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Introduction:
A database system is a computerized record keeping system. The database itself can be regarded as a kind of electronic filing cabinet: i.e. it is a container for a collection of data files. Users of the system can perform (or request the system to perform, rather) a variety of operations involving such files for e.g.
Adding new files to the database Inserting data to the existing files Retrieving data from the existing files Deleting data from the existing files Changing data in the existing files Removing existing files from the database
A Database Management System (DBMS) allows us to enter, store, manipulate, and retrieve information organized into data bases, when a body of information becomes too large or the retrieval demands on it become too complex to manage manually, the information system should be computerized. DBMS provides interactive access to our data bases and provides an easy way to create printed reports.
Database Management Systems are general purpose programs that dramatically reduce the time necessary to computerize an application. The purpose of a DBMS is to provide two main functions:
1.
2.
A mechanism for accessing data that provides a measure of data independence, i.e., to some extent it insulates application programs from changes to the data structures.
In data base - oriented approach of organizing data, a set of programs is provided to facilitate users in organizing, creating, deleting, updating, and manipulating data in a database. All these programs together form a Database Management System.
Database Management System (DBMS) allows users to organized, process and retrieve selected data from a database without knowing about the underlying database structure.
There are four major components of Database Management System (DBMS) that enables this and these are as follows:
1. Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to define the structure (schema) of the database.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): Provides commands to enable the user to enter and manipulate the data. 3. Query Language: Enables users to define their requirements for extracting the desired information from the database in the form of queries. 4. Report generator: Enables the users of the database to design the layout of the report so that it can be presented in the desired format.
Database Models:
Database models define the manner in which the various files of a database are linked together. Four commonly used database models are:
Technical Department
Managers
Support Staff
Managers
Support Staff
Managers
Engineers
Support Staff
A child element
College
English
Hindi
Math
Computer Science
Seeta
Geeta
Ram
Mohan
Sohan
Raju
Relational: DATA BASE (RDMS) The basic concept of RDBMS was introduced by E. F
codd. In the relational model, the data are viewed as a collection of non hierarchical time varying relations. These are special constructs of mathematical relations & are different from the traditional data processing files & tables. This view of the data enables the user to apply the powerful operations & expressions of relational algebra to data manipulations. It describes data with its natural structure only. It provides a basis for a higher level data language that yields maximal independence between the machine representation & consistency of relations. Accessing & pupation of data can be made simple & efficient. A RDBMS is composed of one or more relations. Each can be visualized as table of data or file Each row (topple) in the relation represents one entity .The value of each column (attribute) is called an item . In any relation no two rows can be identical & the ordering of the rows should not be significant. An attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify a row of a relation is called a key. One is a primary key if there is more than one key. SELECT, PROJECT &JOIN are the three important commands.
Membership No 83569
Members Add C-15, Sarita Vihar, Pune-7 A-22, Anand Park, Pune-5 D-18, Vrindavan, Pune-5 A-12, Nandanvan, Pune-2 B-05, Royal Villa, Pune-3 B-16, Anand Park, Pune-5 A-11, Vrindavan, Pune-7
Book No (ISBN)
62853
D. P. Singh
12859
R. Pandey
32228
R. S. Gupta
23466
S. K. Ray
11348
P. K. Sen
16185
T. N. Murli
Book Title Concepts of physics Concepts of chemistry Astrology for you Fundamentals of computers C++ Programming Computer Networks Database Systems
Author H. C. Verma S. S. Dubey N. K. Sharma K. Ramesh R. P. Rajan A. K. Rai P. N. Dixit (c ) Books Data table
Sample Report:
Membership No
Members Name
Members Add
Due Date
Book NO
Book Title
Book Author
11348
P. K. Sen
08-11
89303-530-0
Database System
P. N. Dixit
32228
R. S. Gupta
10-11
13-201702-5
Concepts of Physics
H. C. Verma
12859
R. Pandey
06-11
71606-214-0
Computer Networks
A. N. Rai
A report of overdue books as on 10-11-2007 from the sample database of the previous slide.
Vehicle specs
Two Wheeler
Four Wheeler
No. of Wheels
Other details of The vehicle like with/ without Gear, seating capacity, etc. Others details of the vehicle like no. of doors, seating capacity etc
Company
Name Location President Id
Employee
Name Age
Domestic Company
Foreign Company
eliminating the storage of redundant data. System developers and database designers often use data normalization to minimize data redundancy
Disadvantages:
Although there are many advantages of DBMS, the DBMS may also have some minor disadvantages. These are:
1. Cost of Hardware & Software: A processor with high speed of data processing and memory of large size is required to run the DBMS software. It means that you have to upgrade the hardware used for file-based system. Similarly, DBMS software is also very costly. 2. Cost of Data Conversion: When a computer file-based system is replaced with a database system, the data stored into data file must be converted to database file. It is very difficult and costly method to convert data of data files into database. You have to hire database and system designers along with application programmers. Alternatively, you have to take the services of some software house. So a lot of money has to be paid for developing software. 3. Cost of Staff Trailing: Most DBMSs are often complex systems so the training for users to use the DBMS is required. Training is required at all levels, including programming, application development, and database administration. The organization has to be paid a lot of amount for the training of staff to run the DBMS. 4. Appointing Technical Staff: The trained technical persons such as database administrator, application programmers, data entry operators etc. are required to handle the DBMS. You have to pay handsome salaries to these persons. Therefore, the" system cost increases.
5. Database Damage: In most of the organizations, all data is integrated into a single database. If database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media, then your valuable data may be lost forever.
Conclusion:
A database consists of four elements data, relationships, constraints and schema. Data are binary computer representations of stored logical entities. Relationships represent a correspondent between the various data elements. Constraints are predicates that define correct database states. Schema describes the organization of data relationships within the database. As we have seen an organization must have accurate, persistent and reliable data for effective decision making. For this purpose, every organization maintains records related to its various operations by building appropriate models of diverse classes of objects. These models capture the inherent properties of these objects and record the relationship among them. Such related data is called a database.