te Ro aes | 1) ea is! | SA ako | OR ee Omar uence SR eee CRU Ri Rei ere CRE 1 ae CU CREOLE ace Ce RI ie Rie) Se Ce STO | va Peay alas yr eer Yam Me ite tg Adee eet pe TL i neal aie VelTATARKM APEBHETO ErNMOTA parnara ZN bapsapa = = RY = zB temples, tombs ApeBHHii and hieroglyphs erunet XpaMbl, FPOOHHYbI, HEpOrnnpl (p, cH Mocksa WEHTPNONUTPAPBBK 63.3(0)31 M52 Oxpansetcs 3axoHom P& 06 asropcKom mpase. Bocnpouspezenve Bcel KHHTM KK JOGO! ee YacTH BocHpeilactca 6c3 NUCbMCHHOro paspellicHHA H3naTcHA. Jio6nie MonsITKH HapyulieHus 3aKOHa 6yayr npecnesonateca 8 cyne6Hom nopsaKe. Ogopmaenue xydoocnuka H.A. Ozepoea Mepru Bap6apa M52 Tpesuuit Eruner. Xpampi, rpoOununl, KepormH- gsr / Tep.c axnri. 5.9. Bepmaxoscxoro. — M.: 3A0 Uextpnonurpad, 2007.— 363 c. ISBN 978-5-9524-3171-3 B Kunre wapectHoro cneusamera no weropan Jpeaxero Eramra CONMOCTABICHE! ODHUMATLHBIC APXeOMOTHYECKMe OTYETH M OKOFONAyUHBIE CIMETHH, TereHAB APeBHeH WHBMIM3ALLMM Hh peatbHad KH3HB JONeH NaneKHX aMtox, KoTopad HepefKo OKatMiBanack uHTepecHee aKIMBICAA. BHI yaHaeTe o 2XM3HM apacHOB HM UAPHL, XYOKHMKOB H KYACCHHKOB, YHHOBHMKOB M NpoctomoaHHoB, a TAKKE MONYYATe MpeseTABNeHHe 0 MaMATHUKAX KYASTYpE!, APXMTeKTYPHI MW” TICMeHHOCTH. AIPKMi4, AXHBOH ABBIK TOBECTBOBANKA 1 Tipexpackible WUMOCTPALMK BRELYT BAC BMH DpeBHe! HMBAAMSAUMH Many TlovyBcTeoBATE sarALOYHYIO aTMOCEpY MAleKOTO NpOUTOTO. BBK 63.3(0)31 © Tepeson, 3A0 «Llextpnonrpad», 2007 © Xynoxectaciitoe opopmaerue, ISBN 978-5-9524-3171-3 3AO «Lextpnomurpad>, 2007 Tloceawmaemca Moum Oemam u ux omuy NPEAUCHOBUE Moi sx060BHbIi pomaH c J[pesHum Eruntom Hayanca B JaeKOM JeTCTBe, KOMa B MeCTHOM GuOMOTeKe A Brep- Bpl¢ NOSHaKOMMNacb C J>keimcom Tenpu Bpacregom, ¢ ero «Actopueii Erunta». Jho6osb eule uBeTeT, XOTA c Tex Nop MPOwW10 MHOFO eT M MHOro yBreyeHHi. 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Tlepesogbl, HECOMHEHHO, 0693aHbI CBOeH BO3MOXHOM LeH- HOCTbO MpodeccopaM, KoTopble BAONGUNM B MOIO rono- By 3HaHHe ApeBHeerMnertcKoro, M A He KomeOnACcb onupa- JlaCb Ha MepeBOUbI TaKUX aBTOpHTeToB, Kak Bpscrea, Papav- Hep 4 Yuncon. Bonuioue omm6xu o6bacHalotca MOUM YMpAMEIM OTKA30M COPMaCHTCA C MPeBOCXOAHBIMH MepeBo- HaMn yka3aHHbix 9KcriepTos. B OMHOM cayyae 4 CKOTIMpOBa- a 6yKBayIbHO MepeBod XOpOUIO H3BeCTHOTO yyeHoro: mpu- Haiexauyan capy Anany Tapaunepy Bepcua «Bropoit necun apductkM» KaxeTCA MH OAHMM M3 CaMbIX MpeKpacHBIX me- PeBOLOB ApeBHero TeKCTa Ha aHrIMcKHi. A He Morma yny4- WHTb eFO, NOSTOMY MpoOcTo Mo3aMMCTBOBaNa M xoTeNAa OBI mo6marofapuTb copa AnaHa 3a MO3BONCHHe MCMONb30BaTb ero B Kuure. Iepesogb! HeerumeTcKHx TeKCTOB OBLIM B3ATHI u3 padorsi Terue B npesocxogHoit KHure Ipuyapza «J[pes- Hue 6WKHEBOCTOUHIe TeKCTEI, Kacaloummeca Betxoro 3ape- 76. MEPTU. APEBHMM ETMNET Ta». 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Yuicouy “3 BocTrouHoro MHCTHTYTA 3a OTBETbI Ha cneuu@uyeckne BOMPOCHI, B YaCTHOCTH 10. TloBosxy AcyaHc- Kol MIOTHHBI, M 3a HeyBaLaioulMt CTMMyN, KOTOpBIii fa- JIM efO NpeBOcXxomHble NeKUMM MO ernmeTcKOH ucTopun. T-H Kak Baxase us JIyspa u 4-p Penpu Duuep co caoumu COTpyAHMKaMu 43 MeTpononvTeH-My3es MHOFO TpyAMAHCb Hajl KONMAMH (boTorpaduit ia Mena. [[pyrue My3ev WM HH- CTHTYTbI MO3BONMIM MHE KCHONb30BaTb POTOrpacun u3 ux kommekuui. Mos GnaroxapHocts TepnenMBbIM Apy3bAaM Hi POACTBCHHUKaM, KOTOpbIe C/YWAIM MHA AO Tex Mop, oka MM He OMpOTHBeN CaM MIpeqMeT apxeowOrHv; MOeMy areHTy M-py Tepony Peiivicy, Koroppiii nooupsan paSoty Ham Te, 4YTO Ka3aJlOCb TOJIBKO CMYTHOK BO3MOXHOCTbIO; COCEAHM HM Apy3baM, OcobeHHO muccuc JDKopax Parsenc, uba 106po- BOJIbHaA MOMOLMb Dasa MHE CBOOOAHBIe YaCI WIA STO pa~ OoTEI; HAKOHEL, Moeii GenHOT cembe, KOTOpas BBIHOCHIIa BCe Hey0OcTBa 2KH3HH C padoTaloulel *XeHO M MaTepbiO C 06- Pa3OBbIM TepneHHeM. Bap6apa Mepmy UCTOPUYECKIM O630P Jo nosoit apo Aloucmopureckuii nepuod Oxono 4500—3110 rr. Tpomoduxacmuneckuit (paHHuit AMHacTHYecKHii, THHUTCKHI) nepuod 3110—2665 rr. T\unactua I: Menec Alunacrua II: Mepu6cen, Xacexemyn Apeenee yapcmeo 2664—2181 rr. Aunactus III: or D>xocepa go Xynn Auuactua IV: Cuodpy, Xypy, Xadpa, Menkaypa Alunactua V: ot Ycepxada a0 Vuuca Auuactus VI: Tern, Menu I, Meprepa, Menu II Tlepevti nepexoduvii nepuod 2180—2134 rr. Anactun VII—VIII 8 Memouce Zuxnactuu IX—X s Tepaxneonone: AxTott 4 Mepuxapa Cpeduee yapemeo 2134—1786 rr. Aunactua XI: Unrest w Mentyxorensi Tunactua XII: Cenyceptsi 1 AMeHeMXeTHI Bmopoti nepexodueiit nepuod 17851571 rr. uuactua XIII 8 Oupax Zunactua XIV B Kcouce Aunactuu XV, XVI (2): raxcocer Aunactus XVII 8 Dupax: Cexnenpa, Kamoc Hoeoe yapemeo (Amnepua) 1570—1075 rr. Aunacrna XVIII: Tyrmocsi, AMenxorembt; Xaturencyt, OxHaToH Auactusa XIX: Cern I, Pamsec II, Mepuentax Twnactusa XX: Pamsect or III a0 XI 9B. MEPTU. APEBHMM EFMNeT Tozduuii dunacmuneckuti nepuod 1075—525 rr. Ziwuactus XXI B Oupax un Tanuce Aunactus XXII (<1HBnitcKaa») B Tanuce Uuacrua XXIII 8B Pupax Aluuactusa XXIV: Teduaxt « Boxxopne, coppemMeHHa AMHacTHH XXV Auactusa XXV («kKalolylo MycTbIHio. OcTpplit B30p BOXIA 3AMeTHA ONECK BOLI H MCJIbKAHHE NTMYBMX KDBI- JibeB, OCTPbI Chyx OXOTHHKa YAOBMA AaIbHuit pbk run- Tonotama. Ilmuja BHU3y Obia, H BCe Xe BOX KoNeGal- ca. OH 3Han CTapylO KM3Hb CO BCeMM ee OMaCHOCTAMH. Mor 114 OH NpoTHBOCTOATb NeAeHALLUM yrpo3aM HeM3BeC- THOCTH M, H€ CO3HaBaa CBOeil CyMbObI, ChenaTb nepBbiit uiar K Bea“kuM mupamugam? K Hecuactbio, 9TOT KapTMHHbI 9Nu300 npMHagexKUT CkKopee AMTepatype, YeM UCTOpHM. ODHAKO HeKOTOpBIe Ae- TaM MOTYT ObITb NOANMHHBIMH. TepBpie AovcTopuyeckue nocenenna B Erunte gaTupyiotca npvOmusutenbuo 5000 r. HO H. 9., HO Hake 4yMOAeCTBeEHHbIM paMoyriepom He MO- XeT Wath HaM CTOMb TOYHOM MaTbl, KaK YKa3aHHas BbI- wie. B kaKOM-To MOMeHT B OTAAI€HHOM MpOLLIOM YemOBeK cnyCTHJICA C MaTO, cTaBluero HeOGuTaeMON NycTbIHeH, B AomMHy Huna; oH Mor BEITAeTh MPAMEPHO KaK BOXIb TUJI@MEHM, KOTOPOrO B HCTOPHYeCKOM POMaHe OKpecTHH 6st [xe6om, 41H AOoM, HIM KaKHM-HHGyab CTONb xe 10- MCTOPMYECKMM VM ONHOCIOKHBIM HMeHeM. Ho Manosepo- ATHO, 4TOOEI J>Ke6 ume olyufeHve cynb6n. OH ucKan MA KU3HM MECTa NONYue H NOHATHA He HMeM 0 TOM, 4TO M3MeHEHHE Cpegbl OONTAHMA AONXKHO paMaTH4¥ecKH W3Me- HMTb O6pa3 2%H3HH ero Haposa. HyXHO Mpw3HaTb, YTO B MIpH3HaKaXx BeNMKHX MepeMeH HeT HMYerO ApaMaTMYHOrO, KOra CMOTPHUb Ha HX B MIbUIbHBIX MY3€HHBIX BATPMHax: KP@MHeBble HOM HM HaKO- HeYHHKM Wa CTpes, He CAMUIKOM OTIMYAIOUMeCA OT rpy- 6bIX MHCTPyMeHTOB BCeX NepBOGOLITHEIX HapomoB, BeTXHe OCTATKM NMETEHbIX KOP3HH, B KOTOPBIX KOra-TO xpaHHM 3€PHO; KOCTH CobakH, MOXxoxkHe Ha KOCTH 1060r0 AMKOrO %XMBOTHOTO. 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OTM TepMHHbI, OOO3HaYaIOWIMe ApeBHUH KaMeHHBIli BeK M HOBbIM KAMCHHBI BeK, ObIIM BBeAeHbI B OOOpOT, YTO- 6bI ONNCaTh M3MeHEHHA B TEXHUKe OOpaboTKH KaMeHHEIX OPYAMH: TOLH HEONMTHYECKOH SpbI CBON MHCTPyMeHTBI opyaua nonuposanu. Ho Hospiit MeTox NONMpoBKM KaM- HA — HaMMeHee BaxKHOe M3 pasIM4nit MeXAy DByMA Me- puoyamu. Bpogsune oxoTHUKH ApeBHero KaMeHHOrO Beka CTamM HEOMMTHYECKUMN 3eMsefebUaMU M MacTyXaMH; a TIOCTOAHHOE MECTO XKMTEACTBA TWIeEMeHH — 3TO ye O6- pa6orka 3eM1H HM O1OMaLIHeHHEIe XUBOTHEIe. EcrectBex- HO, CTONb rpoMafHbIe NepeMeHbI NPOM3OULIN He B OMWH nexb. Jonrue cronetua ObUIM 3aHATHI MepexONOM OT OXOT- HM4beH OPAbl K MepBol 3emsexenbyecKoH OOujHHe. B Erunte, B oTMM4He OT MpyrHx pervouos Bawxuero Boc- Toka, Mepexogubii Nepvoy oTcytcTByeT Boobie. He cun- Taf HCKOTOPBIX KpeMHEBBIX OpyAMH, OCTABEHHEIX ApeB- HMMM OXOTHMKaMH Ha Kpaio NyCTbIHM, Hall cBeneHna o Erunte Haumnalorca ¢ ocTaTKOB yxe pasBuTOH gepe- BeHCKoit 2ku3HH. JaHHbIe 0 crapeiuet ZomMHacTH4ecKOi kysbtype Erunta Mbi YepriaeM M3 «xo3siicTBeHHBIX OTOpo- cop» — apxeonormyeckuHh sBcbeMH3M, O3HaYaIOWMit m0- Moiku. Jlouctopu4ecKHM 9KBHBaNeHTOM MMBHEIX GaHoK M apOy3HbIX KOPOK ABIAIOTCA KOCTH pbIO u 3Bepeit, H3- HOWICHHBI€ KpeMHeBBIe MHCTPYMeHTHI, OCKONKM KepaMH- uecKo# nocyzst. Bru3 9THx ApeBHUX MYCOPHBIX Ky4 LON- XHbI ObVIM HAaXOMMTSCA KaKMe-TO MOceNeHHA, XOTA BAL JIM MOXHO IIOYTHTb UX Ha3BaHHeM epeBeHb; OMa OBLIM, BepOATHO, rpyObIMM WasalllaMM M3 TpOCcTHMKa Mu npyTE- 156. MEPTLU. APEBHMM ETMNET ABE 3EMAN es. [lo3qHee — He HaMHOFO MO3qHee No apxeoormyec- Komy cueTy — JepeBHH CTaM NOM3ALHee. HyxkHo MMeTb AelicTBHTEAbHO XOPOUIO pasBUToe BOOO- paxkeHve, YTOObI YBMAETS YTO-TO M3AULHOe B MepBbIx Te- PeBEHCKHX KysIbTypax. 2KU3Hb Obila He CAMLIKOM poc- KowHoi. JloMa mpexctasianu co6o xKaKHe XWKMHbI 3 TIMHbI M MpyTbeB M COCTOAIM M3 CMMHCTBeHHOM TeMHOH KOMHATHI, JIMMeHHOM Noa W BEHTWIAWMH, 34 HCKIO4e- HMeM JbIPbI WA AbIMa B Kppillle. Tea MepTBbIX Kia B HermyOoKHe AMBI B MCCKe, CBA NPUKPLITbIe CONOMEHHEI- MH MaTaMM WIM ukypamM. Ho B Bellax, MOXOPOHEHHBIX BMeCTe C HMM, BUHO CTPeMseHHe YeNOBeYeCKOTO AyXa K 6eccmepTui0. JoqM MOrAM JHiIb MocTyNMpoBaTs Npo- MOWXKeHMe KASH, KOTOpy!l0 OHM 3HAJIM; TaK, OXOTHHKA XOPOHMIH C efO KOMIbEM, XKeHUMHy — c ee Oycamu (cye- ta cyet!), “ cpeqM xamKUx KOCTOYeK peOeHKa MBI HaxO- MM pax m0OMMOM MTpyiKu. Cxenerb! 4 COMpoBOxAaloulMe Mx MpeAMeTbI MOryT TO- BOPHTb C HaMM, MHOMa yIMBUTeNbHO CHO. Hemple KaM- HM M OGOXKXeHHAA PIMHa TOXxe CNOCOOHbI MHOFOe CKa- 3aTb TEM, KTO yMeeT clyuiaTb. OT Tex OTMANCHHEIX BPCMCH, Korila elle He 3aHANACh 3apA MCTOPUM, OCTAIOCb TAK MAIO, uTO apxeonoraM MpHOch paspaGaTbiBaTb M30LIpeHHble METOMbI M3BICXCHMA MaKCHMYMa MHOpMallMH H3 KaxTO- TO HaieHHoro OcKoMO4Ka. OHM ONMpaloTcA Ha 3HaHUA MHOFUX KBaM@MUMPOBAHHBIX CheuMalMcTOB — 64010- roB, KOTOpbie MOFyT HACHTHUUMPOBATS BULLI 110 OOTI0- JaHHbIM KOCTAM B KYXOHHBIX OTOpocax; NasmeoboTaHHKos, OMpeMeMAIOWMX 3CPHBILKM, OCTABACHHBIe Ha He KOp3H- Hbl HeakkypaTHoi gpesHelt AoMoxo3siixolt. (KcTaTu, BO- TIpeKH HeKOTOPBIM CeHCaL|MOHHBIM COOOWEHHAM HM OHO ¥3 “MyMMQ@HUMpOBaHHBIX 3epeH», HaiieHHbIX B Erun- Te, HM pa3y He Mpou3Be10 %KMBOFO pacTeHMA; ECTb MpeLet KOHCepBHpYIOWIMM CBOLCTBaM axe erHmeTCKOH MOUBEI.) BObUIMHCTBO APXCOMOTMYECKMX CBUAETEMbCTB O 10- vicropuuecKoM Erunte Npvuwio H3 3axopoHeHnit. Ha oc- HOB@aHMM 9TUX CKYZHbIX OCTAHKOB apxcONOrM OMmpesern- JM pa JOMMHACTHYeCKHX KybTyp. OHM BIaMMOCBASAHEL, 16 Ho Kaxfad WMeeT CBOM THNMYHBI aHcaMOub (KONNeKUMIO MpeAMeTOB, NPOMSBeLeHHBIX M HCMONbIOBAHHBIX HOCHTE- JIIMM DaHHOM KybTyps!). B ROMCTOpHYeCKHH NepKoy Ta- KOit aHCaMOsb MOxeT BKMIOUaTb KpeMHeBoe opyxkHe, 6ycbt Mi aMyNeTbI, MOCyLy M3 MIMHbI WIM M3 KaMHA. Sl HuKOrMa He MOra peliMTb, YTO CKyYHee, KPeMHM HIM KepaMHKa, HO 4 MmpeKpacHO MOMHIO yxacaldlily!0 My- cTOTy B MO3TaX, KOTa BO BpeMA 9K3aMeHa MHA MpOocn- JIM OMpeweMvTb YepenKH KepaMHKH. BepoaTHo, 910 cBu- WeTebcTByeT © Hepa3BUTOCTH MOero BOOOpaxKeHHA, u60 KepaMMka — OJMH M3 CaMBIX MOseSHbIX MHCTPYMCHTOB apxeouiora. Cama mo ce6e oHa He MMeeT WCHHOCTH, No- 9TOMy, Kora KepaMUYecKHit Cocyy ObeTCA, JHOTH FO BEI- 6pacsiBaioT, a rpaOuTemM MOrMA MpespuTeMbHO MoplwaT- ca, mpeneOperaa. Ilo st0H mpwynHe kepamuKa ABAAeTCA GecleHHBIM KIIOUOM K XPOHOJOFHH, MOCKOMbKy €€ PexKO NepeHocsT c Toro MecTa, me ee BbIGpocunu. Xora rop- WOK MOXHO pa3s6HTb, ero parMeHTbI MpakTHYeCcKM He- pa3pyuruMnl. Ho cnpaBemmuBocth Tpe6yeT OTMETHTb, YTO HMKTO He WOMYMaNICA HO BAKHEIX NMOCNeACTBU UCCIELO- BaHHA YepenKOB, MOKA O HUX HE Havas pa3MbIUUIATh C3p Yunpam Onnugepe IIutpu. MbI He cay¥aitHo Ha3bIBaeM NepsbiM HMA ITMTpH, 160 OH 6bLI MOMCTHHe rpoManHO cburypol B erumTOMOTHH. Hexoropsle y¥eHble Ha3bIBaloT ero OTLOM Hay¥HOH apxe- ONOrHM (M4HO A MO HeKOTOPSIM MpHynHaM Mpexnow- Tal TOBOPUTb O KPUTHYeCKOM apxeosorun). ITpocroe me- peuvicnenve nocTuxenuit [lutpu B o6nacTH MeTOZUKH PacKONOK 34aHAIO Obl MHOTO CTpaHMLl, HO axe ero TeXx- HMYeCKHe MpOpbIBbl H€ CTOMb BaXHBI, Kak ero MOAXOL, cTporo NOrMyHstii M GesyKOpH3HeHHO TOUHBI. Hosbiii nogxog [utpu npuaymMan caM, cro HUKTO He yun, x60, KaK OH 3aMe4aeT BCKOAb3b, BOKpyr He 65110 HMKOFO, y KOrO MOXHO 6b Ob HayyHTECA. On npxOsi1 B Eruner torga, korga Aupu Macnepo, mpeqaHHblii cpoemy neny Aupextop Kaupckoro My3ed ApeBHOcTeH, Haya HacTan- BaTb Ha COOMMACHUM MpaBMl MW Hay4dHbIx MeTOOB, pa3- pywas pecemsii a3apT OTKpbITOrO AA BCeX rpadexa U 76. MEPTLL. APEBHUM ETMNET OesoTBeTCTBeHHOTO paspymenua. Ho Intpu, KoToppiit Bel C M€CTHBIMM HM MHOCTpaHHBIMM rpaOuTenAMH OTKpBI- Ty10 BOMHY, He CNMUIKOM WeHun Macnepo. [utp umen uydecHbIit Aap o6nMuuTeNA; ero yOuiicTBeHHbIe KOMMeH- TapHH MO NOBOAY Hes@ekTHBHOCTH UM XyAbHMYECTBA BBICKa3bIBaIMCb C OCOOOH Hay¥HOH BeraHTHOCTHIO, KOTO- pas TOABKO mpumaBana uM cusy. B cBoe astoOuorpadun Mutpu o6pyumacsa Ha apyrux apxeosloros, Ha Kaupckuii My3el, Macnepo, Ha @pan- uy30B BOObuIe HM MHOrHX erunTsH B YacTHOCTH. MoxHO MIpeANONOXUTb, YTO MMeHHO IIuTpu, a He OCTaIbHOM MUP waran He B Hory. STO Tak M GbLIO, HO JMUb MOTOMY, YTO OH OTKpbIBasl Napa M ero COBPeEMeHHHKM elle He MOHAN TOYHOCTH M M3OWIPCHHOCTH yYCTaHOBJEHHBIX HM MeTOMOB. OueHb penko cTpacrHbie o6snHeHna Tlutpu BpIspiBainch JIMYHBIMA MOTABAMM; JOMK, KOTOPbIX OH pyraeT Mocme- HMMM COBaMH, H3-3a PIYMOCTH WIM KOpBICTH ryOMsIM ero AparouenHble zpesnocru. On mo6nn SompurMucTso erun- TAH, C KOTOPBIMM paGoTan, M 3aBOeBa MX J1060Bb H J0- AIbHOCTb HACTONBKO, YTO JONK, KOTOPEIX OH OYUN Tex- HMKe pacKONOK, XKuTeIM AepesHH Kydr, MHoro eT cHaG- 2KaJIM APXCONOTMYECKHE SKCMEMMUMM HaCMOTPIMKaMH 1 3eMieKOMaMH. B xapaxtepe Ilurpu 6sia yepra, Koropas yquBnser Hac Waxe Gombe, YeM ero (baHaTH4ecKaA CTpacTb K Ae- ‘TaiM. OTO ero sbaTacTuyeckad 9Heprva. OH HOCHJIca nO Erunty, ot JlensTst 20 noporos Hy6un, Kak mucbono- TMYeCKHH ApaKOH, rioTad cbipoli MaTepvan MH H3Beprad €ro B OpMe aKKypaTHbIX TOMMKOB C KaTalOraMH KOCcTei, kaMHeli, Gyc M ropurkoB. PeabHbIM 1OKa3aTeMbCTBOM ero TeHMA CTaIM HCTOPHH, KOTOpbIe HavanH CKaNAMBaTBCA BOKPyr Hero, KaK BOKPyr PaCCeAHHbIX yYeHBIX B Apyrx AMCUMIUIMHAX, H3-3a CTpacTu K paOore He OOpallaBliux BHMMaHMs Ha HECYULECTBEHHbIe MOTpeOHOCTH MoBceqHEB- Holt xv3HH. [utp cam co BKycOM paccKa3bIBas, Kak On pa6oran ronbiM B LYWIHBIX KOpHopax NMpaMUA, «CAOBHO ANMOHCKHM MIOTHMK, OfeTHI TOMbKO B OYKH, C TOM pa3- HMueH, YTO A He HyxkMaloch B OUKax». EMy HMYerO He 18 ABE 3EMAN cTowno npoitu 10—20 muab Yepe3 nycTEIHIO, YTOOEI NO- JYYUTS HELEbHYIO TIaTy WA cBovx pabounx; Ha pacKon- xax B IlamecTMHe eMy HM efO MOMOUIHMKAaM MIPHUINOCb yepnaTb 43 KONOAUA NUTEeEBy!O BOY, NO UBeTY HU KOH- CMCTeHUMM HanoMMHaBLLy!o rycTo ropoxospiit cyn. Tem ayyue, HeOpexHo 3aMeyan TIMTpu, OHM cpa3y Nonyyann BOY, OBOWM HM MsCO. PaGotanocb ¢ HMM, OYeBHIHO, HeerKo. OcobeHHo Tpyl- HO ObLIO MpHHOPOBUTECA K eFO TIPHBHUKaM B ese, a CTy- MeHTaM MpvXOAMNOCb AenaTb 3TO. B rpoGHuue Ha Mm10c- KOM KaMHe, CYKHBIWeEM OGeACHHbIM CTONOM SKCIeMH- UMM, BBICTaBIIAICA PA KOHCEpBHBIX GaHOK HM KOHCepBHbIii Hox. Koraa [utpu 3akaHunBan oOenaTb, OH MepemaBan cyleayiomlemy TO, YTO OcTaBanocb B GaHKe. Topopat, yTo y MBOX eo CTYACHTOB CHYYMICA POMaH, MOKA OHH yxa- XKMBaNH Apyr 3a ApyrOM Mp OMHOBPeMeHHOM MHLeBOM oTpaBleHuu. Sl mosTopalo 9TH paccka3bl, He UCMIEITHIBAd yrpbI3e- HM COBECTH, NOCKONbKy, M0 MOCMY MHEHHIO, OHM CKO- pee BOSBBIIAIOT, YeM NPUHWXal0T (UTypy BeAMKOTO yue- Horo. BonbluwHMHcTBO KpyMHbIX BKIaqOB B CyMMy 3HaHMit BHECIM JOZM, KOTOPbIM 6b110 0 YEM AYMaTb, KPOMe KO- JMuecTBa COMM B cyme. Cpequ MHorux noctaxeruit Tutpu Gara KnaccuduKa- UM JOMCTOpMYeCKMX erMmeTCKHX KyibTyp. OH He HMed MIMCbMeHHEIX MaTepHasloB, y Hero He ObWIO WaxKe Camoro OCHOBHOrO XpOHOMOFMYeCKOrO MHCTPyMeHTa apxeosora — cTpaTu@vMunpoBaHoro paspesa. B Erumnre Take pa3pe- 3bI BCTPe4YaOTCH PeAKO, XOTA OOBIMHBI B ApyrMx YacTAX Bawxuero Boctoxka, re ABIAIOTCA Wy4LHM HCTOUHHKOM OTHOCHTenbHOM xpoHororuH. JIyuume oOpasiibl HaxoLaT- ca Mexay Turpom u“ Escpatom, 6 Oprsuiem BaBHoHCKOM uapcTBe. 3feCb BCTpeyalOTCA KPYTbIe XOJMBI, MAK meaau, KOTOPbIM MPHNMCBIBaIOCh HCKYCCTBEHHOE MPOMCXOXIe- Hve elle 40 TOFO, Kak apxeosOrH Hawai UX pacKalibiBaTb. Tennu — 9To ObIBIUMe ropoma, NOAM MOCTOAHHO XHIK 3llecb B TeyeHHe CTOMeTHH. CaMoe paHHee ceneHHe CTpo- unock Ha yposHe 3emiu. Kora oHO paspyllanoch — B 196. MEPTU. APEBHMM EFYMNeET cHJIy ECTECTBCHHOrO ynagKa HIM B pe3ybTaTe BOCHHOTO KOHOMMKTa, — HOBbIe MOCeMeHUbI paspaBHuBann O60M- KM HM CTPOWJM HOBbI€ JOMa Ha 3TOM MpHMOHATOM yyacT- ke. CromeTuamu TOpOd MOAHMMAJICA BCE BbILe HM BBILUIC, MUMPHO OMMpascb Ha pyHHbl, OCTAaBEHHbIe NpeAUecTBeH- HuKaMH. IlosTomy, Kora apxeomor packalblBaeT TaKoit XOJIM, OH MOXeT CNOKOMHO AONYCTHTb, UTO TOpos Ha Ca- MOM Bepxy 9TOH MyCOpHOM KyYH ABAAeTCA NOcAeqHUM MO BP€MeHH, a OCTaTKM B CaMOM H¥DKHEM Culoe — CaMBIe paHHHe. Orciona apXxeOsIOr MOXeT BBIBECTH «ITaBalollly!o» XPOHOJOFHWO, KOTOpad NaeT MOCHeENOBATeMBHOCTh pasmH4- HBIX KyJIbBTYp, HO H€ HX aGCONMTHYIO AaTHPOBKy. OH MO- 2XKeT MPOHYMepOBaTb 3TH KYbTYpbI CHH3Y BBEPX HM CBepxy BHH3 WIM Ha3BaTb HX NO OyKBaM asbaBHTa; AM4HO MHE XOTEIOCb 6nI, yTOObI OH AOTOBOPHWJICA C KOJWICTaMH O Ka- KOM-HHG6y/b EMMHOM Mogxose. A TO eCAM XOJIM MMeeT se- BATb YPOBHeM, TpeTHii ypOBeHb CBepxy MOXET KMCHOBATb- esa Acmap III, Acmap VI una Acmap C. Uro6nr gars «nna- Baloulei» XpOHONOrHH aOCOMTHY! RaTMpoBKy, apxeonor JOIKeH MMETb XOTA ObI OMMH MpelMeT, KOTOPbIt MOXHO aTupowaTs 1460 Mo HanMHcH Ha HeM, mH60 nyTeM cpaB- HeHMA C Apyrod KymbTypou, rae abcomoTHas xpoHONOrMa yxe uMeeTcs. Y Tlutpy He 65110 HM TakHX paspe30B, HM cnpaBouHH- KoB 1a cpaBHeHHit. TIMonepy npuxogqutca MHcaTb KHATM caMoMy. Y Hero ObINM TOKO MOPMJbl — COTHH MOTH, He MMEILIMX BHIMMOFO OTHOWCHHA HM Upyr K Apyry, Hu kK uemy-1H60 ewe. Moruasi 9TH — BCero JMIb AMbI B Mec- Ke C HEKOTOpbIM HaGOpoM NpegMeToB. OGulee B HUX — MIpcyTcTBve KocTet M KepamMuku. OnHaKo [Iutpu mocmen 3aaTb CeOe BOMPOC: HEAb3A JIM PacHONOXKATb 9TH AMBI B Tlecke BO BpeMeHHOH MocuegqoBaTenbHOCTH? To, ¥TO OH 3allal NOMOOHEIM BONpOC, ABIAeTCA NOLTBEp%KFeHVeM ero TalaHTa; HO TO, YTO OH CMOF OTBETHTb Ha Hero, KaxkeTCA AOKa3aTeAbCTBOM TeHHaNbHOCTH. Koctu He BbIFIATeAK MHOrooOemmaiouMMn, MOSTOMYy Tlutpu o6patunca k ropuikam. Topurkos 6BuI0 MHOrO, HO, YTO CaMOe BaxkHOe, He BCe OHM GEMM OAMHAKOBLI. B jo0- 20 ABE 3EMAN OG Topwku [TMTpH c BOAHMCTEIMM py4KaMH Caesa Hanpago — of paHHHX K Mo3saHeiwHKM PopMaM — MoKa3aHo BBIpOKACHHE py¥eK TIOMHEHHE K TCM Ka¥e€CTBaM, KOTOpble MbI Ha3BasH, Kepa- MMKa MMECT elie OHO CBOiicTBO. Ona nosBepxKeHa AHK- TaTy MOJbI, OHa MeHseTCA. Oro6pas npymepHo 700 morun, IIurpu, HaumHaBuiMit Kapbepy Kak CTaTMCTHK, 3aMOMHMA NO KaKFOH Morune CNeuManbHB OnaHk. baaHK Obi pasrpadreH Ha cTon6- UB, MO OMHOMY Ha KaxUbIit TAM Mocymb, HaliweHHOK B aHHou Moruse. Cron6upbi Ke Opin pasqeNeHbI M0 BHEL- HeMy BHy Ha pa OOWMX KaTeropuit: KpacHad NoUjeHat mlocyyja, Mocya C YePHbIM BEPXOM, Herla3ypoBaHHad M0- cyfa MT. 0. 3a Ha¥anbHyw TouKy Turpu Bsa Mocyzy ¢ BOAHACTBIMH pydkamu. TlogoOuble ropuiku mponcxogMain u3-3a pyOexa; MBI MOXEM MpOCNeAMTb WX pasBUTHe V3 TIPHMMTHBHBIX OOpasloB, HalizeHHbIx B TlanecruHe, HO B Ervnte OHM NOABAIOTCA YKE NOMHOCTHIO CPopMupoBaH- HBIMM. BomHb! — 3To Gopo3nkH, BNpeccoBaHHble B MO- NOYKM-Py4KM MablaMM TOHYapa, C MX MOMOL{bIO ObLIO yuo6Hee MepxKaTb H MepeHOcHTh cocyA. Ha panHeit cragquM 9TH FOpuIKH Wapoobpa3sHH, C XO- POO BbIpaxKeHHBIMM py¥kaMM KM BOMHMCTOCTHIO. ITlosxKE OHH «XyZelOT>, PyUKH MemaloTcA MeHee 3aMeTHBIMH. Ha nocnegHett CTaqHH TOPUIOK C BOAHHCTBIMK py4kaMH Mpes- cTaBisdeT COOOM BLICOKH LWIMHEAP C MpOCTbIM BOHUCTBIM PHCyHKOM — OCTaTKOM MepBOHaYabHbIX Py¥eK B BepXx- Hei yacrn. Onpegenaa stu cragun, Murpu caenan ogHo Aonyute- Hve — YTO CO BPeMCHEM YepTbi MAHHOTO THMa KepaMHKH 216. MEPTU. APEBHUM ErMneT Tepepoxsaluch 3 (YHKUMOHAaIbHBIX B YMCTO NeKoOpaTuB- ple. Jonywenne Gbi10 no”KpenteHO u3MeHeHHeM co- ACpKMMOFO ropulKoB. Buayane OHM COmepxKaTH apoMaTH- YeCKHe MPUTHPaHNs, NPUKPBITbIe TOHKMM CNOeM FAMHBI. Tlotom npuTapaHua 3aMeHvina apoMaTu3MpoBaHHad ran- Ha. TlocnenHumu 6ouM ropurKu, comepxkaBuine npocry1o TBepAy!0 TMH. 3fecb NOHATHE BbIPOKHEHMA Gomee OUe- BHIHO, M 9TO MOXO XapakTepu3yeT NOAMHACTHYECKUX eruntan. Korgza POACTBEHHUAKH NOKOMHOrO cTranm Gosmee M30lIPeHHBIMH HM PpaCueTIMBbIMH, OHM PEMA, YTO, B TO BpeM# KaK OHM MOFIM CNOKOMHO McNomb30BaTb Aparo- WeHHbIe MpATHpaHuA CaMH, MX NoNe3sHOCTh AIA MepTBe- ua ObuIa BeECbMa COMHHTeNbHOM. BegHolit Tpyn, B cyul- HOCTH, He OOxKyMBanH. Ero HyxKMbI YROBETBOPANKCh C TIOMOWIbIO Maru — COOTBETCTBYIOUMe 3aKIMHaHHA MOr- 4M O6paTvTb TIMHy B NpuspayHbie npuTupanua. B Gonee MO3AHHE MepHOAbI STOT Mpollecc MarMyecKon TIOMMeCHBbI koctur Jornyeckoi KYJIBMHHaluMu: MepTBble cHa6xkauch ia OynyuleHt XW3HM MOeIAMM WIM Naxe KapTHHKaMHi Bele, KOTOpbIe MM MOLIM MOHAa_OONTECA. YcraHoBuB paHHHe M Mo3qHMe THM 9TOTO KNacca Ke- PaMHKH, KOTOpbI OH Ha3Ban W-xKnaccom, [Iutpu nony- 4H Hayao XpoHomorMyeckoro pga. Tenepb HeoOxoH- MO 6bUIO NIpuBssaTb K HeMy ApyrHe KepaMuyeckue KyIaccBI, HaiiMeHHbIe C TOPUIKAaMH C BOJHMCTAIMM py¥KaMu. B He- KOTOPBIX H3 MOFHJI, COepxKaBlIHX 9TH MOCHeAHHe, BCTpe- valach TaKKe KepaMuka, KOTOpyi0 [TuTpu o6o3HayHT 6yK- Bow L (or axraniicKoro /ate — no3qHue), NOCKONbKy e10 MpOOMxKa MOML3O0BaTLCA UB MCTOpHyecKHe BpeMeHa. STo nano eMy oOTMpaBHyo TOXKy, 460 O6pazubt Tuna L, KOTOpble BCTpedaHcb B MOrMsax ape I AMHAaCTHH, Mor- 4M Obit ZaTHpoBaHsI. B uenom Tutpu paGotan c nepa- TbiO KNaccaMM MOMCTOpHYecKolt KepaMuKu. Kpome Knac- cop Lv W, on BbizemHn KpacHyio rpynny c 4yepHBIM Bepxom B, KpacHylo JowleHy1 rpynny P, rpy6y1o Kepamu- ky R wu apyrve. He Bce MorMabl comepxanM BCe TeBATb KNaCCOB KepaMHKH, HO B Kaxnoi Oblul0 MHHMMyM Ba kaacca. Ecau Moruma uMesta He Gonee ofHoro Knacca, Oa 22 ABE 3EMAN 6puia Gecnore3Ha WIA CpaBHUTeNbHOrO MeToga u Tutpu He BKuIIOYWa ee B CBOM Kopmyc o6pa3uoB. Yepe3 KoppenalMio c nocyqow C BONHMCTHIMM pyy- kamu Tlutpw cmor paspa6orTaTb CTpyKTypbI pal0B 118 apyrux kmaccos KepaMuku. PasymeeTca, xpononoruuec- - KO€ Pa3BUTHE Pa3sIMYHbIX KIACCOB JONKHO GbLIO GpiTb Co- BMeCTHMBIM. JlonycTHM, Hanpumep, 4TO NoATHNb 9— 12 KepaMHKH C BONHMCTBIMH py¥KaMH MOCTOAHHO OOHa- pyXWBaloTCA BMecTe c No”THMamMH 1—3 KpacHoit nome- How KepaMukuH. Tora nogtTuns 4—6 KpacHolt nomeHoK KepaMHKH He MOFyT COBMelaTBCA C Gomee paHHHMH Mos- THMaMW KepaMHKH C BOJHHCTbIMH PpyikaMH — MOATHMAa- mu 1—9. Ecam oHM BCe xe COBMellalOTCA, Tora YTO-TO Hejla—HO C BHYTPCHHHMMMH MOLpa3sqesIeHHAMH 93TOFO Ksac- ca, HIM Apyroro, uM O60HX. DTO OYeHb yNpOUeHHEI npwMep nposepkn, KoTopyi0 [lutpu npuuioch nposec- TH Ha 9 pa3iMYHbIX KaccaxX KepaMHKH uM 700 packomaH- HBIX MorMsiax. JIoruuecKue MpoLecchI B Tako paboTe He oco6eHHo riy6oKH, HO OXBaT MaTepHayia HaCTONKO WIM- POK, 4TO FONOBa KPYXMTCA MPH OAHOM MbICIM O06 TOM. OnHako UMCHHO B pellieHHu TaKOrO poNa 3anay Tlurpu MIpeBOCXOMMA BCeX; KAK perucTpaTop GecuncmeHHbIX NeTa- Je OH He MMeu Cee paBHbIxX cpeau apxeonoros. OH Aan HOMepa BCeM MOTHMaM B CBOMX 9 KMaccax M Hanucas HO- Mepa Ha CBOMX MHJ€KCHPOBaHHBIX O1aHKaXx, NO OLHOMY OnaHky Ha Kaxkayio Morusy. BpipasHB CBOIO KepaMHKy Ma- TeMaTHYeCKHMH CHMBOJIaMH, Tlurpu MOP yXe TaCOBaTb He yepenkH, a GyMaxKHble KapTOUKM, H MBI MOxkeM MpescTa- BHTb ero ce6e CKMOHHBLIMMCA Hal OrpOMHbIM CTOJIOM, YCesHHBIM MiogZaMM CBOeM MHTeWeKTyaNIBHOK nobemb — CeMbiO COTHAMM MHJICKCHPOBaHHbIX KapTovex, wim Gera- 1OUHM BOKpyr CToua, YTOObI HaliTH HyXKHOe MECTO AIA TOK WM HHO KapTOUKH, M HacnaxkKlalOWMMCA Np Bue OCO- OeHHO COBMeCTHMOFO CO¥eTAaHHA KapTOYeK, Kak rypMaH Mp Bune O6eMeHHOTO cTONAa M3 CeMH (4M CemMucoT) SION. B KoHewHom uTore Tmtpu nonyyna pag rpynm Morn, B KOTOPbIX Ke€paMHKa opmuposaa COBMECTHMBIC HM J10- rMuHble CTpyKTypbi. Bo BpeMeHH Kaccbl KepaMHKU, ecTe- 236. MEPTU. APEBHUM ErMNeET ABE 3EMAN CTBeHHO, MepeKpbiBanu Apyr Apyra; oHa KaTeropus Mor- a MpeObiBaTb Ha MOCHeAHMX CTAaqMsX pa3sBUTMA, TorMa Kak Apyrad elle He BbICTYNWa Ha CUeHY, a CaMbIM ApeB- HHH K1aCc MOF NOMHOCTbIO MCue3HYTS, Mpexkse Ye caMbIit TO3qHHH NosBMca. OfHaKO B3aMMHOe MepekpsIBaHHe KNaCCOB COCTaBIAIO KOHTMHYYM, M HMEAe He BOSHMKaIO NYHKTA, B KOTOPOM CpaBHUTeNbHbIt MTOR, BKMOYAIONIMH, KaK MMHMMYM, Ba THA, HeAb3a ObwIO Obl MPHMEHHTD. TIutpu nocrpoun cpon pa3s6pocaHHble MorMsbl B pA; HO- Mepa, KOTOpbI€ OH NpHCBOu ux rpynmaM, 6BIIM Ha3Ba- HBI «faTaMM psa», HOO OHM He MMe CBA3M Cc rofaMu HO Hu. 3. Baio yctanosneno 50 Homepos, oT 30-ro zo 80-ro; THnm4HO ana [IuTpu, To OH OcTaBHN MecTO ANA OyAyWMX OTKPHITH, KOTOpBIe MOMMM MpemWecTBOBaTb m0 BpeMeHM €fO CaMBIM paHHHM MOrHaM. Tlurpu paspaGotan paMKH, B KOTOpBIe BHOBb OTKDBI- THI€ MOTHNAbl MOMIM ObITh NOMELeHI NyTeM nMpocroro cpaBHeHHA THNOB Kepamuku. Torna elle He cyulecTBo- Bano Cnocoba AaTHpoBaTh MOMCTOpHYecKHe OOBEKTH 10 aOcomIOTHOMY BOSpacTy, STOT cloco6 NosBMICA TONBKO ¢ paspa6oTKo panvoyrneponHoro Metona. OnHako pam- KM JaBalM CpaBHUTeNbHYO XPpOHONOTHIO, HM ee MOXKHO 6bi10 pas6uTb Ha Gonee wWHpOKMe Nozpa3zeneHusa. Hexo- TOpble TpyNMbl MOrM MW «MaTHPOBAHHEIX pALOB» dop- MMPOBaIH HEKOE LeN0e, MOCKONbKY MMeIH MexAy COOOL AOCTATOYHO O6uyero, YTOOEI MX MOXKHO GbIO Ha3BaTb OT- A€NbHBIMM KybTypamu. KysbTypbl pasimyanvch He TOMb- KO KepaMHKOH, HO H KaMeHHEIMH OpyAMAMH, OpyxKveM, ykpalleHuaMH, KocTamu u T. 1. B gomomHeHMe K MO- THaM Mbl MMe€M OCTATKH MOMCTOPHYeCKHX MoceneHu OObEKTHI, HaHMeHHEle 3/eCb, OOpa3yloT BHYTPeHHe B3aMMO- CBA3aHHbIe CKOMEHHA H MOFYT ObITb UpesBErualiHO Mome3- HbI B OllpezeneHHu KynbTyp. B Erunre scrpeyaetca MHO- X€CTBO TaKMX JOMCTOPHYeCKHX NoceneHM, HacTONbKO ApeBHUX, 4TO CTpouTenu nupamugz B Tse (4500 net Ha- 3a) 3a6bINM 06 MX CyIeCcTBOBaHMH. Orxppitve, ClleaHHoe B OHOM 3 TAKX MECT B 1925 Tis. BbIBeNO paGoty [Intpu u3 o6macTu yucToli Teopuv. Mucc 24 Teprpyaa Koron-Tomncox, pa6oraa B Xemumue, packora- sla CTpaTHqpuUMpoBaHHoe mocemenue, M TaM ObUIM HalineHbl OvcTOpHyueckue KybTypbI TIMTpH, M B TOM MOcNeLOBaTeNb- HOCTM, KOTOpylo OH MocTyMpoBan. Huxe camoli panHelt M3BeCTHOM eMy KyAbTypbI KoToH-Tommcon Hawa ene Go- wee paHHIO10, KOTOpOH GbIM MpHMMcaHbl AaTbl MCXOMA U3 MyCTbIX HOMEPOB, OCTABJICHHBIX BeJIMKMM MepBOOTKpbIBaTe- JIM KaK pa3 Jad TaKOrO cily4as. Baarogaps TpytaM MHOXKeCTBa TaKMX MpewaHHbIXx Aemy yueHBbIx, Kak IIutpu 4 KoToH-TommcoH, Mbl MMeeM Telepb OOmLyio KapTHHy AOAMHacTHYecKOH 2kM3HH B JIpesHem Erun- Te, HO KapTHHy O4¢Hb paspo3HeHHy!0 Hl HeTomHyI0. BosHuK- JO, OHAKO, OJHO OY€Hb HHTepecHoe OobuleHHe, COcTOA- Ulee B TOM, 4TO CYLECTBYIOT YETKO BbIPaxeHHble pastMynAa M@XKHY KYIbTYpaMH AByX laBHBIX reorpaduyecKux perHo- HoB coOcTseHHO Erunta — BepxHum Eruntom 1 HwxHuM Eruntom. Uro6bl ycBOuTb STy TepMHHONOFHIO, YHTATeIb OUKeH MpMBEIKHYTb K HeKOH anorMuHocTn: BepxHuii Ern- ner — 9To AomMHa Huna or Kanpa x tory, a HuxHuii Eru- net — 970 Jlenbta (Tak 9Ty YaCTb CTpaHbl Ha3BasIM TpeKy). AJOrMYHOCTE WJUIIOZOPHA; OHA BOZHUKAeT H3-3a TOTO, YTO Hun Teuer c tora Ha ceBep Ml pervioH, pacnonoxKeHHbIt O1n- Ke K HCTOKaM, ABIACTCA BEPXHUM OTHOCHTEIbHO TEYCHMA pexu. Mockonpky Jlenpta Ha COBPEMEHHBIX KapTax pacnoy0- >keHa HaBepxy HM peKa BUCHT BHH3, KaK XBOCT, OOMbILIMHCTBO JO2eH MCIbITbIBaIOT TpyHHOCTH B pazimucHHn BepxHero u Hvyxnero Erunta. A “x He ocyknato. ITpouimu rope, mpex- He 4eM A Nepectana AelaTb CO3HaTebHOe BHYTPeHHee yCu- awe, mpunomuuaa, roe Haxogutca Bepxunit Erunet. Ho 2 MOTY MM TOJbKO MOCOYyBCTBOBATh, M60 3TH Ha3BaHHA YacTo MCTOMb3yIOTCA APXeONOTAMH HM M3MCHUTb HX YX HEA. Bepxuui Eruner — 9To dantacruyeckan crpaHa B 500 Muh WIMHBI M MpwMepHoO BS Muab wMpHHE. Ilo o6oum Geperam Huma wget y3Kaa nomoca mogx0poszHoro uepHosema, OKaliMleHHad TecKaMM MW KPyTbIMHM ycTyma- MMH IIYCTbIHHOrO M1aTO, Yepe3 KOTOPOe peKa C He3anaMaArT- HBIX BPeMeH Mpopesaia v yriyGmsasa cBoe pycno. Tpann- ila Mexy 2KHBOH H MepTBOH seme mpowepyeHa pe3ko — 255. MEPTU. APEBHMM ETMNET MOXHO CTOATb OMHOM HOroli Ha Mecke, a Apyroit Ha 3ene- Heloujem Mone. J[pesHve erMntaHe mpeKpacHo cosHaBann pa3HHly Mexly KHO 3HaTb ropa3q0 Goubule 0 palione Tlenbtst, npexkte 4eM MbI CMOXKEM MOCTPOUTS CBASHYIO Te- OpHio, OTBeYalOUy!0 Ha BoMpoc, rme Hayanacs B Erunte AOUCTOpHyecKan KybTypa. [IpoGnema crana 6onee ocrpoit B CBA3M CO CTpOMTeNbCTBOM ACYaHCKOM MIOTHHBI. BBO TIOMHATO MHOYO LyMa MO NOBOAY cymbObl MaMATHUKoB Hy- 6M K IOry OT NAOTHHEL, HO CyuecTByeT OMacHad BO3MOX- HOCTb, YTO MOBBIWCHHe OGWerO ypOBHA BOAAHOTO 3epKa- Jia 3aTPOHET M MOHYMEHTHI K CeBepy OT IIOTHHBI MW MOET CO BPeMeHeM CHeNaTbh HeAOCTyNHOM WIA pacKonoK bonb- ulyio uacts Jlenstst. B HbiHeWHei CHTyalIMM HaM OCTaeTCH TONBKO JOHH- MaTb Apyr Apyra HeyOenuTenbHBIMH TeopuamMu. Mope — Benukuit 3enenbiii npocrop, Kak Ha3bIBaiM ero ernnTa- He, — MOXeT ObITh AOporo# K KOHTaKTaM M@XAY Ha- PoaMH, HO MOXeT ObITb M OapbepoM Mexzy HuMH. Ha OCTPOB BTOPrHYTbCA TPyNHO, MB HEKOTOPOM CMBICHe Bech Erunert 6bin OCTpoBHbIM O6ulecTBOM. Mope 3ammimano ero c ceBepa, HerocTenpMUMHbIe NYCTBIHH MpenATCTBOBa- JIM BTOpXKCHHAM C O6OMX GokoB. 3aBoeBaHne Cc tora OBI- 28 ABE 3EMAM JIO TAKKE MAOBCPOATHBIM H3-3a XapaKTepa PeKM BBILE Erunta. Or AcyaHa Kk ceBepy, BIIOTb 10 Cpequ3emHoro mops, Hum yao6eH 2A mnaBaHusa, HO Kak pa3 WwxKHEe AcyaHa 1e@KHT palioH Noporos, pyc10 NONHO cKas HM BO- HONALOB, LeMAOWMxX MPOXOA cyLOB TPyAHBIM HM OMaCHbIM. T\surascb M0 peke Jambule Ha 10T, Mbl BCTpeyaeM elle MATb Moporos, wecTow 6143 Xaptyma, “ HekoTOpble u3 HUX ele Gonee onacHbl, 4em NepBpii. W axe 9ToT nep- BbIH Mopor Ob B TeYeHHe MHOFHX NeT }OxXHOK rpaHMueh 7{pesnero Erunta. Bapbepsi 43 BOmbI HM MecKa OTNYTHBAM He TONBKO 3ax- BaTYMKOB. OHM NpenmaTCTBOBAIM, HaNpMMep, ToproBie MH TIPOHMKHOBEHMIO HOBBIX “Ze. OnHa u3 Teopuii, Kacalo- MXca 3apoxKAeHHA McTopHyeckoro Erunta (nOMHA 0 TOM, 4TO KybTypb! HonmHbt Huna kaxytca Gonee pasBuTbIMH, 4em kymbTypb JlensTbI), yTBepxkMaeT, TO pasBuTHe Erun- Ta HayaslOch MMeHHO B fonuHe Huna. Ecnu apesueern- TleTcKad UMBHAM3ALIHA K OGAZAHa YeM-HHOYAb BHEWIHUM CTMMyJ1aM, 9TH CTHMYIbI MOTI MepeHOcuTEcs Yepes Kpac- Hoe Mope, a alee — XOpOUIO H3BECTHEIM KapaBaHHBIM My- TeM, KOTOpEI/i BegeT OT Mops K paiony Mus. lo cux nop PacKONKU 3fecb He BbIABMIM KaKMX-1u60 Mu3H4eCKUX NOATBepxKACHMM TAKOTO KOHTAKTa. BTO MOXeET OObACHATS- ca cnyyaliHbIMH Heya4aMM pacKOrOK, HO MOXeT U YTO- TO 3HAYUTb; Beb HeTaTHBHOe CBUETeEMbCTBO — O601020- OcTpoe opyxkve, KOTOpoe B CiOpe BOSMOXHO MOBepHYTb mpoTus s1060i U3 CTOpOH. T[pesHeituiad U3 WOMMHACTHYeCKHX KyIbTYP Erunta 43- BeCTHa Tenepb Nog Ha3BaHHem atom A, 8 Hwknem Ernn- te (Ha cepepe, He 3a6ympTe). Ilo coppeMeHHbIM CTaHsap- TAM 9TO CypoBoe NepBOOBITHOe OGULeCTBO — HH MeTALIOB, HH, BOSMOXKHO, Hake OLOMALIHEHHBIX 2KMBOTHBIX. OHAKO OTM JOAN WarHyIM K HEONMTHYeCKOM Cran Ky/bTypbl; OHM BEIpallMBaiM ypoxali u yOupasM ero Cc NOMOUIbIO Cep- TIOB, CheNaHHbIX 3 AepeBa H OCTpbIX KpeMHeil, OHM AenH- JM M3 PAMHBI Mocyzy M HMeRM OpyxKHe (KOTOpoe camo TIO ce6e He O3Ha¥aeT HuYero, KPOMe MpHCyTCTBUA YeNOBe- Ka — Boyoiomero. xXUuBOTHOrO). Jipyrve Kyabtyppr HwxHe- 29&. MEPTU. APEBHMM ETMNET ro Erunta Ha3pipaiotca Mepumae 4 Maagu, onn Monoxe, yem Dato A, 0 4eM MbI MOXKEM CyHTb No Gonbuleit cox- HOCTH OCTATKOB, HO MX B3@MMOCBA3H He CAMLIKOM ACHBI. Ham 3Hanua o Bepxnem Erunte ornmuaiorca 6onb- Wei MOAHOTOM, XOTA BPA AM UX MOXHO Ha3BaTb yHOB- ACTBOPKTEIbHBIMH. BepoaTHO, CaMast PaHHAA M3 KyABTYp, HaMeHHbIX Ha Wore, — 39TO TacuiicKas; oHa Gonee pa3sBH- Ta, uem @aiom A Ha ceBepe, HO elle O¥eHb NPHMUTHBHa. 3a Hew caenyer Ganapniickas KynbTypa, OTKpbiTai KaToH- Tomncon Hwxe panos IMTpv; 970, BO3MOXKHO, MpaMaa HacwleqHMla TacviicKol KysbTypbl. Tocne SanapniicKoli MOABAACTCA AMpaTCKaad, a 3aTeM rep3elicKas. Bce 9TM KyNbTypbi Ha3BaHbl 10 Ha3BaHMAM MECT, rae OHM ObITM BrepBHe packonaHbl. OcBaleHHbIi BpeMeHeM 4 KpaitHe nyTaHbiit MeTOg, Kak 3HaeT, K CBOeMY COxKame- HHIO, KAKI, KTO 3HaKOM C OpuHbaKamn mM Jlepannya epponelickot npenbicropuu. Ilyrannua euje yBenmunBa- eTcs, KOTa apxeonloru HayMHaloT MeHATS HasBanua. Tur- PH Ha3Bal WBe CBOM KynbTypbl — Heraga I u Heraga Il, HO apxeOJIOrH Tenepb NpexnoyntaioT Apyrve HasBaHua — ampaTckas WM rep3eiickas. Tepseiickas — 3To nocnenHad MOMCTOpHYECKad KYNBTY- pa Meped Hayao npapnennsa I NMHAaCTHH; ECM BbI CTO- KHeTeCb C KyIbTypOH, Ha3BaHHO CeMeHUucKO, NOMHH- Te, 4TO Tellepb, KaK NpaBANO, CYMTAIOT, YTO STO NOZAHAA WIM CieWMaIM3MpoBaHHad *opMa rep3evicKoli KysbTypbI. BbiTb MoxeT, caMoe Mome3HOe 3aMeyaHve, KOTOpoe MOx- HO CilenaTb O KybTypax BepxHero Erunta, skyioyas rep- 3eHCKyIO, COCTONT B TOM, 4TO OHM CBA3aHbI Apyr c Apy- TOM HE TONbKO XPOHONOLFHYeCKH, HO H Kay3/bHO; KaxKTad M3 HUX MMeeT BEIM, OOuMe CO CHeRyoUei KyIbTypOH. Boo6ure, vem Onwxe k I AMHacTHM, Tem Gonee CNOXKHBIM CTaHOBHTCA ObulecTBO — Gomee LMBMJIM30BaHHEIM, TOBO- PA COBPEMEHHBIM ASbIKOM. OfHaKO NO TpaqMUMH 3apox- Qenve uMBunu3auMM B Erante oTHocaT K AcTOpu¥ecKoMy BpeMeHH, kK Ha¥any I quHacTHu. MbI OCTOpOXHO, Ha LBI- MO4Kax, O6OMJEM OCTPHIe Kpad 3TOM MpoOMeMbI, KOTOpaA OTYaCTH ABIAeTCA MpoOMeMO TepMuHOFOruM — y4eHBIe 30 ABE 3EMAN He TaK yX TOYHE! B ONpekenteHuM NOHATHH KyIbTypa M UM- BUNM3auNA. O6a cMOBa HHOFMa KCMONb3YWTCA KaK B38MMO- 3aMeHAeMBIe, HO He BC€ KYJIbTYPbI ABNAIOTCA WMBUIMSAlIM- saMM. COBO WMBUIM3aUUA MOXHO HCIONB30BaTb CNeLM- pwyecKN, Kak B BbIPaXKeHHAX «KaTb NYTAHHUbIL, OTpPaHHYMB CeOA MOCMEMHMM M3 ABYX 3Ha- yeHHii. MbI TOBOpHIM O MOMCTOpHY4eCKHX WM AOWMHACTH- 4YeCKHX KybTypax. Tepselickaa, aMpaTcKas M OCTaIbHbIC He €CTb UMBUIM3AIHM HM He eCTb WMBUAM3auMA. Ha KaKOM xe Tale KysbTypa MpHobpeTaeT yepTb, NosBoNAIOULME HaM CYHMTAaTbh ee uMBHIH3aunel? u 4TO, BOSMOXHO, elle BaxkHee — HauMHad C Kakoro aTama Ona MpHobpetaeT Ta- Kwe YepTbl? 2. TENEFA UNM FOPA Tlocne @eHOMeHabHOrO CKauKa OT KOYEBOH %KH3HK K OceqIOH MOUCTOPHYeECKHe KYJbTYPbI MOBONbHO Ge3ms- TeXHO Mpo3sGaM ellie HECKOMbKO ThICAY eT. 3aTeM Mpo- M300 HEYTO CTpaHHoe. Yuenble, 3aHaTbie HanGouee WHpoKuMH mpoOemamKH MCTOPHM, CKNOHHI K aHTponomMopdusmy pu cpaBHe- HMM KysIbTyp Mexay Cobol. YenoseyKos, mpezcTaBaio- UMX UMBMIM3aMM, MOX%KHO HapHCoBaTb NOHMMaIOuLHMH- CA MO JeCTHHUe WIM TOPHOMY CKNOHY, NpOABMraloWH- MUCH BCe BBILe Ha CBOeM NyTH — ky#a? KonesHyto uemb TpyaHo onpenenutb. Ho ecnv mpogomxkaTb aHaMOrHio, MbI MOXEM CKa3aTb, YTO UMBMJIM3AlMOHHbIA Mpowecc ropa3zqo Gonbule HanOMHHaeT KONeCHBI SKUMaxK, KOTOPHIt ABH- XKeTCA MO CKIOHY BHH3, CiepBa Me€VICHHO, 3aTe€M TAXCO HaOmpasd CKOpOCTs, MOKa He BbIKAaTUTCA Ha MOCKyIO paB- HMHY BHH3y. MHepuMa yHOCUT ero Ha HEKOTOpoe paccTo- save C TaKOH GombIOM CKOpOCThIO, YTO yckopeHMe Kak 315. MEPTU. APEBHUM ETMNET 6yaro coxpansetca. Ho nocteneHHo TaxKenbIit 9KHM@XK 3a- MeMJIACT XON M HaKOHeL OCTaHaBAMBaeTca. TaM OH H OC- TaeTCA, B COCTOAHMH MOKOA, NOKa HeKad HeEM3BeCTHas CH- Wa H€ HAYHHaeT MOMTANKMBATb eTO K APyTOMY CKNOHY. KoreuHo, MbI BipaBe cpaBHMBaTb UMBJIK3aIM0 C Te- wero He Oomee, YeM C YeMOBeYKOM, KapaOKalOWIMMCA B ropy. Ho avanoruu GpiBaloT 3aHATHBI, a 9Ta ZaeT HaM MBIC- JI@HHY! KapTMHKy, KOTOpad MOXeT OKa3aTbCA MomesHOli. M60 B TeyeHHe MO3qHero Nepuvoga, KOTOPHIM MbI Ha3bIBa- eM rep3eHiCKHM, YTO-TO Lao erumeTcKOM MOUcTOpMuecKOK KYyJbType MOWHbIH TomMOK. KapTuHa oOulecTBa, KOTOpyio MbI BHJMM, CHJIbHO OTAMYAeTCA OT GoMee PAHHAX KYyJIbTYp. JlionM Ha¥vHaloT XKUTb B MOMAX C OKHAMHM M ABepAMM Ht HOCHTb Of@KLY, COTKAHHYIO M3 XIOMIKa. KaMeHHble opy- AMA MOAI, Waxe Ha B3rIA_ HaGmOmaTenA, KOTOpoMy OHM CMepTeIbHO HaloenH, H Mesb BCe Yale Ucnomb3y- eTCA WIA M3FOTOBNeHHA Belle, KOTOpHe Lemanch v3 Kamus. Moruabi rayOxe 4 myuuie o6ycrpoeHbi, HHOrna 06- JMUOBAHbI AepeBAHHBIMM MWaHKaMM. Bopp6a 3a cyuyect- BOBaHHE CTaHOBHTCA MeHee U3HYPHTeAbHOM, M y mMogelt ocraetca Gombule BpeMeHM Ha HeMmpousBoncTBeEHHyto TeA- TeNbHOCTb; OHM MPpawT B MIpbI M PHCYWT KapTHHKM Ha CBOMX ropuiKax. Crapad KOpM4HeBad M KpacHad Kepa- MMKa COXpaHseTCs, HO MOsBIAeTCA Mocyna, chenaHHad u3 TMHBI HOBOrO TUNA MW yKpallieHHad MpHYyIMBEIMM u- TypKaMM M3 YepTOYeK, H300paxalOWMMH JOMel, KUBOT- HBIX, JOOKH. 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