Thermodynamic Cycles with Simulink

Gianluca Puliti For: Dr. Samuel Paolucci Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5637 March 19, 2006 Abstract

Thermodynamic cycles can be hard to understand for undergraduate students. A Simulink model is proposed to address this issue, and simplify their understanding of ideal and complex cycles. After the user provides the thermodynamic cycle requirements, the simulator will provide the coecient of performance and check for heat balance.

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1.1

Introduction
Reasons Behind the Simulink Model

The Simulink model that is here proposed has been designed for the analysis of absorption refrigeration cycles. They are the most commonly studied thermodynamic cycles, and the possibility to implement such cycles in future applications is relatively high. The simulator has been successfully tested for cycles involving water and ammonia as the absorber and the refrigerant, respectively, and it has been designed to deal also with lithium bromide and water cycles. These two cycles have been chosen among many because they represent the best examples today of two dierent cycle studies: one for which equations of state have been developed (ammonia and water), and one where only tabular data is available (water and lithium bromide). The equations and the tabular data behind these two refrigeration cycles are quite complex. In order to allow even undergraduate students to check the output of the simulator, a simple Brayton ideal refrigeration cycle has also been modeled in a similar fashion.

1.2

The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

Absorption refrigeration cycles are commonly used when an inexpensive thermal energy source at a temperature between 100 to 200o C is available. The performance of this kind of cycle drops of about 2.5% for each 6 degrees Celsius drop in source temperature. A careful economic study should therefore be made in case the available heat source is lower that 100 degrees Celsius [4]. In every absorption cycle there is a refrigerant being absorbed by a transport medium. The main mechanical components of an absorption refrigeration cycle are an absorber, a pump, a generator, a valve and a rectier, as shown in the schematic of Figure 1. Cool vapor moves from the evaporator, through a heat exchanger into the absorber, where the absorption activity lowers the pressure and facilitates the vapor ow from the evaporator. Since the amount of refrigerant that can be absorbed increases as the temperature of the solution decreases, cooling liquid absorbent is circulated through the refrigerant vapor so 1

Figure 1: Absorption Refrigeration System

that the system is kept at the lowest temperature possible. The vapor releases its latent heat and heat of dilution as it goes into the liquid solution, and the process continues until the liquid solution reaches the equilibrium saturation condition. The formation of this liquid solution is an exothermic process. The liquid solution that comes out of the absorber is now rich in refrigerant and, for this reason, it is said to be a strong liquor. This solution now goes through the pump that raises its pressure and delivers it to the heat exchanger, and nally into the generator. The generator is heated by a heat source (steam, hot water, direct ring, solar cell), and it keeps heating the solution while driving ammonia vapor out of the solution in an endothermic process. The weak liquor leaves the generator and goes through the heat exchanger. Here the solution cools down, and in turn it warms the strong liquor. It now throttles into the absorber, and it cools down even more, while picking up more refrigerant to become again a strong liquor. The hot refrigerant vapor from the generator still contains some small amounts of absorbent vapor, that is taken away by the rectier before going into the condenser. Now the solution is liquid refrigerant, and it drops in pressure after passing

through the heat exchanger. It nally enters the evaporator to complete the cycle [10].

1.3

Requirements, Performance, and Benets

For any given thermodynamic cycles, the Simulink model will nd the coecient of performance and it will check for heat balance. The performance of an absorption cycle mainly depends on the thermodynamic properties of the combination absorbent-refrigerant. Most of the times we lack of an accurate set of thermodynamic data of the working uid of the cycle, and an assessment of the performance of a certain cycle becomes inaccurate, if not impossible. In Chapter 2 of this paper two dierent ways of obtaining thermodynamic properties for {LiBr + H2 O} and {H2 O + N H3 } will be discussed. The study of the performance of an absorption refrigeration cycle is complex because the system is irreversible. Some of the irreversibility comes from (but is not limited to) ow friction, and ow resistance of the working uid. The COP is an indication of the performance of the system, and for an absorption refrigeration cycle it is dened as the ratio of the useful cooling output (in the evaporator) over the energy input (to the generator) and pump work. Therefore, COP = qe qg + Wpump (1)

However, one of the major benets of the absorption refrigeration cycle over the most commonly used vapor-compression cycle is that the compression of a liquid requires less work than the compression of a vapor. The pump work in the absorption refrigeration cycle can therefore be neglected without a major loss of accuracy. Thus, COP = Assuming reversible conditions, (2) becomes COPrev = qe = qg 1 Tenvironment Tsource Tcold Tenvironment Tcold (3) qe qg (2)

Therefore, when the heat source is 120 degrees Celsius, the desired cooling temperature of the refrigerated space is -10 degrees Celsius, and the environment is at 25 degrees Celsius, as 3

in [4], the COP for the reversible cycle comes out to be 1.8. However, the COP of an actual absorption refrigeration cycle with either {LiBr + H2 O} or {H2 O + N H3 } is usually below 0.7. This shows that the irreversibility of the system cannot be neglected, and that a more accurate thermodynamic analysis is needed, as shown in details in the next chapter.

Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Solutions

Binary solutions in real life can be hard to model theoretically, and most of the useful data we have today to assess their performance in thermodynamic cycles come from experimental results. The Simulink model is able to deal with two kinds of inputs: tabular data, like in the case of water and ammonia, and equations of state derived from experimental results, as in the case of lithium bromide and water. This section will briey give an overview on how these two dierent sets of inputs can be obtained.

2.1

Tabular Data for {H2 O + N H3 }

In the mid 1930s Burgess H. Jennings and Francis P. Shannon became interested in the study of water-ammonia solutions, and they nally completed a enormous table of thermodynamic data in 1938 [10] mostly based on Wucherers experimental results [15]. This table was made on purpose extremely large to avoid excessive interpolation, and it could not be entirely published in the paper Refrigerating Engineering for its dimensions. In his newer paper, Jennings [10] modied the size of his table to make it more suitable for use by engineers and scientists, and some accuracy errors were xed. In particular temperature, pressure, and concentration values were checked for accuracy. Specic-volume data for the liquid phase at dierent weight concentrations was added to the original table, and enthalpy data of the liquid phase was extrapolated up to 2,800 kPa, from the original upper limit of 2,067 kPa. Also the enthalpy data of saturated vapor, strictly related to the molality of the solution, comes from Wucherers experimental results [15]. Wucherers results have been checked for accuracy by the more recent work of Macriss et al. [11], and they all agree with Wucherer

at least until an ammonia concentration of 95%. Furthermore, in calculating the enthalpy of the vapor, it was assumed that there was no heat of dilution with a vapor mixture [10], even though there must be when ammonia with steam is boiled o the liquid mixture. The ordinates of Jennings water-ammonia table [10] are pressures in kPa. In the abscissa there are the mass concentrations (xf ) of ammonia in the liquid water-ammonia solution. This goes from 0% (or pure water) up to 100% (or pure ammonia). For each pressure reading there are the saturation temperature in degrees Celsius for each concentration, the enthalpy (in kJ/kg) of the liquid-phase mixture (hf ), the enthalpy of the vapor (hv ) in saturation equilibrium with the liquid, and nally the mass concentration of the vapor (xv ) in saturation equilibrium with the liquid phase. Jennings [10] uses an enthalpy datum at 0 degrees Celsius, that, even though agrees with most of the steam tables, disagrees with ammonia tables, where the enthalpy is assumed to be zero at -40 degrees Celsius. Jennings [10] continues his paper with an example on how to use this table. The key is to apply basic thermodynamic equations involving temperature, enthalpy, pressure, specic heat, and mass at each mechanical component of the absorption cycle discussed in Chapter 1. Once the heat exchange for each component has been determined by using the tables and some basic algebra, the COP of the water-ammonia cycle can be found by applying (2). The energy entering (evaporator, generator) and leaving the system (condenser, rectier, absorber) should also closely match. Most of the studies that have been done in the past focused on obtaining data for the water-ammonia solution to be used in engineering applications. Nevertheless, other authors in the literature, such as Tillner-Roth and Friend [14], successfully modeled the best data available today by using the Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation. A discussion on the tabular data for water-ammonia solution was preferred by the author over the free energy formulation because not enough data is available in the literature to verify the reliability of calculated thermodynamic properties in particular in the single-phase regions [14]. In the next section a method to obtain a free energy formulation will be discussed for {LiBr + H2 O}. For this

solution the data available in the literature does not cover a wide range of situations, and an equation modeled on the available data is extremely helpful in determining thermodynamic properties even when there is a lack of experimental data.

2.2

Gibbs Free Energy Formulation for {LiBr + H2 O}

Despite of an easily available table for a wide spectrum of temperature, pressure and compositions, as Jennings table [10] for water-ammonia solutions, the data available for LiBr-water solutions is not as broad and accurate. Between 1985 and 1987 Herold [8] and Herold and Moran [9] presented a Gibbs free energy formulation for LiBr + H2 O that is accurate over a wider range of temperatures, pressures, and compositions than other data compilations. The method they used is called free energy surface method because it involves the generation of a Gibbs free energy surface as a function of three independent thermodynamic variables (temperature, pressure, and composition) as a prerequisite to property calculations [9]. While for a pure substance two variables (temperature and pressure) are enough to dene the Gibbs free energy surface, for a binary solution, such as LiBr + H2 O, a third variable is needed (composition). This means that the surface is three-dimensional, but in a four-dimensional variable space, and a graphic representation of the surface is dicult to visualize. Nevertheless, the free energy surface method follows the same steps for both, pure substances and binary solutions. Instead of the Gibbs free energy formulation, the Helmholtz free energy expression could have been found, as Tillner-Roth and Friend [14] did for water-ammonia solutions. However, the three independent variables involved in this formulation are density, temperature, and composition, with density data quite hard to obtain experimentally [8]. Herold started by using the laws of thermodynamics to dene a general Gibbs free energy formulation for a binary solution in terms of the chemical potential (or partial molal Gibbs free energy of each component), composition (n), temperature (T ), entropy (S), pressure (p), and volume (V ). Thus, dG = V dp SdT + G n1 dn1 +
T,p,nj=2

G n2

dn2
T,p,nj=1

(4)

The chemical potential of component i is hence dened as i = G ni (5)

T,p,nj=i

where G is the Gibbs free energy and ni is the number of moles of the ith component. In order to simplify some of the future calculations, the fugacity (fi ) will be now dened. Thus, d(ln fi )T = 1 d(i )T RT (6)

Fugacity has the same unit as pressure, and it is limited by the following expression, lim fi =1 pi (7)

p0

where pi is the pressure of component i, found by multiplying the mole fraction of component i by the system pressure. It is usually better to work with relative fugacity or activity (ai ) dened as ai = fi fio (8)

where the term with the superscript o refers to some specied standard state. Thus, the chemical potential can now be written as follow: i = o + RT ln ai i (9)

From (4) with T and p held constant, the Gibbs-Duhem equation for a binary solution can be derived simply by integration and dierentiation of the Gibbs free energy, n1 d1 + n2 d2 = 0 (10)

Equation (10) is a powerful relation, and it applies to any partial molal property. At this point the nature of the binary solution interested becomes crucial. Lithium-Bromide is a salt, and hence LiBr + H2 O must be treated as an electrolyte solution, while the water-ammonia solution of the previous chapter was a non-electrolyte binary solution. In particular, LiBr is a strong electrolyte, and dissociates almost completely in an aqueous solution. From this point on, all the quantities with the subscript 1 refers to H2 O, while the subscript 2 refers 7

to the electrolyte LiBr. The standard state also needs to be dened before continuing with the free energy surface method. The limiting relation for the electrolyte is
o f2 = lim

f2 m0 m2

(11)

where m is the molality of the solute dened as moles of electrolyte per kilogram of water. Once the electrolyte dissociates, also the activities of the ions must be considered. The mean activity of the ions (a ) is hence dened as, a = (a2 )1/2 Thus, the chemical potential of LiBr from (9) with (12) can be written as, 2 = o + 2RT ln a 2 The chemical potential of water can also be found at this point. Thus, 1 = o + 1 2RT m nm (14) (13) (12)

where nm is the number of moles of solvent per kilogram of solvent. Therefore, the Gibbs free energy per kilogram of solvent can now be written as, Gnm Gex (T, p, m) = nm o + mo 2RT m + 2RT m ln m + 1 2 n1 n1 /nm (15)

where the last term represents the excess Gibbs free energy, the non-ideal part of the equation. This excess energy term can be approximated by the expression: Gex = 2mRT [1 p + ln ] n1 /nm (16)

where p is the osmotic coecient, a measure of the activity of water, and is the mean activity coecient for the electrolyte. The osmotic coecient for LiBr/Water is dened as: p = ln a1 2mM1 (17)

where M1 is the molecular weight of water. Debye-Huckel [5] studied and modeled the thermodynamic behavior of electrolytes, and their theory agrees with (16). The DebyeHuckel theory in particular deals with the dissociation of the electrolyte into ions, such as LiBr when it dissolves in water. The two major assumptions of the theory are: the dissociation is complete (all ions are free to move individually in the solution), and all ions have the same size and are suspended in a dielectric medium exhibiting the dielectric constant of a pure solvent. In 1923, by using these assumptions, Debye and Huckel [5] calculated the contribution to the Gibbs free energy from electrostatic forces, but their theory was valid only for concentration of electrolytes below 0.1 mole/kg. Pitzer [12], in 1973, modied the Debye-Huckel theory by adding some more higher order empirical terms which extended the applicability of the expression to concentrations up to 0.5 mol/kg. Thus, the Debye-Huckel theory [5] after Pitzers modication [12] for LiBr becomes: ln = fP DH (m) + fCD (m)m + Em2 with fP DH (m) = ln = ADH with the Debye-Huckel constant dened as ADH = and fCD (m) = 2C + 2D 2 m 1 1 + m1/2 2 m 2 em
1/2

(18)

2 m1/2 + ln 1 + Bm1/2 1/2 1 + Bm B

(19)

(eo )3 (2Na mo )1/2 (4Eo k E T )3/2

(20)

(21)

where B, and are constants, the density of water, Na Avogadros number, eo the fundamental electric charge, Eo the permittivity of free space, k Boltzmann constant, Eo the dielectric constant of water, mo the conventional molality of the standard state of LiBr, and m is the dimensionless molality dened as the ratio of the conventional molality (m ) over mo . C,D, and E are undetermined coecients, functions of pressure and temperature created after a least square formulation method applied to all the available data on LiBr + 9

H2 O solutions. Three dierent least square computations were performed, and the one that tted the data the best was developed in details by Fortier and Desnoyers [6]: C(, ) = C1 2 3 + C2 + C3 + C4 2 + C5 + C6 + C7 2 + C8 + C9 + C10 (22)

where and are the dimensionless temperature and pressure, respectively. They are dened as the ratio of the specic temperature (or pressure) over the temperature (or pressure) at the standard reference state chosen. The various Cs coecient in (22) are found by the least square method used to t the experimental data available in the literature. The expressions for D and E have the same form as (22). After replacing the excess free energy formulation (16) together with (18)-(22) into (15) and simplifying, it is possible to obtain the nal form of the dimensionless Gibbs free energy formulation for LiBr + H2 O: G(, , m) X1 o (, ) X2 o (, ) 1 2 = + 2X2 + 2X2 ln m+ nRTs RTs RTs + 4X2 A(, ) 4X2 D(, ) 1/2 ln 1 + Bm1/2 + 1 1 + m1/2 em + 2 B (23)

2X2 E(, ) 2 + m + 2X2 C(, )m 3 From the Gibbs free energy formulation it is now possible to obtain any thermodynamic property simply by dierentiation. In fact, the specic volume, the enthalpy, the entropy, and the specic heat can be found, respectively: v= g p (24)
T

h=gT s= cp = T

g T g T 2g T 2

(25)
p

(26)
p

(27)
p

where g is the dimensionless Gibbs free energy as dened in (23).

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2.3

Simulink Model for an Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

Herold [8] showed how all the thermodynamic properties of a binary solution such as LiBr + H2 O can be found mathematically from an expression that can be easily integrated into absorption cycle computer models [9]. Previously, the thermodynamic properties of the solution H2 O + N H3 were found by interpolation/extrapolation of huge data tables, as shown by Jennings [10]. This tabular method, besides giving less accurate results, is also more complicated to integrate in a computer model. Nevertheless, both methods (the tabular format and the Gibbs free energy formulation) have something in common: both gives enthalpy and specic heat data, main information needed to nd the COP of any absorption thermodynamic cycle, as discussed with a step-by-step approach in [10]. Jennings method

Figure 2: Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Simulink Model

was used by the author to build a Simulink model to simulate an absorption refrigeration cycle. This simulator nds the COP and checks for heat balance in and out of the system after a complete set of input data is given. The input data includes specic heat of the solution, enthalpy, and desired temperature/pressure at each mechanical part of the cycle, and mass of both refrigerant and absorbent. This data is easy to obtain since most of it is a design constrain, except for enthalpy and specic heat data that can now be calculated either by 11

dierentiation of the Gibbs free energy [8] for LiBr-water or by interpolation/extrapolation of the tabular data given by Jennings [10] for water-ammonia solutions. The main components of the Simulink model are illustrated in Figure 2, and a detailed view of each system and subsystem of the simulator together with the Matlab code used to nd the thermodynamic properties by integration of the Gibbs free energy formulation can be found in the Appendix. The input data block for the water-ammonia has been checked for accuracy, but the LiBr-water block needed more data to be tested. It will be checked and eventually xed in the near future, when the next version of the Simulink model will be designed.

Discussion and Conclusion

An absorption thermodynamic cycle has been modeled using Simulink together with Jenningss example [10]. The simulator nds the COP and checks for heat balance for a given set of input data applied to a standard absorption cycle as discussed in Chapter 1. The input data can either be given in tabular format [10], or with an equation of state, such as the Helmholtz [14] or the Gibbs free energy [8]. In both cases, enthalpy, pressure, temperature, concentration, and specic heat data must be supplied (or calculated) for an accurate Simulink simulation. However, the model built by the author does not account for pressure or heat loss through the cycle, very likely to happen in a non ideal absorption cycle. The most common absorption refrigeration cycles today involve a working uid made of either {H2 O + N H3 } or {LiBr + H2 O}. For water-ammonia solutions the literature is rich of tabular data information [10], while for Lithium Bromide-water Herold [8] derived a Gibbs free energy formulation, from which all the thermodynamic properties similar to the ones available in Jennings tables [10] can be derived by dierentiation and simple algebra. With progress in the scientic research, new possible working uids for an absorption cycle have been found. Ionic liquids, a special kind of salts with a melting point below the boiling temperature of water, have been reconsidered lately as a possible absorbent to be 12

used in an absorption cycle with carbon dioxide as the refrigerant. ILs are characterized by an almost absent vapor pressure, and this would make them very safe to work with, since they do not release any toxic vapor, and they have also the special feature of absorbing gases (such as CO2 ) without phase contamination. More solubility information is needed for CO2 + Ionic Liquids, before reaching any conclusion, but this working uid could be a terric breakthrough in the history of absorption refrigeration cycles because of its unique features, easy availability, safety, and its respect for the environment. Once enough data becomes available for the solution (vapor pressure, isobaric specic heat, density, and mean activity coecient), an equation of state could be derived with a least square method formulation to t the data, and all the thermodynamic properties could be easily found. The data could then be plugged into the Simulink model built by the author to check for the feasibility of such an absorption cycle. The mechanical components of the cycle could also be modied to increase the performance, and decrease the cost. For instance, the rectier could be avoided (as it is usually done for LiBr + H2 O) since the carbon dioxide can be extracted from the IL with no phase contamination. Similarly, the pump could also be completely erased from the cycle, because the gaseous nature of carbon dioxide could facilitate the mass and heat transfer through the cycle. Most of the good properties of a refrigerant/absorbent cycle (high mutual solubility, low viscosity, low absorbent volatility, and high refrigerant volatility) applies to CO2 + Ionic Liquids, but more experimental data on its solubility is still needed for any further analysis.

13

References
[1] Anthony, J. L., Maginn, E. J., Brennecke, J. F. Solubilities and Thermodynamic Properties of Gases in the Ionic Liquid 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexauorophosphate. J. Phys. Chem. 106: 7315-7320, 2002. [2] Blanchard, L. A., Hancu, D., Beckman, E. J., Brennecke, J. F. Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2 . Nature. 399: 28-29, 1999. [3] Brenneke, J. F., Maginn, E. J. Ionic Liquids: Innovative Fluids for Chemical Processing. AIChE Journal. 47(11): 2384-2389, 2001. [4] Cengel, Y., Boles, A. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 2002. [5] Debye, P., Huckel, E. Zur Theorie der Elektrolyte. I. Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und verwandte Erschein-ungen. Physik. Z. 24: 185-208, 1923. [6] Fortier, J. L., Desnoyers, J. E. Thermodynamic Properties of Alkali Halides. 5. Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Excess Free Energy in Water. J. Sol. Chem. 5(4): 297-308, 1976. [7] Fredlake, C. P., Crosthwaite, J. M., Hert, D. G., Aki, S. N. V. K., Brennecke J. F. Thermophysical Properties of Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids. Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. University of Notre Dame. [8] Herold, K. E. Thermodynamic Properties of LiBr + H2 O with Application to an Absorption Temperature Boosting Heat Pump. Doctoral Diss., The Ohio State University, 1985. [9] Herold, K. E., Moran, M. J. Thermodynamic Properties of Lithium Bromide/Water Solutions. ASHRAE Transactions. 93(1): 35-46, 1987.

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[10] Jennings, B. H. The thermodynamic properties of ammonia-water mixtures: a reassessment in tabular format. ASHRAE Transactions. 87(2): 419-432, 1982. [11] Macriss, R. A., Eakin, B. E. Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia-water Solutions and Pressures Extended to Higher Temperatures, ASHRAE Transactions. 70: 319-327, 1964. [12] Pitzer, K. S. Thermodynamics of Electrolytes. I. Theoretical Basis and General Equations. J. Phis. Chem. 77(2): 268-277, 1973. [13] Pusey, M. Green chemistry oers new potential for migrogravity processes. Marshall Star, NASA. April 1, 2004. [14] Tillner-Roth, R., Friend, G. A Helmholtz Free Energy Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture Water + Ammonia. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 27(1): 63-77, 1998. [15] Wucherer, J., Messung von Druk. Temperature und Zusammensetzung der ssigen u und damprmigen Phase von Ammoniak-Wassergemischen im Sttigungszustand. Zeit o a Gesamte Klte-Ind. 39, 97-104; 136-140, 1932. a

15

Appendix Simulink Model

16

COP Calculator and Heat Balance Check for a Generic Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
By Gianluca Puliti - For Dr. Samuel Paolucci - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering - University of Notre Dame - August 5, 2005

Legend of Symbols and Colors

Orange Background - Pressure Values Light Blue Background - Enthalpy/Heat-per-kg Values Light Yellow Background - Mass Concentration Values Green Background - Temperature Values Magenta Background - Mass Values Red Background - Heat Values Bright Blue Background - Coefficient of Performance (COP) Pink Background - Dimensionless Values Red Foreground - Least Square Formulation Results

Dark Green Foreground - Guessed Input Values

Blue Foreground - Known Input Values

INSTRUCTIONS To replace the input block with any other block "cut and paste" somewhere else in the workplace the previous one, and "drag and drop" the new block in the correct position, making sure that all the connections matches. Press the Play icon above to run the simulator.

Water + LiBr Input

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

Ammonia + Water Input

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Ammonia Heat Exchanger -

Thermodynamic Cycle

Performance

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

Fcn16 u[1]/u[2]
Useful Cooling per kg of Refrigerant (qe) [kJ/kg]

Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Ammonia Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

0.6018 COP

Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

Temperature Liquid from Condenser [C]

Temperature Water from Condenser [C] Temperature Liquid Ammonia from Condenser [C] Temperature Liquid from Condenser [C]

Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C] Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C] Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

Limiting Temperature Difference [C] Limiting Temperature Difference [C] Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

Heat Exchanged per kg of Refrigerant Leaving the Evaporator (qg)

Heat Balance
Entering Energy Streams

Mass of the Vapor [kg]

Mass of the Vapor [kg] Mass of the Vapor [kg] Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Gen

Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg] Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg] Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Abs

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Gene Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Gen Mass of the Vapor [kg]

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Abso Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Abs Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

Heat Exchange per kilogram of Refrigerant (qc) [kJ/kg]

Fcn14 u[1]+u[2] 2905.64375 Entering [kJ/kg]

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf)

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf) Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf)

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf)

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) (qa) [kJ/kg]

Leaving Energy Streams

Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg]

Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg] Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg] Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg]

Assertion

Water + LiBr

Ammonia + Water Thermodynamic Cycle

Fcn15 u[1]+u[2]+u[3] 2905.64375 Leaving [kJ/kg]

Input Thermodynamics Proeprties Computator for {NH3 + Water} Absorption Cycle

Based on Tabular Data and Methodology of Jennings' Article, Source: ASHRAE By Gianluca Puliti - For Dr. Samuel Paolucci - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering - University of Notre Dame - July 8, 2005

Legend of Symbols and Colors

Orange Background - Pressure Values Light Blue Background - Enthalpy/Heat-per-kg Values Light Yellow Background - Mass Concentration Values Green Background - Temperature Values Magenta Background - Mass Values Red Background - Heat Values Bright Blue Background - Coefficient of Performance (COP) Pink Background - Dimensionless Values Red Foreground - Least Square Formulation Results

Dark Green Foreground - Guessed Input Values

Blue Foreground - Known Input Values

85 Mass Concentration of Liquid Liquor that Drains out of Condenser (GUESS) 1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Ammonia Heat Exchanger 237.4 2000 Pressure Condenser - Generator (Pcg) [kPa] Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] Pressure Evaporator - Absorber (Pcg) [kPa] 480 13.9 Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]1 160.3 Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]5 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]5 3 1319.5 1265.5 100 Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture (xf)1 49.3 Find Saturation Temperature [C] Saturation Temperature [C] Find Saturation Temperature [C]1 Saturation Temperature [C]1 Find Saturation Temperature [C]5 Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]1 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]1 2.9 Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]5 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

1292.6 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]

100 Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture (xf)

Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]

56.3 Temperature Vapor from Rectifier to Condenser [C] (CONSTRAINT) 99.86 Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor5 Mass Concentration of the Vapor5

100 100 Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor Mass Concentration of the Vapor Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor1 Mass Concentration of the Vapor1

49.3 Temperature Liquid Ammonia from Condenser [C]

4 Temperature Liquid Ammonia from Condenser [C]

4 Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

6 Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Ammonia Heat Exchanger -

2.9 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

5 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

1 Mass of the Vapor [kg]

7 Mass of the Vapor [kg]

200 Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg]

14 Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg]

1.5 Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

8 Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

10 9 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber

343 Pressure Condenser - Generator (Pcg) [kPa] (GUESS - subcooled state is independent of Pressure)

11

Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

42 334 Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) (GUESS) Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]2 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]2 Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]3 -27.1 9.775 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]3 1402.2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]3 Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]4 50.8 Find Saturation Temperature [C]3 Temperature at which Strong Liquor Leaves Absorber [C] (CONSTRAINT) 98.62 Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor3 Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) Mass Concentration of the Vapor3 Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor4 54.8 Find Saturation Temperature [C]4 Temperature at which Weak Liquor Leaves Exchanger [C] (CONSTRAINT) 97.18 Mass Concentration of the Vapor4 Find Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]4 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg]4

1631.2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]2 Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]3

1434.475 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]4

34 Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf) (GUESS)

Find Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg]2

122.9 Find Saturation Temperature [C]2 Temperature at which Weak Liquor Leaves Generator [C] (CONSTRAINT) 91.12 Find the Mass Concentration of the Vapor2 13 Mass Concentration of the Vapor2 12

Mass Concentration of Ammonia Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf)

Thermodynamic Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

By Gianluca Puliti - For Dr. Samuel Paolucci - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering - University of Notre Dame - July 27, 2005

Legend of Symbols and Colors

Orange Background - Pressure Values Light Blue Background - Enthalpy/Heat-per-kg Values Light Yellow Background - Mass Concentration Values Green Background - Temperature Values Magenta Background - Mass Values Red Background - Heat Values Bright Blue Background - Coefficient of Performance (COP) Pink Background - Dimensionless Values Red Foreground - Least Square Formulation Results

Dark Green Foreground - Guessed Input Values

Blue Foreground - Known Input Values

Heat Exchanger

Condenser
1 Useful Cooling per kg of Refrigerant (qe) [kJ/kg]

Absorber

1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 3 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

3 Heat Exchange per kilogram of Refrigerant (qc) [kJ/kg]

4 (qa) [kJ/kg]

4 Temperature Liquid from Condenser [C] Condenser 5 Limiting Temperature Difference [C] 6 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C] 7 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator Heat Exchanger

Absorber

8 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber 9 Mass of the Vapor [kg]

10 Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

11 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

Generator - Rectifier Evaporator - Liquid Heat Exchanger

12

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf)

13

Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf)

2 Heat Exchanged per kg of Refrigerant Leaving the Evaporator (qg) [kJ/kg]

Evaporator - Liquid Heat Exchanger

Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg]

14

Generator - Rectifier

Absorber
Entering Energy Streams

1 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 2 Heat Absorbed by Heating 1 kg of Vapor [kJ/kg]

1329 Enthalpy of 1 kg of Vaport Leaving Heat Exchanger [kJ/kg]

70.87 3 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger Fcn11 u[1]*u[2] Weak Liquor Entering [kJ/kg] Fcn13 f(u)

1624 Combining (qa) [kJ/kg]

4 Weak Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg)

1 (qa) [kJ/kg] Leaving Energy Streams

5 Strong Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg)

Fcn12 u[1]*u[2] -223.6

6 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber

Strong Liquor Leaving [kJ/kg]

Condenser

1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger Fcn6 u[2]-u[1] 2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

1 Heat Exchange per kilogram of Refrigerant (qc) [kJ/kg]

1082 Heat Exchange per kilogram of Refrigerant (qc) [kJ/kg]

Evaporator - Liquid Heat Exchanger

3 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

Liquid Circulation
Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf) Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

4 2

Fcn1

u[1]/100

Fcn

u[1]/100

Liquid Heat Exchanger

Fcn2 (1-u[1])/(u[2]-u[1])

1 Weak Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg) Fcn4 u[1]*(u[2]-u[3])

5 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber Fcn5 u[1]+(u[2]/u[3])

3 New Enthalpy of the heated Liquid Mixture [kJ/kg]

257.8 New Enthalpy of the heated Liquid Mixture [kJ/kg]

Fcn3 u[1]-1 Heat Transferred during Cooling [kJ] 7.25 Corresponding Weak Liquid (kg) 2 Strong Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg) 2351

Strong Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg)

8.25

Generator - Rectifier

1 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] 2 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator Fcn9 u[1]+u[2] Fcn7 u[1]*u[2] 3 Weak Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg) 1614 Difference [kJ]

4 Strong Refrigerant Liquid Circulated per kg of Refrigerant Evaporated (kg) 5 New Enthalpy of the heated Liquid Mixture [kJ/kg]

2422 Weak Liquid Leaving [kJ] Fcn10 u[1]-u[2]

Heat Exchanged per kg of Refrigerant Leaving the Evaporator (qg) [kJ/kg] 1

2127 Strong Liquid Entering [kJ] 1814 Heat Exchanged per kg of Refrigerant Leaving the Evaporator (qg) [kJ/kg] Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg] 6

Fcn8 u[1]*u[2]

Heat Exchanger

1 Useful Cooling per kg of Refrigerant (qe) [kJ/kg]

Refrigerating Effect

1091.7 1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 2 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 3 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] 3 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger 5 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg] Useful Cooling per kg of Refrigerant (qe) [kJ/kg]

4 Temperature Liquid from Condenser [C] 5 Limiting Temperature Difference [C] 6 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

45.3 Temperature Vapor After Heat Exchanger [C]

173.8 Enthalpy Liquid Entering Expansion Valve [kJ/kg]

4 Heat Absorbed by Heating 1 kg of Vapor [kJ/kg]

9 Mass of the Vapor [kg]

63.6 10 Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg] Heat Absorbed by Heating 1 kg of Vapor [kJ/kg]

Product

11 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

6 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

7 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

7 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

8 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber

8 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber

Input Thermodynamics Properties Computator for {LiBr + Water} Absorption Cycle

Based on functional forms discussed in details by Fortier and Desnoyers ~ Thermodynamic Properties of Alkali Halides. 5. Temperature and Pressure Dependance of Excess Free Energy in Water - J. Sol. Chem. 5(4): 297-308, 1976 ~ Some of the standard reference data and all the least square method results are based on the paper "Thermodynamic Properties of Lithium Bromide/Water Solutions" by K.E. Herold and M.J. Morgan - ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 93, Part 1, 1987 By Gianluca Puliti - For Dr. Samuel Paolucci - Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering - University of Notre Dame - July 27, 2005

Legend of Symbols and Colors

Orange Background - Pressure Values Light Blue Background - Enthalpy/Heat-per-kg Values Green Background - Temperature Values Magenta Background - Mass Values Red Background - Heat Values Blue Foreground - Known Input Values Bright Blue Background - Coefficient of Performance (COP) Pink Background - Dimensionless Values Red Foreground - Least Square Formulation Results Gray Foreground - Constants

Light Yellow Background - Mass Concentration and Molality Values Dark Green Foreground - Guessed Input Values

! WARNING ! This model has NOT been tested for accuracy because of not sufficient data available at the moment. The main equations and their derivatives have been checked twice.

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT) f(u) -CArbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)
K1 K2 K3

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT)1 f(u) -CArbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)1
K1 K2 K3

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s)

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT)4 f(u) -C-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)1 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)1 Arbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)4
K1 K2 K3

-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB) 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s) 1

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]

K4

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s) 4

K's
L1 L2 L3

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]1

K4

-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)4 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)4

K's1
L1 L2 L3

L's f(u) Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 100 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K] f(u) d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB) f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB) 0.5 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1) 0.5 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2) 2 Constant (alpha) f(u) Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s) -180.3

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]4

K4

K's4
L1 L2

L's1 f(u) Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 1 100 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K]1 f(u) 100 d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)1 f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)1 0.5 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1)1 0.5 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2)1 2 Constant (alpha)1 f(u) Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s)1 -180.3 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) 1 1 Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)4 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K]4

L3

L's4 f(u) Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 4 f(u) d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)4 f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)4 0.5 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1)4 0.5 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2)4 2 Constant (alpha)4 f(u) Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s)4 -180.3 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) 4

1 Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)

1 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)1

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)1

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)4

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

1.2 Constant (B)

C1 C2

1.2 Constant (B)1

C1 C2 C3 C4

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi) Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s) f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB) f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

C3

f(u) Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

1 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

1.2 Constant (B)4

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi)1 Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s)1 f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB)1 f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

C5

C's

f(u) Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

2 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture (hv) [kJ/kg] - Heat Exchanger -

C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi)4 Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s)4 f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB)4 f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4

f(u) Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

C's1

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)

3 Enthalpy Vapor Mixture to Condenser (hv) [kJ/kg]

C's4

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)1

f(u) D (theta,pi) f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB) f(u) f(u)

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)4

f(u) D (theta,pi)1 f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB)1 f(u) f(u)

D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

D's

f(u) D (theta,pi)4 f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB)4 f(u) f(u)

D's1

150 Temperature [K] 10 Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar] Pi 150 Pressure [bar] Theta
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)

Specific Heat (c_pR)

D's4

150 Temperature [K]1 10 f(u) E (theta,pi) Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar]1 Pi1 f(u) 150 Pressure [bar]1 Theta1
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)1

Specific Heat (c_pR)1 150 Temperature [K]4 10 Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar]4 Pi4 150 Theta4
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)4

Specific Heat (c_pR)4

f(u) E (theta,pi)1

E's dE/dtheta (MATLAB) f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)

f(u) E (theta,pi)4

f(u) E's1 dE/dtheta (MATLAB)1 f(u) -CAvogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol] -C-C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m] -CBoltzman Constant [J/K] 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3] f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB) f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB) 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3]1 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water1 f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)1 f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)1 f(u) A_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory) Avogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol]1 -C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m]1 -CBoltzman Constant [J/K]1 f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)1

Pressure [bar]4

f(u) E's4 dE/dtheta (MATLAB)4 f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)4

-CAvogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol]4 -C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m]4 -CA_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory)1 Boltzman Constant [J/K]4 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water4 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3]4 f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)4 f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)4 f(u) A_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory)4

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C] 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C]1 1 Molality [mol/kg] Molar Ratio (m_o) 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]1

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C]4 Molar Ratio (m_o)1 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]4

1 Molality [mol/kg]1

1 Molality [mol/kg]4

Molar Ratio (m_o)4

49.3 Temperature Water from Condenser [C] 2.9 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

4 Temperature Water from Condenser [C]

4 Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

6 Limiting Temperature Difference [C]

5 Temperature Saturated Vapor Leaving Evaporator [C]

1 200 Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg] 14 Rectifier Cooling Requirement (qr) [kJ/kg] Mass of the Vapor [kg]

7 Mass of the Vapor [kg]

f(u) Specific Heat

8 Specific Heat Capacity [kJ/kg]

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT)2 f(u) -CArbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)2
K1 K2 K3

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT)3 f(u) -CArbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)3
K1 K2 K3

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s) 2

66.994 Arbitrary Enthalpy at Ref. State (h20_o/RT)5 f(u) -C-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)3 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)3 Arbitrary Entropy at Ref. State (s20_o/RT)5
K1 K2 K3

-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)2 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)2

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s) 3

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]2

K4

Chemical Potential of Water (assume Pure Water) (mu1_o/RT_s) 5

K's2
L1 L2 L3

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]3

K4

-u[2]/u[3] d(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)5 0 d^2(mu1_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)5

K's3
L1 L2 L3

L's2 f(u) Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 2 100 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K]2 f(u) d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)2 f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 0.3 (MATLAB)2 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1)2 0.7 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2)2 2 Constant (alpha)2 9 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

-CGas Constant (R) [J/mole-K]5

K4

K's5
L1 L2

L's3 f(u) 12 Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Generator (xf) -252.4 1 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s)2 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) 2 Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)3 f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 0.4 (MATLAB)3 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1)3 0.6 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2)3 2 Constant (alpha)3 10 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber C1 C2

L3

Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 3 100 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K]3 f(u) f(u) d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)3 13 Mass Concentration of Liquid in Mixture - Absorber (xf) 100 Arbitrary Temperature at Ref. State [K]5

L's5 f(u) Chemical Potential of LiBr (mu2_o/RT_s) 5 f(u) d(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta (MATLAB)5 f(u) d^2(mu2_o/RT_s)/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)5 0.5 Mass Fraction of Water (X_1)5 0.5 Mass Fraction of LiBr (X_2)5 2 Constant (alpha)5 11 Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger C1 C2 C3 C4

1 Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)2

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)2

f(u) Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s)3

-216.3 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) 3

1 Temperature Ratio at Ref. State (theta_o)5

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)3

f(u) Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/nRT_s)5

-180.3 Dimensionless Gibbs Free Energy (G/mRT_s) 5

1 Pressure Ratio at Ref. State (pi_o)5

1.2 Constant (B)2 1.2 Constant (B)3

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi)2 Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s)2 f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB)2 f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

C3

f(u) Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Generator

C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

1.2 Constant (B)5

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi)3 Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s)3 f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB)3 f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

C5

C's2

f(u) Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Circulation - Absorber -

C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

f(u) f(u) C (theta,pi)5 Dimensionless Enthalpy (H/nRT_s)5 f(u) dC/dtheta (MATLAB)5 f(u)
D1 D2 D3 D4

f(u) Enthalpy Liquid Mixture (hf) [kJ/kg] - Liquid Heat Exchanger -

C's3

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)2

C's5

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)3

f(u) D (theta,pi)2 f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB)2 f(u) f(u)

d^2C/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)5

f(u) D (theta,pi)3 f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB)3 f(u) f(u)

D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10

D's2

f(u) D (theta,pi)5 f(u) dD/dtheta (MATLAB)5 f(u) f(u)

D's3

150 Temperature [K]2 10 Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar]2 Pi2 150 Pressure [bar]2 Theta2
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)2

Specific Heat (c_pR)2

D's5

150 Temperature [K]3 10 f(u) E (theta,pi)2 Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar]3 Pi3 f(u) 150 Pressure [bar]3 Theta3
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)3

Specific Heat (c_pR)3 150 Temperature [K]5 10 Arbitrary Pressure at Ref. State [bar]5 Pi5 150 Theta5
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

d^2D/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)5

Specific Heat (c_pR)5

f(u) E (theta,pi)3

E's2 dE/dtheta (MATLAB)2 f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)2

f(u) E (theta,pi)5

f(u) E's3 dE/dtheta (MATLAB)3 f(u) -CAvogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol]2 -C-C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m]2 -CBoltzman Constant [J/K]2 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water2 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3]2 f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)2 f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)2 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3]3 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water3 f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)3 f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)3 f(u) A_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory)2 Avogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol]3 -C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m]3 -CBoltzman Constant [J/K]3 f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)3

Pressure [bar]5

f(u) E's5 dE/dtheta (MATLAB)5 f(u) d^2E/dtheta^2 (MATLAB)5

-CAvogadro's Number (Na) [1/mol]5 -C4 Pi times Permittivity of Free Space [C^2/J m]5 -CA_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory)3 Boltzman Constant [J/K]5 78.5 Dielectric Constant of Water5 1000 Density of Water [kg/m^3]5 f(u) d(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)5 f(u) d^2(A_DH)/dT (MATLAB)5 f(u) A_DH (constant from the Debye-Huckel Theory)5

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C]2 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]2

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C]3 1 Molality [mol/kg]2 Molar Ratio (m_o)2 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]3

-CFundamental Electric Charge [C]5 Molar Ratio (m_o)3 1 Arbitrary Molality at Ref. State [mol/kg]5

1 Molality [mol/kg]3

1 Molality [mol/kg]5

Molar Ratio (m_o)5