Effective height of column Height between points of contraflexure of the buckled column End conditions 1 The end of the

column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration

The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane under consideration.It simulates a semi-fixed condition. The end of the column is connected to member which,while not specifically designed to provide restraint to rotation of the column,still provides some nominal restraint.It simulates a hinged end condition. The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation. It simulates free end of a cantilever in an unbraced structure.

Value of for unbraced column End condition at bottom 1 0.75 0.8 0.9 2 0.8 0.85 0.95 3 0.9 0.95 1

End condition at top 1 2 3

Value of for braced column End condition at top 1 2 3 4 End condition at bottom 2 1.3 1.5 1.8 0

1 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2

3 1.6 1.8 0 0

Minimum Eccentricity emin l D >= l/500 + D/30

Unsupported length of column in mm Lateral dimension in the direction under consideration in mm

Short column

When emin does not exceed 0.05D,column can be designed by following equation Pu 0.4fcuAc+0.67*fyAsc

if p is percentage of steel in column section then, Ag Ac Asc Therefore, Pu/fcubD 0.4+(p/100fcu)*(0.67fy - 0.4fcu) bD Ag-pAg/100 pAg/100

Reinforcement requirement 1 2 3 4 5 6 Minimum reinforcement 0.8% of cross sectional area Min. bars in circular columns shall be 6 Spacing of longitudinal bars shall not exceed 300mm If the spacing of longitudinal bars exceeds 75mm, provide ties to bind the bars Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than one-fourth of the dia. Of largest longitudinal bar. Pitch(centre to centre distance) of ties should not exceed: the least lateral dimension of column 16 times smallest dia. Of lonitudinal bars 48 times dia. Of lateral ties

Short column under axial load and uniaxial bending Pu-Mu graph 1 Compression control region : Entire section under compression 2 Tension control region : Part of section under tension 3 Minimum eccentricity region Design & Construction of design chart Design Percentage of reinforcement p/fcu Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

Material properties Fcu 15 N/mm2 Fy 415 N/mm2 w(con) 25 KN/m3 Esteel 200000 N/mm2 Member Properties Clear height of column Smaller dimension of col Larger Dimension of col End Condition 3m 0.4 m 0.6 m 1 1.2

Moment carrying capacity about shorter dime Moment carrying capacity about Larger dime Mx/Mux My/Muy

Effective height Le/Ll Coefficient of effective cover Effective Cover to reinforcement Loads Factored load = 1600 KN

3.6 m 9 Short column 0.13 0.05 m

Design Load P/Puz Alpha Check for biaxial bending

0.7

Pu/Fcubd

Reduction factor due to selenderness Cr 1 Min. Eccentricities Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension Min. Eccentricity along least dimension Moments Min. Eccentric Moment about least dimension Min. Eccentric Moment about largeset dimension Actual Moment about least dimension Actual Moment about bigger dimension

0.6 0.5

0.02 m 0.02 m

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.02

32 KNm 32 KNm 120 KNm 90 KNm

0.04

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel Percentage of steel p/fcu Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin Design tensile strength of Steel Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

0 1.27 % 0.08

361.05 N/mm2 0.63 0.03

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) a Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) Area of stress block(A) Percentage of steel 1.27 %

1.1 0.38 4.85 0.44 3460.21 mm2

Max. strain at the highly compressed fibre Strain at top level Stress in top steel Strain at Bottom level Stress in Bottom steel Stress in top Concrete Stress in bottom concrete Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section

0 0 361.05 0 119.15 6.69 1.84 0.58 0.06

1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel) Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Percentage of steel 1.27 % Strain at top level 0 Stress in top steel 361.05 Stress in top Concrete 6.69 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.47 0.1 0.88

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel Coefficient of tensile stress 0.4 Percentage of steel 1.27 % Stress in tensile steel 144.42 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.35 0.13

0.73

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es) Percentage of steel 1.27 % Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.2 0.17

0.58

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002) Percentage of steel 1.27 % Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.15 0.16

0.42

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD Percentage of steel 1.27 % Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Strain in top steel 0 Stress in top steel 350 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.09 0.15

0.25

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam Percentage of steel Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

1.27 % 0.11

Unbraced Column design Design Percentage of reinforcement p/fcu Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) ( from table)

Material properties Fcu 25 N/mm2 Fy 415 N/mm2 w(con) 24 KN/m3 Esteel 200000 N/mm2 Member Properties Clear height Width Length End Condition Effective height Le/Ll Coefficient of effective cover 3m 0.15 m 0.15 m 1 1.2 2.55 m 17 Selender column 0.1

Moment carrying capacity around shorter dim Moment carrying capacity around Largest dim Mx/Mux My/Muy Design Load P/Puz

Effective Cover to reinforcement Loads Factored load 1.4dl + 1.6LL

0.01 m

Alpha Check for biaxial bending

0 KN

Reduction factor due to selenderness Cr 0.83 Min. Eccentricities Min. Eccentricity along largest dimension Min. Eccentricity along least dimension Moments Min. Eccentric Moment around least dimension Min. Eccentric Moment around largeset dimension Actual Moment around least dimension Actual Moment around largest dimension

0.01 m 0.01 m

0 KNm 0 KNm 0 KNm 0 KNm

Column Interaction Chart 0.7 0.6 0.5

Pu/Fcubd

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Column L

Column P

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Mu/Fcubd2

Data for design curve

Max. strain in steel Percentage of steel p/fcu Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin

0 2% 0.08

Design tensile strength of Steel Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

361.05 N/mm2 0.61 0.03

Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) a Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) Area of stress block(A) Percentage of steel 2% Max. strain at the highly compressed fibre Strain at top level Stress in top steel Strain at Bottom level Stress in Bottom steel Stress in top Concrete Stress in bottom concrete Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section 1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel) Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Percentage of steel 2% Strain at top level 0 Stress in top steel 361.05 Stress in top Concrete 11.15 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.46 0.1 0.9 0 0 361.05 0 119.15 11.15 3.07 0.57 0.06 1.1 0.38 8.08 0.44 1441.75 mm2

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel Coefficient of tensile stress 0.4 Percentage of steel 2% Stress in tensile steel 144.42 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.35

0.75

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

0.13

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es) Percentage of steel 2% Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.21 0.17

0.59

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002) Percentage of steel 2% Stress in tensile steel 361.05 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel 0 Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.15 0.16

0.43

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD Percentage of steel 2% Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Strain in top steel 0 Stress in top steel 361.05 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.09 0.15

0.25

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam Percentage of steel Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

2% 0.12

Data for design curve Material properties Fcu 25 N/mm2 Fy 415 N/mm2 w(con) 24 KN/m3 Esteel 200000 N/mm2

Max. strain in steel Percentage of steel p/fcu Case-1 When eccentricity is less than emin Design tensile strength of Steel Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Case-2 When neutral axis lies outside the section

0 2% 0.08

361.05 N/mm2 0.61 0.03

Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Coefficient for area of stress block(k1) a Coefficient of Distance of CG of force of compression from extreme fibre(k2) Area of stress block(A) Percentage of steel 2% Max. strain at the highly compressed fibre Strain at top level Stress in top steel Strain at Bottom level Stress in Bottom steel Stress in top Concrete Stress in bottom concrete Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) Case-3 When neutral axis lies inside the section 1) Tenssile stress is 0( neutral axis passes through the bottom steel) Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Percentage of steel 2% Strain at top level 0 Stress in top steel 0 Stress in top Concrete 1.34 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.36 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 1.34 -6.74 0.4 0.01

1.1 0.38 8.08 0.44 17301.07 mm2

2) Tenssile stress some percentage of design stress of steel Coefficient of tensile stress Percentage of steel 0.4 2%

Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0! Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

3) First Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es) Percentage of steel 2% Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0! Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

4) Final Yield Point(Tensile stress = 0.87fy, Tensile strain = 0.87fy/Es + 0.002) Percentage of steel 2% Stress in tensile steel 0 N/mm2 Strain in tensile steel #DIV/0! Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

5) Depth of neutral axis in kD Percentage of steel 2% Coefficient of Depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fibre(k) Strain in top steel 0 Stress in top steel 0 Pu/(fcu*b*d) Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.09 0.03

0.25

6) When axial force is 0, steel beam Percentage of steel Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

2% 0

Derivation of basic equations Case : 1 e<=emin

Pu

0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)Asc 0.446*fcu*bD+(fsc-fcc)*pbD/100

Pu/(fcubD) 0.446+(p/100fcu)*(fsc-0.446fcu) Mu/fcubD2 0.05pu/fcubD Case : 2 Neutral axis lies outside the section

einforcement

1.27 % 0.08 0.44 0.1 226.35 KNm 150.9 KNm

( from table)

g capacity about shorter dimension g capacity about Larger dimension 0.53 0.6

2568.69 KN 0.62 1.7 0.75 Design is ok

Column Interaction Chart 0.7 0.6 0.5

Pu/Fcubd

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.02

Column L

Column P

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1 Mu/Fcubd2

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.13 0.17 0.16 0.11

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.63 0.58 0.47 0.35 0.2 0.15 0

p/fcu 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Design(Pu/fcubd) 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) from Pu/fcubd Pu/Fcubd Mu/fcubd^2 = = 0.44 0.1

einforcement

2% 0.08 0 #REF!

T 0

Nos #DIV/0!

( from table)

g capacity around shorter dimension g capacity around Largest dimension #REF! #REF! 393.19 KN 0

#REF! KNm #REF! KNm

1 #REF! #REF!

Column P

4 0.16 0.18

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2) 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.13

Pu/(fcu*b*d) 0.61 0.57 0.46 0.35

p/fcu 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Design(Pu/fcubd) 0 0 0 0

0.17 0.16 0.12

0.21 0.15 0

0.08 0.08 0.08

0 0 0

Mu/(fcu*b*d^2)

Pu/(fcu*b*d)

p/fcu

Design(Pu/fcubd)

0.03 0.01 0.03 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0

0.61 0.4 0.36 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0

0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pu/Fcubd Mu/Fcubd 0 0.11 0.15 0.16 0.2 0.17 0.35 0.13 0.47 0.1

0.58 0.63

0.06 0.03

0.47 0.35

0.1 0.13