achondroplasia (defect in GF receptor 3 Sxs = ventricularmegaly, hydrocephalus, dyspnea, lordosis, varus, & brachydactyly) What is the most common cause of genetic disorders multifactorial inheritance (cleft lip/palate, congenital hip dislocation, schizophrenia, diabetes, spina bifida, CAD, DM, cancer, HTN) What is the most common cause of

Head & Neck What is the most common cause of odontalgia during tapping root abscess. What is the most common pathology affecting middle ear otitis media. What is the most common cause of clear nasal drainage allergies. Where is the most common site of metastasis lymph nodes. What is the most common cause of parotitis -- -- bacterial infctn, staph aureaus. What are the most common of tumors in the parotid gland that are benign and only affect the superficial gland -- -- pleomorphic adenoma; and adenolymphoma. What is the most common cause of aphthous stomatitis oral trauma. What is the most common cause of fever -- -- acute otitis media. Which salivary gland is most often affected by inflammation -- -- parotid gland. What used to be the most common viral and overall cause of parotitis -- -mumps.

What is the most common type of salivary gland tumour and the most common tumour of the parotid gland -- -- pleomorphic adenoma. What is the most common dz causing people to wear dentures -- -periodontitis; affects 75% of those above age 35. What are the most common causes of hot potato voice -- -- cellulites & peritonsillar absess. What is the most common alopecia -- -- androgenetic alopecia. (70% men & 50% women) What is the most common androgenic sex hormone (or testoid) responsible for male-pattern-baldness (androgenic alopecia) -- -- dihydrotestosterone (dht) ; also affects benign prostatic hyperplasia and acne. What is the most effective way to make miniaturized vellus hair larger & thicker giving the appearance of hair growth -- -- Inhibit the 5-AlphaReductase enzyme to reduce DHT production; then block androgen receptors; then activate follicle. What are the two most common bacterial causes of otitis media -- -streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypable haemophilus influenzae. What is the most common cause of vertigo -- -- benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). What is the most commonly affected semicircular canal in canalithiasis ( abnormal/pathological fluid endolymph displacement & resultant vertigo) --- posterior canal. What is the most common cause of canalithiasis -- -- Gravity-dependent movement of the heavier otoconial/otolithial (collection of calcium carbonate{CaCO3} crystals in ear) debris w/in the affected semicircular canal. What is the most common tx for canalithiasis -- -- (effective in 80% of patients) Epley canalith repositional maneuver; employs gravity to move Ca build-up. What is the most common viral cause of sore throat -- -- adenovirus. What are the 2 most common causes of tympanic membrane perforation -- -trauma & infection What is the most common cause of streptococcal pharyngitis streptococcus pyogenes Where are the most common sites of lesion in a patient present w/a significant hearing loss in 1 ear middle ear, inner ear, CN VIII, or cochlear n. (NOT @ higher levels of the auditory system) Due to its recurring nature, what is the most common cause of recurrent conjunctivitis in older people blepharitis (inflamed eyelid) What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the US HSV-1 (herpes simplex 1) What is the most common cause of pneumonia in children < 6 months of age RSV (respiratory synctial virus) What is the most common cause of a white tongue which covers a red strawberry tongue scarlet fever (streptococcus pyogenes complication of strep pharyngitis) What is the most common site for epistaxis (nosebleed) anterior located on anterior-inferior portion of nasal septum (from Nasal septaal branch of superior labial branch [of facial a.]) Where are the 2 most commonly involved areas in basal cell carcinoma head & neck

What are the 2 most common etiological agents of otitis externa Pseudomonas (from poorly chlorinated pools) and Enterobacteriae {both grow d/t presence of excess moisture} What is the most common identifiable cause of BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo) recent trauma What is the most common form of vasculitis temporal arteritis (giant cell Vasculitis) What is the most common type of chonic disease in the US allergic rhinitis What is the most common type of rhinitis allergic (50%) { seasonal (35%) perennial (15%) } --What is the most common variety of hearing loss sensorineural (nerve deafness from presbycusis{d/t aging}, acoustic trauma{noise-induced}, acoustic neuroma, etc.) What is the most common cause of referred ear pain a dental problem Where is the most common site for epistaxis Kiesselbachs Plexus or Littles Area (anterior bleeds) [ posterior {Woodruffs plexus} nosebleeds may represent a lesion & require posterior packing w/ abx tx ] What is the most common cause of hoarseness acute laryngitis (mostly by viruses but can be by H. flu or M. catarralis) What is the most common cause of epiglottitis H. influenzae type b (which is now essentially prevented by the Hib vaccine) What is the most common cause of

Hematology/ Oncology What is the most common paramagnetic reactive oxygen species (free radical) used by neutrophils during phagocytosis-- -- diatomic oxygen/superoxide. What is the most common type of leukemia in young children -- -- (ALL) lymphocytic leukemia. What age group does AML (acute myelogenous/myeloid leukemia) most commonly occur -- -- most common in adults; more in men (same as CML). What is the most common of anemias hypoproliferative anemia (normocytic &normochromic RBCs & low reticulocyte response {<2.5}) What is the most common form of hemophilia: 90% (genetic disorders impairing control of blood clotting/coagulation) hemophilia A; where clotting factor VIII is absent. What is the most common coagulation pathway Tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway; What is the most common hereditary hypercoagulability disorder amongst Eurasians Factor V Leiden : (Deficiency of Factor V leads to predisposition for hemorrhage, while some mutations (most notably factor V Leiden) predispose for thrombosis In this disorder the Leiden variant of factor V, cannot be inactivated by activated protein C.)

What is the most common anemia associated w/ acute & chronic inflammation hypoproliferative anemia. Which hematological malignant disease is the most common cause of death to children in the US acute leukemia What is the most common type of leukemia in young children acute lymphocytic anemia (85% 5-yr survival rate in kids); also affects adults >65 (50% 5-yr survival rate) What are the 2 most common infections associated w/ multiple myeloma 1. pneumonias (S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus) & 2. pyelonephritis. (E. coli & other gram () organisms) Although rare, what is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults acute myeloid leukemia (accounts for ~1.2% of cancer deaths in the US) What is the most common preceding infection of aplastic anemia hepatitis (usually young men whove recovered from hepatitis 1-2 months earlier; the subsequent pancytopenia is severe; the hepatitis is seronegative & due to a novel virus) What is the most common complication of AML treatment failure of leukemia to respond to chemotherapy Which type of acute leukemia are myeloproliferative disorders most commonly transformed to chronic myelogenous leukemia What is the most common chronic myeloproliferative disorder which occurs in ~2/100,000 & spares no adult age group polycythemia vera (accumulation of phenotypically normal RBCs, granulocytes, & platelets in absence of a recognizable physiologic stimulus) What is the most common cause for a hypochromic, microcytic anemia iron deficiency What is the most common cause of an increase in # of all 5 of the circulating leukocytes dehydration & hemoconcentration

What are the most common anemias encountered in clinical practice hypoproliferative anemias. What is the most common dietary deficiency worldwide iron (predominantly affects women & children) What is the most common cause of adult vitamin B12 deficiency pernicious anemia What 3 lab tests are most commonly required to aid in Dx of iron deficiency anemia serum iron; TIBC; CBC What are the most common cancers that metastasize to bone prostate, lung, breast cancers What is the most common cause of folic acid deficiency an inadequate dietary intake (dark green, leafy veggies) What is the most common cause of anemia of chronic disease chronic renal failure What is the most common origin of a patient w/a peripheral blood smear containing helmet cells (schistocyte) septicemia w/ E. coli In Hereditary Hemochromatosis, what are the most common cause of death associated w/ ??? CHF, ???

What is the most common myelosuppressive agent used to achieve hematologic remission of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Hydroxyurea (hydrea) What is the most common cancer in childhood B cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) What is the most common type of ALL seen primarily in children early preB-ALL (aka FAB L3, the leukemic form of Burkitts lymphoma) What is the most prevalent form of leukemia in western countries Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) What age group is most commonly affected by Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 40-60 years of age What is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis Epstein-barr virus (a herpes virus causing lymphocytosis What is the most common form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) in the US follicular lymphomas What is the most common primary tumor arising in bone of adults multiple myeloma (MM) What is the most common monoclonal immunoglobulin spike found in lab results of pts w/ MM IgG (60%); next most common is IgA(20%) Which complication of multiple myeloma (MM) is its most common cause of death its increased risk of infection (followed by renal dz & Amyloidosis) What is the most common subtype of Hodgkins disease nodular sclerosis (NS); only type more common in females (late 20s & >50); painless enlargement of lymph nodes have broad collagen bands. Where is the most common site for extramedullary hematopoiesis the spleen Aur rods are most commonly found in what myeloid neoplasm M3 AML (acute myelogenous leukemia); M3 = hypergranular/microgranular promyelocyic leukemia What is the most common cause of death from beta-Thalassemia major (Cooley anemia) congestive heart failure (CHF); severe hemolytic anemia resulting from decreased RBC life span. What is the most common cause of decrease in RBC surface membrane (sperocytosis) in Hereditary Spherocytosis defect involving spectrin a key RBC cytoskeletal membrane protein. What are the 3 lab tests most commonly required to aid in diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia serum iron, CBC, TIBC What is the most common acute or chronic leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What is the most common cause of folate acid deficiency inadequate dietary intake of folic acid. What is the most common presentation of non-Hodgkins Lymphoma painless lymphadenopathy. What is the most commonly involved antibody in ITP (Immune/Iatrogenic Thrombocytopenia Purpura) IgG (followed by IgA & IgM; results from autoantibodies directed against platelets) What is the most common hemophilia, 1-2 cases per 10,000 male births hemophilia A (deficiency in factor VIII)

What is the most common bleeding sx of pts w/ hemophilia hemarthrosis (severe intraarticular bleeds) What is the 2nd most common bleeding sx of pts w/ hemophilia intramuscular hemorrhage (usually in compartments of hand/foot: compartment syndrome) What is the most common cause of death from bleeding in pts w/ hemophilia CNS bleeding (may occur spontaneously w/ minimal head trauma) What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder von Willebrands Disease (vWD); affecting 1/800 - 1/1,000 (disorder of primary & secondary hemostasis decreased factor VIII activity only factor not produced by liver) What are the most common forms of bleeding encountered in practice *acquired* disorders of blood coagulation (result of medical tx or from an underlying disease rather than specific abnormalities of hemostatic system) What are the 5 most common sxs of TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) FAT RN; Fever, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Renal dysfunction, Neurologic abnormality What is the most common drug which induces thrombocytopenia heparin What is the most common overall type of malignant melanoma superficial spreading melanoma (begins w/initial radial growth phase before invasion; Primarily horizontal growth pattern) What is the most common melanoma in dark-skinned people acral lentiginous melanoma (affects palms, soles, & subungal areas) When are 2 most common times for occurrence of seborrheic dermatitis neonatal & post pubertal periods. What is the most common tumor in adults in the US basal cell carcinoma What is the most common tumor in middle-aged or elderly individuals basal carcinoma What is the most common form of skin cancer basal cell carcinoma (frequently on sun-exposed skin, especially face) What is common appearance type basal cell carcinoma noduloulcerative What are the 2 most common appearances of squamous cell carcinoma ulcerated nodule or a superficial erosion on the skin. What is the most common causes of superior vena cava syndrome (SVC) 85% due to lung cancer (Med Spanish prof has it) What is the most common cause of spinal cord compression epidural metastases from vertebral bodies involved w/ tumor. What type of cells do neoplasms most commonly arise from 90% epithelium (rest from mesenchymal cells) What is the most common route of spread for epithelial carcinoma lymphatic spread What is the most common route of spread for sarcomas hematogenous spread What is the most significant risk factor for cancer overall age What is the most common non-skin cancer diagnosed in American males prostate cancer (b/c of the emphasis on PSA screening) What disease is the most common cause of death among all gynecologic malignancies ovarian cancer

What is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma); most in those aged 10-25 years. Where is the most site of osteosarcomas around the knee (distal femur & proximal tibia); often involves metaphyses of long bones What are the 2 most common bones chondrosarcoma to grow pelvic and shoulder bones (along with the superior regions of the arms and legs) Where are the 3 most common sites of Ewing sarcomas femur, pelvis, & tibia (often affects diaphyses of long bones) Where are the 3 most common sites of primary head & neck cancer lesions in the US oral cavity, oropharynx, & larynx What are the most common type of malignant thyroid tumors papillary carcinoma What is the most common noniatrogenic/nonidiopathic cause of hypothyroidism in the US Hashimoto thyroiditis (rare, chronic autoimmune dz characterized by immune destruction of thyroid gland & hypothyroidism) What is the most common thyroid neoplasm adenoma follicular adenoma What is the most common primary intracranial neoplasm astrocytoma In what types of pts are CNS lymphomas most commonly seen in immunosuppressed pts Where is the most common Meningeal site of development of meningiomas dural convexities Where is the most common location of Schwannomas 8th Cranial Nerve What are the 3 most common individual sxs of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) hematuria, flank pain, flank mass (followed by weight loss) What is the most common non-skin malignancy in elderly men adenoma of the prostate What is the most common method of histological confirmation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate TRUS-guided transrectal needle biopsy (TransRectal UltraSound) What is the most common early finding of ovarian cancer an adnexal mass, which is often solid, irregular, & fixed. What are the 2 most common causes of adrenal insufficiency from malignancy infiltration of adrenals by tumor & destruction of adrenal by hemorrhage What is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis in the US hepatitis C (85% of those w/Hepatitis C exposure & acute infection go on to develop chronic hepatitis as opposed to 10% in Hepatitis B) What is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the US today chronic hepatitis C. What is the most common genotype of hepatitis C in the US (either 1, 2, or 3) genotype 1 (genotypes vary by geographic isolation & respond variably to antiviral therapy) What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation CMV (cytomegalovirus); also causes microcephaly, deafness, seizures, & multiple other birth defects; if reactivation occurs (like other herpes viruses) during pregnancy, fetus may become infected. What is the most common complication of CMV in AIDS pts CMV retinitis (leading to blindness unless treated)

What is the most common complication of CMV in bone marrow transplant pts CMV pneumonitis (often leads to death) What is the most common cause of transfusion hemolytic reactions clerical error (such as mislabeled specimen sent to blood bank, or not properly identifying pt to whom you are giving the blood) What is the most common cause of

Microbiology What are the most common pseudocoelomates -- -- nematodes. What is the most common parasite found in mink but also in dogs & cats -- -Dictophyma renale; giant kidney worm (reaches 103 cm in length) What are the 3 most common causes of parasite infestation -- -- 1. nutritional deficiency (Vitamins A, B1, B2, biotin, & folic acid), 2. Immune system suppressing drug OD, & Polluted colic regions (decrease ratio of good:bad bacteria from antibiotics, steroid rxs, cxry/radiation therapy, refined carbs, BC pills, Cl-H2O). What is the most common cause of UTIs in women -- -- escherichia coli. What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea -- -- escherichia coli What is the most common cause of Legionellosis / Legionaires disease which produces pneumonia -- -- (90%) legionella pneumophila; thrives in warm environments (25-45 C) What is the most common normal flora on the bodys cutaneous surfaces, including urethra and outer ear staphylococcus epidermis (followed by staphylococcus aureus) What is the most common normal flora in the nose staphylococcus aureus What is the most common normal flora in the oropharynx viridans streptococci What is the most common normal flora in the stomach none What are the most common normal flora in gingival crevices Anaerobes: prevotella, fusobacterium, streptococcus, actinomyces What is the most common normal flora in the ADULT colon (microaerophilic/anaerobic) bacteroides (followed by Escherichia & bifidobacterium) What is the most common normal flora in an INFANTs (breast-fed only) colon bifidobacterium What is the most common normal flora in the vagina lactobacillus & Group B Strptococcus What are the 2 most common bacteria involved in catheter biofilm infection staphylococcus aureus & staphylococcus epidermis What is the most common bacteria involved in teeth biofilms streptococcus mutans What is the most common cause of food poisoning staphylococcus aureus What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers staphylococcus aureus.

What is the most common gram (-) rod isolated from patients w/ sepsis escherichia coli What is the most common cause of death in intensive care units in the U.S. septic shock (usually endotoxic shock) {from gram (+) & (-) bacterial infections} What is the most common organism isolated from infected indwelling prosthetic devices staphylococcus epidermis Where is staphylococcus saprophyticus most commonly acquired by females (95%) in the community (NOT in the hospital!) At what age is rheumatic fever most common school-age children. What is the most common gram (-) rod isolated from patients w/sepsis Escherichia coli What is the most common cause of community-acquired UTIs Escherichia coli What are the two most common causes of CNS infections in infants < 1 month Escherichia coli & Group B strep What are the 3 most common salmonella causing septicemia S. choleraesuis, S. paratyphi, S. typhi What is the most common screening method for bacterial meningitis a latex agglutination test from Cerebrospinal Fluid What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae (risk factors: alcohol intoxication & influenza virus) most common cause of septic arthritis in young sexually active people = Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3 most common pathogens assoc w/ meningitis in infants <E. coli,3mo Listeria monocytogenes, gp B strep - 2 Most common causes of otitis media Nontypable H. influenzae, Strep pneumoniachildren - Most common cause of bacterial meningitis Strep. Pneumoniaadults - Most common cause of septic arthritis Staph aureuspeds/elderly - 3 most common causes of meningitis in neonates Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, Gp B strepup to 3mo 2 most commonly transmitted STDs = Chlamydia & HPV What is the most common form of tetanus Generalized tetanus w/ Risus Sardonicus & lock-jaw What is the most common form of botulism in the US infant botulism (1-6 months; can be detected in serum of >90% of infants) What are the 5 most common presentations of neurosyphilis asymptomatic neurosyphilis, subacute meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, tabes dorsalis. General paresis (insane) What is the most commonly reported tick-borne illness in the US Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) What dz is most commonly acquired from handling infected rabbits & from the bites of ticks & deerflies Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) What is the most common method of growing Chlamydia & Rickettsia since theyre obligate intracellular parasites chick embryo yolk sac or cell culture. What is the most common cause of preventable blindness in the world Chlamydia trachomatis; a chronic conjunctival inflammation where scar traction pulls & folds eyelid inward so eyelashes rub against conjunctiva &

cornea (causing corneal scarring, 2ndary bacterial infections, & ultimately blindness) What is the most common sexually transmitted dz in the US Chlamydia trachomatis What is the most common sx of a female w/ PID lower abdominal pain; also exhibit the PID shuffle (small, widebased steps to minimize shaking of abdomen) & Chandelier sign (severe Cervical Motion Tenderness makesem jump to chandelier!) What is the most common result of Chlamydophila psittica (Psittacosis) infection atypical pneumonia, which occurs 1-3 wks after exposure. What is the most common US region for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) south Atlantic & south central states such as NC, SC, TN, & OK. (should be called Appalachian spotted fever) What is the most common cause of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in SE US dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) What is the most common cause of Rocky Mountain Fever in the Rockies wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) What is the most common bacterial STD since 2003 (877,478 cases) Chlamydia trachomatis What is the most common infectious cause of corneal blindness in the US Herpetic keratitis. What 2 types of HPV account for the most common causes cervical cancers (70%) HPV types 16 & 18 What 2 types of HPV account for the most common causes of genital warts (90%) HPV types 6 & 11. What age group does Parvovirus most commonly occur children; mild slapped-cheek rash on the face & lacy red rash on trunk & limbs. What is the most common organ/node affected by Mumps virus parotid gland. What is the most common form of polio a Mild Illness: asymptomatic infection or a mild febrile illness (as opposed to aseptic meningitis & paralytic poliomyelitis) What is the most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis & diarrhea on cruise ships norovirus What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants < 3 rotavirus What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children RSV (Respiratory Synctial Virus) from family paramyxoviridae; especially in infants <6 months of age. What is the most common cause of diarrheal hospitalizations (33%) rotavirus What are the 2 most common causes of paronychia staph & strep What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the US HSV-1 (herpes simplex 1) What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism toxic, multinodular goiter and uninodular, toxic goiter What are the 3 most common types of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the US farmers lung, bird fanciers lung, & chemical workers lung

What species the most common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the US Thermophilic actinomycetes species (includes Mycopolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, T. saccharii, T. viridis, and T. candidus) What antigens are the most common causes of farmers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes Micropolyspora faeni, and Aspergillus species What antigen is the most common cause of Bird fanciers, breeders, or handlers lung parakeet, pigeon, chicken, turkey proteins What antigen is the most common cause of chemical workers lung isocyanates What antigens are the most common causes of Potatoe riddlers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes & Asperigillus What antigens are the most common causes of Mushroom workers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, & others What antigen is the most common cause of Bagossis Thermophilic actinomycetes In te US, what group of people if most frequently infected with Chlamydia trachomatis (the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world) Native Americans What are the 3 times that women most frequently develop Candida vaginitis when taking antibiotics, oral contraceptives, or during menses and pregnancy (Sxs = vaginal itching & discharge{thick copious secretions wetting the underwear}) What is the most common benign peripheral tumor; which has a characteristic popcorn patter of calcification pulmonary hamartoma What is the most common cause of pleural effusions in patients with malignant dz pleural metastasis or to lymphatic or bronchial obstruction caused by tumor. After lung CA, what is the most common cause of malignant pleural effusion breast CA (followed by lymphoma which is associated w/chylothorax the accumulation of triglyceride-laden particles due to thoracic duct obstruction) What is the most common viral infectious agent in humans rhinoviruses (cold); followed by enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, & echoviruses). What is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis in the US hepatitis C (85% of those w/Hepatitis C exposure & acute infection go on to develop chronic hepatitis as opposed to 10% in Hepatitis B) What is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the US today chronic hepatitis C. What is the most common genotype of hepatitis C in the US (either 1, 2, or 3) genotype 1 (genotypes vary by geographic isolation & respond variably to antiviral therapy) What is the most common complication of CMV in AIDS pts CMV retinitis (leading to blindness unless treated) What is the most common complication of CMV in bone marrow transplant pts CMV pneumonitis (often leads to death) ------What is the most common type of hospital acquired infection UTI What is the most common type of human Legionella infections L. pneumophilia

What is the most common cause of brucellosis Brucella melitensis from goats, sheep & camels (B. suis from hogs, B. abortus from cattle, B. canis from dogs) What are the 3 mst common states for Francisella tularensis Ark, Ok, & Missouri (account for >50%) What is the most common disease caused by F. tularensis (75-85%) ulceroglandular tularemia: papule forming & evolves into a punched-out ulcer w/ black/necrotic base then large, tender regional lymph nodes develop (followed by oculoglandular, pneumonic, typhoidal) What is the most common

Musculo-Skeletal What is the most common carpal fx - scaphoid (navicular) fx. What is the most commonly fx bone of children, and in seat belts - the clavicle. Which clavicular part is most commonly affected - the middle third. What is the most common ligament injured on a planted foot acl. What is the most common cause of arthalgia not associated w/motion bursitis. Where is one of the most common injuries to the PIP joint volar plate. What is the most common cause of tetany -- -- lack of calcium. What potein complex is a common marker of all heart muscle damage when measures by immunoassay methods -- -- cardiac troponins. What is the most common cause of deformity of all metacarpal-phalyngeal joints -- -- systemic inflammatory processes like rheumatoid arthritis. What are the most commonly diagnosed ages of fibromyalgia -- -- ages twenty to fifty. What is the most commonly-used medical terms associated w/a bunion deformity -- -- hallux valgus. Where is the most common c-spine fx -- -- second vertebrae; usually odontoid fx or hangmans fx (hyperextension fx of pedicles; ex: hyperextension during judicial hanging) (SCFE) Slipper capital femoral epiphysis is most common in what type of people -- -- obese, adult, black males btwn 12-15 y/o in males & 10-13 y/o in females. What is the most common cause of both acute and chronic injury to the ulnar collateral ligament -- -- skiing. What is the 2 most common causes of a winged scapula -- -- 1) weakening of serratus anterior muscles, 2) paralysis by impingement of long thoracic nerve. What is the most frequently dislocated joint -- -- shoulder (85%) What is the most common shoulder dislocation -- -- anterior glenohumeral (14/1000) What is the most common age for men to have glenohumeral dislocations -- -20 30 yrs of age.

What is the most common implication/complication of anterior glenohumeral dislocations -- -- A Bankart lesion (where a force to the humeral head causes the anterior labrum to detach from the glenoid fossa. What is the most common age for women to have glenohumeral dislocations -- -- 60 80 yrs of age. What is the most common presentation of glenohumeral dislocation -- -affected shoulder slightly abducted, externally rotated, and guarded. What is the most common form of arthritis -- -- osteoarthritis Which ribs are most commonly fx, and results in flail chest -- -- the middle ribs. What is the most common point for fracture on temporal region of skull -- -the Pterion. Middle Meningeal artery lies underneath (junction of temporal, Maxilla, Sphenoid, Zygomatic) Epidural Hematoma What is the most common cause of acute osteomyelitis staphylococcus aureus (80%) In what age group is acute osteomyelitis most common children (boys 2x > girls, probably b/c boys are more prone to injury?) What is the most common method of spread of acute osteomyelitis hematogenous spread (origination or spread through blood) Where is the most common site of septic arthritis in older children knee joint What is the most common pathogen causing septic arthritis in pediatrics & adults >50 staphylococcus aureus. Where is the most common site of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) in adults the vertebral bodies (organisms reach well-perfused vertebral bodies via spinal aa. & spread from: Endplate disk space adjacent vertebral body) Where is the most common site of infection of hematogenous osteomyelitis in older adults & intravenous drug users the spine Where are the 3 most common sites of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children tibia, femur, humerus What are the 3 most common reasons why AHO is present in children & not adults 1) bacteria settle in the well-perfused metaphysis b/c functioning phagocytes are scarce 2) venous sinuoids slow down blood flow 3) fenestrations in capillaries allow organisms to escape into the extravascular space. What is the most common carpal fx on an outstretched wrist scaphoid What is the most common carpal dislocation on an outstretched hand lunate What is the most common cause of a separated shoulder stretch or tear of acromioclavicular joint What is the most common cause of foot drop deep fibular n. damage; usually from fx neck of fibula which injures common fibular nerve. What is the most commonly affected joint in monosodium urate (MSU) gout metatarsal joint of the first toe. When is the most common time for the first episode of acute gouty arthritis at night, with dramatic joint pain and swelling. Women represent only 5-17% of pts w/ gout What are the 3 most common characteristics of women with gouty arthritis 1) postmenopausal & elderly

2) have arterial HTN causing mild renal insufficiency 3) usually receiving diuretics. In whom is calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate most common the elderly; affecting 10-15% of persons 65-75 y/o and 30-60% of those >85 y/o. What is the most commonly affected joint in CPPD (calcium pyropyrophosphate dehydrate) arthropathy the knee joint; What are the most common sites of Hydroxyapatite deposition bursae in and/or around the knees, shoulders, hips, and fingers. What is the most common cause of accidental death in persons >65 y/o falls (peaks around age 85) What is the most common cause of injury-related death and hospitalization in people age 75 years and older falls What is the most common method of diagnosing or confirming osteoporosis in absence of fracture (dexa) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ; b/c it gives precise measurements w/ minimal radiation. What is the most common electrolyte renal disorder in the elderly hyponatremia. What is the most common cause of back pain muscle strain. Where is the most common site of Pagets disease of the bone pelvis-75% (lumbar spine-58% femur-55% thoracic-45% skull-42% tibia-35% humerus31%) What is the most common cause of spinal stenosis degenerative joint disease In whom does disk herniations most commonly occur middle-aged & older men & often follow strenuous activity. What is the most common region for disk herniation lumbar region What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation anterior What is the least common type of shoulder dislocation inferior What is the most commonly missed/misdiagnosed should dislocation posterior dislocation What is the most commonly involved joints in osteoarthritis weight-bearing joints (hip, knee, & lumbar spine) and PIP & DIP What is the most commonly affected joint in pseudogout knee What is the most commonly affected joint in gout 1st metatarsophalangeal joint (podagra) = great toe ------------Which meniscus is most commonly torn medial meniscus (from trauma & twisting clicking, locking, & pain indicate tear) In whom is bursitis of the hip (trocanteric bursa) most commonly runners & those who play racquet sports (causing pain in the lateral aspect of the thigh) What bone is most commonly affected by avascular necrosis the femoral head What is the most common cause of avascular necrosis trauma (typically after a displaced femoral neck fracture less commonly after a fracturedislocation of the hip) What is the gold standard for avascular necrosis mri & bone scan (x-ray in early stage is normal)

What is the most common adolescent hip disorder (1/10,000 cases) scfe (slipped capital femoral epiphysis) In whom does SCFE most commonly occur obese, adolescent, AfricanAmerican males. In whom is trocanteric hip fracture (avulsion injury of iliopsoas 2ndary to forceful contraction) most commonly seen kids and young athletes (dancers & gymnasts) Who most commonly suffers from intertrocanteric hip fractures elderly women (2ndary to osteoporosis) What is the most common trauma in the elderly (90%) femoral neck hip fracture (or 2ndary to osteoporosis or osteomalacia) What is the most common injury of the ankle ankle sprain (inversion forces) What is the most ligament injured anterior talo-fibular ligament What are the 2 most common level for herniated disks L4-L5 , L5-S1 What is the most common type of scoliosis adolescent idiopathic scoliosis In whom scoliosis most common teenage girls In what age group is spinal stenosis most common men & women >50 y/o What is the most common cause spinal stenosis aging with 2ndary changes What is the mot common level for cauda equina (large midline disk herniation that compresses several nerve roots) L4-L5 level In the shoulder, where is the most common site for o Fractures proximal humerus and clavicle o Disclocations glenohumeral joint o Separations acromio-clavicular joint What are the 2 most common causes of rotator cuff disorders Rotator cuff tears & impingement What is the most common cause of a humeral head fracture in the elderly fall on outstretched head What is the most common cause of a humeral head fracture in the young high energy trauma (MVA or fall) Where is the most common site of fracture in the clavicle the middle shaft (fall on shoulder or direct blow to shoulder) What muscle is the most commonly injured muscle in rotator cuff injuries supraspinatus What is the most common fracture of the distal radius colles fracture (silver fork deformity w/dorsal angulation of distal radius from fall on outstretched hand) What is the most common joint disease osteoarthritis Among the elderly, what is the most common cause of chronic disability in developed countries knee osteoarthritis What are the most commonly affected joints in CPPD (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate) disease AKA pseudogout knee and other large joints What is the most commonly affected joint in CPPD disease knee What is the most common pattern of joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis (70%) asymmetric oligoarthritis (Involves DIP/PIP of hands & feet, knees, wrists, ankles & sausage digits present reflecting tendon sheath inflammation)

What is the most common alloantigen found in reactive arthritis HLA-B27 What is the clinical triad of Reiters syndrome conjunctivitis, gonococcal urethritis, arthritis (cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree) What are the two most commonly involved areas of the body in ankylosing spondylitis sacroiliac joints (sacroilitis) and spine What is the most common extraarticular finding in Ankylosing Spondylitis acute anterior uveitis What are the 2 most common cause of enteropathic arthritis ulcerative colitis and Chrons disease = (IBD) What 2 joints most commonly have episodic, peripheral arthritis in enteropathic arthritis knee and ankle What symptom most commonly precedes intestinal symptoms in Whipples disease arthritis What disease is most commonly associated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy lung cancer (also occurs w/ COPD, CHD, liver disease) What is disease most commonly occurs in association with Polymyalgia Rheumatica (aching & morning stiffness in the shoulder girdle, hip girdle, or neck for > 1 month) giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) What are the 2 most common bursae involved in bursitis subacromial and greater trochanteric bursae What tendon is most commonly involved in tendonitis tendons of rotator cuff around shoulder: supraspinatus What is the most common clinical manifestation of MCTD (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease) renal involvement What is the most common laboratory finding in Wegeners granulomatous (80%) high titers of anca (antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies) Who is most commonly affected by PAN (Polyarteritis Nodosa) young females Where is Bechets Syndrome (oral & genital ulcers, unexplained ocular disease {uveitis}, & skin lesions) most commonly seen Mediterranean and Asian countries What is the most common sx What is the most common cause of

Neurology What is the most common cause of LMN dysfunction Bells Palsy: paralysis of facial nerve producing distortion on 1 side of face. What is the most common chronic systemic disease affecting nerve function diabetes. What is the most common disorder altering muscle tone parkinsons. What is the most common sensory neuropathy seen in developed countries diabetes induced peripheral neuropathy. What is the most common cause of gag reflex acute dysfunction stroke.

What is the most common CNS receptor system GABA gamma-aminobutyric; an inhibitory neurotransmitter also in retina. What is the most common dementia -- alzheimers disease: breakdown of brain cells w/development of amyloid (starch-like) plaques in cerebral cortex. What is the most common form of migraine -- -- migraine w/o aura. What is the most common sx of migraine aura -- -- visual aura. Which MS type is most common and causes the greatest amnt of disability --- secondary progressive. Who is MS more common in men or women -- -- females. What are the most common ages of incidence of epilepsy -- -- under eighteen and over sixtyfive. What are the most common syndromes compromising the benign focal epilepsies of childhood -- -- benign childhood epilepsy w/centro-temporal spikes(benign rolandic epilepsy) and benign childhood epilepsy w/occipital paroxysms. What is the most common epilepsy of adults -- -- temporal lobe epilepsy. What is the most common type of primary headache -- -- tension. What is the most common cause of Parkinsons Disease -- -- low dopamine. What is the most commonly associated medical condition with Restless Leg Syndrome -- -- iron deficiency, 20% of all cases. When is the most common time for people to encounter myoclonic twitches --- while falling asleep (hypnic jerk). What disease has most common sxs of changes in sensation in arms, legs, or face(33%), complete/partial vision loss(optic neuritis)(16%), weakness(13%), double vision(7%), unsteadiness when walking(5%), and balance problems(3%) -- ms. What is the most common cause of Cauda Equina Syndrome -- -- disk herniation in lumbar region. What is the most common result of severe diffuse axonal injury (DAI) -- -coma: >90% never regain consciousness. What are the most common injury areas of diffuse axonal injury -- -- white matter in frontal and temporal lobes. What is the most common and least serious type of traumatic brain injury -- -mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi) or concussion. What are the most common causes of diffuse axonal injury -- -- car accidents, sports accidents and child abuse. Where is the most common site of injury of Diffuse Axonal Injury -- -- areas where grey and white matter meet (66%) What is the most common cause of a retraction ball -- -- diffuse axonal injury; a bulb on the neuron axon. What is the most common cause of post-injury cell damage -- -- high levels of intracellular calcium. What is the most common sign of concussion -- -- anterograde and retrograde amnesia. What is the most common cause of painless, descending, symmetrical paralysis with no sensory deficits and no alteration of consciousness. No gi sxs -- -- botulism. What are the most common sxs of Down Syndrome -- -- smushed face, almond-shaped eyes due to epicanthic fold of eyelid cognitive impairment,

congenital heart disease, hearing deficits, short stature, thyroid disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. (also a single palmar crease) What is the most common category of sleep-disordered breathing -- -obstructive sleep apnea. What is the most common type of obstructive sleep apnea -- -- poor oropharyngeal airways secondary to heavy upper body type. What is the most common treatment for obstructive sleep apnea -- -- (CPAP) continuous positive airway pressure What is the most striking early sx of Alzheimers Disease -- -- loss of memory(amnesia) What is the most common known genetic cause of early-onset Parkinson disease -- -- mutations in protein parkin. What is the most common known genetic cause of Parkinson disease, found in 1-6% of U.S. and European PD patients -- -- G2019S mutation. What is the most common medical condition associated with Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) -- -- iron deficiency. (>20%) What is the most common variety of spina bifida -- -- spina bifida cystica: meninges around cord are expanded into a bag-like cyst called meningocele that protrudes dorsally from infants spine. What is the most common cranial palsy in the form of Bells Palsy -- -- seventh cranial nerve (facial paralysis). What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and children -- -- streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) What is the most common parasitic infection of the CNS worldwide -- -cysticercosis (50 mill infected); endemic in C&S Americas & Africa; neurocysticercosis is most prevelant infctn of the brain worldwide. What is the most common location for cysticercosis -- -- brain parenchyma: parenchymal neurocysticercosis (60%-90%) What are the most common sxs of cysticercosis -- -- seizures and headaches. What is the most common tx for MS exacerbations -- -- high-dose steroids given in a -hour IV infusion daily x 3-5 days; can also take PO, but involves many pills. (if steroids fail, plasma exchange or IV immunoglobulin may respond) What are the most common neurologic complications caused by Crohns disease (15% of pts) -- -- seizures, stroke, myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and depression. What is the most common extracranial solid cancer in infancy and childhood --- neurblastoma (neurendocrine tumor arising from any neural crest element of SNS. When do most (close to 50% of) neuroblastoma cases occur -- -- in children younger than two years old. Where do neuroblastomas most commonly begin formation -- --one of the adrenal glands. What are the 3 most common neurotransmitters working peripherally and centrally -- -- acetylcholine (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory), glutamate (maintains resting discharge & may modulate synaptic transmissions) What excitatory neurotransmitters work centrally on the control of emesis -- -acetycholinic, dopamine (accelerate compensation), and histamine (modulate motion sickness). What neurotransmitter inhibits central emesis reflexes -- -- GABA.

What neurotransmitter is involved in central and peripheral control of emesis but has little influence on vertigo and motion sickness -- -- serotonin. What is the most common form of Sexual Dysfunction documented in Multiple Sclerosis -- -- (75-91%) erectile dysfunction; due to alteration of ejaculatory reflex. When is the most common time people feel myoclonus (involuntary twitching) -- -- while falling asleep (hypnic jerk); a sign of neurological disorders. What is the most common cause of hiccups -- -- myoclonus of the diaphragm (maybe from pressure to the phrenic nerve by other anatomical structures) What are the most common hallmarks of alzheimers only found in autopsy --- amyloid (fibrous protein) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. What nucleus in the pons releases norepinephrine when activated by a stressful event -- -- the locus ceruleus (responsible for responses to stress & panic) What is the most common cause of epidural hematomas -- -- (blow to side of head) temporal bone fractures interrupting middle meningeal artery, a branch of external carotid; must be removed to decrease ICP. (only 20-30% occur outside of temporal region) What is the most common cause of subdural hematomas -- -- direct damage to the brain usually from shearing injuries; sxs may appear immediately or gradually as blood seeps out of torn vessels; more common than epidural. In who are subdural hematomas most commonly seen -- -- alcoholics, elderly, pts on anticoagulants (ASA, Warafin (Coumadin, etc.) What is the most common age range does ALS strike -- -- forty sixty y/o; What are the most common presenting sxs of thoracic outlet syndrome -- -neurological sxs. What are the most common sxs of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) -- -degenerative/bony disorders, trauma to c-spine, fibromuscular bands, vascular abnormalities, & spasm of anterior scalene muscle. What are the most common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome -- -compression of brachial plexus & subclavian vasculature (consists of cc ranging from diffuse arm pain to sensation of arm fatigue frequently aggravated by carrying anything in the ipsilateral/ Which cranial nerve is the most commonly paralyzed CN VII (facial n.) What are the most commonly enlarged nerves in Mycobacterium leprosy (Tuberculoid leprosy) those closest to the skin (greater auricular, ulnar, posterior tibial, peroneal) What is the most common cause of disorders of the midbrain vascular lesions of branches of the posterior cerebral a.. Webers syndrome = medial midbrain - Benedikts syndrome = paramedial midbrain What is the most common cause of disorders of the lateral medulla vascular lesions of branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar a. What is the most common cause of disorders of the medial medulla vascular lesions of branches of the vertebral aa. What is the most common cause of disorders of the lateral lower pons vascular lesions of branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar a. What is the most common cause of disorders of the medial pons vascular lesions of Pontine aa. which branched laterally off of the Basilar a.

What are the 2 most common causes of facial colliculus syndrome Glial tumor & astrocytoma In what age group are glial tumors, astrocytoma, and brain cancers in general most commonly seen children (3:100,000) What are the 3 most common types of brain tumors in children < 2 medulloblastoma, ependyoma, & low-grade glioma. Where are the most common sites of lesion in a patient present w/a significant hearing loss in 1 ear middle ear, inner ear, CN VIII, or cochlear n. (NOT @ higher levels of the auditory system) Where is the most common site of brain aneurysm anterior part of the Circle of Willis (2nd is posterior cerebral artery which compresses CN III) Where is the most common site of cerebral hemorrhage which usually results from systemic HTN the Lateral Striate aa. which branched off the middle cerebral a.; the Hematoma spreads into anterior & posterior limbs of internal capsule resulting in major neurological deficits. What are the 5 most common presentations of neurosyphilis asymptomatic neurosyphilis, subacute meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, tabes dorsalis. General paresis (insane) What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation CMV (cytomegalovirus) from family herpesviridae. (TORCHES) What is the most common cause of dementia (66%) Alzheimers Dz = 2/3; vascular dementia (multiple infarcts) = 15-25% What are the most common metastatic brain tumors lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney, GI tract Which brain tumor is more common: metastatic or primary? metastatic What is the most common cause of delirium medication What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the US HSV-1 (herpes simplex 1) What is the most common form of polio spinal polio (characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs) What is the most common cause of

OB/GYN What is the most common cause of vaginitis -- bacterial vaginosis. What is the 2nd most common cause of vaginitis -- candidiasis. What is the 3rd most common cause of vaginitis -- trichomoniasis. What is the most common sx of bacterial vaginosis -- discharge w/fishy smell. What is the most common cause of cystic fibrosis -- -- mutations in both cftr genes, which helps create sweat, mucus, digestive juices. What is the most common surgical emergency in pregnancy where presentation may not be classic -- -- appendicitis.

What is the most common nonhereditary cause of mental retardation in US --- fetal alcohol syndrome; (6% among heavy drinkers); 1-3 drinks/day has adverse affects on brain, lessening learning and memory. When is the most common time of womb resulting in birth defects -- -- weeks three to eight. What is the most common maternal vitamin deficiency linked to 70% of neural tube defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida -- -- the b vitamin folic acid; (USPHS recommends 0.4mg/day) What are the most common types of antibodies employed (secrete) from pregnancy tests -- -- monoclonal antibody (MAb) which is specific to betasubunit of hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin). What is the most common clinical significance of increased levels of hCG -- -pregnancy; placenta secretes hCG to stimulate corpus luteum to secrete estrogens to thicken endometrium and increase placental immune tolerance. What is the most common result of gonadotropin (FSH, LH, & hCG) deficiency due to pituitary disease -- -- hypogonadism, which can lead to infertility. What is the most common immediate result of failure/loss of gonads -- -elevated levels of LH & FSH in blood, since pituitary tries to compensate for insufficient gonads. What is the most common single cause of death in the first month of life -- -infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); 50% of babies born @ 26-28 weeks & 25% of babies born @ 30-31 weeks. (more frequent in diabetic mothers) What is the most visible sign of preeclampsia -- -- hypertension What are the most common causes of eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) -- -hypertension, proteinuria, & edema What is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia -- -cryptorchidism. What is the second most common birth defect of the male genitalia -- -hypospadias. Where is the most common urethral meatus opening site in first degree hypospadias (50%-75%) -- -- opens on the glans penis. Where is the most common developmental site of neuroblastomas -- -- neural crests Where is the most common developmental site of Wilms tumor -- -- kidneys. Where is the most common site of metastasis of neuroblastomas -- -- bone (also crosses the midline of the abdomen) Where is the most common site of metastasis of Wilms tumor -- -- lungs (crosses the abdominal midline). What state of change does neuroblastoma demonstrate that only rare human malignancies demonstrate -- -- a spontaneous regression from an undifferentiated state to a completely benign cellular appearance. What vitamin is most common in the lowering risk of neuroblastoma by 47% --- folic acid before and during the first 3 months of pregnancy. (Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis and repair & changes ways genes normally suppress cancer). What is the most common diagnosis sign of neuroblastoma (90%) -- -elevated levels of catecholamines or its metabolites in the urine or blood. What are the most common causes of a blue baby (cyanotic) -- -- patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, failure of lung inflation at birth. What is the most common congenital heart defect -- -- ventricular septal defect. (1/500 births)

What are the 2 most common basic effects of congenital heart defects -- -Where is the most common avulsion of Erbs palsy (aka Brachial Plexus Paralysis) -- -- Erbs point an area in the anterolateral neck (roughly corresponding roots C5+C6) which damages the nerve roots of the brachial plexus supplying the ipsilateral upper limb & shoulder girdle. What are the 2 most common types of episiotomies and which is associated w/ higher risk of injury to the anal sphincter/rectum -- -- medio-lateral and medial/midline (riskier is medial/midline; but both are rapidly losing popularity b/c tend to cause the risks they intend to prevent) What is the most common type of malignancy in women -- -- intraductal carcinoma/ breast cancer; (50% of cancers develop in upper quadrant of breast.) What is the most common cyanotic heart defect -- -- tetralogy of fallot. What is the most common cause of blue baby syndrome -- -- tetralogy of fallot What are the most common causes of urethritis -- gonorrhea & chlamydia. What is the most common cause of enlarged testes -- hydrocele. What is the most common thrush -- candida albicans. What is the most common site of trichomoniasis -- urethra/male vagina/female. What is the most common cause of vaginitis -- bacterial vaginosis. What is the 2nd most common cause of vaginitis -- candidiasis. What is the 3rd most common cause of vaginitis -- trichomoniasis. What is the most common sx of bacterial vaginosis -- discharge w/fishy smell What is the most common cause of UTIs in women (90%) -- -- Escherichia coli. Where is staphylococcus saprophyticus most commonly acquired by females (95%) in the community (NOT in the hospital!) What is the 2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women staphylococcus saprophyticus What is the most common sequelae of gonorrheal complications in women pid; pelvic inflammatory disease Where is the most common primary site of gonorrhea in females cervix What is the most common cause of septicemia in newborns streptococcus agalactiae What is the most common cause of meningitis in newborns streptococcus agalactiae. What is the most common antigen found in strains of neonatal meningitis in GI tract of pregnant women & newborn infants K1 Capsular antigen What is the most common benign vulvar tumor Bartholins duct cyst & abscess. What are the 3 most common causes of vaginitis gardnerella/mobilluncus, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicansWhat are the 3 most common causes of urethritis/ cervicitis (also acute salpingitis, acute perihepatitis, urethritis, pharyngitis) Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum What is the most common herpes genitalis herpes simplex virus type 2 (less commonly type 1) What is the most common cause of genital & anal warts (condyloma); cervical dysplasia; cancer human papillomavirus

What is the most common shape of the female pelvic anatomy (in 40-50% of women) gynecoid (cylindrical) In the lactating woman, when does breast infection most commonly occur several weeks post-partum. What are the 3 times that women most frequently develop Candida vaginitis when taking antibiotics, oral contraceptives, or during menses and pregnancy (Sxs = vaginal itching & discharge{thick copious secretions wetting the underwear}) What are the most commonly used and safe methods of interval contraception worldwide intrauterine devices What is the most commonly used modern method of contraception Yuzpe (oral contraceptive) ; high dose of estrogen-progestin What is the most common Sx associated w/infections of the vagina (vaginitis) discharge (Increased vaginal discharge is associated with an identifiable cause in 80% to 90% of cases) Where are the skin changes of vascular spider angiomas most commonly seen in pregnant women upper torso, face, & arms What is the most common visual complaint amongst pregnant women blurred vision (caused by increased thickness of the cornea associated w/fluid retention & decreased intraocular pressure) What is the most common nonobstetric cause of postpartum death thromboembolic dz. What is the most common cause of fetal tachycardia elevated maternal temperature (could be an early sign of chorioanionitis) What is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage (90%) uterine atony. What is the most common cause of persistent fever postpartum genital tract infection What is the most common postpartum infection endomyometriosis infection of the uterine cavity & adjacent tissue (usually associated w/ 1st or 2nd day postpartum) What s the most common cause of fever during the 1st day postpartum lungs (urinary tract is during the 2nd day) What is the most common presenting complaint of candida (monilial) What are the most common benign breast conditions which are common during reproductive years or occasionally during HRT after menopause fibrocystic changes (cyclic, bilateral pain {mastalgia}; engorgement) What is the 2nd most common form of benign breast disease occurring most often in young women fibroadenoma. What is the most common cause of early fetal heart deceleration cephalic compression (no fetal distress) What are the 2 most common causes of variable fetal heart deceleration umbilical cord compression & change of mothers position (eg, back to side) What is the most common cause of late fetal heart deceleration uteroplacental insufficiency & fetal hypoxemia, possibly due to abruption or hypotension. Further testing for fetal reassurance is necessary (If late decelerations are repetitious, deliver the baby ASAP!) What are the 2 most common causes of 3rd trimester bleeding placenta previa & placental abruption (others include placenta accrete, bloody show,

ruptured vasa previa, early labor, ruptured uterus, marginal placental separation, & genital tract lesions & trauma) What is the most common presenting sign of a hydatidiform mole 1st trimester bleeding (preeclampsia, followed by uterine size > date discrepancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, hyperthyroidism, & passage of molar vesicles) What is the most common cause of female infertility endometriosis; followed by PID Where are the 3 most common sites of endometriosis ovaries, broad ligament, & cul de sac What is the most common cause of bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis What is the most common cause of amenorrhea pregnancy (B-hCG is 1st test to perform when a woman presents w/amenorrhea) Women who have ovarian carcinoma most commonly present w/ which 2 symptoms abdominal distention & pain Women who have endometrial carcinoma most commonly present w/ what symptom postmenopausal bleeding What is the most common cause of CP from breast CA costochondritis (Tietzes syndrome) What is the most common cause of single duct bloody discharge intraductal Papilloma (cancer is 2nd) What is the most common histological type of breast cancer Infiltrating Duct NOS (followed by ductal-favorable, then invasive lobular, then in-situ) What is the most commonly transmitted sexual disease chlamydial infections What is the 2nd most commonly transmitted sexual disease Neisseria gonorrheae (gonococcus) What is the most common cause of female sterility scarring of the fallopian tubes (which occludes the lumen and prevents sperm from reaching the ovulated egg) What is the most common site for an ectopic pregnancy the fallopian tubes What is the most common site in the fallopian tubes for an ectopic pregnancy (95%) the ampulla of the oviduct What is the most common risk factor in patients with ectopic pregnancy a history of pelvic inflammatory disease What is the most common kind of septic arthritis in young, sexually active individuals gonococcal arthritis. What are the 2 most common causes of cervical cancers (70%) Human Papilloma virus types 16 and 18 What are the 2 most common causes of genital warts, aka condyloma acuminatum (90%) Human Papilloma virus types 6 and 11 What is the 3rd most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in the US cervical carcinoma (peaks in the 40s; occurs commonly @ the squamocolumnar junction{transformation zone}) At what age does endometriosis most commonly occur affects women of reproductive age (endometrioma: ovarian chocolate cysts) What is the most common tumor of the female genital tract leiomyoma (fibroids) benign smooth m. tumor of the myometrium

What is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract endometrial carcinoma Who does endometrial carcinoma most commonly affect postmenopausal women. What is the most common form of ovarian tumor epithelial ovarian tumor What is the most common benign ovarian tumor cystadenoma (unilocular, smooth-lined cyst) What is the most common malignant ovarian tumor cystadenocarcinoma (complex, multiloculated cysts; nodular & solid areas) What is the most common stromal tumor ovarian fibroma (firm, white masses); (Meigs syndrome: fibroma + ascites + pleural effusion) What is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea (absence of menses for 3 cycles or 6 months w/prior normal menses) pregnancy What are the 2 most common gynecological disorders of reproductive-age women amenorrhea & dysfunctional/abnormal uterine bleeding What is the most common cause of amenorrhea pregnancy What is the most common complication of early pregnancy miscarriage What is the most common sequelae of gonorrheal complications in women pid; pelvic inflammatory disease Where is the most common primary site of gonorrhea in females cervix What are the 5 most common sxs of menopause (HAVOC) Hot flashes (2ndary to vasomotor instability), Atrophy of the Vagina (dyspareunia), Osteoporosis (loss of protective effects of estrogen), Coronary artery dz, (loss of protective effects of estrogen) What is the most common cause of female infertility endometriosis (followed by PID) What is the most common cell type of vulvar neoplasms (90%) squamous cell carcinoma What is the most common chromosomal pattern in complete molar pregnancies (sperm fertilization of an empty ovum) chromosomal pattern 46, XX and are completely derived from the father. What is the most common chromosomal pattern of incomplete molar pregnancies (when a normal ovum is fertilized by 2 sperm) chromosomal pattern of 69, XXY (fetal tissue is present) What is the most common presenting sign for a hydatiform mole 1st trimester uterine bleeding (also w/ preeclampsia) What is the most common type of breast cancer in women ductal carcinoma {comes in 2 forms: infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) & ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)} What is the most common type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) benign GTD (molar pregnancy, or hydatidiform mole) accounts for ~80% of cases of GTD. What is the most common cause of -----When the most common time of occurance of hemolytic disease in obstetrics during the 2nd pregnancy (as a result of the rapid production of anti-Rh IgG antibodies by memory plasma cells) What is the most common cause of exposure of the mother to Rh-positive blood previous delivery of an Rh-positive child (others include ectopic

pregnancy, abortion, prior blood transfusions, amniocentesis, other traumatic procedures during pregnancy) What are the 2 most common causes of 3rd trimester bleeding placenta previa and placental abruption When is the most common time for the 1st bleeding episode (bright, red blood from mother) of placenta previa at 29-30 weeks gestation When is the most common length of bleeding episodes in placenta previa 12 hours with or without uterine contractions (usually no fetal distress noticed) What is the most common type of GTD (Gestational Trophoblastic Disease) 80% of GTDs are Benign GTD which are either molar pregnancy or hydatidiform mole (20% are complete molar pregnancies) What is the most common molar karyotype in complete Hydatidiform moles (complete molar pregnancy) 90% of the time, molar karyotype is 46,XX (10% of the time, the molar karyotype includes a Y chromosome) What is the most common chromosomal pattern in incomplete/partial molar pregnancies 69,XXY (fetal tissue is present) What is the most common presenting sign of hydatidiform moles 1st trimester uterine bleeding (others are uterine size > date , preeclampsia, hyperemesis gravidarum) What is the most common risk factor for GTDs inadequate folate What is the most common appearance on hydatidiform moles on pelvis U/S snowstorm appearance Fetal Heart Decelerations during maternal contractions (decelerations are abnormal during contractions, HR should be accelerated): o What is the most common cause of early fetal deceleration cephalic compression (NO fetal distress) o What is the most common cause of variable fetal deceleration umbilical cord compression (tx-change mothers position , ex: back to side) o What is the most common cause of late fetal deceleration uterplacental insufficiency & fetal hypoxemia, possible d/t abruption or hypotension (futher testing for fetal reassurance is necessary if severe & repetitious deliver ASAP!) What is the most common type of IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation) 80% are asymmetric, which is considered a Maternal problem (symmetric IUGR is generally a Fetal problem) When is the most common time of occurrence of asymmetric IUGR late in pregnancy (symmetric occurs early in pregnancy) What is the most common cause of asymmetric IUGR vascular disease, such as HTN, DM, renal dz (which leads to decreased uteroplacental blood flow) What is the most common position on cephalic cephalic fetal presentations 95% are vertex with chin to chest, occiput presenting (3% of all deliveries are breech) any presentation other than vertex is abnormal. What is the most common breech delivery 50-75% are Frank breech: Thighs are flexed & knees are extended (other 2 are footlong/incomplete 20%and complete 5-10%) What is the most common tx for breech presentation Follow (75% of breech will spontaneously change to vertex by 38th week)

What is the most common indication for cesarean section previous cesarean section d/t risk of uterine rupture (but many women elect a trial of labor even if they have had a previous cesarean section) What is the most common cause of death in newborns meconium aspiration u

Ophthalmology What is the most common cause of loss of red reflex -- cataracts. What are the 2 most common causes of CN4 palsy -- -- head trauma and vascular infarct. What is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in US -- -- diabetic retinopathy, retinal damage from microangiopathy. What are the most common ocular conditns detected by examination w/fluorescein stain -- -- corneal abrasion and herpes simplex keratitis. What is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in US -- -- diabetic retinopathy.(growth of friable & poor quality retinal new blood vessels) Where is the most common site for optic edema -- -- macula; most dependent area What is the most common cause of nystagmus (involuntary eye movement) in young people -- -- head trauma. What is the most common cause of nystagmus in older people -- -- stroke. What is the 2nd most common cause of blindness worldwide -- -- glaucoma. What is the most common glaucoma surgery performed & allows drainage of aqueous humor from w/in the eye beneath the conjuctiva where its absorbed -- -- trabeculectomy. What are the 2 most common causes of glaucoma -- -- 1) abnormally blockage of the Schlemms Channel & trabecular meshwork through which aqueous humor drains (open-angle glaucoma/ chronic glaucoma), 2) pressure of the iris against the lens, which traps the aqueous humor (angle-closure glaucoma/ acute glaucoma) What is the most common cause of hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber of the eye) trauma to the vessels @ the root of the iris. What is the most common cause of preventable blindness in the world Chlamydia trachomatis; a chronic conjunctival inflammation where scar traction pulls & folds eyelid inward so eyelashes rub against conjunctiva & cornea (causing corneal scarring, 2ndary bacterial infections, & ultimately blindness) What is the most common infectious cause of corneal blindness in the US Herpetic keratitis. What is the most common procedure performed on people >65 cataract surgery (removal & replacement w/ artificial, plastic intraocular lens) What is the most common cause of blindness worldwide cataracts. What is the most commonly performed medical treatment for people 65 and older in the US cataract surgery. (Surgery, through a tiny incision, is the only way to remove a cataract)

What is the most common ocular disorder primary care providers encounter red eye (most cases benign, some may herald a vision-threatening or even life-threatening disorder) What is the most common form of ocular allergy allergic conjunctivitis; Type 1, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to pollen, animal dander, or dust Scleritis may be a presenting sign of a systemic dz. What is the most common systemic dz presented by scleritis rheumatoid arthritis. What is the most common symptom of acute angle closure glaucoma severe pain in one eye (which may be accompanied by other symptoms such as n/v) What is the most common cause of red eye acute conjunctivitis (followed by acute iritis then corneal trauma or infection) What is the most common etiologic agent cause of infectious conjunctivitis adenovirus What is the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, & haemophilus influenae What is the most common cause of blindness among adults in the US & is dangerous b/c it can progress gradually & go unnoticed for years openangle glaucoma What is the most common type of glaucoma (affects 70-80% of those w/ glaucoma) open-angle glaucoma What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation CMV (cytomegalovirus); also causes microcephaly, deafness, seizures, & multiple other birth defects; if reactivation occurs (like other herpes viruses) during pregnancy, fetus may become infected. What is the most common complication of CMV in AIDS pts CMV retinitis (leading to blindness unless treated) What is the most common type of scleritis diffuse scleritis What is the most severe type of scleritis necrotizing scleritis What is the leading cause of permanent, bilateral visual loss in the elderly macular degeneration (higher risk in Caucasians, women, smokers, and those with a family hx) --What is the most common cause of papilledema 60% d/t an intracranial tumor (40% d/t hydrocephalus, pseudotumor, meningitis, brain abscess, encephalitis, severe htn, intracranial hemorrhage) What is the most common cause of

Pediatrics What is the most commonly repoted area of developmental delay from the Denver Developmental Screening Test speech / language. (followed by personal / social delay) In children, what is the most common cause of seizures as a complication of acute resuscitation of burns hyponatremia (becoming less frequent w/ the diminishing use of silver nitrate)

What is the most common pathogen involved in laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) parainfluenza type 1 (others are parainfluenza type 2 & 3, RSV, influenza, ubeola, adenovirus, & mycoplasma pneumoniae) What is the most common cause of early cyanosis (R-to-L shunts; blue babies) 3 Ts: 1. Tetralogy of Fallot 2. Transposition of great vessels 3. Truncus arteriosus What is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly (hint: a L-to-R shunt; late cyanosis; blue kids) ventricular septal defect (VSD); (frequency: VSD > ASD > {PDA, close w/indomethacin}) What is the most common type of hypersensitivity reaction in the skin & affects up to 20% of children at some time urticaria (hives) What is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea Turners syndrome What is the most common chromosomal disorder (1:700) Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) What is the most common cause of respiratory failure in premature infants respiratory distress syndrome (lung maturity occurs at 32 weeks gestation, when surfactant is produced by type 2 pneumocytes) What are the 2 most common causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia physiologic jaundice & hemolytic disease. What are the 4 most common causes of nosocomially acquired sepsis (7 days of life d/c) occurring among premature infants in the NICU s. aureus, s. epidermis, gram (-) bacteria, & candida albicans What is the most common & best studied amino acid disorder (occurs in 1:14,000 live births) which must be screened PKU; phenylketonuria (musty(mousy)-odor urine) What is the most common error of carbohydrate metabolism (1:60,000) which must be screened galactosemia (deficiency of the enzyme galactose1-phosphate uridyl transferase, resulting in impaired conversion of galactose1-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate that can then undergo glycolysis) What is the most common type of leukemia in young children acute lymphocytic What is the most common nutritional deficiency after laboratory screening iron deficiency anemia What is the most common cause of septic arthritis in infants haemophilus influenzae type b What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial meningitis acquired by the baby coming out of the birth canal (w/in the 1st 3 months of age) listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, group b streptococcus What are the 2 most common causes of bacterial meningitis later in llife (6 months 3 years) after the maternal antibodies passively given to fetus wane & before new antibodies develop neisseria meningitis & haemophilus influenzae What is the most common manifestation of early-onset group b streptococcus infection pneumonia What is the most common manifestation of late-onset group b streptococcus infection bacteremia w/o a focus What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia s. pneumoniae What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children RSV (Respiratory Synctial Virus) from family paramyxoviridae; especially in infants <6 months of age.

At what ages is bacterial meningitis most common in infants aged 6 to 12 months (decreased incidence b/c of Hib vaccine) What is the most common bacterial cause of meningitis n. meningitis (b/c of success of Hib conjugated vaccine which decreased h. influenzae) What is the most common innocent murmur heard in late childhood pulmonary ejection murmur What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months 6 months intussusception What is the most common condition requiring emergency surgery in children appendicitis What is the most common cause of testicular pain 12 years and older (uncommon <10yrs) testicular torsion (can occur in fetus or neonate) What is the most common cause of testicular pain in 2-11 yrs of age (rare in adolescents) torsion of the appendix testis In whom is intussusception most common infants and children What is the most common renal tumor in children (1-4 yr olds) Wilms tumor What is the most common surgical procedure done in infancy inguinal hernias (1-2% of full births ; 30% preterm) What are the most common ages of children developing contralateral hernias boy <1 year & girl < 2 years (30% will develop contralateral hernias) In whom is intussusception most common infants and children (in adults, its associated w/ a mass or tumor) What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months 6 years intussusception rare in neonates (Presentation: intestinal obstruction{sausage-shaped}, abd pain{colicky}, and currant-jelly stools) What is the most common cause of bowel obstruction in the 1st 2 years of life intussusception (makes up 80% of those w/in 3m-6yrs) What is the most common condition requiring emergency surgery in children appendicitis What is the most common age range of children with perforated appendicitis 70-75% of children 1-4 yrs perforate What is the most common cause of testicular pain in 12 yr olds or older testicular torsion (uncommon <10 yrs BUT can occur in fetus or neonates) What is the most common time frame for teste survival in testicular torsion <6 hours (90% survival) What is the most common cause of testicular pain in 2-11 year olds torsion of appendix testis (rare in adolescents) What is the most common type of processus vaginalis hydrocele noncommunicating ; which resolves by 1 yr (as opposed to communicating processus vaginalis hydrocele; which persists) When is the most common time of occurrence of a large, communicating processus vaginalis hydrocele during the day (its small in the AM) What is the most common hydrocele that lasts 12-18 months communicating hydrocele (tx: ligate processus vaginalis) Where is the most common site of cryptochordism inguinal canal (either high up in inguinal canal or intraabdominal)

What are the 3 most common causes of seizures in neonates trauma, hypoxia, infection Where is the most common location of Meckels diverticulum 2 feet proximal to ileiocecal valve (remember Rule of 2s) What is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting >6 million children in the US asthma What are the 2 most common symptoms of childhood asthma coughing (typically dry & hacking) and wheezing (typically polyphonic/varied in pitch b/c of heterogenous distribution of affected airways) What is the most common cause of chronic cough in children older than 3 years asthma, whether or not it is accompanied by wheezing (cough is typically dry & hacking; when the cough is productive, yellowish sputum may be expectorated {often contains eiosinophils}) What is the most common misdiagnosis for a chronic cough lasting more than 3 weeks in children bronchitis when the correct Dx is asthma (is mistreated w/ ineffective medications such as cough suppressants, decongestants, or antibiotics -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What is the most common seizure disorder in children febrile seizure (3-4% of population) (peak age 14-18 months) What are the 2 most common types of generalized seizures absence (petit mal) and tonic-clonic (grand mal) Where is the most common site of occurrence of meningoceles & myelomeningoceles lumbosacral region (bowel & bladder dysfxn ; sensorymotor loss below the lesion) What is the most common accompanying disorder of myelomeningocele resulting from kinking/twisting of the upper cord 80% with hydrocephalus & Arnold Chiari malformation What is the most common movement disorder in children cerebral palsy What is the most common category of cerebral palsy ~75% are pyramidal (spastic paresis of any or all limbs) (90% are mentally retarded ; (followed by extrapyramidal{nonspastic} & mixed) What is the most severe form of cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegia (marked motor impairment of all extremities ; associated w/ mental retardation & seizures) What is the most common hereditary neuro-muscular disorder Duchenne Musclular Dystrophy (Trendelenburg gait & Gowers Maneuver) When is physical exam most reliable for congenital hip dysplasia PRIOR to 6 weeks of age ; can confirm w/ ultrasound (plain film used AFTER 6 weeks of age) What is the most common cause of Acquired Hypothyroidism Hashimotos thyroiditis (lymphocytic thyroiditis) : (myxedematous skin changes, goiter, delayed puberty from immune mediated lymphocytic infiltration) What is the most common cause of short stature familial or genetic short stature What is the most common Glomerular disease worldwide IgA nephropathy (IgA deposits in Mesangial layer) boys > girls , white > black , No specific tx

What is the most common nephrotic syndrome in children minimal change disease (Nils disease) When is the most common age for UTIs in boys in 1st year (average age in girls is 3 YO) What is the most common cause of UTIs 75-90% E. coli What is the most common cause of enuresis (involuntary discharge of urine) delay in adequate neuromuscular bladder control (must r/o urological pathology: UTI, obstructive lesion) What are the 2 most common physical exam techniques which demonstrate developmental hip dysplasia Barlows test (dislocation of hip w/ adduction & posterior pressure) & Ortolani maneuver (click/clunk with abduction as head relocates into joint) What is the most common sx of Legg-Calve-Perthes (avascular necrosis of proximal femur) limp (followed by limited ROM ; if pain is present, its often referred to the knee) m>f What is the most common age range for development of Osgood Schlatter (traction apopyhitis of tibial tuberosity) during adolescent growth spurt (1017); m >f ; unilateral ; resolves in 6-24m What is the most common cause of Nursemaids elbow (Radial Head subluxation) sudden arm pull while elbow extended & arm pronated (parent/sibling swinging child) What is the most common cause of spiral fractures child abuse What are the 2 most common cause of neonatal sepsis which classically occurs w/ a bimodal distribution, early & late group b b-hemolytic streptococcus (GBS) & E. coli (followed by h. flu & Listeria monocytogenes) When is the most common time for bacterial neonatal sepsis within the 1st 12 hours When is the most common time for development of newborn reflexes in utero, during 3rd trimester When is the most common age for resolution of strabismus by 6m old What is are the 2 most common nutritional deficiencies in children and teens Ca calcium and Fe iron What are the most common triggering events for child abuse and maltreatment crying and toilet training What is the most common bacterial skin infection 10% of all pediatric skin cases = impetigo (2 types: non-bullous & bullous) What is the most common cause of non-bullous impetigo s. aureus What is the most common complication in the non-bullous orm of impetigo cellulites When is acne flares most common in the winter In whom is tinea capitis (dermatophyte infection of the scalp) most common in black & Hispanic children (4-14 yrs old) What is the most common vector-borne disease in the US Lyme disease Where is the most common site for Lyme disease in the NE and Mid-Atlantic coast in the US (but seen in 49 states) What age range is Lyme disease most common 5-10 yrs of age What body part is most often affected by late Lyme disease w/arthritis large joints (knee)

What is the largest and most easily examined organ on the body skin What is the 3rd most common pediatric diagnosis pharyngitis & tonsillitis What ages are most commonly affected by pharyngitis & tonsillitis school age children, 6-8 yrs What is the most common cause of pharyngitis 90% due to viruses (25-50% - group A beta hemolytic strep) ; bacterial infection UNCOMMON in young children (<2 yrs) What age group is most commonly affected by viral pharyngitis teenagers (Dx by >20% atypical lymphocytes on blood smear or + monospot) What is the most common cause of Herpanina (ulcers in anterior pillars & soft palate) coxsackie A virus What is the most common cause of Hand, foot & mouth dz (common in summer) coxsackie A virus What is the most common cause of Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) parainfluenza type 1 (3m-3yrs ; steeple sign on CXR ; seals bark) What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis (2m-9m ; Nov-March) RSV (followed by adenovirus & influenza) At what ages is FBA (foreign body aspiration most common 6m -4yrs (hard candy, peanuts, coins, grapes, hot dogs) What is the most common mutation in CF (cystic fibrosis) delta 508 (defect in transmembrane chloride channel resulting in thick secretions in lung & pancreas) What is the most common cardiovascular finding leading to a cardiology referral murmurs. What is the most common innocent murmer heard in early childhood Still murmur What is the most common category of congenital structural malformations congenital heart disease What is the most common cause of septic arthritis s. aureus What is the most common innocent murmur heard in late childhood pulmonary ejection murmur Where is the most common site of ASD ostium secundum (old foramen ovale) What is the most common congenital heart defect VSD (33%) What is the most common congenital heart defect in children with Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Atrioventricular Septal Defect (45%) What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart lesion tetralogy of fallot (PROVe: Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, Overriding of the aorta, VSD) What is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children rotavirus What is the most common cause of a acute Mallory-Weiss tears retching/vomiting What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 months 6 months intussusception (m>f) What is the most common condition requiring emergency surgery in children appendicitis What is the most common cause of testicular pain 12 years and older (uncommon <10yrs) testicular torsion (can occur in fetus or neonate)

What is the most common cause of testicular pain in 2-11 yrs of age (rare in adolescents) torsion of the appendix testis In whom is intussusception most common infants and children What is the most common type of processus vaginalis hydrocele noncommunicating ; which resolves by 1 yr (as opposed to communicating processus vaginalis hydrocele; which persists) When is the most common time of occurrence of a large, communicating processus vaginalis hydrocele during the day (its small in the AM) What is the most common hydrocele that lasts 12-18 months communicating hydrocele (tx: ligate processus vaginalis) Where is the most common site of cryptochordism inguinal canal (either high up in inguinal canal or intraabdominal) When is the most common time for a child to have an inguinal hernia 1st 6 months What is the most common cause of septic arthritis s. aureus What is the most common cause of a child fever a virus What is the most common cause of meningitis 80% due to enterovirus (bacterial have dec in incidence since Hib vaccine) When is the most common time occurrence of meningitis of in the US summer or fall. Where is the most common site of ASD ostium secundum (old foramen ovale) What is the most common congenital heart defect VSD (33%) What is the most common congenital heart defect in children with Downs Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Atrioventricular Septal Defect (45%) What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart lesion tetralogy of fallot (PROVe: Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, Overriding of the aorta, VSD) What is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children rotavirus What is the most common Glomerular disease worldwide IgA Nephropathy (IgA deposits in Mesangial layer) What is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children (peak age 3m-2yr) rotavirus (fever-vomiting-watery, non-bloody diarrhea) When is the most common time frame for full term pass of meconium in Hirschsprungs disease 48 hours (may pass normally) Where is the most common site of limitation of Hirschsprungs disease rectosigmoid (75%) ; 10% involve the entire colon What is the most common type of hernia in infants (80%) inguinal hernia When is the most common time of occurrence for inguinal hernias in children within first 6 months of life What is the most common type of inguinal hernia in infants indirect (due to patentency of the processus vaginalis) What are the 5 most common signs of lead poisoning (Hint: ABCDE) Abdominal pain, Basophilic stipling, Constipation, Deposits of lead on articular CXR surfaces, Encephalopathy --------What is the most common viral cause for septic appearing neonates or infants HSV infection

What are the most common sxs in septic newborns respiratory sxs What are the 3 most common enzyme deficiencies in congenital adrenal hypoplasia 21-hydroxylase, 11-hydroxylase, or 3Beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase When are the most serious cases of congenital heart defects diagnosed during the 1st year of life What is the most common heart disease in pediatric patients (90%) congenital heart defects What is the most common

Pharmacology What is the most common mnemonic for atropine toxicity -- "hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a wet hen". Where are the most common side effects of Azythromycin gastrointestinal. ? What drugs are the most common cause of lupus erythematosus procainamide, hydralazine, quinidine. What is the most common cause of death from medications to manage lupus -- infection due to immunosuppression. What is the most common cause of death in acetylsalicylic acid OD -- cardiac arrest from pulmonary edema. What is the most common procedure to detect paracetamol (acetaminophen) OD regarding gastrointestinal decontamination -- activated carbon administration. What is commonly known as laughing gas -- -- nitrous oxide. What are the most commonly used anticoagulants -- -- heparin and warfarin (coumadin) What is commonly used by PTs to induce sweating, levels of chloride and sodium, and condition of endothelium -- -- iontophoresis, tests for CF and inflammation. What was the most commonly used class of antidepressants before the development of SSRIs -- -- tricyclic antidepressants; no significant difference between the two. What is the most commonly reported effect following SSRI OD -- -- serotonin syndrome/toxicity: rare, What is one of the most common methods of detecting the quantity of antibody or antigen -- -- labeling an enzyme (EIA), radioisotope (RIA), or fluorescence as either the antigen or antibody. What are the most common medications leading to hepatic encephalopathy --- benzodiazepines, narcotics, and diuretics. (alcohol) What is a common cause for stopping ACE-inhibitor therapy -- -- refractory dry cough. What are the most common uses of mannitol -- -- reduce raised ICP & intraocular P, and tx of pts w/oliguric renal failure (osmotic diuretic). What is the most common class of drug used for HTN -- -- 1antagonist/blocker; (1-blockers used in tx of BPH (benign prostatic

hypertrophy/HTN| 2-agonists result in undesired side effects, i.e. bronchospasms from decreased 2 attachment from increased NE reuptake into presynaptic neuron. What are the 3 most common categories of anti-HIV drugs -- -- nucleoside analogs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors. What are the 4 most common ways in which anticancer drugs inhibit proliferation -- -- Crosslinking DNA (prevent separation of DNA strands); Linking alkyl groups to DNA bases (inhibits repair of DNA); Mimicking DNA bases (1. incorporation of drug into DNA/RNA, where prevents repair or terminates the chain 2. (-) feedback on enzymes that synthesize/recycle purines); Intercalating btwn base pairs (disrupting the triplicate codons or producing O2 free radicals which damage DNA). What are the most commonly used anticancer antibiotics -- -- Adriamycin, Actinomycin D, Mitomycin C, and Bleomycin. What is the most common plasma binding protein in the body -- -- albumin. What are the most common neurotransmitters involved in the actions of therapeutically useful drugs. What is the most common result of OTC antihistamine & cold medications or to induce hallucinations (Muscarinic receptor blockers) poisoning (usually after an attempt to medicate colds or to induce hallucinations) What is the most commonly reported side effect of nitroglycerin headache What is the most common cause of Cushings Syndrome iatrogenic administration of steroids for a variety of reasons. What are the 2 most common areas where Nitro-Dur systems are applied the chest and back What is the most common adverse effect of nitroglycerin, as well as of the other nitrates transient headache What are the 2 the most common side effects of niacin therapy an intense flush (accompanied by an uncomfortable feeling of warmth) and pruritus. What is the most common adverse effect of the fibrates: fenofibrate & gemfibrozil mid gastrointestinal disturbances. What is the most common side effect of antihyperlipidemic drug therapy gastrointestinal disturbances. Peripheral neuropathy is most commonly associated with which 3 HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy) medications the D drugs: didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), and starvudine (d4T) What is the most common cause of Anti-TB treatment failure nonadherence/noncompliance to the treatment protocol not malabsorption of drugs & not emergence of drug resistance (Better treatment completion rates occur with Directly Observed Therapy) What is the most common cause of pins & needles sensation in the feet after a pt begins primary therapy for active TB pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency which causes peripheral neuropathy; INH interferes w/B6 and increases its excretion. What is the most common cause of death in acute opioid overdose respiratory depression. What is the most common complaint of opiate use constipation. What is the most commonly prescribed drug in the US Vicodin (all forms) What is the most commonly used aminoglycoside gentamicin

What are the 3 most common adverse effects of celecoxib abdominal pain, diarrhea, & dyspepsia. What is the most common complication of laxative therapy laxative abuse (chronic use may lead to dependence on such agents for normal bowel movements) What is the most common cause of

Psychiatry When do women most commonly experience postpartum depression during primary years, 25-45. Which type of women most commonly suffer from postpartum depression -- -those w/severe premenstrual syndrome. Which type of children is PMS most common -- -- twins, CNS neurotransmitter intrxns w/sex hormones are affected, linked w/serotonin in brain. What is one of the most common coping strategies used for postpartum depression -- -- avoidance coping, denial, behavioral disengagement. In which disorder does agoraphobia (fear of being in places where one might feel trapped or unable to escape) most commonly occur panic disorder What is the most common comorbid condition associated w/ OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) depression. What is the phobia most commonly seen in conjunction with Panic Disorder agoraphobia. In which personality disorder is catatonia syndrome most commonly seen schizophrenia. In what type of insomnia are nightmares most common parasomnias At what age range does onset of hypochondriasis most commonly occur between ages of 20-30 (men and women equally affected) In whom is conversion somatoform disorder most commonly seen (1 or more neurologic complaints that cannot be explained by a medical disorder) in women, usually adolescents and young adults Who do patients with Body Dysmorphic somatization most commonly seek for treatment (preoccupation w/an imagined physical defect/abnormality that causes significant distress or impaired social or occupational functioning) pts often present to dermatologists or plastic surgeons (women affected only slightly more often than men) What are the 2 most commonly diagnosied eating disorder described in DSMIV anorexia nervosa (NA) and bulimia nervosa (BN) What are the 3 most common side effects of TCAs Tri-Cs: Convulsions, Coma, Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias) ; also respiratory depression & hyperpyrexia What is the most worrisome side effect of clozapine (used for schizo) agranulocytosis (monitor WBCs for any drop) What is the most common cause of a 13 yr old male w/ Hx of theft, vandalism, & violence toward family pets conduct disorder

What is the most common cause of paralysis of L arm after death of loved one, but with NO medical cause conversion disorder What is the most common cause of a 35 yr old male with recurrent episodes of palpitations, diaphoresis, & feelings of impending doom panic disorder What is the most common cause of a 21 yr old male w/ social withdrawal, worsening grades, flattened affect, & concrete thinking for the past 9 months schizophrenia What is the most common cause of a 19 yr old female with enlarged parotid glands, nml body weight, & complaints of feeling fat bulimia What is the most common pharmacotherapy for alcohol withdrawal sxs benzodiazepines What is the most common abnormality noted in bulimia nervosa hypokalemia What are the 2 most common methods of purging in bulimia vomiting & laxative abuse What is the most common method of purging in bulimia nervosa selfinduced vomiting What is the most common tx for specific phobias behavioral therapy What is the most common side effect of ECT (electroconvulsion therapy) memory loss What is the most common

Pulmonary What is the most common cause of rales (crackles) -- pulmonary edema. What is the most common cause of stridor -- trachea/upper airway obstruction. What is the most common cause of egophony -- dense consolidation of parenchyma. What is the most common cause of 2ndary spontaneous ptx -- copd. In whom is spontaneous ptx most commonly seen -- tall, slim, young males. What is the most common eponym for pulmonary thromboembolism etiology -- virchows triad. (hyperthrombosis, endothelial damage, hemostasis) What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism in developing countries -- tuberculosis. What are the most common causes of pneumonia -- viruses and bacteria. What are the 3 most common bacterial causes of pneumonia -- Strep pneumoniae, gram positive bacteria, and atypical bacteria. What are the most common parasitic causes of pneumonia -- -- toxoplasma gondii, strongyloides stercoralis, ascariasis. What is the most common cause of low CO2 levels -- -- hyperventilation. What is the most common site of origin of pulmonary emboli -- -- femoral veins. What are the most common causes of transudative pleural effusions in US -- -lvf, pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis (causing hepatic hydrothorax).

What are the most common causes of exudative pleural effusions -- -bacterial pneumonia, cancer, viral infectn, pulmonary embolism. What are the most common causes of malignant pleural effusions -- -- lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma >75%. What are the most common causes of chylothorax -- -- lymphoma and trauma from surgery. What are the common sxs of cystic fibrosis -- -- difficulty breathing, insufficient enzyme production in the pancreas. (thick mucous production as well as low immune system results in frequent lung infectns.) What are the most common bacterial causes of sinusitis and otitis media -- -Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae(h.flu), Moxarella catarrhalis. What is the most common genetic disease among people of European descent -- -- cystic fibrosis, 1/22 carry its hereditary gene. In whom is cystic fibrosis most common -- -- European and Ashkenazi jews. What is the most common cause of hemoptysis/haemoptysis -- -- pneumonia or bronchitis. What is the most common type of pulmonary fxn test(PFT) -- -- spirometry. What is the most common cause of mesothelioma -- -- asbestos. What is the most common site of mesothelioma -- -- pleura. What is the most common abnormality from contact between asbestos fibres and chromosomes/structural proteins of spindle apparatus -- -- monosomy of chromosome 22. What is the most common surgical tx for mesothelioma -- -- pleurectomy / decortication. What is the most common worldwide cause of bronchiectasis -- -- scarring from tuberculosis. What is the most common US cause of bronchiectasis -- -- cystic fibrosis. What is the most common human vaccine against influenza -- -- trivalent flu vaccine. What is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension -- -- left heart failure leading to pulmonary venous hypertension. What are the most common asthma triggers in children -- -- viral illness. In what age group is pertussis most common -- -- children under one when being immunized and those w/faded immunity btwn eleven and eighteen. What is the most common organ responsible for an angiotensin 2 conversion -- -- the lungs; due to large endothelial surface area of many capillaries in gas exchange. What is the most common cause of finger clubbing and cyanosis -- -- chronic hypoxemia (e.g. severe emphysema). What are the most common causes of croup -- -- parainfluenza, rsv, group a strep. What are the most common indications for intubation -- -- Inability to ventilate (obstructn), inability to oxygenate (pulmonary edema), excessive work breathing (bronchospasm), airway protection (coma, AMS) What is the most common type of pneumonia -- -- (CAP) community-acquired pneumonia. What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide -- -- streptococcus pneumoniae.

What are the most common causes of (CAP) community-acquired pneumonia in adults -- -- Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses, the atypical bacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae. What is the 4th most common cause of death in UK & 6th in US -- -- communityacquired pneumoniae. What is the most common gram (-) rod cause of pneumonia in an alcoholic --- Klebsiella pneumonia. (also seen in elderly and COPD pts) What is the most common cause of Atypical pneumonia in adults -- -Mycoplasma pneumonia (also a cause of UTIs). What is the most common gram (+) bacterial cause in 0-2 month old pts -- -strep agalactiae. What is the most common gram (+) bacterial coccal cause of cystic fibrosis --- staph aureus. What is the most common gram (-) rod cause of pneumonia in 0-2 month old pts -- -- escherichia coli. What is the most common gram (-) rod cause of pneumonia in pts w/ cystic fibrosis & severely compromised respiratory defenses -- -- pseudomonas aeruginosa. What is the most common cause of orthopnea -- -- left ventricular failure and/or pulmonary edema; measured according to # of pillows needed to prop pt up to breathe. (Orthopnea= dyspnea when lying flat) What is the most common type of fatal poisoning in US & France -- -- carbon monoxide poisoning; causes hemoglobin to be converted to carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and ineffective for delivering oxygen. (Cause of 50% of poisonings) What is the most common reason for oxygen deprivation from tobacco smoking -- -- preferrential affinity of CO compared to oxygen (200:1); prevents complete oxidation to CO2. What is the single most common cause of death in the first month of life -- -respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). What is the most common cause of (RDS) infant respiratory distress syndrome -- -- insufficiency of surfactant production & structural immaturity in the lungs. What is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea -- -- 50% of people w/ down syndrome suffer from OBS: (narrow nasopharynx, large tongue, relatively low muscle tone) What are the most common conditions occurring in people w/ Obstructive Sleep Apnea -- -- obesity, enlarged tonsils and adenoids. What are the most common causes of Central Sleep Apnea -- -- neurological malfunctions leading to imbalance of PCO2 and neurological feedback mechanisms monitoring RR; resulting in cycling btwn apnea & hyperpnea. What are the 3 most common sources for causes Central Sleep Apnea -- -- 1) brain- imbalanced respiratory control centers, 2) irregular breathing patterns, 3) weak muscular (diaphragmatic & intercostals) contractions (OBS would have normal fxn from muscles & brain demonstrating an attempt to breathe) Abuse of what drug commonly causes Central Sleep Apnea -- -- opiate use/abuse; (due to central respiratory depressant & sedative characteristics from large doses of the narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers, & alcohol) What is the most common cause of thick mucus from cystic fibrosis -- -mutation (dent) in CFTR gene; cannot pump [Cl-] into mucus leading to thinning by movement of water by osmosis.

What is the most common cause of mixed & complex sleep apnea (CSA as a sequela to OSA) -- -- acid-base & CO2 feedback malfunctions stemming from heart failure. What is the most common sx of obstructive sleep apnea -- -- cessation of snoring. (Sleep Apnea sufferers have 30% higher chance of MI, stroke, or death) What is the most common result of surfactant deficiency from infant RDS over time -- -- hyaline membranes; eosinophilic, amorphous material that lines or fills the alveolar spaces leading which blocks gas exchange. What is the most common reason why surfactant (released by secretory organelles called lamellar bodies) allows alveoli re-expansion during inspiration -- -- surfactant reduces surface tension btwn alveoli walls & surrounding fluid after being compressed together during exhalation. What are the 3 most common processes resulting in bronchial obstruction -- -bronchoconstriction, chronic inflammation, loss of lung elasticity. What are the 3 most common causes of transudative pleural effusions in US --- LV failure, PE pulmonary embolism, cirrhosis. What are the most common causes of exudative effusions -- -- bacterial pneumonia, PE, viral infection, malignancy. What is the most common cause of pleural effusion -- -- left ventricular failure. What is the most common cyanotic heart defect -- -- tetralogy of fallot. What are the 3 most common problems encountered during treatment of Pneumothorax -- -- 1. continued air leaks through pleural space 2. failure of lung expansion (due to persistent air leak) 3. re-expansion pulmonary edema (when ung is rapidly re-expanded) What are normal vesicular lung sounds most commonly replaced by in lung diseases -- -- bronchovesicular or bronchial sounds. What is the most common site of bacterial infection lung (pneumonia); followed by abdomen & urinary tract. What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae. Where is the most common site of reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis the lung. What is the most common cause of hemoptysis acute bronchitis What is the most common cause of atelectasis (lung collapse from deflated alveoli) post-surgery What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young children RSV (Respiratory Synctial Virus) from family paramyxoviridae; especially in infants <6 months of age. What is the most common mode & route of transmission of Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chicken pox/shingles) Respiratory tract & Sneezing; o (droplets respiratory tract lymphatics liver, spleen, reticuloendothelial system fever, malaise, headache, sore throat mucous membrane OR skin [macules -> papules -> vesicles -> pustules -> crusts] latency in Dorsal Root Ganglia of neuron) What are the 3 most common symptoms in COPD cough, sputum production, & exertional dyspnea. Where is the most common site of AIDS-defining infection & can be involved by noninfectious complications of AIDS the lungs

What organ is most commonly involved in sarcoidosis the lung (involvement of skin, eye, liver, & lymph nodes is also common What are the 2 most common causes of hemoptysis bronchitis & bronchectasis What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumoniae in adults & CAP strep pneumonia What is the most common presenting complaint of Interstitial Lung Dz development of progressive SOB In which postoperative setting is mediastinal dz most common CABG Where is the most common perforation site of esophageal perforation @ the level of the cricopharyngeal m. What is the most common type primary mediastinal neoplasm neurogenic tumors What is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis lymph node infection (tuberculosis lymphadentitis) What is the most common malignancy associated with asbestos exposure bronchogenic carcinoma (everyone always incorrectly chooses pleural mesotheliomas) Where is the most common site of infection for m. tuberculosis the lungs, where oxygen is abundant What is the most common opportunistic infection in the US among patients w/ AIDS pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) What are the 3 most common interstitial lung diseases of unknown etiology sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, & pulmonary fibrosis associated w/ CTDs (connective tissue disorders) What is the most common group of known interstitial lung diseases occupational and environmental exposures, especially the inhalation of inorganic dusts, organic dusts, and various fumes or gases. What are the 2 most common physical examination findings in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) tachypnea & bibasilar end-inspiratory, dry crackles (which are common in most forms of ILD associated w/ inflammation, but are less likely to be heard in the granulamatous lung diseases. What is the most common abnormal chest radiograph finding in pts w/ ILD reveals bibasilar reticular pattern (a nodular or mixed pattern of alveolar filling &increased reticular markings may also be present) What is the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis In lung diseases, what is normal vesicular sound most commonly replaced by a Bronchovesicular sound In whom is FB (foreign body) aspiration most commonly seen in small children What 2 organs are most commonly affected in septic shock lung (pneumonia) & kidneys (UTIs) What is the most common extrapulmonary complication of sarcoidosis eye involvement (including blindness) What is the most common abnormal finding on CXR of pts w/ sarcoidosis Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (70-90%) least common is pleural involvement (1-5%)

Where is the most common pattern of abnormal CXR finding in sarcoidosis right paratracheal & bilateral Hilar adenopathy (the 1, 2, 3 sign) What species the most common cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the US Thermophilic actinomycetes species (includes Mycopolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, T. saccharii, T. viridis, and T. candidus) What are the 3 most common types of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the US farmers lung, bird fanciers lung, & chemical workers lung What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to inhalation of antigens present in moldy hay farmers lung What antigens are the most common causes of farmers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes Micropolyspora faeni, and Aspergillus species What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to avian droppings or feathers Bird fanciers, breeders, or handlers lung What antigen is the most common cause of Bird fanciers, breeders, or handlers lung parakeet, pigeon, chicken, turkey proteins What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to polyurethane foam, varnishes, or lacquer chemical workers lung What antigen is the most common cause of chemical workers lung isocyanates What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to moldy bagasse (sugar cane) Bagassosis What antigen is the most common cause of Bagossis Thermophilic actinomycetes What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to mushroom compost Mushroom workers lung What antigens are the most common causes of Mushroom workers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, & others What term is most commonly used for hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to moldy hay around potatoes Potatoe riddlers lung What antigens are the most common causes of Potatoe riddlers lung Thermophilic actinomycetes & Asperigillus What is the most common cause of lung cancer cigarette smoking (rare in non-smokers: other causes are asbestos, air pollution, heavy metals, industrial carcinogens, ionizing radiation) What type of cancer is the most commonly leads to extrathoracic metastic disease small cell lung cancer >95% (followed by adenocarcinoma & large cell lung cancer >80% >50% of those w/ epidermoid) What is the most common etiology (cause for disease) for transudative pleural effusion congestive heart failure In whom are spontaneous pneumothoraces most common tall, thin males around 20 y/o What is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting >6 million children in the US asthma What are the 2 most common symptoms of childhood asthma coughing (typically dry & hacking) and wheezing (typically polyphonic/varied in pitch b/c of heterogenous distribution of affected airways) What is the most common cause of chronic cough in children older than 3 years asthma, whether or not it is accompanied by wheezing (cough is

typically dry & hacking; when the cough is productive, yellowish sputum may be expectorated {often contains eiosinophils}) What is the most common misdiagnosis for a chronic cough lasting more than 3 weeks in children bronchitis when the correct Dx is asthma (is mistreated w/ ineffective medications such as cough suppressants, decongestants, or antibiotics) What is the most common initial symptom of byssinosis chest tightness What are the most common joints involved in skeletal tuberculosis weightbearing joints (spine {Potts dz}, hips, knees) What is the most common cause of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) sepsis & SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) What are the 2 most common nonpulmonary causes attributable to mortality in ARDS (>80%) sepsis & nonpulmonary organ failure What are the 3 most common disorders in the differential diagnosis of ARDS cardiogenic pulmonary edema, diffuse pneumonia, and alveolar hemorrhage. What therapeutic intervention is the most substantial benefit in ARDS mortality to date ventilating patients with lower tidal volumes (would protect against ventilator-induced lung injury & improve outcomes) What are the 2 most common processes involved in ventilator-induced injuries repeated alveolar overdistention & recurrent alveolar collapse. What is the most commonly missed complication of ARDS, particularly in pts receiving mechanical ventilation left ventricular failure What is the most prevalent manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea excessive daytime sleepiness What are the 4 most common causes of hypoxemic respiratory failure severe pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and respiratory distress syndrome What is the most frequent cause of respiratory failure due to controller/nervous dysfunction (central apnea) the presence of medications that impair respiratory drive; many of which also impair the level of consciousness What is the most common cause of respiratory failure cardiogenic pulmonary edema What is the most common indication for lung transplantation emphysema (have an FEV1 < 25% predicted & with PHTN or cor pulmonale) There are 3 types of bronchiectasis, varying by level of severity. What is the most common type of bronchietasis fusiform (cylindrical) bronchiectasis (refers to mildly inflamed bronchi that fail to taper distally) other 2 are varicose & saccular (cystic) What is the most common benign peripheral tumor; which has a characteristic popcorn patter of calcification pulmonary hamartoma (rare) What is the most common blood-gas combination in pts w/ pulmonary embolism decreased pO2 and decreased pCO2 What are the 2 most common cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized immobile pts dvt & pulmonary embolism What is the most common physical exam finding in pulmonary thromboembolism tachypnea

When is the most common time of occurrence of fat embolism syndrome within 48 hours of injury (may lead to respiratory failure & death) What are the 3 most common sxs in fat embolism syndrome (clinical triad) dyspnea, confusion, & petechiae in a person who has had recent long-bone fractures Where are the most common sites of petechiea resulting from fat embolism syndrome across the neck, in the axillae, & in the conjunctivae; however, their appearance is evanescent (vanishing, fading away, fleeting) What is the most common type of shunting that results in hypoxia perfused alveoli that are not ventilated b/c of atelectasis or fluid build-up (pneumonia or pulmonary edema) others include congenital heart disease w/ R-to-L flow (i.e. PHTN) & intrapulmonary vascular shunting (i.e. Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome) What are the 2 most common causes of blood-tinged sputum & gross hemoptysis bronchitis and bronchiectasis (5-15% of pts w/gross hemoptysis remain undiagnosed) What is the most common cause of gross hemoptysis primary lung carcinoma (note: pts w/CA that metastasizes to the lung do NOT usually have hemoptysis) What are the most common causes of blood-tinged sputum bronchitis & bronchiectasis What are the 3 most common sxs of ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) (clinical triad) which are NOT attributable to congestive cardiac failure hypoxemia, diffuse lung infiltrates, & reduced lung compliance. What is the most helpful discriminant between ARDS & cardiac failure Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP); (the increase in lung water in ARDS occurs as a result of an increase in alveolar permeability and is NOT due to an increase in hydrostatic forces! SO, edema in ARDS contains macromolecules {serum proteins} and PAWP is normal/low.) What is the most common cause of pleural effusions in patients with malignant dz pleural metastasis or to lymphatic or bronchial obstruction caused by tumor. After lung CA, what is the most common cause of malignant pleural effusion breast CA (followed by lymphoma which is associated w/chylothorax the accumulation of triglyceride-laden particles due to thoracic duct obstruction) What is the most common antigenic cause of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation CMV (cytomegalovirus); also causes microcephaly, deafness, seizures, & multiple other birth defects; if reactivation occurs (like other herpes viruses) during pregnancy, fetus may become infected. What is the most common complication of CMV in bone marrow transplant pts CMV pneumonitis (often leads to death) What is the most common cause of

Radiology

What is the most common mistake when 1st looking at an abnormal image immediately name a disease (ask for HISTORY and think of Differentials) Where is the most common place for bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism the hand Where is the most common place on the hand to look for bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism radial aspect of the middle phalanges What are the 4 most common basic densities/shades visible of plain films bone-contrast-calcium (white), water-blood-soft tissue (light gray), fat (dark gray), air (very dark) What is the most common contrast agent used in CT scans intravenous contrast agents (~75%) carry risk of n/v, hives (tx: benadryl), anaphylactic shock, hypotension, vasovagal rxn (tx: atropine), cardiac arrest What is the most common type of radioactive material is given to pts in nuclear med short-lived radioactive material; decay rapidly & half-lives of only hours (most are not detectable w/in a day or so after administration) What is the most common differential problem on plain skull films distinguishing cranial sutures from vascular grooves & fractures What are the 2 most common normal variants that cause areas of lucency (dark areas) where the bone is thinned vascular lakes or biparietal foramen In which sinus is sinusitis most common maxillary sinus (dx radiologically by air/fluid level in sinus) What is the most common cause of traumatic spinal fractures MVA/MVCs 50% (motor vehicle accidents/collisions) ; fals-25%, sports injuries-10% Where are the 3 most common sites of traumatic sports injuries upper (C1C2) & lower (C5-C7) cervical spine & the thoracolumbar junction (T9-L2) {20% of spinal fxs are multiple) Where is the most common site of odontoid fracture of the axis (C-2) vertebrae at the very base of the odontoid process What are the 3 most commonly missed fxs of the lower C-spine oblique fxs, clay-shovelers fx, and accepting a trauma lateral c-spine image not including C6-C7 (most significant ; must use swimmers view or shallow oblique view) What is the most common cause of clay-shovelers fx hyperflexion injury At what C-spines are degenerative changes most commonly seen on x-ray at the C4-C7 level What are the 3 most common degenerative findings seen in the thoracic spine (and are insignificant) spurs (or hypertrophyc osteophytes), calcification of the anterior spinal ligament (aka DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), & calcified intervertebral disk What is the most common cause of a single, calcified intervertebral disk trauma (followed by degeneration) Where is the most common site of a calcified intervertebral disk midthoracic region What are the 2 most common post-surgical changes seen in the lumbar spine lower lumbar fusion or laminectomy (from surgical removal of part of the posterior arch of a vertebra to provide access to the spinal canal, as for the excision of a ruptured disk) What are the 2 most fxs of the lumbar spine wedge-compression fxs & compression-burst fxs

What is the most common cause of Chance fxs MVA when a lap seat belt is worn w/o shoulder harness (tears bone in half) Where is the most common site of occurrence of Chance fxs between L1-L3 What is the most common cause of low back pain herniated or bulging disk (dx by pain that extends past the knee in a dermatomal pattern) ---What is the most common imaging study of the abdomen KUB (or plain abdomen of the abdomen) What is the most common cause of gas bubbles w/in entire GI tract swallowed air (not by gas produced by intestinal bacteria) Where is the most common location for duodenal diverticula seen as outpouching of barium along the inner curvature of the duodenal sweep What is them most common primary malignant hepatic tumor hepatoma (show pronounced vascularity on arterial phase CT) What is the 2nd most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma the liver Where is the liver most commonly injured intrabdominally -----Where is the most common site of air accumulation in pneumoperitonium under the right hemidiaphragm (the left is less common b/c of the phrenicolic ligament) What is the most common cause of free air perforated viscus What is the most common cause of a perforated viscus perforated peptic ulcer (followed by diverticulitis, appendicitis, toxic megacolon, then intestinal infarct) Where is the most common location for a duodenal ulcer in the center of the posterior wall of the bulb (may penetrate into pancreas) In whom are benign tumors (ie. Hepatic adenoma & focal nodular hyperplasia) most common in young & middle aged women whove been taking birth control pills or hormonal replacement therapy In whom are HCC or hepatomas most common in cirrhotic patients What is the most common benign liver tumor cavernous hemangioma What are the 2 most common causes of liver trauma MVAs and falls What is the most commonly injured organ during blunt abdominal trauma the spleen Where is the most common site for aortic aneurysms abdominal aorta What Is the most common cause of aortic aneurysms atherosclerosis What is the most common type of aortic aneurysm fusiform (occasionally can be saccular which is caused by trauma, infection, or surgery) Where is the most common site of aortic injury resulting from sudden deceleration trauma aortic root (usually results in death at the seen) Where is 2nd most common location of aortic injury d/t sudden deceleration trauma just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery (near the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum) What is the most common cause of SVC obstruction malignant tumors What is the most common method to diagnose SVC obstruction venography (larger-may require catheterization ; extremities-inject directly into peripheral vein)

What are the 2 most common causes of IVC obstruction malignant tumor or DVT from a lower extremitiy vein What is the most common method to diagnose IVC obstruction inferior vena cavagram What is the most common method to diagnose/rule-out DVT venous duplex U/S (traditionally was venography) What are the 2 most common reasons why someone has stent placement through PTA (Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty) recurrent stenosis or angioplasty failure What is the most common tumor of the female genital tract uterine fibroid (aka leiomyomas or myoms) What is the most frequently ordered imaging study after plain films in diabetic patients with osteomyelitis Tc99m MDP In whom is acute osteomyelitis in the nondiabetic most commonly seen children What is the most common etiology of nondiabetic acute osteomyelitis hematogenous seeding (Children present acutely with pain, limping, and usually fever. White count and ESR will be elevated) What is the most common

Renal/ Genitourinary What are the most common causes of urethritis -- gonorrhea & chlamydia. What is the most common cause of enlarged testes -- hydrocele. What is the most common thrush -- candida albicans. What is the most common site of trichomoniasis -- urethra/male vagina/female. What biological inability is most common in men w/cystic fibrosis -- -- infertility 97%; mutation in cftr (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene; congenital absence of vas deferens. What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure worldwide in the developed world -- -- diabetic neuropathy. What is the most common cause of acute nephritis -- -- hypersensitivity (allergy) to drug therapy. What is the most common STI in US -- -- chlamydia. What is the most common cause of chordee (downward/ventral curvature of penis) -- -- hypospadias. What are the three most commonly used medical & biology of gender contexts for virilization (biological development of sex differences) -- -prenatal sexual differentiation, postnatal changes of normal male puberty, & excessive androgen effects in girls/women. Which type of hemorrhoids most commonly bleeds but is less painful -- -internal hemorrhoids; b/c the rectal area lacks nerve pain receptors Which type of hemorrhoids is more commonly itchy -- -- external; b/c due to skin irritation (prone to thrombosis after rupture of blood clot) What is the most common cause of UTIs in women (90%) -- -- Escherichia coli.

What is the 2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women staphylococcus saprophyticus Where is staphylococcus saprophyticus most commonly acquired by females (95%) in the community (NOT in the hospital!) What is the most common sequelae of gonorrheal complications in women pid; pelvic inflammatory disease Where is the most common primary site of gonorrhea in females cervix What is the most common presentation of gonorrhea in males urethral pus discharge & pain on urination What is the most common age group for testicular tumor young men aged 15-30. What is the most common type of hernia indirect inguinal hernia. What is the most common herpes genitalis herpes simplex virus type 2 (less commonly type 1) What is the most common cause of genital & anal warts (condyloma); cervical dysplasia; cancer human papillomavirus What is the most common cause of increased voiding urgency & incontinence in the elderly detrusor m. overactivity (involuntary bladder contractions) What are the 2 most common causes of erectile dysfunction in elderly vascular causes: 1. arterial insufficiency (decreased flow to corpora cavernosa) 2. venous leakage (excessive venous outfow in eldery What is the most common sign of nephrotic syndrome & hypoproteinemia excess fluid in the body (puffiness around eyes, pitting edema, ascites, pleural effusion) What is the most common cause of renal papillary necrosis ? What is the most common type of hyponatremia hyo-osmolar hyponatremia What is the most common malignant cause of SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) cancer (lung) What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in patients under dialysis hyperkalemia What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pts during EARLY dialysis hypovolemia What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in pts during LATE dialysis arrhythmia or Myocardial Infarction What is the most common cause of pre-op respiratory alkalosis anxiety: (low pCO2 from hyperventilation) What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in adults world-wide IgA disease (Bergers Nephropathy); presents as macroscopic hematuria & occasionally presents as nephrotic syndrome; often affects young males w/in 24-48 hrs after URI or GI infxn. What is the most common sign of nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria{>3.5g/day}, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, edema) excess fluid in the body (puffiness around the eyes, characteristically in the morning) What is the most common life-threatening genetic disease (affects ~7 million worldwide) polycystic kidney disease What is the most common cause of chronic kidney failure in the US diabetes

What is the 2nd most common cause of chronic kidney failure in the US uncontrolled high blood pressure What is the most common cause of testicular pain 12 years and older (uncommon <10yrs) testicular torsion (can occur in fetus or neonate) What is the most common cause of testicular pain in 2-11 yrs of age (rare in adolescents) torsion of the appendix testis What is the most common cause of urine glucose spilling of glucose due to an abnormally high plasma glucose What is the most common type of RTA (renal tubular acidosis) aldosterone resistance or deficiency impairing distal Na+ reabsorption & K+ secretion (followed by decreased H+ secretion & decreased HCO3- reabsorption) In whom is ketoacidosis most commonly seen diabetics (followed by fever, starvation, & vomiting); acidic ketones leftover after catabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. What is the most common cause of the development of diabetic ketoacidosis infection. What is the most common cause of acute renal failure in the US ATN acute tubular necrosis (reversible injury to tubular epithelium) What is the most common cause of ATN (elevated BUN & Creatinine, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia) ischemic ATN (due to decreased flow caused by severe hemorrhage, severe renal vasoconstriction, hypotension, dehydration, or shock) What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children (90% of cases of nephrotic syndrome in children under 10) minimal change disease; peak is 2-6 yrs old (50% of cases of nephrotic syndrome in older children) What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults membranous glomerulonephritis (spikes on basement membrane from granular & linear pattern of IgG & C3, membrane-like thickening of capillary walls) What is the most common cause og glomerulonephritis in the world IgA nephropathy (Bergers disease) What is the most common form of polycystic kidney disease ADPKD (autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease); where cysts involve <10% of nephrons, but gradually expand & compress the rest of the kidney. When is the most common time to experience pain from polycystic kidney disease middle age, by age 40 (sxs rarely occur before age 20: pain & hematuria) What is the most common stone composition of renal stones (75%) calcium oxalate stones When & in whom does Nephrolithiasis mist commonly occur in males in the 3rd and 4th decades of life (acute onset, colicky, severe flank pain that may radiate to testes or vulva) White blood cell casts are most often seen with what disorder acute pyelonephritis (followed by tubulointerstitial disease) Red blood cell casts are most often indicative of what disorder glomerulonephritis (followed by Vasculitis) Which cast is consistent with advanced renal failure a waxy cast (last stage of the degeneration of a granular cast)

What is the 2nd most common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized pts acute tubular necrosis (muddy brown granular casts; usually occurs after an acute ischemic or toxic event) What is the most common cause of UTIs, which usually occur in women & hospitalized pts w/ catheters in the urethra Escherichia coli (sxs include dysuria, frequency, & bladder fullness) What are the 3 most common sxs presented in Henoch-Schonlein purpura (systemic childhood disorder associated w/ IgA nephrotic syndrome) arthritis/arthralgia-80%, abdominal pain-62%, & palpable purpura on legs and buttocks (GI hemorrhage-33%) What is the most common diagnostic use of serum creatinine (a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle) an indicator of renal function When is the most common time of occurance for post-partum acute renal failure (postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome) 2-5 weeks post partum What is the most common cause of renal infarctions embolization of cardiac valvular vegetations or a portion of cardiac mural thrombus Where is the most common cause of renal a. complete occlusion by an embolization 90% from cardiac chambers (a-fib, valvular disease, endocarditis, myxoma) What is the most common form of ateriosclerosis atherosclerosis Where is the most common site of fibromuscular dysplasia renal arteries (2nd is carotid aa.) ; results in partial occlusion stenosis w/HTN What is the most common cause of RVHT (renovascular hypertension) in younger pts fibromuscular dysplasia (females>males) What is the most common cause of RVHT in older pts atherosclerotic dz What 2 areas are most commonly affected by fibromuscular hyperplasia renal & internal carotid aa (but has been described in almost every arterial bed in the body) Which arterial layer is most commonly affected by fibromuscular hyperplasia medial (classic string of beads) ; collar of elastic tissue @ jxn of media & adventitia & located in middle-to-distal portion of artery What is the most common type of ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter Tenckhoff Catheter What is the most common serious complication of ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis What is the most common cancer in men prostate CA What are the 2 most common presenting signs of adult, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease flank pain & hematuria (Abd masses, HTN) What is the most common hereditary renal disease autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease What is the most common genetic cause of autosomal dominant PKD mutation of ADPKD1 gene on chromosome 16 (produces a transmembrane protein called polycystein 1) ; other utations involve ADPKD2 & ADPKD3 When is the most common time for occurrence of Nephrolithiasis in males in the 3rd & 4th decades of life. What is the most common risk factor for Nephrolithiasis low fluid intake What is the most common type of Nephrolithiasis calcium oxalate (75%) ; followed by struvite & calcium phosphate, then uric acid

What is the most common cause of calcium oxalate Nephrolithiasis idiopathic hypercalcuria What is the most common cause of calcium phosphate Nephrolithiasis primary hyperparathyroidism What is the most common anatomic variant of kidney horseshoe kidney (development abnormality due to fusion of metanephric blastema across midline @ 4-6 wks gestation) What is the most common cause of ESRD (end stage renal disease) as of 1997 42% diabetes What is the 2nd most common cause of ESRD 25% HTN (followed by 9% glomerulonephritis) What is the most common acute complication of hemodialysis hypotension (followed by muscle cramps in 20%) What is the most satisfactory tx for ESRD kidney transplantation --What is the most common type of hospital acquired infection UTI What is the most common cause of uncomplicated UTIs (80%) Eshcerichia coli (followed by proteus, klebsiella, & enterobacter) What is the most common cause of acute symptomatic uncomplicated UTIs in young women (10-15%) staphylococcus saprophyticus What are the most common causes of gram (-) complicated UTIs E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia What are the 2 most common causes of gram (+) complicated UTIs Enterococci & Staph aureus In whom does hematogenous pyelonephritis most often occur in debilitated pts What is the most common cause of WBC casts acute pyelonephritis What are the 2 most common causes of non-catheter associated acute bacterial prostatitis E. coli & Klebsiella (common gram urinary tract pathogens) What is the most common cause of

Surgery What are the most commonly used absorbable sutures polyglactin 910 [Vicryl], polyglycolic acid [Dexon], polydioxanone [PDS], and polytrimethylene carbonate [Maxon] What is the most common type of gastric bypass surgery the Roux-en-Y procedure (in which the small intestine is rearranged into a Y-shaped configuration) What 2 organs are most commonly affected in septic shock lung (pneumonia) & kidneys (UTIs) What is the most common cause of death of people under 30 outside of hospitals trauma What is the most common age group to die of burns geriatrics

What is the most commonly used topical cream to prevent infection from burns silvadene (silver sulfadiazine) What is the most common complication of burns which causes death sepsis What is the most common cause of death of lightning strike patients hypoxia (not cardiac arrhythmias) What is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain acute appendicitis Among patients with trauma, what are the 3 most commonly reported surgical conditions in ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) pulmonary contusion, multiple bone fractures, and chest wall trauma/flail chest. What is the most common indication for lung transplantation emphysema (have an FEV1 < 25% predicted & with PHTN or cor pulmonale) What are the 2 most common causes of 1st degree burns overexposure to sunlight & brief scalding What are the 3 most common pathogens in burn infections s.aureus, p. aeruginosa, c. albicans What is the most common cause of repiratory failure bacterial pneumonia (due to inhalation injury, contamination of the lungs through tracheostomy or endotracheal tube, airborne infection, or hematogenous spread of bacteria from the burn wound) What is the most common cause of lung infections alteration of oropharyngeal normal flora w/ colonization by pathogens & subsequent aspiration of infected secretions In children, what is the most common cause of seizures as a complication of acute rescucitation of burns hyponatremia (becoming less frequent w/ the diminishing use of silver nitrate) Where is the site of greatest muscle injury during electrical injury muscle closest to the bone (where the highest heat of resistance is generated) Who is most commonly affected by heat stroke young people who are exercising strenuously in a hot environment, usually w/o adequate training. When does sedentary heat stroke in the elderly most commonly occur when ambient temperatures surpass 32.2 degrees Celcius & the relative humidity reaches 50-76% What are the 4 most common gastrointestinal tract disorders leading to an acute abdomen nonspecific abdominal pain, appendicitis, small & large bowel obstruction, and perforated peptic ulcer. What is the most common liver, spleen, & biliary tract disorder leading to an acute abdomen acute cholecystitis. What is the most common pancreatic disorder leading to an acute abdomen acute pancreatitis. What is the most common unrinary tract disorder leading to an acute abdomen uretal or renal colic (pain caused by kidney stones) What is the most common gynecologic disorder leading to an acute abdomen acute salpingitis. What is the most common and predominant presenting feature of an acute abdomen pain. What are the 5 most common causes of the surgical acute abdomen in older patients acute cholecystitis, appendicitis, bowel obstruction, cancer, and acute vascular conditions.

What is the most common cause of the surgical acute abdomen in children (1/2 present w/ a facial flush from high serotonin levels) appendicitis 33% (nonspecific abd pain for nearly all the remainder) What are the 2 most common final diagnoses in cases erroneously believed at first to be nonsurgical acute appendicitis & intestinal obstruction. What is the most common cause of bizarre peritoneal findings that produce ileus or intestinal obstruction appendicitis (should always remain a foremost concern if sepsis or an inflammatory lesion is suspected) When is atypical presentation of appendicitis most commonly seen during pregnancy (appendectomy is well tolerated) What is the most common cause of the acute abdomen, especially in children nonspecific abdominal pain (most represent undiagnosed viral & mild bacterial infections, IBS, gynecologic problems, abd wall pain, psychosomatic pain, or worm infection) What is by far the most common cause of free peritoneal air perforated peptic ulcer. What is the most common CT finding of acute appendicitis an enlarged appendix with periappendiceal fat stranding (found in 90%) What is the most common nonobstetric surgical disease of the abdomen during pregnancy appendicitis What is by far the most common presentation of appendicitis during pregnancy right lower quadrant pain & tenderness, (BUT the enlarged uterus occasionally will have pushed the appendix into the right upper quadrant, which gives rise to pain in this location.) In whom is false-positive diagnosis of appendicitis most commonly seen women aged 2-40 & is attributable to PID and other gynecological conditions. Where is the most common site of large bowel obstruction sigmoid; the narrowest portion.(least common at widest point cecum) Where is the most common site of large bowel perforation right colon (cecum) What is the most common cause of large bowel obstruction carcinoma of the colon 65% (adhesive bands seldom obstruct the colon & intussusception is uncommon in adults) What is the most common permanent colostomy sigmoid (iliac) colostomy (made at the time of abdominoperineal resection for cancer of the rectum. What is the single most common complication of iliostomy skin irritation (due to leakage of ileal effluent onto the peritoneal skin; usually minor but severe if neglected) Where is the most common location of pancreatic carcinoma head of the gland What is the most common cause of sigmoid colon obstruction adenocarcinoma What is the most common cause of hypovolemic shock hemorrhage. What is the most common complication of pancreatitis pancreatic pseudocysts (can occur after 1 episode of acute pancreatitis) What is the most common symptom of pancreatic pseudocysts epigastric pain (takes 4-6 weeks to develop) What is the most common site of diverticular disease in the gastrointestinal tract sigmoid colon

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis in the USA alcohol abuse What is the most common organ involved in distal colorectal metastasis liver What is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the US today chronic hepatitis C. What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation CMV (cytomegalovirus); also causes microcephaly, deafness, seizures, & multiple other birth defects; if reactivation occurs (like other herpes viruses) during pregnancy, fetus may become infected. What is the most common complication of CMV in AIDS pts CMV retinitis (leading to blindness unless treated) What is the most common complication of CMV in bone marrow transplant pts CMV pneumonitis (often leads to death) What is the most common cause of transfusion hemolytic reactions clerical error (such as mislabeled specimen sent to blood bank, or not properly identifying pt to whom you are giving the blood) Administration of which blood product most commonly results in transfusionrelated acute lung injury (TRALI) w/administration of blood products w/plasma, such as FFP (caused when plasma contins HLA or granulocyte specific antibodies which correspond to antigens found on WBCs Granulocyte enzymes are released, increasing capillary permeability & resulting in sudden pulmonary edema) Where is the most common site of atherosclerosis superficial femoral artery (pain/claudication in calf mm. from hypoxia) Where is the 2nd most common site of atherosclerosis popliteal artery. Where is the most common site of aneurysm abdominal aorta (2% of elderly adult males) Where is the 2nd most common site of aneurysm brain: circle of Willis What is the most common type of hernia occurring in young males indirect hernia What is the most common type of hernia occurring in elderly males direct hernia What is the most common type of gallstone in the US cholesterol What is the most common cause of a hemothorax chest trauma What is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the US alcohol abuse Where is the most common area for occurrence of hernias 75% of hernias occur in the groin (indirect inguinal, direct inguinal, femoral) ; followed by incisional & ventral (10%) What is the most common groin hernia indirect inguinal ; followed by direct (then by femoral which comprises 1/3 of female and ~2% of male groin hernias) Where is the most common site of recurrent hernias Hesselbachs Triangle (inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric vessels, & lateral border of the rectus muscle) What is the most common complication of inguinal herniorrhaphy (hernial correction by suturing) recurrence (5-10%) What is the most commonly injured nerve in anterior open inguinal hernia repairs ilioinguinal nerve (L1) ; parallels iliohypogastric, travels on surface

of spermatic cord, & innervates base of penis(mons), scrotum(labia majora), & medial thigh. Where is the most common site of discomfort/pain from femoral hernias abdomen (not femoral b/c obstruction & strangulation causes colicky pain) ; usually asymptomatic before incarceration or strangulation. What is the most common approach for repair of a femoral hernia: inguinal, thigh, preperitonial, or abdominal approach inguinal approach (no matter which, fem hernia is difficult to reduce) What is the most common type of collagen (there are over 14 types) type 1 collagen (high tensile strength ; skin, bone, tendons, & most organs) --------In which pts is hyperpyrexia (fever > 41.5c {106.7F}) most common patients with CNS hemorrhages What are the 2 most common causes of infectious fever of unknown origin (FUO) TB & endocarditis What are the most common causes of nosocomial fever of unknown origin (FUO) infected IV lines, septic phlebitis & prosthesis Where are the most common sites of infection in nosocomial fever of unknown origin occult infections, especially in sinuses of intubated patients What is the most common type of skin eruption during sepsis maculopapular eruption: centrally located primarily truncal What are the 2 most common signs & sxs in ICU pts, especially intubated pts (very subtle) purulent sputum & abnormal CXR What is the most important measure in hospital infection control hand washing What is the most common

Centrally: Dopamine = accelerates Norepinephrine= intensifies Histamine= ?

Peripherally & Centrally: Glutamate= maintains resting discharge Acetylcholine= excitatory

GABA= inhibitory Serotonin= ? 3 D's for Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade): Distant heart sounds Distended jugular veins Decreased arterial pressure

hyperpyrexia >106 degrees F hyperthermia->41 C mild hypothermia 32-35 degrees C moderate hypothermia 29-32 degrees C severe hypothermia <29 degrees C Differential Diagnosis "VINDICATE" Vascular Infection Neoplasm Drugs Inflammatory/Idiopathic Congenital Autoimmune Trauma Endocrine/Metabolic

Back Pain "DISK MASSS" D egeneration: DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis I nfection: UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis; Injury/fracture, compression fracture S pondylitis, ankylosing Spondyloarthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE) K idney stones/infarction/infection M ultiple Myeloma, Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney cancers A neurysm, Abdominal pain referred to the back S lipped disk, spondylolisthesis S train, Scoliosis/lordosis S kin: herpes zoster

Petechiae purpura ecchymosis (bruise/contusion) Hematoma

ABCDs of melanoma: Asymmetry

Border irregularity Color variation Diameter (large)