EMC / EMI in

HFSS v8

Jim Sherman Ansoft Applications Engineer East Coast

Summary
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What is EMC / EMI ? Practical Examples:

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Trace over split in ground plane (HFSS EMI Wizard) Heatsink Emissions (HFSS Eigenmode Analysis) EMI from shielding enclosures (HFSS user Exercise)

Will be available as download or disk:

Listing of EMI Wizard macro Complete EMI exercise

EMC/EMI ?
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EMC - ElectroMagnetic Compatibility

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Ability of equipment to function without error in its intended EM environment

EMI - ElectroMagnetic Interference

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EM emissions from the equipment that interfere with normal operation of other equipment

EM Disturbance Level

Immunity Limit EMC Margin Emission Limit Equipment

Frequency
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Three Elements of the EMC Problem

EM Source Path
Conducted (Electric Current)

EM Receptor

Electronics Grounding Cell Phone Apertures Power Line Connector Lightning Antenna

Electronics Transistor

Inductively Coupled (Magnetic Field)

Cell Phone Apertures

Capacitively Coupled (Electric Field)

Diode Antenna Grounding

Radiated (Electromagnetic Field)

People

Solution
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HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator

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HFSS Software

Provide fast, accurate EMC/EMI predictions Use it early in product development EM Model Understand the EM interaction
Data

EMI Lab bench measurements

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Uses specialized test equipment Test done late in product development EM interaction hard to understand

Test Equipment

Data

Practical Examples **
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ACES Standard Problem 2000-2

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Trace over split in ground plane (HFSS EMI Wizard)

ACES Standard Problem 2000-4

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Heatsink Emissions (HFSS Eigenmode Analysis)

ACES Model Validation Paper

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EMI from shielding enclosures (HFSS user Exercise)

** Reference:(ACES) Applied Computation Electromagnetics Society: http://aces.ee.olemiss.edu/

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Example 1:** ACES Standard Problem 2000-2 Trace Over Split in Ground Plane

** Linda Walling - Ansoft AE 1999

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ACES Problem 2000-2

Problem Description
Dimensions: Dimensions:
plane size: 10 xx12 plane size: 10 12 trace: 55mil wide; 10 long trace: mil wide; 10 long
(trace is 5mil above plane) 80 Ohm (trace is 5mil above plane) 80 Ohm

substrate: FR4 er = 4.5 substrate: FR4 er = 4.5 slot: 8 long; 20 mil wide. slot: 8 long; 20 mil wide.

Stitching capacitor Stitching capacitor

0.1uF/470pF 0.1uF/470pF with 22nH/4.88 nH inductance with nH/4.88 nH inductance with 0.5 Ohm series with 0.5 Ohm series resistance resistance

EMI Source/Load Source/Load

3.3mV 3.3mV 100 MHz to 22GHz 100 MHz to GHz 50 Ohm load 50 Ohm load

Find: Find:
Maximum EMI 3m from circuit Maximum EMI 3m from circuit across 100 MHz to 22GHz Band across 100 MHz to GHz Band
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ACES Problem 2000-2

Model Reduction Tricks

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Increase substrate thickness and strip width one order of magnitude. w This helps to relax aspect ratio for smaller mesh. w Line impedance remains the same. w Emissions are not affected. Use a virtual object w Use mesh seeding to reduce number of adaptive passes. w Put virtual object in the air above the substrate.

Simplify metal layers

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Use Perfect Electrical Conductors. Make all conductors 2D objects.

ACES Problem 2000-2

HFSS Model
Slot Air Box material: air with radiation surfaces Trace

50 Ohm gap source

FR4 and ground plane

Virtual Object material: air surfaces used in EMI calculation

50 Ohm gap source load

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ACES Problem 2000-2

Solution Time Reduction Tricks

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Save time solving multiple geometries

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1.Trace centered 2. 0.1 pF capacitor is placed across the slot close to trace 3. 0.1 uF capacitor is placed across the slot close to trace 4. Slot removed 5. Trace moved to 2 from edge of board with slot and no capacitors

Reuse the mesh

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Capacitor 3D object w First assigned to a vacuum dielectric. w Perform a solve w Solved project is then copied w Mesh remains the same w Materials can be changed w Boundaries can be changed w Only the fast sweep is required again

Use EMI Wizard

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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EMI Wizard:
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Field Post Processing Macro w Full complex vector field solution available w Data spans the entire fast frequency sweep Allowed: w PMLs w Symmetry Walls Use inputs for EMI sweep customization w Adjust frequency step to coarse or fine w Provides results in dBuV/m w Finds maximum Etotal, Ephi, and Etheta w Writes data to ASCII file w Requires a user supplies face list

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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The macro: emiwiz.mac **

** will be available as a download or disk

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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User Inputs

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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What are phi and theta ?

(Azimuth) (Azimuth) Phi is rotated away from the x-axis Phi is rotated away from the x-axis (Elevation) (Elevation) Theta is rotated away from the z-axis Theta is rotated away from the z-axis

Always point the main source of emission in the project model in + Z direction to take advantage of field post processing capability in HFSS for radiation and emission problems.

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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Specifiy sweep range (must be within fast sweep range)

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ACES Problem 2000-2

EMI Wizard
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Specifiy output file and path

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ACES Problem 2000-2

HFSS Predicted Results

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E total vs Frequency from Emi Wizard output

3.3mV source 3.3mV source

Capacitor Capacitor is very is very frequency frequency dependent dependent

Best Case: No Slot Best Case: No Slot

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ACES Problem 2000-2

HFSS Predicted Results

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Different cases produce modes that radiate in different directions.

Maximum E Total

Angle of theta or phi (deg.)

Results for Results for Cases 11and 22 Cases and

Frequency (GHz)
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ACES Problem 2000-2

Conclusions

HFSS can be used to simulate EMI test structures. Only real problem is related to aspect ratio;
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i. e. 5 mil substrates with 10 inch boards.

The circuit model can be modified to improve aspect ratio.

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Scale substrate and trace width. Has very little effect on EMI results. Dont change the slot width. It will change EMI results.

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Example 2:** ACES Standard Problem 2000-4 Heatsink Emissions

** Richard Remski - Ansoft AE 2000

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ACES Problem 2000-4

Problem Description
Circuit Air

6 1 5 3 8 4 7 2

Heat Sink: 2.5 x 3.5 x 1.5 inch block, located 6 mm above a 6.29 x 4.74 inch ground plane (2D conducting sheet) Ground configurations: 6 mm square grounds, located in various combinations of one, two, four, and eight locations at a time. Model enclosed in volume of vacuum, with Perfect_H boundary walls. First 4 eigensolutions obtained starting at 0.1 GHZ.

Ground plane edge

Ground Pins

Test cases Test cases Grounds Grounds 11Only Only 1, 22 1, 3, 44 3, 1, 2, 3, 44 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 88 5, 6, 7,

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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Eigenmode Solution ?

Eigenmode looks for natural modes in structure. It can be used to simulate resonance effects in EMI test structures. Sources are not allowed HFSS output: w Resonant frequencies w Full complex vector field solution

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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Predicted:
Eigensolution Resonant Frequencies
Coarse eigensolution (seeded ground plane, 44 Coarse eigensolution (seeded ground plane, passes per model or to Delta-F of 2%) yields: passes per model or to Delta-F of 2%) yields:
4 7 2 8

6 1 5 3

Grounds F1 Grounds F1 11Only 603 MHz Only 603 MHz 1, 22 1.04 GHz 1, 1.04 GHz

F2 F3 F2 F3 1.34 GHz 1.41 GHz 1.34 GHz 1.41 GHz 1.37 GHz 1.40 GHz 1.37 GHz 1.40 GHz

F4 F4 1.48 GHz 1.48 GHz

The source paper reports that the The source paper reports that the heat sink grounding provided heat sink grounding provided shielding effectiveness for the shielding effectiveness for the configurations at right up to about configurations at right up to about 0.4, 0.75, 0.85, 1.5, and 2.5 GHz 0.4, 0.75, 0.85, 1.5, and 2.5 GHz (respectively) when probe-fed in (respectively) when probe-fed in one slightly asymmetric location one slightly asymmetric location beneath the heat sink. (0.5 inches beneath the heat sink. (0.5 inches in X and Y from the center point) in X and Y from the center point)

3, 44 994 MHz 1.18 GHz 3, 994 MHz 1.18 GHz 1, 2, 3, 44 1.35 GHZ 1.38 GHz 1, 2, 3, 1.35 GHZ 1.38 GHz 5, 6, 7, 88 1.36 GHz 1.43 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.49 GHz 5, 6, 7, 1.36 GHz 1.43 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.49 GHz More grounding points around the heat sink increase More grounding points around the heat sink increase the lowest frequency at which aatrue resonance can the lowest frequency at which true resonance can occur. This makes the structure less likely to occur. This makes the structure less likely to generate EMI ififexcited with signals below 11GHz. generate EMI excited with signals below GHz. Resonant solutions provide eigenmodes which could Resonant solutions provide eigenmodes which could be excited by sources in certain locations. A directly be excited by sources in certain locations. A directly excited model may not couple into one or more of excited model may not couple into one or more of these modes depending on the excitation location. these modes depending on the excitation location.

1.48 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHZ 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHZ 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHz

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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Predicted E field:

Eigensolution with 1 ground only

F1=603 MHz

F2=1.34 GHz

F3=1.41 GHz

E-field magnitude on the ground plane for the singleE-field magnitude on the ground plane for the singleground configuration. Note that aaprobe too close to ground configuration. Note that probe too close to centerline might not excite either Modes 33or 4, but this centerline might not excite either Modes or 4, but this is not of too much concern since the fundamental is not of too much concern since the fundamental mode would specify the worst-case emissions threat. mode would specify the worst-case emissions threat. The first three modes carry most of the E-field beneath The first three modes carry most of the E-field beneath the heat sink, while Mode 44carries most energy on the the heat sink, while Mode carries most energy on the ground plane edges around the sink. Judging from the ground plane edges around the sink. Judging from the Mode 44distribution, mid-side grounds would not likely Mode distribution, mid-side grounds would not likely terminate this mode. terminate this mode.

F4=1.48 GHz

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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Predicted E field:

Eigensolution with grounds on 1 and 2

F1=1.04 GHz

F2=1.37GHz

F3=1.40 GHz

E-field magnitude on the ground plane with two E-field magnitude on the ground plane with two grounds along the short sides. Peak for grounds along the short sides. Peak for fundamental mode is beneath heat sink, likely fundamental mode is beneath heat sink, likely permitting good coupling in aaprobe-excited permitting good coupling in probe-excited analysis. Modes 22and 33however have nulls along analysis. Modes and however have nulls along centerline of heat sink and could get missed (again, centerline of heat sink and could get missed (again, not aaconcern ififthe fundamental mode is found). not concern the fundamental mode is found). F4=1.48 GHz As expected, Mode 44appears identical to that for the As expected, Mode appears identical to that for the single ground case, and carries more energy on the single ground case, and carries more energy on the ground plane edges than beneath the heat sink. ground plane edges than beneath the heat sink.

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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Predicted E field:

Eigensolution with grounds on 3 and 4

F1=994 MHz

F2=1.18 GHz

F3=1.46 GHz

F4=1.48 GHz

E-field magnitude on the ground plane with two grounds E-field magnitude on the ground plane with two grounds along the long side. Here the fundamental mode has aa along the long side. Here the fundamental mode has relative null at the heatsink center; therefore none of the relative null at the heatsink center; therefore none of the modes might be excited by aaprobe feed too close to the modes might be excited by probe feed too close to the center. The reference papers feed location likely did not center. The reference papers feed location likely did not excite Mode 1, but did excite Mode 2. This would explain excite Mode 1, but did excite Mode 2. This would explain why this configuration was reported to have an why this configuration was reported to have an advantage better than that of the other 2-ground case, advantage better than that of the other 2-ground case, while HFSS shows the first resonance mode frequency is while HFSS shows the first resonance mode frequency is actually lower. actually lower. Again, Mode 44is the same as for the single-ground and Again, Mode is the same as for the single-ground and the other two-ground case, as the ground locations do the other two-ground case, as the ground locations do not prevent ititfrom forming. not prevent from forming.
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ACES Problem 2000-4

HFSS Predicted E field:

Eigensolution with 4 side grounds

F1=1.35 GHz

F2=1.38 GHz

F3=1.46 GHz

F4=1.48 GHz

E-field magnitude on the ground for all four E-field magnitude on the ground for all four side grounds. Fundamental mode has side grounds. Fundamental mode has relative null beneath ground plane center relative null beneath ground plane center again, and may have been missed in aaprobeagain, and may have been missed in probeexcited analysis. Modes 22and 33similarly excited analysis. Modes and similarly have large nulls beneath one or the other have large nulls beneath one or the other axis of the heat sink, making ititeasy to see axis of the heat sink, making easy to see how aaradiation model with aafixed probe how radiation model with fixed probe location as specified in the refererence paper location as specified in the refererence paper might not couple well to them, either. might not couple well to them, either. Mode 44again appears the same as for the Mode again appears the same as for the prior three cases illustrated, as anticipated. prior three cases illustrated, as anticipated.

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ACES Problem 2000-4

Emissions Testing: Eigensolution Example: Results (Corner Grounds)

F1=1.36 GHz

F2=1.43 GHz

F3=1.48 GHz

E-field magnitude on the groundplane for the corner E-field magnitude on the groundplane for the corner grounded case. Here, only the first mode carries grounded case. Here, only the first mode carries significant energy beneath the heat sink, while the others significant energy beneath the heat sink, while the others strongly excite the ground plane edges, but may not strongly excite the ground plane edges, but may not couple to aaprobe beneath the sink. couple to probe beneath the sink. The first mode should likely be excited by aaprobe feed The first mode should likely be excited by probe feed located beneath the heat sink, but may not radiate as itit located beneath the heat sink, but may not radiate as carries very little energy to the ground plane edges carries very little energy to the ground plane edges unlike the prior fundamental modes. Therefore this is aa unlike the prior fundamental modes. Therefore this is good example of aapotential on-board (component to good example of potential on-board (component to component beneath the sink) EMI issue which might component beneath the sink) EMI issue which might never show up in radiation measurements or analysis. never show up in radiation measurements or analysis.

F4=1.49 GHz

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ACES Problem 2000-4

Conclusions
Grounds F1 Grounds F1 11Only 603 MHz Only 603 MHz 1, 22 1.04 GHz 1, 1.04 GHz F2 F3 F2 F3 1.34 GHz 1.41 GHz 1.34 GHz 1.41 GHz 1.37 GHz 1.40 GHz 1.37 GHz 1.40 GHz F4 F4 1.48 GHz 1.48 GHz Reported Effectiveness Reported Effectiveness to 450 MHz to 450 MHz to 750 MHz to 750 MHz to 850 MHz to 850 MHz to 1.5 GHz to 1.5 GHz to 2.5 GHz to 2.5 GHz

3, 44 994 MHz 1.18 GHz 3, 994 MHz 1.18 GHz 1, 2, 3, 44 1.35 GHZ 1.38 GHz 1, 2, 3, 1.35 GHZ 1.38 GHz 5, 6, 7, 88 1.36 GHz 1.43 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.49 GHz 5, 6, 7, 1.36 GHz 1.43 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.49 GHz
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1.48 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHZ 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHZ 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHz 1.46 GHz 1.48 GHz

HFSS Eigensolution results appear to fit fairly well with reported Emission Effectiveness w In first 3 cases, fundamental resonance is above frequency where emissions were not improved by the grounds However, HFSS appears to imply that the (3, 4) configuration isnt quite as good as the (1, 2) w Field plots show how probe may have missed case (3,4)s fundamental mode HFSS also indicates that there is a lower frequency resonance for the 4-side and corner grounded cases than shown in the reference w One should have been excited, but does not couple much to the ground edges to radiate. The other has a relative null at the reported probe location and may not have been excited by that technique. Solutions took very little time (approx 1 hr total on PI450 for 5 combinations)

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Example 3:** ACES Validation Paper (Min Li) EMI from shielding enclosures
0.085 semi-rigid coaxial feed Metal Enclosure 50 ohm source

3 cm x 4 cm Aperature

SMT Termination 47 ohm

** Jim Sherman - Ansoft AE 2001
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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Problem Description**
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Shielding enclosures require apertures (holes). w Heat dissipation w Unused or open I/O connector ports w Weight reduction w Non-metal shielding Compute EMI at distance from aperture. w FCC Class B radiation limits Write Post Processing Macros: w Compute magnitude of E Field 3m from aperture vs frequency w Compute power dissipated in load resistor in cavity

** Complete user exercise will be available as download or disk.

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Model and Solution Reduction Tricks

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Use 2D conductors for all metal. Make all metal Perfect Electrical Conductor (PEC). Use symmetrical H wall to reduce model in half. Replace complex coax feed with lumped gap port. Model the resistor load as a 2D surface impedance. Model the aperture as a simple 2D H boundary. Model the input probe as a narrow 2D rectangular strip. Use Fast Frequency Sweep with post processor macro.

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

HFSS Model
Half model Half model

airbox hole

res_47

cavity

probe

port1 50 ohm Gap source

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

HFSS vs Measured Results

TMy201

TMy101

HFSS predicted after 6 adaptive passes

TMy111

Measured Data

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

HFSS vs Measured Results

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Use the Maxwell Plot Utility to generate plots of delivered power

Vs
Source voltage 1mV Power delivered to the enclosure: Coax Input Z = 50 Ohm
0

P=

Vs 2 1 S11 8Z 0

S11

Input Probe

Measured Power Delivered vs Frequency

Inside the enclosure

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Using The Plot Utility Calculator

Create and save S11 magnitude plot

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From Maxwell Executive Commands Select Post Process > Matrix Plot Plot > New Plot Data Type S Matrix Quantity w Port1,Mode1;Port1,Mode1 (S11) Cartesian vs frequency Plot scaling: Unscaled Plot > Save: s11mag.dat

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w w

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Using The Plot Utility Calculator

Modify S11 plot to show Delivered Power

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From Maxwell Control Panel Select Utilities Select PlotData Plot > Open : s11mag.dat (located in project directory)
The plot data program will open The plot data program will open ASCII text files that contain ASCII text files that contain columns of data that are space columns of data that are space delimited. You can import your delimited. You can import your measured data simply by measured data simply by opening the ASCII text file. opening the ASCII text file.

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Using The Plot Utility Calculator

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Use plot calculator to modify plot

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Calculate Delivered Power

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Select Tools > Calculator Perform steps: w copy s11 to stack x w 2 Enter, Y w 1 CHS Enter, * w 1 Enter, + w 1e-3 Enter w 1e-3 Enter, *, * w 8 Enter, 50, Enter, w * w / w 1e-9 Enter, / Load , Done Plot > New

V 2 P = s 1 S11 8Z 0

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

HFSS vs Measured Results

Measured Data

HFSS predicted after 6 adaptive passes

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ACES Validation Min Li 1

Conclusions
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Simplify the model for faster solution and reduced model space. Repetitive steps can be performed automatically with macros. Macros can be used to produce additional post processing results. The Maxwell Plot Utility Calculator includes powerful math functions. The HFSS predicted results are very close after 6 passes. w However, additional passes are required for pinpoint results.

EMC

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EMC / EMI References

[1] (ACES) Applied Computation Electromagnetics Society: http://aces.ee.olemiss.edu [2] EMC at Univ. of Hamburg: http://www.tu-harburg.de/et1/Emc/index.html [3] Henry W Ott., Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Wiley Interscience, 2nd edition, 1988 [4] Tim Williams, EMC for Product Designers, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992. [5] C. R. Paul. (Introduction to) Electromagnetic Compatibility,Wiley Interscience, 1992. [6] Tsaliovich, A., Cable Shielding for Electromagnetic Compatibility, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. [7] Perez, Handbook of Electromagnetic Compatibility, Academic Press, 1995

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