Isaac Newton wrote:

"That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter, so that one body can act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can ever fall into it."

EVU
Isaac Newton knew nothing about electricity, & as an intellectually honest scientist he could not but state the consequences of his research into gravity. Following these consequences The Electric Vortex Universe now replaces the "Dead Gravity Universe" which less judicious ever since have hotchpotched from the "laws of gravitation" in their delusion that the gravitational formulae were the same as the gravitational force. The EVU by simple observations, experiments & by returning to logic arguments explains the natural events experienced by mankind in historical times, as well as the preceding & ongoing natural mechanisms prevailing in & governing the evolution of the universe quantavolutionery processes from electric energy in its primary aggregate form up to the creation of substances & their uniformly driven movements throughout the universe. The EVU rests on the Grundlegend Neue Erkenntnisse in Physik, Chemie & Himmelsmechanik, ie New Elementary Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and Celestial Mechanics, as known since 1962. The full German text is published in www.paf.li/erkenntnisse.htm, English in www.paf.li/perceptions.htm. The replication of experiments is, of course, left to anyone's option (though paf@paf.li would like to hear about results which will easily prove the fundamental irrationality & ludicrousness of all current & fundamental theories in physics, astronomy, & history.

New Elementary Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and Celestial Mechanics (1962)

English-German Glossary ............................................................................................................. 6 Part One ....................................................................................................................................... 7 The Function of Induction .............................................................................................................. 7 The Function of Induction .............................................................................................................. 7 The Formation of the South and the North Pole............................................................................. 9 The Law of Repulsion.................................................................................................................... 9 The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an Electric Conductor... 9 The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor............................................................................. 10 Extra Current............................................................................................................................... 11 The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current.................................................................. 11 The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles ................................................................................ 12 The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law ............................................................................. 12 Ohm's Law .................................................................................................................................. 13 The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of Force .......... 13 The Electromagnet ...................................................................................................................... 14 The Permanent Magnet............................................................................................................... 14 The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet....................................................... 15 The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet ............................................. 16 The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field .......................................................... 16 The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet ............................................................................. 17 Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects........................................................... 19 The Function of the Transformer ................................................................................................. 21 The Skin Effect............................................................................................................................ 22

The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine ............................................................. 23 The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth.......................................................................... 24 The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception.................................... 25 The Megavortex of the Earth ....................................................................................................... 26 The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth ............................................................. 26 The Solar Gigavortex................................................................................................................... 26 The Disturbances of the Gigavortex ............................................................................................ 26 Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor ................................................................................. 27 Parts of Characteristic Diagrams ................................................................................................. 28 The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth............................................................................ 29 The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity............................................................................... 30 The Nature of Heat and Coldness ............................................................................................... 30 The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction ....................... 31 The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase................. 31 The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence ...................................................................... 31 The Nature of Thermoelectricity .................................................................................................. 32 The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year............................................ 33 The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation ........................... 34 The Formation of Clouds and Hail ............................................................................................... 34 The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point......................................................................................... 34 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 35 1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion ............................................................................. 36 2. Electricity................................................................................................................................. 36 3. Potential and actual geoelectricity ........................................................................................... 37 4. Geomagnetic field.................................................................................................................... 37 5. Heat ........................................................................................................................................ 38 6. Induction.................................................................................................................................. 38

7. Potential and actual lunar electricity ........................................................................................ 38 8. Negative electricity .................................................................................................................. 39 9. Planetary zero point................................................................................................................. 39 10. Positive and negative electricity............................................................................................. 39 11. Potential and actual solar electricity....................................................................................... 41 12. Prospects to new tasks.......................................................................................................... 41 Part Two ..................................................................................................................................... 43 The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation................................................................... 43 The Formation of Substance ....................................................................................................... 43 The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements........................................................................... 49 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 51 Part Three .................................................................................................................................. 53 The Function of Gravity ............................................................................................................... 53 The Gravity Law .......................................................................................................................... 53 The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall................................................ 53 The Gravity Law .......................................................................................................................... 54 The Gravity Constant................................................................................................................... 55 Part Four .................................................................................................................................... 57 The Nature and Spreading of Light.............................................................................................. 57 The Nature and Spreading of Light.............................................................................................. 57 The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam............................................................................. 57 Types of Refraction of Light......................................................................................................... 59 The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism................................................................................. 60 The Formation of Normal Spectra................................................................................................ 65 Reflection of Light........................................................................................................................ 70 The Cause of Reflection .............................................................................................................. 70 The Radiometer........................................................................................................................... 70

Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light ................................................................................ 70 A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's Rotation............ 71 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 72 1. Light ........................................................................................................................................ 72 2. Spreading of light .................................................................................................................... 72 3. Speed of light .......................................................................................................................... 72 Part Five ..................................................................................................................................... 73 The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies ............................................................................... 73 The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies ............................................................................... 73 The Formation of Our Solar System ............................................................................................ 73 The Secret of the Sunspots ......................................................................................................... 74 The Gigavortex of the Sun........................................................................................................... 75 The Megavortices of the Planets ................................................................................................. 75 The Minivortices of the Moons..................................................................................................... 76 The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun ............................................... 77 The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun......................................................... 77 The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits ........................................................................... 77 The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light ................................................................... 77 The Years of Sunspot Maxima .................................................................................................... 78 The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes.......... 79 The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide ................................................................................ 81 The Law of the True Lunar Orbit.................................................................................................. 81 The Peculiarity of Uranus ............................................................................................................ 83 The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons....................................................................... 84 The Comets and the Formation of their Tails............................................................................... 84 The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets........................................................ 85 The Spiral Nebulae...................................................................................................................... 86

The Milky Way System ................................................................................................................ 86 Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne ...... 86 Epilogue ..................................................................................................................................... 89

Glossar Glossary
Deutsch Aktuelle Elektrizitt Krfteball Erdenelektrizitt Grsstwirbel (zB. der Sonne) Wrmestauung Mondenelektrizitt Kraftmass Grosswirbel (zB. der Erde) Kleinwirbel (zB. des Mondes) Kleinstteilchen Kleinstwirbel (zB. eines Kleinstteilchens) Erkenntnis Lichtrakete Potentielle Elektrizitt Anpressung Sonnenelektrizitt English Actual electricity Energy ball Geoelectricity Gigavortex Heat accumulation Lunar electricity Measure of force Megavortex Minivortex Nanoparticle Nanovortex Perception Photonic rocket Potential electricity Pressing-on Solar electricity

Part One
The Function of Induction
The Function of Induction

Our present imagination of the lines of force of magnetic and electric fields is based mainly on the iron chip images of permanent and temporary magnets and live conductors. The characteristic iron chip images generated by scattering iron chips on a sheet of paper above a magnet or an electric conductor are schematically illustrated in Figs. 1 through 4. As these so-called lines of force are unique in the entire scope of physics without any similar phenomena, they still have a particular position without a scientific foundation. Thus, as it is impossible to compare these line of force shapes with any other physical phenomena, nobody knows until now what to do with them. However, the explanation of the entire complex of magneto-electric phenomena depends upon the correct explanation of these shapes. Indeed, whoever is able to correctly explain these line of force shapes holds the key to all kinds of phenomena and motion in physics, chemistry, and celestial mechanics in his hand. When dealing with the basic and initial problem of electricity research, our imagination about these line of force systems immediately led us into a dead-end street from which we have been unable to find a way out up to now. What would we have thought about the cause of magnetism and its phenomena if we had not had these very illustrative iron chip images before us! Certainly we would not have easily developed the ideas of line of force arrangements in magnetic and electric fields if our attention had not been positively directed to these ideas. Without the characteristics of the iron chip images, we might perhaps have developed hypotheses more closely to the real situation in parallel to known physical phenomena. Now an attempt is made to illustrate the formation of the characteristic iron chip images. When one looks to the generation of the iron chip images as the result of a flow law in analogy to aero- and hydrodynamics, fully concrete ideas about vortices and their flow and accumulation effects are gained instead of the abstract particular position of the line of force shapes. Everywhere in nature we find inhomogeneous flow fields, i.e. wherever, for example, air or water flows occur we do not find uniform homogeneous but non-uniform inhomogeneous flow velocities. These nonuniform flow velocities which may result from friction or other forms of resistance always cause the formation of vortices which can be easily observed in wind and water flows. One can say that

wherever inhomogeneous flow fields occur a basis for the formation of vortices is present. Now what is the story behind those vortices? Many years ago, the entire civilized world regarded Flettner's rotor ship as a tremendous sensation. It is a ship equipped with rotating cylinders instead of sails. If a cylinder is allowed to rotate in a flow, a vortex field is generated within this flow because due to the friction on the cylinder, the medium surrounding it is entrained in the same rotating direction. Fig. 5 illustrates the principle of Flettner's rotor. The air flow is represented by simple arrows. Within this flow a cylinder rotates in the direction marked by a circular arrow. The air engaging the cylinder is entrained by it in the same rotating direction due to the effect of friction. Now the following effect occurs: On the left side, the cylinder moves in the same direction as the air flow, but on the opposite right side the air flow moves opposite to the rotating direction of the cylinder. As the velocities increase on the left side while decreasing of the opposite right side due to the counterflow occurring here, a suction effect builds up on the left side and a pressure or compression on the right side. This phenomenon is known in physics as Magnus's effect. The cylinder tends to move from the pressure to the suction side. To be exact, this means the generation of an inhomogeneous field because the velocities are higher on the suction side than on the pressure side.

Fig. 6 shows a natural inhomogeneous field caused by a water jet, let's say from a fire engine. The air surrounding the water jet is entrained by the water jet in its moving direction wherein the velocity is higher in the direct vicinity of the jet and decreasing in proportion to the distance from the water jet. One can say that the velocity of the entrained air decreases as the distance from the water jet increases. So we are facing a positively inhomogeneous flow field of the air. Now if we place an object such as a cylinder or a ball within this inhomogeneous flow field, Magnus's effect occurs exactly as with Flettner's rotor. Namely, a vortex is formed which, due to the inhomogeneous field, has its higher flow velocity on the left side of the ball facing the water jet and the lower flow velocity on the right side of the ball. As a consequence, there is a buildup of suction and pressure the effect of which moves the cylinder or ball obliquely to the flow, i.e. opposite to the water jet. Thus, Magnus's effect acts in both examples. In order to impart to the cylinder or ball a movement transversely to the flow direction, it does not matter whether such object is rotated in a homogeneous field or whether it is not rotated in an inhomogeneous flow field. Now let us look at an electric conductor according to Fig. 7 from the point of view of an inhomogeneous flow field assuming that what we perceive in its effect as an electromagnetic field around an electric conductor was nothing but a weak outer parallel continuation of the inner current flow. So when we place an iron particle into this flow field we find the same rectangular motion phenomena as in the water and air flow examples described above. The author asks to firstly accept what is called "flow" herein as a hypothetical "flowing thing" until at an appropriate point the necessary preconditions for a more detailed explanation are provided. One might object that there were no way to talk about a current flow outside the electric conductor as even the most accurate instruments were unable to detect such flow. However, the impossibility of measuring such a flow

becomes understandable when one figures the field to be filled with vortex cores which during an even current flow remain in a static condition. A further explanation will be attempted below. When we place a number of ferromagnetic bodies (iron particles) side by side on a plane extending at a right angle to the electric conductor according to Fig. 8, a south and a north pole are formed.

The Formation of the South and the North Pole

Each of the individual bodies shown in the drawing as ferromagnetic cylinders is surrounded by a vortex in the same rotating direction, i.e. clockwise with regard to the cylinders on the right side of the electric conductor and counterclockwise with regard to the cylinders on the left side, as shown in Fig. 8. Let us take hereinafter this counter-rotation as the polarity which is designated by a white half cylinder as the south pole and a black half cylinder as the north pole in all respective illustrations and projections. The author denotes the pole facing the earth's north pole as south pole as it is also usual in a number of other countries. This choice was not arbitrary but based on the considerations about the pole regularity of our solar system in the last part of this paper. Figures shown later in this document also show magnetic needles or balls instead of the cylinders. when we think of swiveling our viewing direction by 360 around the electric conductor we find that of course all cylinders grouped around the electric conductor have the same sense of rotation.

The Law of Repulsion

As illustrated in Fig. 8, we find opposite flows between the individual bodies caused by the same sense of rotation of the vortices, and thus an accumulating effect similar to Magnus's effect which mutually repels the bodies from one another in accordance with their intrinsic flow intensity. As the parallel flow decreases as the distance from the electric conductor increases, the vortex intensity of the ferromagnetic bodies decreases as well. Therefore, the mutual spaces between the bodies must decrease outwards at the same proportion up to a particular space defined by the intensity of the earth's field, of course neglecting the friction resistance between the bodies and the substrate.

The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an Electric Conductor

9 Fig. 9 shows an axial view of the body plane A-B in Fig. 8. In this figure, we immediately perceive the known annular system of the iron chips grouped around an electric conductor. This annular system is the natural consequence of the like sense of the vortex flows and the resulting mutual repulsion of the polar bodies radially arranged side by side. The annular system is inevitably formed and can be most easily explained in analogy with the vortex flow laws pertaining to water and air.

Thus, this annular system has absolutely nothing to do with the very popular experimental evidence of a single pole circular movement around an electric conductor.

The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor

10 Now, if we imagine, as shown in Fig. 10, a number of such annular systems being arranged alongside the electric conductor, the distances between the individual annular planes would again be the result of the repulsion or the intensity of the vortices rotating in the same sense. In this case, however, one would not perceive anything of a parallel flow alongside the electric conductor but only a vast number of individual vortices. But as these individual vortices would be at fixed positions under conditions of a constant current flow, we would perceive the entire vortex field as a static field in spite of the internal current flow. Let us firstly assume for a better understanding of the following that the entire vortex system according to Fig. 10 consisted of firmly anchored resistances within a water or air flow caused by mutual repulsion, the main flow of which would occur in the center, i.e. instead of the electric conductor. If we moved a channel provided outside the vortex field parallel to the main flow against, i.e. obliquely to, the main flow (feathered arrow 1) with its open side at a right angle, we would generate in the channel a flow opposite to the main flow in accordance with the affected vortex side. If we exceeded the center of the main flow with this channel continuing in the same moving direction or if we swiveled the channel by 180 and brought the open part back to the initial position, we would have in both cases, due to the internal affection of the vortex sides, a reversion of the flow inside the channel, i.e. we would have the same flow direction as the main flow. If we tried to swivel the channel by 90 and to move it towards the main flow direction (feathered arrow 2), we could not realize any flow inside the channel because the opposite flows of the right and left vortices would cancel each other inside the channel. Although these flow laws apply to water and air, they correspond in all their movements in principle with induction. Let us return to our hypothesis about the energy field flowing in parallel to the electric conductor and let us think of the visible ferromagnetic bodies as unperceivable material nanoparticles, so we again face a vortex field regularly grouped around the electric conductor the effect of which is an electromagnetic, static field. If we replaced the channel by a wire and connected its ends to a galvanometer, we can observe in the latter that, if moved in the same directions as with the channel, the induced current has the same directions. One might thus assume that the vortices of the nanoparticles having a charge of a certain intensity depending upon their distance from the electric conductor deliver their charges in the direction present at the affected

vortex side. The opposite vortex side is not affected because the particles have to stop at the surface of the electric conductor, i.e. are unable to pass through it.

11 Starting from the idea that initially no current flows through the electric conductor, we have to assume that substances are grouped around the conductor which normally are subject to the horizontal intensity of the earth's field and are spaced apart accordingly. If we sent a galvanic current through the electric conductor according to Fig. 11, according to our hypothesis the nanoparticles grouped around the electric conductor are charged according to the current intensity and their distance from the electric conductor so that they repel one another as strong as their vortex intensity allows. According to our hypothesis, we would have generated a potential of the magnetic field, so-to-speak a positive magnetic pressure which would be largest at the electric conductor and which would outwardly decrease to zero. Thus, the nanoparticles subject to the earth's horizontal intensity would exercise from the outside a concentric pressure onto the vortex field of the electric conductor which on the other hand provides a counter-pressure of the same strength. Both vortex fields would be in a state of mutual equilibrium. (This mutual dependence easily allows measuring an unknown field using a known field.) During repulsion, the nanoparticles wander rectangularly outward according to Fig. 11 and deliver their charge - as it represents a positive magnetic pressure - towards the affected vortex side to the adjacent induction conductor with the direction, as in our channel example, being opposite to the main flow.

Extra Current
As the nanoparticles located in the interstices between the molecules of the electric conductor also wander rectangularly from the periphery of the conductor towards its central axis when the electric circuit is closed, they deliver their charges to the electric current itself with their direction being opposite to the current direction in the conductor (extra current). If the circuit is opened, the nanoparticles wander back to their original positions in accordance with the intensity of the earth's field and this time affect the induction conductor with the inner vortex side so that the induced closing current has the same direction as the main current. In case of alternating current, the vortex directions alter in correspondence with the alteration of the main current.

The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current

It becomes easily clear from this vortex kinematics that a so-called chopped direct current also results in an induced alternating current the directions of which can be determined with equal accuracy. For induction, it is principally unimportant whether the nanoparticles are moved in a reciprocating manner or whether they are left together with their vortices at their position as a static field while having the induction conductor affect the vortex sides. Likewise, it is unimportant to let the induction coil stationary while moving the electric conductor including its static vortex fields in a reciprocating manner.

The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles

The above description of the function of nanoparticles during opening, closing or altering the current clearly illustrates the undulating motion of the nanoparticles. In the moment of closing, the nanoparticles of the earth's field are driven outward in an undulating motion due to the increasing vortex intensity causing a mutual repulsion in accordance with the velocity of the progressing current, while on opening the current they are pushed back to their point of origin also in an undulating motion due to the static pressure of the earth's field. The faster the interruptions or directional alterations of the current, the shorter the undulating motions of the nanoparticles.

The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law

12 This vortex kinematics is in no way contradictory to the existing basic mathematical principles of the magnetic field. On the contrary: Coulomb's law indeed derives from it its thorough explanation and logical interpretation. This law cannot be applied to free poles, as we know that such poles do not exist, but it applies to the two-pole nanoparticles which are mutually repulsive due to their ascending vortex. As all vortices have the same sense of rotation, all north poles are located on one side and all south poles on the other. When we designate the mechanical force with which two nanoparticles repel each other as P, the force or vortex intensity of the repulsion of the one particle as M1 and that of the other particle as M2 and the distance between both particles as l, and when we assume a constant to define the state of the space between the particles, we find that the mechanical force with which the two nanoparticles move away from each other due to their opposite vortex flows is P=(M1M2)/12 Dyn as an absolute measure. We can also demonstrate Coulomb's law in a very illustrative manner by generating water or air eddies. If one makes two balls attached to a flexible shaft at a distance l rotate in the same direction within a liquid or in the air, the balls are

repelled from each other with the force P due to the accumulating effect created between the two balls in accordance with the momentum, i.e. the generated vortex intensity.

Ohm's Law
Ohm's law, too, finds a complete and satisfactory explanation by vortex kinematics wherein a) the voltage of the current corresponds with the vortex intensity and/or the distance between the nanoparticles of a conductive substance, b) the amperage corresponds with the vortex density, and c) the resistance corresponds with the vortex-related accumulating effect occurring between the particles. Hence the vortex density is proportional to the vortex intensity, i.e. the distance between the nanoparticles while the vortex density is inversely proportional to the vortex-related accumulating effect.
Vortex density = vortex intensity / vortex-related accumulating effect Vortex intensity = vortex density vortex-related accumulating effect Vortex-related accumulating effect = vortex intensity / vortex density

Also, the existing conception of tubes or lines of force is clearly and unambiguously explained by vortex kinematics.

The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of Force
According to the aforementioned, the nanoparticles located one behind the other form, so to speak, a chain; the north pole of one particle is always directed to the south pole of the other nanoparticle. As a consequence, a tensile force is generated in longitudinal direction as shown in Fig. 12. So, such a nanoparticle chain would be nothing but a line of force. If, as assumed in our example, several such lines of force or better chains of force are located side by side, the mutual repulsion of the nanoparticle vortices generates a pressure force transversely to the direction of the tube of force. Thus, all characteristics applied to the lines of force such as an increasing cross-section and a decreasing length are clearly explained by this conception. However, in vortex kinematics the relation between the so-called density of the lines of force and the number of lines of force is opposite to the previous conception. In vortex kinematics, the maximum density possible of lines of force will logically have only one nanoparticle chain per square centimeter, and the field strength l will gather the largest number of chains on the square centimeter. This easily becomes clear from this point of view because the mutual distance between the nanoparticles is greatest at the highest vortex intensity and smallest at the lowest intensity. As a consequence, the intensity of the lines of force is greatest when the square centimeter comprises the lowest number of nanoparticle chains while being lowest when the largest number of such chains is located on that square centimeter. Now, the claw of induction shall be explained in more detail from the viewpoint of this vortex hypothesis and in connection with permanent and temporary (electro-) magnets. It will become clear that this vividly described vortex kinematics can be applied very well and successfully to

theory and practice as it explains extremely complex processes in a very illustrative and simple manner. If one looks at the deeper regularity of magnetic fields and at the induction of permanent and temporary magnets logically following the vortex hypotheses, one arrives at surprising and unambiguous explanations of numerous phenomena of magnetism and electricity. Let us first assume that a vortex field is nothing but a parallel flow concentrically arranged around a pole axis, so it will become obvious that the field of a current conductor in the form of a rollershaped coil (solenoid) found to be a parallel flow forms kind of a circulating vortex flow the front sides of which have to be north or south poles depending upon the flow direction.

The Electromagnet
If a soft iron bar is arranged at the center of the axis of such a flowing vortex, we have an electromagnet the poles of which correspond exactly to the poles of the flowing vortex. This electromagnet retains its magnetic properties as long as it is exposed to a flowing vortex. If the vortex is switched off by interrupting the current in the coil or by making the vortex ineffective by putting on a second coil wound in the opposite direction which generates a countervortex or by initially providing for only one coil having a bifilar counter winding, the magnetic properties of the coil as well as of the soft iron bar disappear. When the flow intensities of the two counter vortex fields differ, it is clear that the iron bar becomes magnetized in accordance with the intensity difference.

The Permanent Magnet

So it seems that the only difference between an electromagnet (temporary magnet) and a permanent magnet lies in the fact that an electromagnet has an artificially generated vortex field while a permanent magnet has a natural one, the vortex flow intensity of which must be of the same strength as that of an electromagnet of equal capacity. Here the decisive question suggests itself immediately about the origin of this natural vortex field of the permanent magnet. This question inevitably arises when one looks at the vortex fields, and it is not difficult to find the correct answer to this significant question when one consistently walks on the path described herein. The context of all considerations will have to show whether this answer corresponds to the plain truth, for one finally may, in all probability, consider those findings as true which are supported by logical thought and comprehensive observation. The natural vortex field of the permanent magnet is in itself the result of the inhomogeneous flow of an even larger vortex field which we will discuss further in the course of our investigation.

13 Let us first try to find out in the light of our above considerations whether a vortex field can be found in case of the permanent magnet and whether this field fits into our above view with respect to the pole arrangement. Fig. 13 shows a bar magnet with a number of magnetic needles arranged on the axis plane which might be substituted by iron chips as well. One glance at this figure shows clearly that the north poles of the magnetic needles face the south pole of the bar magnet while the south poles of the magnetic needles face the bar magnet's north pole. We had found out in our above considerations that a magnetic needle or a ferromagnetic substance always takes a position in which its vortex axis is at a right angle relative to the flow direction and that in this case the south pole of the needle is always located on the left side if the electric conductor above the needle extends away from the viewer (Fig. 8 and 9). When we mentally apply this fact to our example according to Fig. 13, we surprisingly discover that indeed there is a vortex flow around the axis of the bar magnet, presenting a descending trend at the poles and an ascending trend in the neutral zone. The descending and ascending direction of the vortex flow is perceivable from the positions of the magnetic needle.

The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet

Although our example does not provide for an electric conductor arranged at the poles in a coil-like shape, but in the same sense the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed inwardly near the poles while the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed outwardly in the neutral zone and at both sides thereof. The dots on the left side of Fig. 13 represent the arrow tips directed towards the viewer while the crosses on the right side represent the arrow feathers, i.e. an arrow direction away from the viewer. So, in case of the permanent magnet we see a vortex flow descending from the outside towards the poles and ascending from the neutral zone towards the poles. When we look at the direction of the vortex flow, i.e. the position of the magnetic needles, we find the north and south poles exactly on the same side as in case of the artificially generated vortex field of an electromagnet or solenoid. With a view to the vortices flowing down to the poles and the vortices flowing from the neutral zone up to the poles it is not contradictory to common sense to assume with regard to the permanent magnet that a streaming-in occurs at the poles and a streaming-out occurs at and near the neutral zone. In anticipation of our considerations below, let us designate the matter which streams in and out shortly as "actual solar electricity".

The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet

14 Strictly speaking, the vortex flows facing the poles must have a certain gradient so that the magnetic needles located within these flows show a certain deviation from the poles because they - as we have seen in the parallel flow field of the electric conductor - always take a position at a right angle relative to the flow. Fig. 14 schematically shows how the actually existing gradient of the pole vortices can be proven by a simple experiment. The figure shows a bar magnet A arranged so as to pivot around its south pole in an inclined position l, a soft iron bar B rotatably suspended on the elongated inclination axis of the former and provided with a mirror C, and further a light source D for projecting the mirror's deflection. Before starting the experiment, the iron bar is brought into the inclination position without the influence of the bar magnet in order to hopefully prevent a later twisting of the silk thread. As the deflections, i.e. the vortex gradients, are fairly low, it is recommended to use a light beam index having a minimum length of three to five meters. Now, if one swivels the bar magnet A from its position 1 into position 2, a definite vortex diameter of the south pole enters the region of the iron bar B with the latter moving into a position rectangularly to the vortex gradient or vortex flow thus making the light beam index deflect from its central position into position 2. If after recording the index deflection the bar magnet is swung from position 2 via position 1 into position 3, the opposite vortex diameter enters the region of the iron bar and again aligns it rectangularly. As both opposite vortex gradients are offset relative to each other by twice the angle ratio at their contact diameters, we observe a light beam index deflection being twice as large as in the first case. In correspondence with the vortex gradient, the direction of movement of the index deflection indicates the flow direction of the vortex. As the gradient is nearly indiscernible near the pole, it is best to suspend the iron bar at some distance from the bar magnet.

The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field

As in our previous considerations, intrinsic vortices flow around the individual magnetic needles, too. As all vortices of the magnetic needles have the same flow sense, an accumulation of the opposite flows occurs between the needles. Thus an accumulation effect occurs which forces the needles to be mutually repulsive. If we use iron chips instead of magnetic needles, this mutual repulsion creates the characteristic lines of the iron chip patterns (cf. Fig. 1-4). The flow intensities of the smaller vortices are

proportionate to the flow intensity of the main vortex, i.e. the bar magnet. Large intensities result in large distances between the iron chip lines and large ranges of the chip pattern while low intensities result in short distances and small ranges. The aforementioned considerations show that the entry of a resistance into an inhomogeneous flow field a vortex emerges the flow direction of which is always in the same sense as the more dense and intensive side of the flow field. If an even smaller resistance is immersed into such a vortex it is logical that within the vortex flow a respective smaller vortex flow must be generated the flow sense of which depends upon the first vortex flow, namely again upon the more dense, mire intensive side of the vortex field. One might continue in this manner up to the nanovortex of a nanoparticle and on the other hand up to the megavortex of a spiral nebula "spiral nebula". Now let us become familiar with the effect of induction of a bar magnet.

The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet

15 Let us assume that the bar magnet shown in Fig. 15 is surrounded by invisible material nanoparticles as discussed in the context of Figs. 10 and 11. In the present figure, these nanoparticles are shown as balls in the axis plane of the bar magnet at a very large magnification with their south poles being defined by black areas and their north poles by white areas to provide a clearer illustration of the polar pattern. It is clear from the aforesaid that these nanoparticles within the large vortex of the bar magnet have their respective nanovortices so that they all, due to their flow intensity, repel each other and are, like the visible iron chip pattern, invisibly arranged according to the intensity distribution of the descending and ascending flow vortices of the bar magnet. The flow directions of the nanovortices are marked by small arrowed ellipses. A number of larger loops are drawn within this field of nanovortices to schematically denote an induction coil, i.e. a coil having several wire windings. The loop side facing the viewer is provided with an arrow denoting the direction of the induced current if the loop or induction coil is moved in the direction of the feathered arrows. It can be seen from the drawing of the nanoparticles that their polar axes at each location are at different angular positions relative to the polar axis of the bar magnet. It is therefore difficult to achieve a high degree of induction efficiency. Similar to the bar magnet which provides an

ascending vortex, or better a vortex streaming out, from the neutral zone towards the poles on both sides, we find a vortex streaming out from the neutral zone of the nanoparticles. It is clear that in case of a nanoparticle a stream of force can only be found at the ascending vortices of the neutral zone, while it is impossible to detect it on the descending, in-streaming vortex sides, i.e. on the pole sides because the particles are packed closely together. It is this ascending vortex streaming out the potential of which is led off at a movement of the vortex field or the induction coil in the direction of the impinged vortex flow. If we look at Fig. 15 with this in mind, we can easily identify the movement of the coil most effective for induction. We see that the most vortex potential can be derived in the direction of an axial movement while at the same time maintaining a concentric coil position. So it is highly interesting to determine with reference to this figure to which direction the induced or derived current flows in the coil when it is moved in the direction of the feathered arrows. When we at first move the coil axially and concentrically with the axis of the bar magnet towards the north pole of the bar magnet, only a weak derivation or induction can be found in the coil due to the only partial contact of the windings with the ascending vortices of the nanoparticles. If the movement towards the poles is continued, the contact with the ascending vortex sides of the nanoparticles surrounding the north pole of the bar magnet increases so that a considerable current increase can be observed. This direction of movement of the induced current on the north pole side of the bar magnet is counterclockwise in accordance with the impinged vortex sides of the nanoparticles. When we continue to move the coil in the same direction, we more and more encounter the descending polar flow or the south pole sides of the nanoparticles the nearer we come to the neutral zone. As we have mentioned before, the pole sides of the nanoparticles are not provided with an outwardly directed potential so that no current can be derived or induced here. If we move the coil beyond this zone towards the south pole of the bar magnet, we again and increasingly encounter the outflowing vortex sides of the nanoparticles. But as we this time impinge on the rear side of the nanovortices, the current in our induction coil alters its direction. Here, on the south pole side of the bar magnet, we have a clockwise current direction. The current increase and decrease at the south pole side is similar to that at the north pole side when the coil movement continues. If we now move the coil backward towards its original position, we impinge on the nanovortices in each polar zone always on the opposite side. As a consequence, the direction of the induced current is opposite to the first movement direction. If we now move the coil away from the axis center of the bar magnet but parallel to it, it is clear that we induce only a small portion of current compared with the concentric movement described above. It can be seen in Fig. 15 that, away from the axis of the bar magnet, we derive only the difference of the flow intensity between the nanoparticles near to the poles and those located farther away. If there were no difference between the vortex intensities, an induction would be impossible because we have an equal flow sense of the nanovortices away from the bar magnet and because these nanovortices would cancel out each other in the coil as was described with reference to the channel example. Of course, the direction of the induced differential current depends upon the flow direction of those nanovortices which are located near the poles and thus have a larger flow intensity. When we move the coil within the neutral zone of the bar magnet towards the latter, we again impinge on the ascending vortices of the nanoparticles and derive their potentials in the coil. Here, too, we induce the difference between the nearer and the farther nanovortices. During the backward movement, we impinge on the vortex sides facing the bar magnet and thus obtain a reversion of the current direction. The derivation of the potential of the nanovortices means that a movement of the nanoparticles themselves or the coil during the impingement acts as a forced intervention into the static balance condition of the nanovortices and thus generates a potential or gradient towards the original balanced state. Due to their mutual vortex repulsion within the main vortex of the bar magnet, the

nanoparticles are, so to speak, firmly anchored resistances which make way only for forces being stronger than the forces of their own mutual support. Without moving, the nanoparticles thus are in a condition of static balance. In the very moment, however, in which only one single nanoparticle is expelled from its static coherence by means of a coil or the like, a gradient towards its original position is created. Thus, the vortex of the nanoparticle flows towards the facing side of the coil wire and transfers, in accordance with the gradient created, its flow in the same direction to the coil wire. So, the generation of the induction current is connected with a mechanical working power which according to the energy principle is the energetic equivalent to the electromagnetic power of the induction current.

16

17

With regard to the induction processes schematically illustrated in Fig. 15 it has to be added that it is not the same whether the induction coil is slid along the bar magnet in a right-hand or left-hand manner. Although the direction of the induction current is not altered at all, mistakes might be made if one neglected to take care of the pole alteration of the coil connections when the coil is turned around. Again, this example proves the logical consistency of the perceptions of the induction processes described here. Fig. 16 shows a left-hand coil with the view direction towards the north pole of the bar magnet of Fig. 15. If this coil to which a galvanometer is connected is moved away from the viewer, the impinged flow sides of the nanovortices transfer their flows in the same direction to the coil, i.e. counterclockwise. On the other hand, Fig. 17 shows the coil after being turned by 180 so that its windings appear ascending to the right. At the same movement of the coil and the same direction of the induction current, the galvanometer suddenly changes because the turning of the coil was not accompanied by an alteration of the poles of the coil connections.

Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects

The following experiment provides another clear proof of the existence of the vortex accumulation effects. As with most of the experiments mentioned herein, the author predicted the course of the individual rotation directions of the liquid in the various flow portions of the bar magnet. Fig. 18 shows as a cross-section along the line A-B a glass vessel into which a bar magnet was immersed. Above and below the magnetic poles, two conical metal rings 1 and 2 are arranged, respectively. Around the magnetic poles, two metal disks 3 and 4 are attached, respectively, while two metal cylinders 5 and 6 surround the so-called neutral zone of the magnet. The space in between is filled by some polar groupings of highly magnified nanoparticles as well as a conductive liquid which fills the glass vessel nearly up to its rim. The drawing below the glass vessel shows the crosssection along C-D including the metal cylinders 5 and 6. The partial view left of the cross-section A-B shows in the view direction E the upper conical metal rings 1 and 2. The two partial views right of the cross-section A-B show the metal disks 3 and 4 surrounding the poles in the view directions F and G, while the partial view at the lower right side illustrates the lower conical metal rings 1 and 2 in the view direction H. If a plus and minus voltage is supplied to the conical metal

rings and the cylinders according to the drawing with each voltage coming from a separate battery, i.e. from a total of 5 batteries, the entire liquid rotates in the sense of the feathered arrows in the drawing. If the plus and minus poles, e.g. of the conical metal rings 1 and 2, are exchanged, the liquid rotates within these portions in the opposite direction although the rings and cylinders 3, 4 and 5, 6 maintain the same rotation direction as described above. If now the plus and minus poles of the metal cylinders 5 and 6, too, the liquid rotates in exactly the same direction as the portions of the upper and lower metal rings 1 and 2 the poles of which had been altered before while the portions 3 and 4 maintain their opposite direction. When we have a somewhat closer look on the various drawings, we can easily conceive the causes of the directing pulses. Firstly, we find that part of the nanoparticles are metal ions which due to the battery current migrate from the plus metals to the respective minus metals. As soon as the metal ions have left their plus rings and disks, they are surrounded by the helical flows of the bar magnet (as shown in Fig. 15) and therefore take their respective polar position during the migration according to Fig. 18. The same applies to the nanoparticles of the liquid. The direction of the ionic helical vortices is determined by the direction of the descending and ascending vortex flow of the bar magnet, while the migration direction of the ions or nanoparticles depends upon the direction of the battery current. As can easily be seen in the drawings, accumulating effects, i.e. pressure forces, emerge on one side of the nanoparticles due to the opposite flow directions of the vortices as well as of the battery current, while suction forces emerge on the equidirectional flow side which forces make the ions or nanoparticles rotate around the bar magnet in the direction of the feathered arrows. The effect of the pressure and suction forces can be conceived very easily in all figures from the arrows denoting the flow of the battery current and the vortex arrows of the ions.

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The Function of the Transformer

19 After having tried to explain a number of induction phenomena in a simple, illustrative manner, let us now deal with the function of a transformer. Fig. 19 shows its operating principle, for reasons of simplicity illustrated in a form resembling Fig. 15 except that it is not a permanent magnet but an electromagnet. A primary coil is provided in its center while secondary coils are provided on its poles. The secondary coils are connected to each other so as to have the induction current flow in the same direction in both coils. In principle, it does not matter whether an intermittent direct current or an alternating current is sent through the primary coil because in both cases an alternating current is obtained on the secondary sides. For our description we prefer a direct current which we interrupt by means of a pushbutton. It is known that uninterrupted direct current cannot be transformed because the statically balanced nanoparticles stay in their positions. The figure shows the moment of interrupting the primary current. We have mentioned earlier that normally the nanoparticles are subjected to the intensity of the earth's field and thus are spaced apart from each other at certain distances. These natural, given distances between the nanoparticles are smaller than those within the field of a bar magnet or a live conductor. So, if we deal with a permanent bar magnet as shown in Fig. 15, the mutual distances of the nanoparticles within the magnetic field are larger than those within the earth's field. However, the distances gradually become similar to those of the earth's field proportionately with the growing distance of the nanoparticles from the magnet as its intensity decreases. Within the magnetic field, we would thus have a positive pressure being largest near the poles and becoming weaker towards the outside. It is now quite obvious that in the moment in which the larger vortex intensity of the nanoparticles within the magnetic field is decreased to the normal vortex intensity of the earth's field - which can be easily done by interrupting the current supplied to the electromagnet - the positive pressure disappears and a sudden migration of the nanoparticles from the outside to the inside begins until a pressure balance with the earth's field has been achieved, i.e. until the nanoparticles have reached again the distances determined by the earth's field. (The function of an oscillating circuit, too, goes back to a positive pressure generation within the earth's field.) In the end, the largest vortex intensity of the nanoparticles is nothing but the energy quantity required for making a current flow which quantity can be more or less regained when the current is interrupted. If the nanoparticles migrating at high speed from the outside to the inside hit an electric

conductor as the secondary coils in our example shown in Fig. 19, they transfer their extra or surplus energy to the coils in the same direction as their impinged vortex sides. However, the nanoparticles flooding back hit not only the secondary but also the primary coils which fact is called self-induction. Thus, a rush of current is generated not only in the secondary coils but also in the primary coil wherein the current direction during the flooding-back of the nanoparticles in all coils is the same as the current direction in the primary coil, as becomes evident from Fig. 19. The large breaking spark generated when the primary current is interrupted is a result of the impingement of the nanoparticles flooding back on the windings of the primary coil. When we close the circuit according to Fig. 19, a flow vortex is generated around the soft iron bar flowing in the same direction as the primary current in accordance with our previous considerations. All nanoparticles located around the iron bar are seized by this vortex, charged, and repelled from each other to larger distances depending upon the intensity. So, when the circuit is closed, the particles migrate from inside to outside while transferring their potential in the direction of their impinged vortex side to the coil windings which are hit by them. The direction of the induced current, however, is opposite to the primary current when the latter is closed because this time the opposite vortex sides of the nanoparticles are impinged on. The primary coil, too, is hit by the nanoparticles migrating outwardly and is induced in the opposite direction. Thus, when the circuit is closed a rush of current is produced in the primary coil, too, which is known as extra current the direction of which is opposed to that of the primary current. It is clear that this so-called extra current must be detrimental as it weakens the primary current according to its own power. In the case of direct current, this disadvantage occurs only when the current is delayed during closure and when the poles of the direct current motors change while in the case of alternating current each period shows this weakening in the primary coil thus considerably decreasing efficiency. This weakening is called recoil or reactance. As the inward and outward movements of the nanoparticles are radial, it is easy to understand why the quantity of induced current does not depend upon the length or circumference of a winding, but exclusively upon the number of windings.

The Skin Effect

20

The function of induction becomes very clear in the so-called skin effect of a high frequency coil according to Fig. 20. It is known that the high frequency current of a coil flows mainly on its inside. Fig. 20 shows the coil in view A, in the plane view and the cross-section along C-D. The bold, uninterrupted lines in the plane view B and the cross-section C-D mark the location of the current flow on the inside of the coil. When one studies the peculiarity of the current flow on the inside of coil B with a view to the vortex theory, one finds out that no recoil occurs when the current is altered because the vortex direction of the nanoparticles moving radially on hitting the opposite part of the winding is the same as the direction of the current flowing through this part of the winding. However, if one observes the induction process according to the schematic coil view A, one immediately perceives that the nanovortices moving along the longitudinal direction of the coil have an opposite flow direction when they hit the next winding and thus exercise a slowing influence on the main flow at the surface proportionate to the induction. On the other hand, an induction effect caused by the nanovortices flooding back occurs on the outside of the coil only when the field decreases to zero. In summary, one can say that the skin effect on the inside of a high frequency coil is caused by an addition and between the windings by a subtraction of the induction. In the field of electrotechnology, there is no physical process which could not be fully explained in an illustrative manner by means of this vortex kinematics. It would be going too far to discuss all phenomena of magnetism and electricity by way of examples. Therefore, only three induction principles shall be concisely discussed here, namely the function of the generator or a currentgenerating machine, the cause of movement of a current conductor within a magnetic field, and the function of wireless transmission. Indeed, these three examples indicate the existence of the statically balanced nanoparticle vortex fields within the megavortex field of the earth.

The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine

21 Fig. 21 schematically illustrates the induction process in a machine generating alternating current. For clarity, only one winding has been drawn around the rotor. When the pole pairs are opposite to each other, all vortex axes of the nanoparticles are aligned parallel to the pole axis so that the wire winding during its passage between the poles impinges on practically all vortex sides of the nanoparticles located in between. In the generator, not only the windings are moved, but also the

nanoparticles flood to and fro when the rotor poles approach the stator poles and thus increase their impact speed because their reciprocating movement is always opposite to the movement of the winding. As the direction of the nanovortices between the poles is exactly equal to the direction of the main vortex of the magnetic poles, we find the same flow sense of the nanoparticles within the two so-called homogeneous pole fields. If the winding is rotated according to the feathered arrows, the upper part of the winding impinges on the left vortex side while the lower part impinges on the left vortex side of the nanoparticles. This causes a simultaneous duplication of the induction. When we swing the winding out of the pole region, it more and more impinges on the pole sides of the nanoparticles until, after a 90 swing, i.e. in the so-called neutral zone, the induction current has decreased to zero. When the winding moves beyond this zone, the current direction alters because the original upper part of the winding now impinges on the left vortex side of the lower nanoparticles while the original lower part of the winding impinges on the left vortex side of the upper nanoparticles. If we swing the winding outwardly by more than 180, the induction current will for the second time decrease to zero at a 270 swing having then again the same direction as during the swing within the first 90 zone.

22 In this context, it might be of interest to also explain the cause of the movement of a current conductor within a magnetic field using the vortex accumulation laws. Fig. 22 shows in its upper part a cross-section of a magnetic field between two poles and two conductors 1 and 2 and in its lower part a cross-section along A-B. When a current flows through both conductors in the direction of the bold arrow, the flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 1 and the magnetic field is rectified while the flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 2 and the magnetic field is opposite. As a result, the conductor 1 moves towards the magnetic field in the direction C-C while the conductor 2 moves away from the magnetic field in the direction D-D. So in this case, both conductors have the same moving direction because a suction or thinning occurs on conductor 1 and a pressure or compression occurs on conductor 2 due to the flow accumulation. If the current direction of the conductors 1, 2 changes, the moving direction of the conductors changes too.

The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth

With regard to the current-generating machine, we face the fact that we derive the potentials of the nanovortices generated by the positive magnetic pressures by means of a natural (permanent) or

artificial (temporary) vortex field and that the emerging energy gaps are filled up by a continuous inflow of new energy from the megavortex of the earth. In other words: we generate an electric gradient or potential when we disturb the state of equilibrium of the statically balanced nanoparticle vortex fields by a forced and timed intervention..

The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception

Basically, the function of wireless transmission is similar to that of an electric conductor and an induction coil except that the conductor is replaced by the antenna of the transmitter and the induction coil by the antenna of the receiver. In both cases, the nanovortex fields distributed over the entire earth field represent the medium of induction. We have seen previously that with regard to induction it is irrelevant whether the electric conductor or induction coil or the nanovortex fields are moved in a reciprocating manner. As the former is impossible in wireless transmission, the nanovortex fields of the earth field have to be moved reciprocally which can only be implemented by intermittently charging and discharging the nanovortex fields of the earth field. Basically, this can be accomplished in two ways, namely quick closing and interrupting of a direct current circuit or quick alternation of an alternating current circuit. In all transmission systems, the earth field is in a quick sequence additionally charged and discharged by irradiating electric energy in an all-round or directed manner. In the earth field, too, the movement of the nanoparticle vortices is always rectangular to the flow or ray direction of the emitted energy, so that for best reception results the antenna of the receiver must be aligned in the ray direction, because in this case it is impinged on by the largest number of nanovortex fields. The rectangular movement of the nanovortices in horizontal direction, i.e. parallel to the earth's surface, is limited by the finiteness of the earth's circumference and therefore weak in range and induction effect. The mutual distances between the nanoparticles conditioned by the natural field of the earth cannot be extended horizontally by additional charging as it is possible vertically; therefore, the range and the induction of the vertically moved nanovortices are better than those of the horizontally moved ones. The so-called reflection of short waves on the ionospheric stratum which is registered as an echo on the earth is connected with the vertical movement of the nanovortices. It is highly probable that only the additional amplification of the earth field which is represented by an additional charge of the nanoparticle vortices and the expansion of their distances can be induced. As will become clear in Part Four about the nature and spreading of light, the mutual distances of the nanoparticle vortices expand due to solar irradiation, so that at daytime a smaller number of nanovortices impinge on one square centimeter than at night. As the particles, due to the finiteness of the earth's circumference, cannot expand horizontally as far as vertically, the density distribution of the nanoparticle vortices around the earth has an oval shape as in Fig. 23. As temperature, too, has a considerable influence on the distance expansion of the nanovortices, as explained in the next chapter, induction further depends upon the temperature variations. The explanation of the cause of this influence will be left to the next chapter.

23

The Megavortex of the Earth

We have found that the vortex axis always extends at a right angle to the flow and that the south pole of the axis is always on the left side when the larger intensity of the flow occurs above the vortex axis and the flow direction is away from the viewer.

The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth

When we, with this law in mind, look at the various positions of a bar magnet or a magnetic needle on the different degrees of latitude and evaluate the positions with regard to their mutual relationships and in their entirety, we find out that there exists an east-west flow around the earth from the equator to both sides up to higher degrees of latitude, as well as a megavortex flowing out from the earth, and an inflowing vortex on each of the earth's magnetic poles. The two inflowing vortices and the one outflowing vortex of the earth have the same flow sense as with the bar magnet. Just as we have realized the flow principle in the world of the small, we can apply the same idea to the world of the big. As the earth represents only a small part of the solar system, the vortex flow principle must have exactly the same effect in the larger scale of the sun as in the scale of the earth.

The Solar Gigavortex

While the rotational axis of the flow vortex of a bar magnet takes a position rectangular to the flow of the earth's megavortex, the latter takes a position rectangular to the solar flow vortex. If we have an equal flow sense of a bar magnet and of the earth, we have consequently a rectified vortex flow of the earth and the sun. As we have perceived earlier, the cause of the rectangular position is the accumulation of two opposite flows. With respect to the bar magnet (magnetic needle), we find this accumulation on the vortex side facing away from the earth. Thus, we have the same flow sense of the earth and the magnet while on the magnet's vortex side facing away from the earth there is an opposite motion between the magnet's vortex on the one hand and the earth's megavortex on the other. Just like a bar magnet or a magnetic needle is kept at a right angle to the earth's megavortex, the earth, i.e. its magnetic pole axis, is kept approximately at a right angle to the solar gigavortex.

The Disturbances of the Gigavortex

It is a fact that disturbances occurring within the solar vortex have an effect on the earth's megavortex wherein these disturbances are passed on to the smaller vortices and nanovortices. Thus, the daily, annual, and secular disturbances of the solar vortex are passed on to the earth's megavortex which bears influence on the vortices of the bar magnets and magnetic needles which confirm in their daily, annual, and secular deviations in correspondence with the course of and the processes on the sun the underlying context. In another chapter we will try to present further reasons for these conclusions.

Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor

Fig. 24 and 25 show, as designed by the author, a geomagnetic differential motor equipped with a remote transmission system for continuous recording of the geomagnetic field. This motor provides highly interesting insights into the deeper relationship between the geomagnetic field and the sun. It is known that the geomagnetic field is subject to continuous variations between daytime and night, in the various seasons and during cloud formation. These variations as well as the protuberances erupting on the front and rear side of the sun are recorded in a very characteristic manner. Also, there seems to be a relationship between certain earthquakes and the geomagnetic field. For example, some steeply ascending curves coincided nearly at an hour's accuracy with the earthquake in southern France and the earthquake in the pacific region in 1959. The author was also able to detect a relationship between geomagnetism and the distances of the sun (aphelion and perihelion). In connection with the ideas discussed herein, this observation allows the conclusion that the geomagnetic field is not basically an intrinsic one but an intrinsic field of the sun representing nothing but the solar gravity field being contracted in correspondence with the distance of the sun. One might conclude as well that at an appropriate distance the gravity field of the earth also contracts and acts as magnetic field. A number of interesting and more accurate results will be obtained in the future when a number of geomagnetic differential motors will continuously operate within the various degrees of latitude and meridian circles.

24

25

The motor consists mainly of a rotor equipped with a roller contact collector and a rotor field kept constant, plus two stationary stator coils provided with a constant but weaker stator field. It is the task of the latter to compensate for the frictional forces of the rotor being reduced to a minimum so that almost exclusively geomagnetism will act and be recorded. Furthermore, the zero position of the motor is determined by this constant stator field by swinging the motor with its north-south-axis (1-1) by 180. In this position, the stator field 3-4 which is connected to the motor is adjusted so that the motor comes to a standstill. In this position, the writing-pen of the remote recorder is put onto the zero line. Following this adjustment, the motor is swung back by 180 into its original position so that the two north poles of the stator coils are directed towards the earth's north pole. In this position, the motor starts to operate and receives its respective speed in accordance with the density of the earth's stator field. This speed may vary between 10 and 100 rpm. If the density of the earth's field increases or decreases, the motor will operate slower or faster, respectively. Due to the centrifugal force, the speed bears influence in radial direction on two weights each being attached to a lever diametrically to the other. These weights are connected via chains with a counterweight being slidably mounted on the rotor axis. Beneath the lower front side of this weight, a rolling/feeling lever is arranged which frictionless transmits the movements of the weight via a gear to a remote transmitter resistance drum being connected to a remote recorder. In certain intervals, an electrically controlled pressing lever brings the feeling lever into contact with the resistance drum and thus transmits frictionless the respective actual values of the geomagnetic field.

Parts of Characteristic Diagrams

Fig. 26 shows the course of the geomagnetic variations during one week on the 49th degree of latitude and the 8th eastern meridian. Regarding the constructive features of the geomagnetic differential motor, it might be added that the spindle bearings of the rotor operate in specifically designed prism ball bearings the friction resistance of which was reduced to a minimum. In the test model, the step-down ratio between the spindle diameter and the balls is 1:5. The transmission of the constant current to the collector is not accomplished by conventional sliding contacts but by roller contacts with a step-down ratio of 1:50. The actual friction of these specifically designed roller contacts of the collector is next to zero and thus prevents practically any frictional influence even in case of a higher contact pressure. Although the breaking sparks of the collector are mostly extinguished by capacitors, very tiny, nearly invisible breaking sparks on the running surfaces of the collector and the roller wheels would in the course of time form an oxide layer which would have an adverse effect on the measurements due to the increasing resistance, unless the rotor were installed in a container filled with an indifferent gas. The top of the container formed as a floating bell is provided with a glass window to allow a convenient observation of the rotor. Of course, the measurement would be ideal if the rotor were not subject to a varying resistance by atmospheric pressure variations, i.e. if it were installed in an evacuated container. For the sake of completeness, it be noted that the rotor operates even without the stator coils 3-4, but in this case the measurement is affected by certain friction differences.

26 Another interesting experiment which will be of importance for later considerations should be mentioned in the context of this motor. If at a short distance a soft iron bar is arranged as a continuation of the pole axes and if a permanent magnet is brought near its outer end, the motor speed increases due to the influence effect. If the soft iron bar is heated by a gas flame or the like, the motor slows down due to the influence of heat. On the other hand, the motor speed increases if the soft iron bar is refrigerated.

The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth

If one seeks clarity about the idea underlying the design scheme by studying the interaction of a number of particular components, e.g. a fob watch, there are basically two ways to arrive at the same objective. The most obvious and usual way is to most accurately study the laws governing the action of the various components, then to categorize these components, to connect them and to conclude from the function of the individual components the function of all. This way leads from the individual material elements to the idea of the designer. The other way is the original, direct way from the designer's idea to the material effectiveness of the components. When we want to go this way, we have to try to dive into the designer's world of ideas. We ourselves have to imitate the designer in order to pass from the task to the idea and from the idea to the individual components. We ourselves have to impose the regularity on the element and to determine and calculate the

individual, group and total functions beforehand. If our expectations are met, our modeled ideas and thoughts were correct. If our expectations are met only in part or not at all, we have perceived the designer's idea only partially or not at all. We may denote the first way as the empirical, experiencebound way from the material to the spiritual world of ideas and the second way as the perceptional way from the spiritual to the material world. In our further considerations, we prefer to follow the perceptional way. It is the more difficult one but it leads us to our objective safer and faster. In order to illustrate and explain the various induction processes in our considerations, we had to assume invisible power flows as they are familiar to us with a view to the laws of gas and liquid flows. This assumption even allowed us to determine the directions of the invisible flows and the basic relationships between earthly and cosmic processes. We called these invisible power flows actual solar electricity.

The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity

We can imagine this actual solar electricity as the east-west helical flow originating from the sun the effect of which represents the solar gravity throughout the entire solar system. We shall discuss this relations in more detail below. For now, let us just state that the effect of this actual solar electricity resembles the aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow laws. Hence, we have to assign to the actual solar electricity similar properties such as expansion due to heat and contraction due to coldness as well as the fact that heat is generated by motion, friction, accumulation while coldness is generated by the absence of friction and accumulation, i.e. by rest. One might say as well that the heat pole is related to motion and the coldness pole to rest. Thus, the actual solar electricity is the moving electricity while the potential electricity is the resting electricity being at the lowest coldness pole. These relationships, too, will be dealt with in greater detail below. The potential electricity or energy is the original physical condition of all substances, so it is the first physical condition of matter and forms the prerequisite for the gaseous condition just as the latter forms the prerequisite for the liquid condition and this on its turn forms again the prerequisite for the solid condition. Therefore, the potential electricity or energy is to be regarded as the building material of the material world.

The Nature of Heat and Coldness

If we apply our perception that the state of heat is only a result of friction and accumulation to our actual electricity, we find out the following: From this point of view, let us have another, closer look on the figures shown above. We realize accumulations of opposite vortex flows in all spaces between the nanoparticles. So these accumulations must generate heat irrespective of whether we look at an artificial or a natural vortex field such as the one generated by a permanent magnet. As the actual solar electricity whirls the nanoparticles around more or less intensively depending upon their substance and physical condition, we can observe a certain heat condition of the matter due to this accumulation. It is known that in regions which lack solar irradiation for several months temperature never falls below -67C. This ostensible temperature retention is on the one hand a result of the accumulation of opposite nanoparticle vortices caused by the actual solar electricity and the actual geoelectricity and on the other hand by the nanoparticle ball accumulation zones which will be discussed later. Certain substances such as substances containing radium have a higher accumulation heat due to their internal structure. But similar to the fact that the final temperature of an artificially generated vortex field of an electric conductor cannot be exceeded because the amount of heat continuously delivered to the environment equals the heat generated by the accumulation of the actual solar electricity flowing through, the final temperature of the vortex field of these substances cannot exceed a certain amount above the ambient temperature. Within an electric conductor there are no vortices to be found in the conductor axis because the nanoparticles of the conducting substance located are surrounded by flows on all sides. The vortex formation

increases towards the edge of the conductor cross-section proportionate to the radius from the conductor axis so that the vortex intensity of the nanoparticles is strongest on the edge or near the surface of the electric conductor.

The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction

If an electric conductor contained only those nanoparticles which we have described above as being particles located in the space outside the conductor, only little vortex formation and accumulation heat generation would occur inside the conductor so that the spreading of vortices (thermal conduction) would be faster and the specific resistance be smaller. But in practice we find different vortex intensities and vortex spreading velocities depending upon the structure and material condition of the conductor. One can say that high and dense vortex intensities spread slowly to the adjacent particles because a large vortex formation or large charge requires a certain amount of time. Large vortex intensities cause large accumulations, i.e. strong heat generation. Hence, large accumulations result in a high resistance. Alternatively, one can say that low vortex intensities spread very quickly to the adjacent particles because a lower charge naturally requires less time. Small vortex intensities cause small accumulations and little heat generation and thus a low resistance. Silver, for example, has a specific resistance of approx. 0.016 ohm and a thermal conduction level of 0.00035064 kcal at a length of one meter, a cross-section of one square millimeter and a one-hour temperature difference, while graphite has a resistance of 40 ohm and a thermal conduction of only 0.00000360 kcal while the other conditions are similar to those of the silver example. The vortex intensity of the material nanoparticles cannot be increased infinitely as there exists a saturation limit.

The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase
As described in greater detail below, the resistance must increase until the saturation limit has been reached while it must decrease when this limit is exceeded. This saturation limit has long been exceeded in some non-metallic substances such as carbon in its graphite form, lead superoxide, manganese superoxide, silicon and carbide due to their high specific resistances and low thermal conduction or spreading values. Hence their specific resistance decreases at a temperature increase while the specific resistance of metallic substances having less resistance and higher thermal conduction coefficients increases at a temperature increase. As soon as the saturation limit has been reached, the expansion or thinning of the actual solar electricity becomes effective when the temperature increases. The accumulation and with it the resistance decrease. The specific resistance and the thermal conduction within a substance are reciprocal values, i.e. they have a reciprocal relation with each other. In order to let these reciprocal values become like, a Joule effect expressed in kcal generated by the specific resistance must be used in the same time unit. Accordingly, the Joule effect of silver is:
Q=0.00024J2Wt=0.00024120.01636=0.014 kcal/h.

In comparison, the Joule effect of graphite is:

Q=0.0002412403,600=34.560 kcal/h.

The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence

As the thermal conduction coefficient is an expression of the velocity of charging and the Joule effect a measure for the receiving capacity of the nanoparticles of a conducting substance, the product of both factors is a measure of power or intensity of the charged nanoparticle vortices. When one calculates the vortex intensities of a number of substances and puts them in a list according to the magnitude, one can see that this order of magnitude corresponds in principle with the empirical thermoelectric voltage sequence. The following table comprises the author's calculation of some conducting substances in their order of magnitude one below the other. The vortex intensity relates to a substance temperature of 18 C. At lower or higher temperatures the sequence of vortex intensities and accordingly the thermoelectric voltage sequence changes due to the excess or underflow of the saturation limit.
Substance Specific resistance 6 mm/m Bismuth Constantan Platinum Tin Gold Silver Copper Iron 1.2 - 1.4 0.45 - 0.5 0.108 0.110 0.023 0.016 0.0175 0.09 - 0.15 Thermal conduction coefficient kcal/cmsecdegree 0.0194 0.0540 0.1664 0.1570 0.7003 1.006 0.8915 0.1436 Joule effect Q=0.00024JWt/sec 0.0003360 0.0001080 0.0000259 0.0000264 0.0000552 0.00000384 0.00000420 0.0000216 Vortex intensity KQ 0.000006458 0.000005832 0.000004309 0.000004144 0.000003865 0.000003863 0.000003744 0.000003101

The Nature of Thermoelectricity

If two different substances are joined and heated at the joining point, it becomes obvious that no vortex equilibrium can exist at the right and the left of the joining point because the vortex intensity on one side is higher than on the other side. So, a clear potential or gradient exists here. As a necessity, an electricity flow starts from the higher to the lower vortex intensity, i.e. the expanding actual solar electricity flows from the substance with the higher temperature increase to the substance having the lower one. In correspondence with its nature, the actual solar electricity expanded by the heat always flows to the colder zone. The larger the heat difference, the steeper the flow gradient. However, it is also important for the flow direction which substance has the lower resistance during the temperature increase, i.e. which nanoparticles have already exceeded the charge saturation limit. In view of the aforementioned, to generate a thermal current does not require the joining of two different substances, but it is sufficient to heat a conducting substance at any spot and to move either the heat source or the heated spot to and fro. If in a first test the heat source is kept stationary beneath the conducting substance, a vortex intensity or potential equilibrium exists on both sides. The expanded actual solar electricity tries to flow off to both colder sides but remains balanced due to the state of equilibrium. Thus, the equal gradients flowing off on both opposite sides cancel each other out. If the heat source is shifted to the right or the left, the potential equilibrium is disturbed, and the expanded actual solar electricity begins to flow off to the side having the lower specific resistance. As we have found out earlier, the increase or decrease of the specific resistance in case of a temperature increase depends upon the vortex saturation limit. For this reason, the current direction is equal to the moving direction of the heat source with regard to a number of substances such as copper, while with regard to carbon-containing iron and other substances having a low thermal conduction coefficient the current direction is opposite to the moving direction of the heat source. If in the case of copper the heat source is moved to the right, the higher thermal capacity is located at the left. As the specific resistance of copper rises together

with the heating, the current finds the lower resistance on the right side having the lower thermal capacity and hence flows off towards the right side. If one moves the heat source to the right beneath substances having a low thermal conduction coefficient such as coal, lead, stibium, carboncontaining iron, the specific resistance on the left side having the highest thermal capacity is lower, due to the oversaturation of the vortex, than on the right side having the lower thermal capacity. Consequently, the current does not flow to the right but to the left, i.e. opposite to the movement of the heat source. The potential equilibrium of an electric conductor can also be disturbed by heating one end of the conductor and positioning the other cold end onto the heated end. In the same moment, the potential equilibrium is significantly disturbed, and the current flows, exactly as described above, to the side having the lower resistance until the state of equilibrium is reached again by heating the cold part of the electric conductor.

The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year
It is known that the hottest and coldest days of the year do not coincide with the longest day on June 21st and the shortest day on December 21st, but we have the hottest days approximately in mid-July and the coldest days approximately in mid-January. One has to assume on the basis of the previous considerations that the highest and the lowest temperatures of the year cannot occur during the time of the longest and shortest days because at those times, so to speak, a resting state exists in the distance grouping of the nanoparticles. Only after the change of the day lengths and midday heights of the sun the earth's surface and with it the actual solar electricity flowing around the earth are heated up differently. The solar irradiation begins to weaken only after June 21st causing a gradual contraction of the actual solar electricity, i.e. the distances between the nanoparticles in the atmosphere become smaller and their vortex accumulation heat larger because there exists a larger accumulation density per area unit. So, the additional larger accumulation heat of the opposite nanoparticle vortices has to be added to the relatively strong solar irradiation in mid-July. The same applies - in the opposite sense - to the winter. The increase of the solar irradiation and hence the gradual expansion of the actual solar electricity or distance increase between the nanoparticle vortices starts only after December 21st causing a relative decrease of the accumulation heat. In addition to the solar irradiation being still weak in mid-January, the expansion of the mutual distances between the nanovortices and hence the decreasing accumulation heat withdraw additional heat from the earth. For these reasons, the hottest and coldest days cannot occur on June 21st and December 21st, but only some time later when the distance changes of the nanovortices have started and the effect of the solar irradiation does not yet decisively influence on the temperature increase or decrease on the surface of the earth. The practical utilization of this perception regarding heat and coldness will probably be in the near future that very high thermal degrees will be achieved by a periodically swelling voltage increase of magnetic fields while a very low coldness will be reached by enlarging the distances between the nanoparticle vortices and reaching highest thermal degrees in the opposite sense by reducing the voltage, i.e. by shortening the distances between the nanovortices. It goes without saying that there exists an internal relationship between the law of coldness generation by increasing the distances between the vortex fields and heat generation by decreasing the distances between the vortex fields and the law of the expansion and contraction of solid, liquid, and especially gaseous substances at hot and cold conditions as well as voltage change. In all cases, the actual electricity flowing around all nanoparticles is the cause of the expansion and contraction of substances. Expansion is caused by voltage increase and contraction by voltage decrease of the actual electricity. The voltage increase is accomplished either by heat or by increasing the current gradient while the voltage decrease is accomplished either by coldness or by decreasing the gradient. The distances between the vortices become larger or smaller depending upon their

intensity. However, not only the actual solar electricity but also the actual geoelectricity is involved in the expansion and contraction of substances. The latter is specifically earthly and has its origin inside the earth. The actual geoelectricity which will be further explained in the following chapters is the cause of the earth's gravity. It differs from the actual solar electricity only in its voltage condition. The actual solar electricity comes from the sun and has, due to the large distance from the sun, on the earth's surface not the same high voltage as the actual geoelectricity the distance of which to the inside, i.e. to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, of the earth is relatively short. Due to its high voltage condition, it cannot be measured in the same manner as the actual solar electricity. Only the force of the falling acceleration provides a direct measure of its voltage condition. Thus, the actual solar electricity has on the earth's surface a voltage condition and density in accordance with the distance from the sun while the actual geoelectricity has a voltage and density corresponding to the earth. All earthly substances are subject to the vortex of the actual geoelectricity but also to the actual solar electricity in the same flowing sense, differing in the fact that the geoelectricity has, due to the distance, a significantly higher voltage and lower density than the actual solar electricity, the effect of which was perceived as the geomagnetic field in the discussion of the geomagnetic differential motor.

The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation
The actual solar electricity exercises a considerable influence especially on substances in a gaseous physical condition. The atmosphere, for instance, is continuously affected by this influence. If the vortex intensity of the actual solar electricity increases within the earth's field, the air pressure decreases, while the air pressure increases when the actual solar electricity decreases. By and large, one can say that the influence of the actual solar electricity determines the general weather situation on the earth. Likewise, the actual solar electricity is, irrespective of the solar irradiation, considerably involved in the phenomena of heat and coldness. We also have to make a difference whether the field of the actual solar electricity - with or without solar irradiation - increases or decreases. Generally, it can be said that the decrease of the actual solar electricity field causes a temperature rise and the decrease a temperature decline just because the heat is a result of the opposite actual solar electricity's nanovortex accumulation and the distance change of the nanovortices.

The Formation of Clouds and Hail

During the formation of clouds and hail we can observe that coldness occurs when the field of actual solar electricity increases considerably causing the condensation of the water steam in the atmosphere which results in the formation of clouds, hail, and thunderstorms, i.e. a discharge of the actual solar electricity (lightning). Also, the distance increase between the nanoparticles makes the atmosphere more transparent thus expanding and enlarging the range of view. The practical utilization of this new perception will in the near future allow to exercise a considerable influence on the local weather situation. It will be possible to prevent, for example, a local hail by inducing the charged earth's field by quick movements of the nanoparticles - either by artificial lightnings or by explosion-like vibrations. To this end, appropriately designed and well grounded antennas would have to be positioned in the regions to be protected. On the other hand, rain could be generated by charging the earth's field. Large-scale tests would be necessary to find out how this charging could be performed best. It might be possible, for example, to spread finely distributed, electrically charged substances by planes flying in large heights. This extra charge of the atmospheric nanoparticles would increase their mutual distances causing a cooling effect and thus a condensation of the atmospheric water steam which would then fall down as rain. The aforementioned coldness generation by voltage increase would thus already exist in nature.

The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point

As, according to this vortex theory, electricity and actual solar electricity are alike and differ only with respect to voltage and density, the phenomena of accumulation, heat and resistance must also be the same. As heat is generated by an accumulation caused by the opposite vortices, this accumulation may also be denoted simply as resistance of the actual solar electricity. When in case of pure metals the electric resistance, which is just a result of the vortex accumulation effect of the electric current, amounts to approximately 0.4 % per degree of temperature decline, this must apply to gases, too, when the temperature decline is to correspond with the decrease of the opposite vortex accumulation. This is the case indeed because the accumulation decrease of gases is at the same time connected with a distance decrease of the nanoparticles and thus with a volume reduction which, although not evenly down to the lowest temperatures, amounts to 0.3662 % per degree of temperature decline, i.e. the resistance of the actual solar electricity decreases in gases by 0.3662 % per degree of temperature decline, while it or the electricity amounts to 0.4 % in pure metals such as copper, lead, aluminum. So it is easy to calculate that at 100 % or a temperature decline of minus 273 C the resistance and hence the vortex accumulation and accumulation heat must completely disappear. In other words, this would mean that starting from -273 C the actual solar electricity within the substances is no longer subject to vortex formation and therefore flows through the substances without any accumulation or resistance. The only reason for this behavior of the electricity can be the fact that the actual solar electricity which arrives on the earth at a certain density and voltage is neither expanded nor contracted exactly at minus 273 C, i.e. that exactly this temperature corresponds with its voltage condition on arrival. So the actual solar electricity would no longer have any vortex gradient, accumulation and heat generation beyond minus 273 C. However, the actual geoelectricity remains unaffected by this temperature because its voltage condition is much higher than that of the actual solar electricity. Due to the voltage dependence of the actual solar electricity upon the distance between the sun and the earth, a turning point occurs in the regularity of the kinetic gas theory at approximately -273 C. The laws of the kinetic gas theory are no longer applicable beyond this turning point. The clear consideration shows that although we are unable at present to lower the temperature below -273 C, there is no reason to stop at this temperature in our further reflections. Indeed, the inexorable law of logic lets us assume with a view to the structure of substances described in Part Two that temperatures far below -273 C are possible and legitimate. Furthermore we come to perceive that the temperature of -273 C is a specifically earthly value which must not be applied to celestial bodies having other distances from the sun, and that indeed each celestial body within the solar system has its own specific so-called absolute zero point. For instance, the mean specific absolute zero points in C of our planets would be as follows:
Mercury -106 Mars -418 Uranus -5250 Venus -197.5 Jupiter -1425 Neptune -8230 Earth -273 Saturne -2610 Pluto -10800

In the experimental determination of the lowest temperature the nearest and farthest distances from the sun must be taken into account because both have to produce different results.

Summary
Now that the author has made an attempt to roughly outline the new, universally effective vortex law, we do not want to conclude our considerations without looking once again at the essential features and characteristics of this law in order to perhaps further illuminating some of the new perceptions. For the sake of clarity and brevity, let us put the perceptions obtained in an alphabetical order as independent members of the integral whole.

1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion The so-called attraction which we denote as contact pressure according to our ideas always means pressing forces acting in space from outward to inward, i.e. in a centripetal way, while repulsion means centrifugal forces. In order to make this difference clear we have to start from the normal condition of the earth's field. We know now that the nanoparticles or energy balls in the earth's field have definite mutual distances. When we deal with e.g. a bar magnet within the earth's field, we realize that the energy balls of the earth's field are additionally charged at the poles of the bar magnet by the descending pole vortices and therefore are spaced farther apart near the poles than elsewhere. Thus, in the region near the poles we have, so to speak, an energy ball dilution which appears within the earth's field as a positive pressure because the earth's field always attempts to achieve the normal distances of the energy balls. When we move the south pole of a second bar magnet towards the vicinity of the north pole of the first bar magnet, as shown in Fig. 27, the state of static equilibrium of the energy balls is disturbed as soon as the two diluted energy ball spheres come into mutual engagement. Now the earth's field attempts via the outside pressure to push into each other the two diluted energy ball spheres despite of their opposite polarities in order to achieve a state of equilibrium in the smallest space. This pushing into each other, however, is possible only because the vortex flows between the energy balls of the unequal poles have the same flow sense and hence do neither accumulate nor repel each other.

27 Repulsion only means that the flow sense between the energy balls of equal poles is opposite and causes an accumulating effect which in its entirety acts against the action of pushing the diluted spheres into each other. In general, all chemical compounds and reactions are based on the same principle of contact pressure and repulsion as we will see later. 2. Electricity In its nature, electricity is concentrated actual solar electricity, the gradient of which relative to the normal condition of the earth's field can be either positive or negative. As electricity is always induced by disturbing the state of equilibrium of the earth's field, there exists always a balance between positive and negative. The disturbance of the state of equilibrium may be accomplished in different ways:

1) by mechanically shifting the energy balls within a statically balanced energy ball field (induction, frictional electricity); 2) by producing a thermal gradient by means of differing vortex potentials (thermoelectricity, galvanic electricity); 3) by evacuating the potential core electricity of an energy ball (photonic rocket, photostream). 3. Potential and actual geoelectricity The potential geoelectricity has its origin in the center of the earth and was ejected out of the sun in a tremendous eruption in the most distant past. On the other hand, the actual geoelectricity is that force which, like the actual solar electricity, flows in an east-west direction from the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium as an ascending, highly tense helical stream around the earth, whirls around all substances and presses them towards the earth by means the emerging accumulating effects. This means that the substances are not attracted, but pressed against the earth in a centripetal direction. Indeed, the actual geoelectricity is the earth's gravity. The actual geoelectricity influences in part on the moon's orbit around the earth and is further, in combination with the position of the moon, the cause of low and high tide. All further details will be discussed in a later chapter. 4. Geomagnetic field The inhomogeneous megavortex of the earth contains a vast number of energy balls the distances between which depend upon the intensity of the megavortex, the temperature and the solar irradiation. Due to the inhomogeneous megavortex, all vortices of the energy balls have the same flow sense. The solar irradiation additionally charges the energy ball vortices located on the daylight side so that their mutual distances are increased. Thus, the number of energy balls impinging on one square centimeter on the daylight side is smaller than on the night side where the energy ball density is higher. One might say that on the daylight side a blowout or distance expansion of the energy balls occurs - or one might as well say a reduction of the number of energy balls per spatial unit, while on the night side a contraction by distance reduction or an increase of the number of energy balls per spatial unit occurs. If one wants to induce the geomagnetic field, the highest current is obtained when the induction coil is moved towards the equator of the energy balls the south poles of which are all directed towards the magnetic north pole of the earth wherein the inclination and the deviations caused by field disturbances have to be taken into account. If the coil is moved towards their poles, the current also equals zero. With respect to the geomagnetic field, too, it is possible - as described with a view to the magnetic field of an electric conductor or a magnet - to keep the induction coil stationary while moving the energy balls in a reciprocal way as soon as the geomagnetic field is subject to periodic and additional amplification. The latter can be achieved by high-frequency currents (transmitters). In this case, the induction coil would be the receiving antenna. It is obvious that only the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field which causes a charging of the energy ball vortices and an increase of the distances between them can be induced. It is further clear that the best induction is only possible at night and at the same time at a low temperature because in this process a larger quantity of energy ball vortices per square centimeter is impinged on than at daytime and higher temperatures. The directing effect of the transmitters is caused by the fact that the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field spreads the electric transmitting energy in a ray-like manner and lets the energy balls move rectangularly to the ray direction by means of the conditioned additional charge. The best induction or the best reception is ensured only when the antenna is aligned in the ray direction because the largest number of energy balls is induced by the movement across the ray or flow direction. The rectangular movement of the energy balls towards the earth's surface is limited by the finiteness of the earth's circumference and therefore has only a weak induction effect. The energy balls cannot

enlarge their mutual distances in a horizontal direction as far as it is possible in a vertical direction. Hence the induction or reception of the vertically moved energy balls is better than that of the horizontally moved balls, and the range is wider in the former case. Depending upon the vertical distance expansion of the energy balls, the time of the reciprocal movement will also differ. If in case of a transmission pulse the blowout towards outer space is large - which is to be expected particularly on summer days -, the rear movement pulse will require more time than vice versa. As the vertical induction of the energy balls is better than the horizontal one, it is recommended to design the antenna as horizontal strips having a wide and horizontal plane base. Proportionate to the distance from the earth, the mutual distances of the energy balls become smaller so that the concentration towards outer space continuously increases just as we have seen the distance reduction of the balls in the fields of the magnets and electric conductors proportionate to the distance. 5. Heat As regards its nature, heat is accumulated actual solar electricity. Wherever equal opposite electricity flows occur, they cancel out each other's effect. But wherever inhomogeneous electricity flows occur, as in all vortex fields, accumulation, friction and hence heat and expansion of the actual electricity is produced by the flows penetrating each other in opposite directions. The vortex intensity of the energy balls increases, and their mutual distances become wider. The number of energy balls per spatial or area unit is reduced causing a positive pressure in that unit. 6. Induction As regards its nature, induction is based upon a shift or disturbance of the state of equilibrium of the statically mutually aligned energy ball vortex fields. Induction can be fully understood only if one imagines the entire geomagnetic field as being completely filled with nanoparticle vortices. These nanovortices are spaced apart at definite distances in accordance with the flow intensity of the geomagnetic field. If these given distances are additionally expanded by the inhomogeneous vortex field of a permanent or temporary magnet or by the inhomogeneous flow field of an electric conductor causing a charging of the nanovortices, the nanovortices move outward until a state of static equilibrium between the geomagnetic field and the additional field is regained. When the nanovortices hit a closed conductor (induction coil) during their migration, they hand over their additional charge in the same direction as that of the vortex side impinged on. When the additional charge disappears due to a current interruption, the nanovortices move back to their original position and hand over their additional charge to the induction conductor when hitting it. However, as the vortices hit the opposite side when flooding back, the flow direction of the induced current is reverse this time. The same induction effect can be achieved when the nanovortices remain stationary while the induction conductor is moved towards the equators of the nanovortices. The pole axis of the nanovortices always takes a position rectangular to the flow field (see also Geomagnetic field.) 7. Potential and actual lunar electricity As regards its nature, the lunar electricity is geo- and in the end solar electricity. The potential electricity has its origin in the center of the moon and is also on the absolute cosmic coldness limit. Just as the earth was once ejected out of the sun, the moon as a volume of potential energy was eruptively ejected out of the earth. The actual lunar electricity causes the gravity on the moon. All other moons of the other planets have had a similar fate and also possess potential and actual electricity.

8. Negative electricity (see positive electricity) 9. Planetary zero point Each planet has its own (absolute) zero point which, depending upon the distance from the sun, is highest with respect to Mercury and lowest with respect to Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Due to the increasing distance from the sun, the voltage of the actual solar electricity decreases as a result of the temperature decline while its density per spatial unit increases at the same ratio. Thus, the actual solar electricity whirls around every planet and its substances at a different voltage and density and expresses itself as magnetism. As with regard to substances being in the gaseous physical state the mutual distance of the energy balls and their accumulation heat is caused mainly upon the voltage and intensity of the actual solar electricity, these distances and likewise the accumulation heat change when its voltage changes. If one wants to achieve lowest temperatures on a planet, e.g. on the earth, then this is possible only down to that degree at which the existing voltage of the actual solar electricity can no longer be raised by lowering the temperature of the energy balls' zones of dynamic equilibrium. From this point onwards, the temperature achieved in the zone of equilibrium prevents the actual solar electricity from further expanding so that no more vortex formation and accumulation heat generation occur. Hence, it is impossible to reach temperatures below -273 C by known methods because from there onwards the actual solar electricity no longer acts as accumulation heat generator. In accordance with the different actual solar electricity on the other planets the achievable lowest coldness limit relative to their actual planetary electricity voltage is also different. This achievable coldness limit, however, has nothing to do with the absolute cosmic coldness limit of the lowest hollow space temperature of the sun, the planets and the moons. 10. Positive and negative electricity Actually, the two kinds of electricity differ only in their opposite deviation from the normal condition of the geomagnetic field and in the direction of the gradient or potential. In order to make this difference clear we have to start from the notion of a normal condition of the geomagnetic field. The normal condition is that condition of the geomagnetic field in which the mutual vortex distances of the energy balls or nanoparticles is determined without outside intervention such as additional amplification or weakening of the geomagnetic field. If the distances between the energy balls are enlarged by additional charging - which is similar to a reduction of the number of energy balls per spatial unit and is obviously best possible at the surface of substances -, we have positive electricity before us, as soon as the energy balls give away their additional vortex charge and return to their normal condition. In this case, the extra actual solar electricity flows outward from the inside, i.e. centrifugally. If, however, the mutual distances between the energy balls are reduced by reducing their normal charge determined by the geomagnetic field - which means an energy ball increase per spatial or area unit -, we have negative electricity before us, as soon as the energy balls regain their lacking vortex charge and return to their normal condition. This time, however, the charging actual solar electricity flows inward from outside, i.e. centripetally, until the energy balls have achieved their normal condition again. When we in this context compare Lichtenberg's patterns as shown in Fig. 28 and Fig. 29, we find the complete confirmation of the aforementioned. The present conventional idea that the electric current flows from the minus to the plus pole has caused some confusion even among experts. This idea was based on the migration of the electrons which runs opposite to the current flow rearward through the vortices. Also, it is not quite clear why just the negative pole is described as having many and the positive pole as having few electrons. If, in order to avoid this confusion, the minus and plus signs had been consequently exchanged, this

would have corresponded to the internal current flow, but in practice this new pole designation would have caused even more confusion.

28

29

According to the vortex laws described herein, the whole matter is no problem at all. We have perceived that a higher vortex intensity exists on the positive side than on the negative side. Therefore, larger vortex distances, i.e. less energy balls per area or spatial unit, are present at the positive pole than at the negative pole. So, one might denote the negative pole as having many and the positive pole as having few energy balls (Fig. 30). The force which causes the distance grouping of the energy balls is the actual solar electricity whirling around the energy balls. The higher the vortex intensity, the larger the distances between the energy balls and the higher the voltage of the actual electricity. As the distance expansion and distance reduction of the energy balls can only take place on the surface of solid substances but not in their inside, the voltage compensation of the vortex intensities takes place via the liquid from surface to surface in spite of the higher internal resistance. It would be wrong to say that the current flowed from minus to plus, because it is a fact that the positive electricity or the gradient originates from the substance having the highest vortex intensity and indeed the least number of mobile energy balls on its surface. The positive electricity or the gradient of the solar electricity always originates from the substance allowing on its surface the higher vortex intensity by detaching the energy balls so that it consequently corrodes.

30 Thus, the usual pole denomination is correct only in a qualified manner and applies only to the external current flow. The internal current flow streams from the positive substance to the negative one. Hence, it is wrong, absurd and incorrect to say that the current flowed from the minus to the plus pole. But if a difference is made between internal and external current flow, the controversy has been settled once and for all, and the current flows in the internal as well as in the external circuit always from the plus pole to the minus pole wherein, of course, the positive, currentsupplying plus pole is located at the beginning of the internal current flow. 11. Potential and actual solar electricity The potential solar electricity is the first physical condition of matter. Its origin is the center of the sun at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. The transition from the potential to the actual solar electricity forms the zone of dynamic equilibrium of the sun. The temperature of this zone is about 6,000 C. In its potential state, the solar electricity has its highest density and its least voltage. It is the initial state of force. The actual solar electricity flows continuously from the zone of dynamic equilibrium of the sun towards both sides of the sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude from the east to the west in ascending spirals and thus encompasses the entire solar system. The effect of this helical flow is the sun's gravity and the cause of the sun's rotation around its own axis from the east to the west as well as of the orbits of planets, planetoids and moons around the sun. Further, it is the cause of magnetism and of the specific earthly zero point of minus 273 C. 12. Prospects to new tasks After having clarifies the deeper regularities of magnetic and electric fields, the question arises whether it were possible to utilize the gradient of the actual solar electricity, which we have recognized as an east-west flow in our earth, for the benefit of mankind, just as it is possible to transform air or water flows or air or water gradients into usable energy. Indeed, we utilize this gradient in the dynamo machine by expending much energy, but not in the naturally given way. The utilization of this gradient in contemporary dynamo machines is finally the same act as if we would

pump the water which nature supplies us as rain in low plains up to the mountains and then transform the resulting gradient into energy. Nowadays, we tap this natural east-west flow from the poles of permanent and temporary magnets, i.e. from the descending helical flows, instead of designing facilities to catch the east-west flow either directly by generating natural gradients or to catch the escaping ascending helical flows by physical manipulations, in which case diamagnetic substances would have to act as mediators if applied in the correct flow sense.

Part Two
The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation
In the first part of our dealing with the vortex theory, we have sought clarity about the nature of heat and found out that that the potential solar electricity as well as the potential geoelectricity are, in their primeval physical condition, at the absolute cosmic zero point and that the actual solar electricity always attempts to approach its primeval condition, i.e. coldness. We have also pointed to the equal nature of solar and geoelectricity realizing that on the earth they differ only in their different voltage condition and their density. Our logical thinking had to come to the conclusion that the so-called absolute zero point of -273 C in no way has to be the lowest cosmic absolute zero point. When mentioning a cosmic absolute zero point hereinafter, let us relate the term "absolute" only to our solar system.

The Formation of Substance

After we have removed our ideas and thoughts a little bit from the conventional and familiar, let us put up a more basic hypothesis on the basis of our previous studies. Should this hypothesis be near to the absolute truth, it would have to be able to explain all phenomena of the natural sciences without exception. We shall realize that we are next to truth when we deal with the phenomenon of light and the motion laws in our solar system. At first, we have to try to correct our idea that -273C is the lowest coldness limit. When at nearly -273 C the electric current passes through a conductor without any resistance, our perception found here suggests that no vortex accumulation occurs at that point. The electric current does not find any gradient towards the nanoparticles of the conducting substance; hence the current flows without vortex formation and thus without accumulation or resistance and without heat generation. What we nowadays measure as temperature is only the accumulation temperature between the substance particles but not their core temperature. As soon as the opposite flow accumulation ceases, we have reached -273 C. At this temperature, it seems that the actual solar electricity ejected from the sun has reached its highest density on the earth in accordance with the distance between the sun and the earth. Before we deal with the aforementioned hypothesis in greater detail, we have to understand by means of the following consideration that it is easily clear that temperatures far below -273 C must exist. Let us make the following consideration about the law of force and counterforce found by Newton and proven in classical physics by numerous tests: It is known that one gram of Radium sets free 10 billion Joule of heat up to its complete disintegration. When calculated as to the heat equivalent, this would equal 2,390,000 kcal. Let us now assume that these 2,390,000 kcal would suddenly be released by any event while on the other hand this release were to be efficiently countered. Nobody will doubt that this release might be efficiently countered by coldness. So an equal amount of coldness would have to be confronted with this heat of 2,370,000 kcal in order to create an equilibrium so as to avert the enormous danger inherent in such heat release. But as a sudden release is impossible under normal conditions, it has to be assumed that a continuous balance of heat and coldness exists, i.e. that force and counterforce are always balanced. The force would be the potential energy or potential solar electricity in the core of each substance particle at its lowest coldness limit. One can imagine that this potential energy resting in itself can only maintain itself in this enormous coldness condition. The counterforce would be the force which we have learned to be the actual solar electricity which due to the outside temperature attempts to approach its primeval condition, i.e. the coldness limit. The zone in which force and counterforce are balanced would be the zone of dynamic equilibrium of a nanoparticle or a moon, a planet, or the sun. If one wanted to disturb the balanced state of this potential energy, this would only be possible by changing the outside temperature because by doing so the force balance of force and counterforce would be shifted outward or inward. At an increase of the outside temperature, the diameter of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would become larger

while it would be smaller if the outside temperature were lowered. As substances having a different atomic weight also have different core temperatures in accordance with Joule's equivalent, the diameters of these nanoparticles differ in size, too. For this reason, the outside temperature must not be boundlessly increased because in this case there would be a risk of blowing up the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the nanoparticles due to regrouping the different nanoparticles of a substance which would mean a direct contact between the potential core electricity amounting to millions of degrees coldness and the outside temperature so that this potential core electricity would, due to its thermal sensitivity, expand in an enormous explosion during which the released potential electricity would burn everything within a certain range. A difference should be made whether particles having the lowest core temperature, a high density and low voltage or particles having a higher core temperature, a low density and a higher voltage were subjected to a maximum outside temperature. In the former case, the blowup of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would result in a high current density and low voltage while in the latter case a low current density and a higher voltage would occur. Thus, substances having the lowest core temperatures, the highest density and the lowest voltage would be less dangerous than substances with higher core temperatures, low density and high voltages such as hydrogen. (Meanwhile, this experiment has been confirmed by the development of the "atomic bomb".) If the interior of the sun were as hot as it is cold in reality, it could not be seen as a ball in its present shape on the sky, but it would since long have had the same fate as the nova Pictoris or the nova Hercules. The possibility of the nearly inexhaustible reserve of potential energy of the sun is based solely on the assumption of a lowest coldness limit.

31 Let us eventually deal with our aforementioned hypothesis. Let us assume that our earth had been ejected many millions of years ago in a huge eruption out of the interior of the sun as a volume of potential electricity at a coldness of approximately minus 5 million C. This volume of potential electricity would immediately have taken the shape of a ball of concentrated force outside the solar zone of dynamic equilibrium and within the outside temperature because this volume had been located in a space of a considerably higher temperature. According to our perceptions gained so far, this process would have taken place as follows: The actual solar electricity bordering on the periphery of the ejected volume would have attempted to centripetally reach its primeval coldness condition (Fig. 31) while on the other hand the periphery of the ejected volume would have come

into contact with a warmer zone. As the potential volume is very heat-sensitive, it would have tremendously expanded in a centrifugal way on its periphery. So the forces would have opposed each other so as to cancel each other out and to form, so to speak, a zone of equilibrium. As the opposing forces were of the same amount, a spherical shape would inevitably have been formed similar to a soap bubble which is also characterized by a balance between the internal and external pressure forces. One should not think of this zone of equilibrium as being rigid and immobile, but rather as being dynamically mobile and characterized by permanent unrest. This continuous flowing into each other at the periphery would of course generate heat so that one might say that the zone of dynamic equilibrium is at the same time a heat zone. Now, one has to imagine that this heat zone decreases outwardly as well as inwardly with the inward decrease being much more abrupt than the outward decrease. If, during this continuous spherical equalization effort of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, the heat zone comes nearer to the internal potential electricity which we will now refer to as geoelectricity, the latter would, due to its heat sensitivity, enormously expand - maybe like an explosion - and blow up the zone of equilibrium in some spots. At the same time, the same which happened on a large scale during the ejection from the sun would now happen on the smallest imaginable scale. Nanoballs would be formed the core temperature of which would be adequate to the zone from which these ejected volumes of potential electricity originated. As all nanoballs would have the same degree of force, density multiplied with voltage, they would only differ in their core temperature and thus in their diameter. Hydrogen, for example, would have been formed first on the outermost periphery and hence would have the lowest core temperature and thus the lowest density, but at the same time the highest voltage and the largest diameter. One might go on this way with regard to all elements up to one of the heaviest, uranium. Although this is not a pure element as pure elements cannot exist at all, but is composed of a number of different nanoparticles. After all, the majority of these particles has nearly the highest density, the lowest voltage and the smallest diameter because the core temperature in a large number of them is at the lowest coldness limit which rests in itself in its primeval state. The continuous disturbance of this state of rest is caused only by particles having a larger diameter, a lower core temperature and a higher internal voltage. The particles are incoherent and thus generate a temperature being 2 - 3 degrees above the ambient temperature which accelerates disintegration. Unless the element helium with its large diameter and high internal voltage were present in between, even uranium would not disintegrate. The core electricity remaining in its state of rest becomes actual electricity on its borders to the heat zone which means that the zone of dynamic equilibrium emerges from inside. It is highly probable that these nanoparticles have been ejected out of the deeper regions of the earth in enormous eruptions near the end of the substance formation process. As the nanoparticles of the substances represent a center of force due to their potential energy, let us refer to them as energy balls. If we have a somewhat closer look at the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the energy balls which we have also denoted as heat zone, we find out that more specific heat has to be supplied to hydrogen due to its lower heat zone than to the other energy balls having higher heat zones in order to increase its temperature by 1 C. On the other hand, uranium has the highest heat zone and accordingly the lowest heat supply (cf Table)
Designation Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Symbol H He Li Be B C Order No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atomic weight 1x 1.0078 4.002 6.940 9.02 10.82 12.00 0.424 0.306 Specific heat 1x 3.43 1.25 0.534 1.93 2.5 3.51 Specific weight 1x 0.09

Designation Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chrome Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Masurium Ruthenium

Symbol N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ma Ru

Order No. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Atomic weight 1x 14.008 16.00 19.00 20.183 22.997 24.32 26.97 28.6 31.02 32.06 35.457 39.944 39.096 40.08 45.10 47.90 50.95 52.01 54.93 55.84 58.94 58.69 63.57 65.38 69.72 72.60 74.91 78.96 79.916 83.7 85.44 87.63 88.92 91.22 92.91 96.0

Specific heat 1x

Specific weight 1x

1.4292 1.14

0.297 0.249 0.218 0.171 0.182 0.175 0.226 0.124 0.187 0.149

0.97 1.74 2.7 2.34 1.83 2.07 1.5S 1.38 0.86 1.55

0.112

4.5 5.5

0.112 0.11 0.113 0.103 0.1081 0.0936 0.0931 0.0802 0.0737 0.0830 0.1125 0.1071

6.7 7.39 7.86 8.6 8.8 8.933 7.1 5.92 5.459 5.72 4.8 3.14 2.155S

0.0792

1.52 2.54 3.8S

0.0660

6.4 7.37

0.0646

9.0

101.7

0.0611

12.26

Designation Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Stibium Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praesodymium Neodymium Illinium Samarium Europium Gedolinium Terbium Dyprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Cassiopeium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Thenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead

Symbol Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te J X Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Il Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Cp Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb

Order No. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

Atomic weight 1x 102.91 106.7 107.88 112.41 114.71 118.7 121.76 127.61 126.92 131.3 132.91 137.36 138.92 140.13 140.92 144.27

Specific heat 1x 0.0580 0.0592 0.0565 0.0549 0.0569 0.556 0.0503 0.0483 0.0524

Specific weight 1x 12.1 11.5 10.5 8.64

7.28 6.62 6.25 4.942 5.815

0.0481 0.068 0.044

1.88 3.8 6.1 6.8 6.476 6.96

150.43 152.00 157.3 159.2 162.46 163.5 167.64 169.4 173.04 175.00 178.6 180.88 184.00 186.31 191.5 193.1 195.23 197.2 200.61 204.39 207.22 0.0311 0.0323 0.0320 0.0311 0.0334 0.0326 0.31 0.0326 0.0338

7.7

4.77S

16.6 19.1

22.48 22.4 21.4 19.2 13.69S 11.85 11.34

Designation Bismuth Polonium Alabimium Radon Virginium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium

Symbol Bi Po Am Rn Vg Ra Ac Th Pa U

Order No. 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Atomic weight 1x 209.00 210.00

Specific heat 1x 0.0303

Specific weight 1x 9.8

222.00

226.05 227.0 232.12 230 238.14 0.0280 18.7 0.0275 11.0

1x) Landolf Brnstein: Physikalisch Chemische Tabellen [Physical Chemical Tables]

The fact that on the one hand the accumulation heat of the dynamic zone of equilibrium is a function of the core temperature as well as of the ambient or external temperature and that on the other hand the weight is a direct representation of this function in connection with the earth's megavortex lets the external temperature of the elements appear as nearly constant. So there exists a more or less constant relationship between weight, accumulation heat and the external temperature of the substances. If one wants to increase, for instance, the external temperature of substances by one degree, a definite amount of heat has to be supplied in addition to the accumulation heat (atomic heat) already present in the substances in order to maintain the existing constant relationship. As hydrogen has the highest core temperature and hence the lowest accumulation heat among all elements, the largest amount of calories have to be supplied to it in order to increase its external temperature by 1 C. The nature of potential core electricity is the reason why the near constant is only applicable within definite temperature limits because the low hollow space temperature becomes effective when the external temperature is increased. This applies in particular to multi-atom gases such as water vapor, carbonic acid, ammonia, etc. Here, the amount of heat to be supplied, i.e. the specific heat increases significantly together with temperature. Wiedemann, for example, found the following values:
Gas type 0 Carbonic acid Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Ethylene CO2 NO2 NH3 C2>H4 0.195 0.198 0.501 0.336 Specific heat 100 0.217 0.221 0.532 0.419 0.239 0.244 0.563 0.502 Cp at 200

When we consider heat and coldness phenomena or the weight-related mutual dependence of two or more substances contained in organic or inorganic compounds (valency) in the light of this perceptional theory, we come to a clear understanding about many aspects of the effectiveness of the world of substances. According to this hypothesis, the earth would have developed from the invisible to a gaseous, hot-fluid and solid world of substances with the present earth's core still being in the invisible condition, i.e. with the potential energy still being at rest here. The zone of

dynamic equilibrium or heat zone would be next to it still representing the gaseous and - farther outside - the hot-fluid condition. The solid condition would have developed millions of years later.

The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements

The volume of potential energy ejected from the sun would of course immediately have become subject to the vortex law of the solar megavortex and would have gained its drive from the eastwest flow which we will discuss in greater detail in the last chapter. At any rate, the formation of solid substances is also closely connected with the respective constellation or the earth with respect to the other planets. We can achieve an illustrative idea of the effect of the mutual influence of effective fields of force when we suspend a number of bar magnets spaced apart in definite distances so that equal poles are positioned at the top and the bottom, respectively. If one of these bars is deflected from its position, the other bars react immediately by taking new positions. As our planets on their orbits have their north poles on one and their south poles on the other side, respectively, in a similar way, they also interact, especially when Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury are positioned on a radial line with the sun. One can easily imagine that during the period of solidification of the earth's surface, respective similar planetary constellations caused eruptions leading to the formation of substances having respective similar physical and chemical properties. So we could come to a clear idea about the formation of the periodic system of elements. When we look from this viewpoint at Erdmann's (1) helical scheme of the periodic law of the chemical elements (Fig. 32), we would have to assume that the elements positioned on one ray were formed at like planetary constellations, respectively. One might thus refer to Erdmann's scheme as showing the law of substance development. Here, too, hydrogen would be positioned at the beginning of development while uranium having the highest atomic weight would represent the final member in the chain of substance formation.

32
Spiral table of the periodic law of the chemical elements The elements on each side of the two halves of each continuous ray form two branches of one family. The distances from the center of the spiral are the atomic weights.

It is well conceivable that at such planetary constellations with respect to the sun powerful eruptions took place on the earth which became stronger and stronger with the increasing solidification of the surface. These stronger and stronger eruptions ejected volumes from deeper and deeper original locations having lower coldness degrees which volumes formed the energy balls having lower core temperatures until in the end of the solidification process uranium with its lowest core temperature and its smallest energy ball diameter was formed. The role of the planetary constellations with respect to the earth and the sun during the substance formation can still be perceived in the repulsive forces of the substances, i.e. in the accumulating forces of the helical energy ball flows. Just as the earth has its intrinsic east-west helical flow -

caused by its actual geoelectricity which permanently expands due to its bordering on the heat zone and which causes the earth's gravity -, all planets have their intrinsic east-west vortices of actual electricity which even now penetrate the geosphere and in particular whirl around those substances which have been formed during definite constellations of one or the other planets. A pair of gravity scales developed by the author shows in a very illustrative manner the influence of the respective position of the planets onto the various metals, especially those of the earth during its orbiting around the sun at perigee (being near to the earth) and apogee (being far from the earth). The author has not yet completed his tests in this respect. The aforementioned device will be shown in the next chapter dealing with gravity. Not much new needs to be said about the union of energy balls to form a substance. We have seen that the actual electricity whirls around the energy balls and that the accumulation effect or the emerging polarity compounds them to form so-called elements. The vortex direction of this actual electricity flow of the energy balls always depends upon the earth's megavortex field and hence can never change its polarity. The actual solar electricity, however, whirls also around the energy balls with the whirl ceasing at minus 273 C. All chemical compounds and reactions are accomplished by the additional solar electricity vortex. Inside the substances, this actual solar electricity vortex is not necessarily bound to the flow direction of the actual geoelectricity vortex which means that the weaker energy ball vortices of the actual solar electricity are always subject to the next stronger solar energy ball vortex and hence undergo a polarity change caused by the stronger vortices. The polarity of vortex fields of equal strength cannot be altered. Thus, the fundamental law of all chemical compounds is based on the fact that each weaker solar energy ball vortex is pressed by the accumulative effect from outside against the center of the next stronger solar energy ball vortex with the stronger one causing a polarity alteration of the weaker one. But as the solar electricity ceases to form any vortices at -273 C, no chemical compounds and reactions are possible any more at this temperature as we have mentioned earlier.

33

34

As we shall perceive from the spectrum when dealing with the phenomenon of light, there seems to be hardly any substance consisting of energy balls of equal size only. An ideal case which probably cannot exist is shown in Figs. 33 and 34. Fig. 33 shows a cube containing 13 energy balls of the same diameter being arranged at equal distances from each other. When we look at this cube from any of its 8 corners we realize when looking diagonally through the center of the cube that 6 balls are arranged at equal distances around the energy ball in the center. In front of and behind these 7 energy balls arranged in one plane according to Fig. 34, 3 energy balls are arranged, respectively. So there is a total of 13 balls the outer periphery of which forms a sphere or, when looked at from another direction, a cube. If the volume of the 13 balls is subtracted from the volume of the peripheral sphere, the remaining volume or the intermediate space equals exactly the volume of 14 balls. The substance volume of this hypothetically assumed substance would amount to 48 4/27 %

while the volume of the intermediate space would be 51 23/27 %. So, the intermediate space of this idealized substance would be 3 19/27 % larger than the substance itself. But as we have perceived, all substances gain their inner cohesion and their mutual bonding force only from the different core temperatures of the energy balls, i.e. from their different diameters and thus from their accumulative effects acting inward from the outside. Accordingly, the intermediate space differs in size from one substance to another. When we will have succeeded in registering the individual substances in accordance with the composition of their energy balls of different sizes, it will also be possible to determine their intermediate spaces. There can be no substances having no intermediate spaces. Only the first physical condition of the substances lacks intermediate spaces; so it fills the intermediate spaces of all substances. What we still call magnetism belongs to the first physical condition and hence also fills all intermediate spaces of the substances. For this reason, substances do not form any resistance or obstacle to this physical condition, although we must make a difference with respect to energy balls moved in an electromagnetic field which cannot penetrate substances and therefore are screenable because they convey their charge to the conductive substances according to the law of induction described earlier. The highest density of water at 4 C also proves that the energy balls of the individual substances H2 and O have different diameters. As we have seen, the hydrogen energy balls are larger than the oxygen energy balls. Due to the cooling of the balls having different sizes their diameters shrink so that a gradual regrouping occurs with respect to the individual sphere positions until at 4 C the energy balls cannot be any closer to each other. If the energy balls of H and O had the same diameter, water would have its highest density at 0 C. Maybe it is not uninteresting to point to crystallization processes in connection with the energy ball diameters. Wherever energy balls of the same size confront, no polarity alteration but an accumulation of the helical flow between them occurs instead. No union but a repulsion occurs within this accumulation which has a plane-related effect between the particles. Thus, the crystallization process during the solidification of the substance is a process of repulsion among energy balls of equal size. Depending upon the presence of energy balls of different diameters, the different crystal shapes are formed which can be split in accordance with the positions of their accumulation planes.

Summary
We have made an attempt to use a hypothesis to understand that -273 C cannot be the lowest coldness limit but that at this temperature the east-west solar electricity does no longer find a gradient and thus flows without accumulation through the conductive substance. What we measure is not the core temperature of the energy balls but the temperature between the energy balls which is generated by the opposite flow directions due to vortex accumulation. We have further tried to understand that it is conceivable to hold the enormous heat reserves of the energy balls, e.g. of radium, in a balance at lowest temperatures of millions of degrees because this coldness resembles the primeval condition of the potential electricity which in this condition has its highest density and lowest voltage. As each energy ball possesses the same degree of force (density multiplied by voltage), the energy ball diameters must differ corresponding with their respective core temperature. A hydrogen energy ball has the largest diameter, the lowest density and the highest internal voltage, but certainly the same degree of force as all other energy balls having lower core temperatures. The higher diffusion speed of the hydrogen energy balls is also caused by their highest internal voltage. However, the uranium energy ball has the smallest diameter, the highest density and the lowest voltage because the solar electricity which has become geoelectricity rests in its primeval condition here. In all probability, the formation of substances was caused, apart from the equalization or compensation effort of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, by the planetary constellations which led

to eruptions in large and regular intervals forming the periodic system of elements. The cohesion of the energy balls is due to the accumulative effect which always presses the energy balls having higher core temperatures centripetally against energy balls having lower core temperatures. Energy balls having equal core temperatures repel each other. One might as well say that the link between the energy balls is their differing atomic weight because the higher atomic weight means a larger flow vortex which forces its flow direction onto the smaller vortex flow of a lower atomic weight or alters the polarity of the energy ball having the lower atomic weight so that on the outside opposite flows exist which cause the centripetal accumulation effect. All substances consist of a uniform, heat-sensitive material which we call solar electricity according to its origin and planetary or lunar electricity according to its later affiliation. As long as a temperature difference exists between the inside and the outside, we refer to this electricity as substance. If, however, a temperature difference no longer exists, we refer to electricity as the first physical condition of matter, or in case of the existence of a gradient as power, energy, magnetism, electricity, lightning or the like. In the interior of the sun, the electricity is in its potential condition at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. It represents the huge power reserve of the entire solar system; partial reserves form the interior of the planets, planetoids, and moons. The spherical zones of dynamic equilibrium are the hot zones - such as the photosphere of the sun or the gaseous and hot-fluid condition beneath the solid earth surface or similar conditions with respect to the other planets and moons.

Part Three
The Function of Gravity
The Gravity Law
We have perceived in Part Two of the vortex theory that the atomic weight of the substances is a function of the actual geoelectricity wherein the different core temperatures of the energy balls determine their diameter and their corresponding distances from one another, as the east-west actual geoelectricity flow whirls around each single energy ball, accumulating above it and thus pressing it against the earth. Hence it is clear that the substances are not attracted by the earth but pressed against it from outside.

The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall

35

36

The weight of a substance depends upon the number of its energy balls which in turn depend upon the core temperatures and thus upon the diameters of their zones of dynamic equilibrium and the measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of the east-west megavortex field of the earth in a definite location as well as upon the centrifugal force caused by the earth's rotation. Let us now look at two examples in an attempt to explain the pressing force or atomic weight and acceleration. Fig. 35 schematically shows an energy ball of a hydrogen atom within the east-west megavortex field of the earth. Of all elements known up to now, this energy ball has the highest hollow space temperature and the lowest density as well as the highest internal voltage. Thus, the accumulation heat or atomic heat within the zone of dynamic equilibrium is lower than in the case of other substances. As, in accordance with its nature, the east-west flow of the actual geoelectricity, similar to that of the actual solar electricity, always flows towards its primeval condition of coldness, it also flows towards the coldness poles of each single energy ball and is driven out again in the neutral, warmer zone. However, as the east-west flow field is inhomogeneous, a vortex flow is generated during the inflow and outflow being directed in the sense of the more dense flow between the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium and the substance. This is the cause of the formation of the ascending and the descending helices. As the flow direction between the energy ball and the earth's zone of equilibrium have the same direction and are opposite on the vortex side facing away from the earth, this opposition causes an accumulating effect on this side which presses the energy ball against the earth rectangularly to the flow direction of the megavortex with the force of the universally uniform measure of force - density multiplied by voltage. As density and voltage of the east-west geoelectricity flow field are reciprocate to the distance from the earth's dynamic zone of equilibrium, i.e. that the density to voltage ratio is always the same at each distance, the same constant degree of force exists with respect to the earth's acceleration, g = 9.80665 m/sec. When we compare with reference to Fig. 36 the schematic illustration of a uranium energy ball, we

immediately realize the difference in size compared with the hydrogen energy ball. Computationally, the hydrogen energy ball volume could embrace about 238 uranium energy balls. As both energy balls have the same degree of force (density multiplied by voltage), the accumulative force of the uranium energy ball is equal to that of the hydrogen energy ball. Alternatively, one might say that if the volume of the hydrogen energy ball were made equal to that of the uranium energy ball, the hydrogen energy ball would have the same weight as a uranium energy ball. But as the volume of the hydrogen energy ball is 238.14 times larger than that of the uranium energy ball, the core or hollow space temperature of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, i.e. the atomic heat, must be much lower than that of the uranium energy ball. Due to the decimals of the atomic weight and the atomic heat of substances which cannot be brought into a uniform relation, it can certainly be concluded that each of the elements comprises a number of different energy balls as we will perceive later when discussing the spectrum. It will be left to science to determine a precise list of integral numbers of the elements' energy balls including their respective core temperatures, diameters as well as their accumulative heat (atomic heat). The accumulative effect P of an energy ball represents the resulting force of two accumulation components, namely the nanovortex potential depending upon the constant degree of force on the one hand and the earth's megavortex potential on the other. In addition, both depend upon the concentration of the actual geoelectricity. Near the equator and in the higher strata, for example, the concentration is not as strong as near the earth's poles, and consequently the weight of this different concentration is subject to geoelectricity. The concentration of geoelectricity can only be determined on the basis of the acceleration of the fall which amounts to 978.030 cm/sec at the equator and 983.216 cm/sec at the poles. Likewise, the concentration or density of geoelectricity may be determined by means of the different revolution ratio of the geomagnetic differential motor described in Part One. After having developed an idea about gravity, we prefer to not refer any longer to attraction but only to pressing. The pressing force of the earth including the acceleration of the fall comes to an end within the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium, where it equals zero just as in the center of the earth. Similarly to the resulting pressing forces are directed from outside towards the zone of dynamic equilibrium, the pressing forces are effective from the center of the earth outward towards the zone of equilibrium. Hence, a body would practically never fall down to the center of the earth, but only to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, and likewise, a falling body near the center of the earth would be pressed outward up to the zone of dynamic equilibrium irrespective of the centrifugal forces caused by the earth's rotation.

The Gravity Law

It has been mentioned earlier that the difference between a gravity field and the geomagnetic field is restricted only to the different density and voltage of the actual solar electricity perceivable on the earth. The so-called geomagnetic field belongs to the gravity field of the sun. As we shall see in Part Five, a two-arm helical stream of actual solar electricity flows permanently into the large space in which the planets with their moons are moving. The author presents as an experimental evidence his geomagnetic differential motor the revolutions of which per time unit and at equal temperatures have, at perihelion and aphelion, the same ratio as the squares of the earth's distances from the sun. If geomagnetism were not generated by the sun but specifically earthly, the average revolution ratio would not change when approaching to or moving away from the sun. The same measuring results are obtained when one directly induces the earth's field by means of a screened synchronous motor the momentum of which is kept constant by means of a precisely controlled frequency. The measurements would have to last many years because the variations of the earth's field are enormous and are permanently subject to the protuberances of the sun and the constellations of the planets.

When dealing with Newton's so-called gravity law (1687) "Two masses attract each other with a force being directly proportionate to the product of the masses and reciprocally proportionate to the square of their mutual distance" and taking into consideration the law of vortex kinematics, one has to distinguish whether the masses have the same or an opposite polarity. If to masses having opposite polarities are confronted with each other, which within the solar system applies solely to the sun, this law must read "Two masses press against one another, etc., but if the confronting masses have the same polarity, as it is the case among the planets and planetoids or among the various solar systems, one must formulate exactly like Coulomb's law, "Two masses repel each other with a force being directly proportionate to the product of the masses and reciprocally proportionate to the square of their mutual distance."

The Gravity Constant

37

In the light of the author's experimental studies, it seems to be questionable whether the gravity constant determined by Richarz and Krigar-Menzel by means of their lead tests is really valid. The author's experiments showed that lead as well as various other metals are subject to permanent weight variations so that their weights are only relative. The author made seven precision scales from maple wood (Fig. 37) and put on one side of each pair of scales gold, silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin, and lead, respectively. On the other side of the scale beam, maple wood was used as counterweight. Then the scales were varnished to protect them from the influence of humidity. The sensitivity of the scales was calibrated in accordance with the respective weight carried. The total range of indication was 1/10 of the weight carried by each pair of scales with the deflection amounting to 130 mm. In the course of a two-year test period, it became evident that our weights increase from the farthest point from the sun (aphelion) to the nearest (perihelion) and from there up to the next aphelion decrease by the same amount. Further, the author found out by using these scales that the gravity of the various planets has a weight-decreasing or weight-increasing influence on definite metals, respectively. This becomes most evident when the planets are on their opposition positions. The maximum deflections of the scales allow to find out with all surety and hourly precision which metal is assigned to the planets being in opposition and at which hour the point of opposition is reached. Up to now, the author found out that there is a connection between the metal mercury and the planet Mercury as well as between lead and Saturn. Further tests are still under way. The author made another interesting observation with these scales in the period from September 6th to 13th, 1960. During this period it happened several times that all indices "on command" moved to their uppermost position, remained there for some hours and gradually returned to their original positions. The times of these extreme positions coincided with the horrible "Donna" hurricanes in the American island of Puerto Rico, Oriente Province, Gibara, Florida, and New York. These positions of the scales' indices permit the conclusion that the earth's gravity field increased temporarily. Further, this conclusion gives rise to the assumption that tremendous eruptions have taken place within the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium causing the extraordinary storms. If other confirmations of these measurable gravity influences were found, the studies of Richarz and Krigar-Menzel would have to be reviewed again in the light of this aspect. Up to now, we have always referred to the earth's megavortex only. However, it is to be assumed that all planets, planetoids and moons belonging to our solar system have intrinsic megavortices and that all megavortices in turn are subject to the solar gigavortex which covers the entire space of the solar system. So, the moons are not only subject to the megavortices of their respective planets, but at the same time are directly subject to the solar gigavortex. From this point of view, the gravity law of the planets and the sun should be formulated roughly as follows, "The megavortices of the planets are directly proportionate to their volume of potential electricity covered by their zone of equilibrium while the resulting pressing force of their opposite accumulation component is reciprocally proportionate to the square of their distance from the sun". As long as the gravity law is only applied to the relations among the planets, the terms "pressing force" and "distance from the sun" are to be replaced by "repulsive force" and "their mutual distance", respectively. With respect to planets having moons, the gravity law is more complicated because the pressing forces underlie the alternating additive or subtractive influence of the repulsive forces. When dealing with the cause of movement of the celestial bodies in Part Five of the vortex theory, these interactions will be discussed in greater detail. The gravity law developed herein will allow the creation of anti-gravity by providing a satellite with the naturally given flow intensity which is directly supplied by the sun, hence has the same vortex direction as the earth and is thus repelled from the earth. We shall further develop this idea after we will have laid the necessary foundation in Part Five.

Part Four
The Nature and Spreading of Light
The Nature and Spreading of Light
Now, after we have found the key to the explanation of all events related to motion and heat as well as the formation of the world of substances, our next step will lead us, with inevitable necessity, to the nature and spreading of light. Scientific research has perceived - in apparent certainty - the undular nature of light on the one hand and the material character of light (energy quanta) on the other. However, the theory of quanta extremely contradicts with Huygens' undulation theory. For the time being, the latter has the plausible basis of interference and motion phenomena. According to our considerations, the double nature of the spreading of light being at the same time undular and corpuscular may survive as long as this double nature is correctly interpreted and thoroughly studied. Basically, the relation between light waves and quanta is similar to the relation between water waves and a moving ship or between airwaves and a projectile or airplane. Consequently, light waves would be nothing but a secondary phenomenon of the energy quanta or, in accordance with the conception developed herein, the consequence of the nanoparticles and/or energy balls moving at high velocities and at certain distances between each other. On the basis of our perceptions gained so far, an attempt is now made to show a way to sensibly and imaginatively explain the phenomenon of light in all its apparent forms.

The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam

We have perceived previously that the tiniest, indivisible particle of a substance - the so-called energy ball - is nothing but an energy volume the core of which has a certain degree of coldness and the shell of which is surrounded by a considerably higher temperature. The characteristic of electricity to shrink in coldness and to expand in heat has brought the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the energy ball into being. Thus, the core of the energy ball represents resting, potential energy. If the equilibrium zone of an energy ball is disturbed by an external temperature rise, the zone of equilibrium tears open at the location of the disturbance, i.e. the potential core electricity or the energy being at its primary physical condition extends as a result of this unilateral heating-up and escapes with tremendous force and speed driving the energy ball away in the opposite direction due to the reaction force. Basically, a light beam is nothing but the primeval example of a rocket and at the same time a substance transition or return to its primary physical condition. The velocity of such an energy ball rocket depends upon the product of density multiplied by voltage of the potential core electricity. As an energy ball is nearly weightless, the force used for its acceleration is very low. The known high velocity of approximately 300,000 km/sec roughly corresponds to the expansion of the potential energy. This mystery of the light beam shall now be explained with a view to very concrete examples: As we have perceived in Part Two dealing with the formation of substance, the number of energy ball diameters equals the number of core temperatures. Even the so-called elements are composed of numerous energy balls of different sizes in accordance with the lines occurring in their respective spectrum. We will deal with these items in greater detail later. When we bring a substance - let us say a filament of an electric lamp - to a high temperature, continuous repulsions of energy ball rockets occur from the outer periphery of the filament towards all sides until the reserve of energy balls has become exhausted on a specifically affected or weaker location so that the electric circuit is permanently interrupted. Fig. 38 schematically shows an enlargement of the edge of such a filament. When the filament is made to glow by electric power, the energy balls located at the

outermost zone of the filament are first disturbed on their zone of dynamic equilibrium because the ball surface of the energy balls facing to the axis center of the filament has, due to the accumulation between the last but one and the last ascending helical flow of these energy balls have a higher temperature than the unaffected ball surface facing away from the filament. It is easily understandable that the zones of dynamic equilibrium of the energy balls are disturbed with respect to the outermost balls only and hence are torn open so that the core electricity reaction repels the energy balls like rockets while the last but one, last but two, etc. energy balls are evenly heated from all sides without being subjected to a disturbance of their zone of dynamic equilibrium until it eventually is their turn to be repelled because their outwardly facing ball surfaces are freely exposed. As at the same moment in which the outermost energy balls are repelled, the next ones follow, an uninterrupted chain of energy ball rockets is generated which we, due to its effect, call a light beam. According to its chemical composition, each substance expels energy balls of different sizes thus providing - as we will perceive later - the spectrum characteristic of every substance.

38

When light beams hit the surface of a transparent substance at an acute angle, they do not pass the substance in the direction of incidence, but are deflected inside this substance from their original direction.

Types of Refraction of Light

Fig. 39 schematically illustrates two beams I and II emerging from the same light source case I of which comes from the air and hits a water surface at an acute angle. This first case clearly shows that the energy ball, due to its spherical shape, its definite diameter, its irradiation angle a, and its impact energy c = (mv2)/2 unrolls towards the irradiation angle a1 and continues its movement in the water at this angle. When, as in case II of Fig. 39, a light beam hits the water surface at a right angle so that the irradiation vortex a coincides with the incidence perpendicular, the ball does not unroll, and the light beam is not broken irrespective of the differences in the energy ball diameters and the nature of the transparent substance.

39

40

The following examples are meant to illustrate the relation between the colors and the energy ball diameters and hence the refraction angles. Fig. 40 illustrates the path of two light beams through a pane of glass having plane-parallel faces. Let us assume that beam I is a red light beam. Thus, the energy ball rocket has a small diameter, a low core temperature and a high accumulation heat level at the zone of dynamic equilibrium or so-called atomic heat. Due to the large temperature difference between the core and ambient temperatures, the voltage of the potential core electricity is low while its density is high. The product of density multiplied by voltage equals the effective rocket energy, i.e. the uniform measure of force of all rockets which causes the spreading velocity. As the mass of the energy ball rockets is independent from their diameters, there must be a reciprocal relation between voltage and density of the potential core electricity. So if the red beam I impinges on the front entry face of the pane at an angle a, the rocket rolls off in accordance with its diameter and spreading velocity to an angle a1 and then passes the thickness of the pane of glass at this new, larger angle. On the exit face, the rocket rolls this time on the opposite hemisphere towards the opposite side at the same angle as the angle of incidence a away from the pane of glass. Now we look at the violet beam II in our Fig. 40. In this case, the rocket diameter is larger than in beam I. Therefore, the core temperature is not as low while the dynamic accumulation zone is colder, i.e. the atomic heat is lower. Thus, the density of the potential electricity is lower and its

internal voltage higher. The product of both factors results in the same effective rocket energy as in the case of light beam I. Hence, all color beams contained in white light have the same spreading velocity. When the violet beam II impinges on the front face of the pane at the same angle, the larger rocket diameter rolls off to the angle a2 in accordance with its larger radius and its spreading velocity, passes the thickness of the pane at this larger angle and exits it like beam I at the same angle as the angle of incidence a. Thus, the violet beam II has, due to its larger rocket diameter, a larger passing angle or refraction angle than the red beam I.

The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism

Now we have arrived at one of the most interesting phenomena of light, the generation of the spectrum. In former times, this phenomenon was rightly considered as something sacred and was carefully protected by those in the know. This mystery discloses the dependence of the potential core energy on the matter, the release of the former and the dissolution of matter by turning into light. In this context and for a better understanding of the following, we should begin by mentioning that color itself, i.e. outside of our eyes, does not exist at all, and that the phenomenon which we usually call color is merely an expression of what we sense by our retina when the outflowing electricity of an energy ball rocket arrives at the optic nerve at a distinct intensity. This potential electricity streaming into the eye is the force which maintains the eye's capability of vision. If this force is permanently blocked, the eye loses its ability to receive light. Normally, the intensity reception of the nerve of vision corresponds with the scope of the visible spectrum while lower intensities are not felt any more. However, this does not mean that the eye were indifferent to unfelt intensities. While ultrared corresponds with the intensity of an energy ball rocket having a low voltage and a high density of core electricity, ultraviolet has an intensity of high internal voltage and low density of core electricity. The effective rocket energy per time unit determines whether the eye receives too much or too little light. A high energy destroys the eye quickly while a too low intensity destroys the eye gradually. In order to achieve a reasonable adaptation to a tolerable inlet of normal light intensity to protect the eye from the too-much or the too-little, nature's prudence has created the iris diaphragm of the eye to regulate the amount of incoming photonic rockets. In order to not digress too far from our subject, let us now describe the generation of the spectrum using a quartz prism as schematically illustrated in Fig. 41.

41 Fig. 41 shows the energy ball rockets revealing themselves as colors with their respective diameters adequate to their colors and in their mutual distances during their travel. For the sake of clarity, they are ordered one below the other according to their size. In reality, however, their trajectories are without order so that the largest rocket diameters may occur next to the smallest ones, exactly as the energy balls are chemically bound within the substance. That is also the reason why the spectrum becomes visible at a certain distance from the prism, because the smallest and largest rockets arrive at the entry face of the prism as a mixture. We shall deal with these connections in greater detail when we discuss Fig. 43.

When we trace the individual rockets as to their size, as they pass through the prism, we realize just as with Fig. 40 - that the largest rockets of the visible spectrum, when they impinge on the slanting prism surface, have a larger tilting momentum in accordance with their larger spherical radius and thus are deflected by the prism to a higher degree. When exiting the prism, the rocket finds the exit surface of the prism at an angle being the exact opposite of the entry surface angle. Consequently, the hemisphere which entered the prism first exits last so that a tilting momentum is created again which forces the rocket to become deflected once again by the same angular value. When we trace the trajectory of the smallest rocket of the visible spectrum in the same manner, we realize on entry and exit that, due to the smaller spherical radius, the tilting momentum as well as the deflection are smaller. All the different rocket diameters between these two extremes get their deflection according to their tilting momentum which depends upon their spherical radii so that we obtain, in the visible range between violet - the largest rocket diameter - and red - the smallest rocket diameter - a complete violet-blue-yellow-red color spectrum in which the transition colors indigo-green-orange are generated by mixing violet and blue, blue and yellow, yellow and red. The rocket diameter of the ultraviolet beams is even larger than that of the violet beams. Therefore, they do not penetrate a glass having a narrower pass range and are inhibited or swallowed when passing liquids and gases as a result of their larger resistance. On the other hand, the rocket diameter of the invisible ultrared beams is even smaller than that of the red beams. For this reason, these rockets have a larger penetrative force, i.e. a lower resistance against passing through gases and liquids than beams of other colors or rockets with larger diameters. The relation between the diameters of the red photonic rockets and the diameter of the violet photonic rockets is proportional to the refraction angle of the red and the refraction angle of the violet light beams. Fig. 41 further illustrates the approximate percentage of the distances between the sequential rockets of different colors or, in other words, the approximate mixing ratio of the individual rockets per time unit. The following experiment also provides the evidence for the correctness of the composition of white light of the basic hues of the spectrum, i.e. red, yellow, blue, and violet. If one measures the brightness value of white light projected onto a screen via a prism, this value equals the sum of the individual measuring values of the spectral colors red, yellow, blue, and violet of the same prism provided that the measurement is carried out under the same conditions of screen distance and illumination intensity as with white light. The percentage distribution of the measuring values near Fraunhofer's lines A D G and H roughly is as follows: red 21 %, yellow 60 %, blue 15 % and violet 4 %. Hence, the chemical effect of the color beams depends upon the qualitative rather than the quantitative condition. Although the effective rocket energy of all color beams is the same as is evident from the velocity of spreading, there exists a significant difference as to whether the core electricity has a high density or a high voltage. For example, the violet light beams with their high core electricity voltage and low core electricity density bring about the separation of metallic silver from salts such as chlorargyrite, iodite or bromide while on the other hand the red photonic rockets with their high core electricity density and low core electricity voltage perform, together with the chlorophyll in plants, the separation of carbon dioxide to carbon and oxygen with the carbon being used for creating plants and the oxygen for the respiration of human beings and animals. Nobody could foresee what would happen on our planet if the radiation mixture would change at the expense of the red and the benefit of the violet light beams. This view would add some aspects worth considering to Prof. Max Planck's quanta theory. The universal constant h, also called quantum of action, would be equal to the effective rocket energy: density multiplied by voltage multiplied by time. However, one must not say, "The higher the oscillation value, the larger the quantum of action", but "The larger the number of photonic rockets per time unit, the larger the quantum of action". Let us now look at some other phenomena of the spectrum in order to back the overall truth of this new perception by further partial truths. It is well known that the temperature of the spectrum rises from ultraviolet to ultrared. What is the reason for this fact? We have perceived in connection with

the generation of energy balls that the largest energy balls have the highest core temperatures and hence the lowest accumulation heat or atomic heat, while on the other hand the smallest energy balls have the lowest core temperatures and hence the highest accumulation heat or atomic heat. When we in this context look at the ultraviolet and violet beams, i.e. the largest energy balls acting as rockets, we find out that a certain number of heat units has to be added to the ultraviolet and violet rocket range of the spectrum due to its low atomic heat in order to achieve a temperature equilibrium with the ultrared and red rocket range of the spectrum having a higher atomic heat. The number of photonic rockets per time unit also plays a significant role. Another phenomenon is the determination, using the spectrum, whether a star approaches the earth or moves away from it. When a star approaches the earth, a violet shift occurs in the spectrum while a star which moves away from the earth causes a red shift in the spectrum. How can the present idea of photonic rockets explain this fact? We have stated above that the refraction angle of a photonic rocket depends on its velocity of spreading on the one hand and its diameter on the other. If either the velocity of spreading increases or decreases or if the rocket diameter increases or decreases, the refraction angle always changes. Normally, the velocity of spreading of light is constant in all light beams, but it changes immediately when the number of photonic rockets per time unit is changed. So, if a star approaches us, the speed of light rises proportional to the speed of the approaching star because the distances of the sequential photonic rockets become smaller. Therefore, the light intensity increases as well. Consequently, the refraction angle of the light emitted by that star increases so that a violet shift must occur. If, however, the star moves away from us, the speed of light decreases proportional to the speed of the escaping star because this time the distances between the photonic rockets become larger. The light intensity decreases, too. Consequently, the refraction angle of the light emitted by that star becomes smaller, of course, resulting in a red shift. This Doppler's principle, when applied to the undulation theory, implies the biggest theoretical difficulties which up to now have not yet been precisely solved. When we conclude that the speed of light is constant, this conclusion, according to the regularity described here, applies only to the spreading of light within a space having a constant temperature. The measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of a photonic rocket is certainly constant, but it makes a difference whether the photonic particle rushes through a space having a high actual electricity density and a low voltage or through a space having a low density and a high voltage. We know that the density of the actual solar electricity increases at decreasing temperatures (aphelion) and decreases at rising temperatures (perihelion). So, the velocity of the light beam will decrease when the temperature falls and will increase when the temperature rises. Should this be proven in a laboratory by measuring the speed of light within an appropriately long chamber having a temperature of plus 60 C, this speed of light would have to be higher than in a chamber at 20 C. If this assumption were confirmed, the red or violet shift of the K line might be explained as being caused by the light passing through colder or warmer zones, respectively, which decrease or increase the speed thus resulting in a red or violet shift, respectively. With respect to our Earth, the red and violet shift would have the same cause. When we mover farther from the sun starting on December 21, the sunlight has to pass through ever colder zones until June 21 which would mean a delay of the speed of light and hence a red shift, while on the other hand the light passes through ever warmer zones from June 21 to December 21 which would mean an increase in the speed of light and hence a violet shift. So if tests confirmed this assumption, in which the author has not the slightest doubt, the incredible thesis that the spiral nebulae with their countless number of suns rush away from our Milky Way system at a speed of ten thousand kilometers per second would have become void because the degree of red or violet shift would only be a measure for the varying cold or hot state of the space which the light from these spiral systems has to pass through.

How can we explain the spectrum alteration when the temperature of a gas to be studied is increased or decreased? We have stated previously that the zone of dynamic equilibrium of an energy ball is that zone in which the core electricity expanding due to the influence of the higher ambient temperature and the actual electricity outside the energy ball which heads for its primeval condition of coldness are balanced. A rising ambient temperature automatically expands the zone of dynamic equilibrium because the gradient between the inside and the outside increases while a falling ambient temperature decreases the gradient resulting in a shrinking diameter of the zone of dynamic equilibrium. Therefore, a rise in the (ambient) temperature enlarges the rocket diameter causing a violet shift in the spectrum, while a decrease of the ambient temperature shortens the rocket diameter causing a red shift in the spectrum. The reason why the increasing atomic weight of the substances shifts the spectral lines towards the red end of the spectrum is that the refraction angle of the light emitted by the substances becomes smaller when the energy ball diameter shrinks as we have clearly seen when we described the beam path through the prism. As the spectrum between ultraviolet and ultrared covers all known and still unknown substances, we can regard the spectrum as a scale of the substance components and their core temperatures. Thus, the photonic rocket diameters and the core temperatures of the energy balls are of different magnitude in all their positions from ultraviolet to ultrared. So one cannot say that the photonic rockets of the respective bandwidths of red, for example, have only one diameter, but rather that across the entire bandwidth a continuous transition from one diameter to the next is to be assumed. Locations characterized by dark, so-called Fraunhofer's lines lack the respective rocket diameters so that we see a gap primarily caused by the absence of certain energy balls or photonic rockets or possibly by absorption. When photonic rockets of such like diameters are impinged on from the opposite direction, their velocities cancel each other out and hence disappear from the spectrum, i.e. dark lines appear on these locations. It would be wrong to imagine the diameters of the zones of dynamic equilibrium of the energy balls or photonic rockets as the outer border of the photonic balls, but one must rather think of an invisible field of force extending beyond these tiny balls and essentially contributing to the rolling-off and tilting movements. This is similar to the nanomagnet the force range of which extends well beyond its substantial portion. Future chemistry will have to take into account the individual energy ball diameters in order to achieve full clarity about the possibilities of combination for forming new substances. In view of this fact, it seems impossible to make any positive statements about the character of substances of other celestial bodies. The earth is reached by energy balls (photonic rockets) having a wide variety of diameters and core temperatures which are grouped within our geosphere with its specific earthly voltage and density conditions in the order in which they appear in the spectrum corresponding with the prism of their diameter sequence. It is therefore impossible to assume that the substances of other celestial bodies are identical with the earthly substances. The common base of the substances of the various celestial bodies is represented by the primeval components of the world which we have come to know as energy balls or photonic rockets. All substances of the celestial bodies are made of these primeval components in correspondence with the respective regularities of those bodies. The regularities of substance compounds on the planets of our solar system are determined by their respective distance from the sun. What we, on our planet Earth, call for instance iron, copper, nickel, etc., applies only to the earth. Due to their various distances from the sun, other substance compound exist on the other planets. Indeed, the fact that the meteors which beat down on the earth always consist mainly of iron proves that any substance which reaches a state of white heat due to the friction with the atmosphere is subjected to the earth's regularity and hence regrouped, and that in this earthly zone with its distinct voltage condition nothing but 90 % of iron, 8 % of nickel, and 2 % of various substances can be formed.

42 The main objection raised again and again by the followers of Goethe's color theory against the multicolored composition of white light is the opinion that mixing the individual colors by rotating the color circle does not result in pure white, but in a dirty gray. The reason is, however, that the mixed colors are no pure spectral colors except the spectral colors collected on one spot by a convex lens. The followers of Goethe's color theory deny this latter proof because they think that the voltage conditions of white light caused by a prism are cancelled out by a convex lens. The following experiment which the author repeated several times clearly disproves all these illogical objections. When the pure spectral colors sorted by a prism are mixed by a fast, oscillating movement of the prism, as illustrated in Fig. 42, a pure white light appears on the screen. If the oscillating movement is slowed down, the spectrum becomes visible at first at the return points only while becoming visible over the entire path if the movement is slowed down further. In order to determine whether the oscillating spectrum appears really white against the white sunlight, a second prism of the same size is made to join in the oscillating movement of the first prism wherein the second prism is offset by 120 angular degrees so that no spectrum but only white light hits the screen from this prism next to the spectrum of the first prism. When both prisms perform the same oscillating movement, not the slightest difference can be detected between the two strips of light. Regarding this experiment, one cannot say that the voltage conditions cancel each other out.

43 The second objection raised by Goethe then and repeated by all his followers nowadays is that immediately behind the prism the eye does not discern any colors but only white light. But if one

objectively follows the beam path through the prism to the screen as shown in Fig. 43, one finds out that at first the white light hits the whole entry face of the prism. As mentioned earlier, all photonic rockets of various sizes are mixed in the white light, pass the space without order and hit the entry face of the prism in this state, they follow their path through the prism according to their deflection towards the oblique opposite exit face and are deflected there once again. Due to their double, i.e. total, deflection the photonic rockets exiting from the second prism face have nearly the same size and distance differences as at the time of their entry into the prism. Due to their differing diameters, they deviate from each other in their further trajectories so that the visible spectrum from red to violet becomes coherent only from a certain distance between the prism and the screen with the width of the spectrum depending upon the width of the exit face of the prism. It is quite obvious that the eye can only discern white light behind the exit face within an exactly determinable light wedge (Fig. 43) because this light wedge contains all colored photonic rockets which reach the eye and create in their entirety the perception of white light. If one takes into consideration that according to Ramoeny/Cajal every square millimeter of the retina opposite the entry aperture of the eye holds an average of 13,000 nerval ends plus the receptive elements such as rods and cones, one will understand that, due to the nearly unconceivable small diameters of the photonic rockets, the latter give off their charge between the rods and cones thus creating in this tiny area a perception corresponding to their discharge which, if all colored photonic rockets occurring in white light discharge simultaneously, is the perception "white". Fig. 43 further illustrates that the region outside the white light wedge no longer comprises all colored photonic rockets but only the violet-blue and red-yellow ones. The overlapping or mixed colors indigo-green-orange were omitted. So, only part of the photonic rockets from outside the white light wedge hit the retina of our eyes so that we can never discern these edge beams as white light as it is perceived within the white photonic rocket wedge behind the exit face of the prism. Thus, the second objection of Goethe's color theory has also become irrelevant.

The Formation of Normal Spectra

Fig. 44 schematically shows the path and deflection of photonic rockets during the passage through a narrow gap. It is easily obvious from this illustration that those photonic rockets which hit the gap edges 1 and 2 are deflected in a different way according to their rocket diameters. Here, too, the smaller diameters roll off less than the larger diameters. Therefore, the first colored rockets of the first order spectrum appearing at the right and left sides on the screen are the red ones while the violet ones appear last. The center of the gap allows all colored rockets contained in the white light to pass and are discerned as white on the screen. This phenomenon can nicely be observed if one looks to the sun through a gap having a width of 1/1,000 millimeter and a thickness of 1/100 mm, and especially if the gap is positioned in the focal point of a strong magnifying lens mounted inside a tube. The gap may also be replaced by a circular aperture having a diameter of 1/1,000 mm. In this case, however, the spectrum does not consist of parallel lengthwise strips, but naturally of concentric rings having the same color sequence as the gap spectrum.

44

45 How can we explain the cause of the spectra of the first, second, and third orders in the light of the rocket principle? Let us first show with reference to Fig. 45 how to imagine the action of the photonic rockets impinging on a gap wedge. It is possible for any photonic rocket to hit any point of a front gap edge with its front hemisphere. It is essentially this hit which determines whether the photonic rockets are deflected to the first, second, or third order or whether the photonic rockets are blocked, absorbed, or scattered so as to be regarded as diffuse. As the bandwidth of red includes a large number of transitions from one rocket diameter to another as well as all shades of red, we want to use in our example the red of Fraunhofer's line A which due to its unique hue has a unique rocket diameter and hence a unique deflection. This deflection is illustrated in Fig. 45 in connection with three different impingement points of the front hemisphere of the rocket assuming that the trajectory angle a1 of the rocket be approximately 60. When impinging at an angle of approximately 60, the rocket impinges on the edge K1 as an obstacle and rolls off accordingly. The rocket trajectory inclines to the right, and the reactive force of the rocket makes it drift to the left near the edge K2 so that we see on the screen the color red in the 1st order and a dark line K3 as the outermost border line. This dark line appears inevitably and is nothing but the result of like rocket diameters which have aligned frontally by the gap edge K2. As we have seen before, red includes

many shades which are caused by larger rocket diameters towards yellow. For this reason, numerous dark lines follow on K3, each line being nothing but the frontal alignment of photonic rockets of like size caused by the lower gap edge K2. A proof of the fact that these dark gap lines K3 have nothing whatsoever to do with undular lines is that these K3 lines extend in parallel irrespective of the shape of the gap line K2 - be it wavy or curved or zigzag - while being in direct connection with the different diameters of the photonic rockets. These dark K3 lines appear dark only because they represent the point-chained edge borders of the rocket diameters and have no effect whatsoever onto the retina. They would not appear at all if the discharge of the rockets encircling them did not cause a color perception. The red light strip of the 2nd order represents a rocket impingement angle a2 of approximately 40 relative to the rocket's trajectory. In this case, the rocket meets an even larger resistance in the edge K1 and hence rolls off more so that the rocket's trajectory inclines more to the right causing the reactive force to drive the rocket more to the left at the edge K2. So the color red of the 2nd order appears on the screen. Here, too, the dark lines appear as described above. As regards the red of the 3rd order, the rocket impingement angle a3 is approximately 20 relative to the trajectory. For exactly the same reasons, the deflection is larger than with the red of the 2nd order. Here, too, the dark edge lines appear due to the frontal alignment of like rocket diameters.

46 Finally, Fig. 46 shows the formation of the entire spectra of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd orders by inserting the increasing colored rockets yellow-blue-violet. In correspondence with the increasing rocket diameters the deflection increases due to the increasing tilting momentum so that the missing colors are continuously supplemented. For the sake of clarity, the rocket impingements were only illustrated by the angles a1, a2, a3 and the trajectory by arrows. It is assumed that most probably the photonic rocket impingements on the gap edge K1 vary within certain limits causing the rocket trajectories to slightly diffuse which becomes evident by the broader base line of the spectra and the transitions between the individual colors.

47 After having basically explained the phenomena of light, we now can dare to deal with the polarization of light. If we were able to make a cross-section across the beam direction of a bundle of light beams, we would see the result illustrated in Fig. 47: We would discern nothing but a number of photonic rockets of different sizes having a torn opening on their rear hemispheres from which core electricity flows out from the smallest diameters at the lowest voltage and highest density and from the largest diameters at the highest voltage and least density. Let us now direct such a bundle of beams at a right angle onto a ring R positioned in front of a prism P in Fig. 48.

48 All beams or photonic rockets touching the outer and inner ring edges K1, K2, K3, K4 are deflected from their trajectories while all other beams follow their trajectories uninhibited outside the ring and inside the ring hole so that they impinge on the entry face of the prism without deflection at a distinct angle of incidence a. These beams or photonic rockets pass through the prism, as described above, are discerned as white light immediately behind the prism within the light wedge, and appear as colored edge beams outside the light wedge due to their incomplete composition. When we firstly study those deflected beams which contact the outer ring edge K1 and K2 on their trajectories, we surprisingly find out that the angle of incidence a1 of the upper photonic rocket is increased by its deflection angle b1 while the angle of incidence a2 of the lower photonic rocket is decreased by its deflection angle b2. When we now look to the beam deflection at the inner ring edge K3 and K4, we find here that the angle of incidence b3 of the upper photonic rocket is decreased this time by the value of its deflection angle b3 while the angle of incidence a4 of the lower photonic rocket is this time increased by its deflection angle b4. All photonic rockets the angles of incidence a of which are decreased, start with the color red and yellow while all photonic rockets the angles of incidence of which are increased beyond the normal angle of incidence a start with the color blue and violet. Thus, polarization is a lawful bisection or centered division of the

spectrum on the basis of the subtraction or addition of the respective rocket deflection angles b from or to the normal angle of incidence a. In Fig. 48, a ring was chosen purposefully because it allows to obtain all possible degrees of polarization from zero to the highest degree of deflection at 90. This highest degree of deflection is achieved at the point where tangents of the outer and inner ring edges extend parallel to the prism axis while the lowest degree of polarization, i.e. 0, is reached at the point where the tangents of the outer and inner ring edges extend at 90, i.e. at a right angle, relative to the prism axis. The range between zero and 90 includes all subtractions and addition angles of the photonic rockets. If in our ring example one performs a circular movement from the central ring axis upward to the outer ring edge, i.e. from 0 to 90, the deflection of the photonic rockets increases, i.e. the angles of incidence a become larger. When moving beyond 90, the deflection angles become smaller again until they reach 0 or the normal angle of incidence a at 180. If one moves beyond 180 downward, the deflection of the photonic rockets increases again up to 260 but with the difference that the respective angles of incidence a become smaller. From 270 to 360, the angles of incidence increase again and reach at 360 or the point of origin 0 the normal angle of incidence a. If one follows in the same manner the contact point of the photonic rockets at the inner edge of the ring from 0 to 90 upward, the respective angles of incidence do not become larger than in the case of the outer ring edge, but smaller until at 180 they have shrunk to zero, i.e. the normal angle of incidence a. Likewise, the angles of incidence do not become smaller than at the outer edge from 180 to 270 until they reach the normal angle of incidence again a at 360 or 0.

49 What causes the polarization to decrease to zero when the outer and inner ring tangents are at right angles to the prism axis, i.e. that the photonic rockets are not sorted according to their color values or diameters or magnitude when they pass through the prism? Or in other words: Why do we see the light edges at right angles to the prism axis without colored edges? As illustrated by Fig. 49 as a C-D cross-section of Fig. 48, it is the same principle of the beam path as with regard to planeparallel glass panes which we have described earlier with reference to Fig. 40. When the photonic rockets K5 and K6 contact the inner ring edges, they are deflected and on entering and exiting subjected to a deflection a5-a8 relative to the perpendicular or a parallel shift. Hence, no polarization can occur within the 90 position. In this context, let us recall the experiment using a gap having a width of 1/1,000 mm and a thickness of 1/100 mm. If one looks through the gap at a rod positioned in front of a light source, this rod shows very sharp contours when the gap direction is at a right angle relative to the rod, while the rod loses its sharp contours when the gap is rotated by some fractions of a degree and becomes invisible when the gap is rotated by 90. This phenomenon becomes fully clear when applying the refraction laws of the photonic rockets described earlier to it.

Reflection of Light
When light beams from a light source impinge on substances, the latter become visible and appear to the eye in a distinct color. The incident beams are reflected from the surface of the substances in another mixture or composition according to the substance surface. Depending upon the condition of the reflecting surface, the beams are reflected in a definite direction or diffusely. Smooth surfaces reflect the beams more or less regularly while rough surfaces reflect them irregularly to all sides.

The Cause of Reflection

When we regard the incident beam of light as consisting of energy ball rockets, the deeper relations between reflection, color and surface condition of the irradiated substance impinged on are easily understood. When one considers the dimensions of the energy ball rockets and the distances of the energy balls at the surface of an irradiated substance, it becomes clear that every substance retains a certain number of photonic rockets of a certain size, i.e. diameter, depending upon the energy ball groupings of the substance and the respective smaller or bigger recesses and cavities on its surface. Consequently, only distinct sorts of rockets from the surface of the substance reach the eye and cause the respective discharge, i.e. color perception, between the rods and cones of the retina. If, due to the surface condition of the substance, all or rather the vast majority of the photonic rockets are retained in the recesses and cavities of the substance surface, we perceive this substance as black. The light is, as we usually say, absorbed. As a natural consequence, the photonic rockets transfer their accumulation heat to the substance. If only few or, as with total reflection, no photonic rockets are retained, we perceive the substance as white, or we see the white light. When the light is absorbed, i.e. when the photonic rockets are caught by a black substance, they exercise a pressure onto the substance according to their speed and mass or kinetic energy (mv2)/2 known as irradiation pressure. As the photonic rocket is an elastic body, it is thrown back or reflected according to the mechanical law of pushing completely elastic bodies. In most cases, however, it is highly probable that the throwing back causes a respective change of direction of the rocket's reactive force as we have described with reference to the normal spectrum.

The Radiometer
When the photonic rockets are reflected from a smooth and white surface according to the law of pushing elastic bodies, they transfer not all of their kinetic energy to the surface impinged on. If, however, the photonic rockets hit a black surface, they are swallowed, i.e. absorbed, by it so that the black surface receives their complete kinetic energy. The difference between the two torques of the white and black surfaces caused by the kinetic energy determines the rotating direction of the radiometer which was invented by Crookes, an Englishman, in 1874. Much might still be said about the spreading and curving of light and its many optical phenomena, especially about polarized light, the generation of divergent radiation, the iridescent edges of lenses and their elimination by the use of optical crown and optical flint as well as the double refraction of light in calcite. Also, it would be very interesting to study the influence of gravity on the photonic rockets which we have learned to know as mass particles. The assumed existence of photonic rockets provides also an explanation of the influence of a magnetic field on the so-called polarization plane of light which in our way of viewing is similar to the photonic rocket alignment by means of gap edges K1, K2. It is known that even Faraday has proven this influence. The other effect of magnetism in connection with light which Zeemann found 40 years later is also explained. On the basis of the light regularity described hereinbefore, everybody can find answers to all questions in this respect.

Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light

But what about Goethe's opinion that the white light is not a composite light but the unique simple light and that the colors come into being only by turbidities or constraints imposed on the white light by the substances? In the light of our aforementioned studies we have to say: From the purely emotional viewpoint of his artistic, intuitive perception, Goethe was certainly on the right way to the full truth, but was wrong compared with Newton in asserting that the white light was the unique simple light. Newton presented the experimental proof of his conception, although this proof, too, was not quite sound as we have seen. Exact research has fully confirmed Newton's conception while it was possible to scientifically disprove Goethe's assertion. Goethe, and probably all other artists, try to conclude from the whole to the individual, while analytical naturalists and maybe all scientists take the individual out of the whole, scrupulously study this individual and conclude from the individual to the whole. Our above considerations show, however, that the primeval construction material or the first physical condition of the substances including light is the core electricity, i.e. the potential energy or power, and that every substantial, heating and illuminating matter emanates from this power. So one may confidently describe this core electricity in Goethe's words as the "unique simple". However, one must not generalize this important perception unilaterally as Goethe did, but must accept the facts found as facts and has to acknowledge that the light perceived as white consists of a sum of individual lights perceived as colored. Goethe kept a higher conception on a level which would have deserved thorough clarification. Newton was on the way to this clarification by his studies. Goethe, on the other hand, used sharp and offensive expressions to renounce a scientific clarification. It was this renunciation which ruined his color theory. Nevertheless, we have to admit with the artist Goethe, "The eye owes its being to the light" and "If not the eye were sun-like, how could we see the light? If God's own power lived in us, then where's divine delight?"

A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's Rotation

50 Fig. 50 schematically illustrates a device for measuring the speed of light depending upon the earth's rotation. This device essentially consists of a constant light source L, two photocells A-B, two electric display instruments and appropriate optical equipment. The whole device is rotatably

mounted on a vertical axis. The device operates as follows: For the purpose of calibration, the whole measuring device is at first rotated on the horizontal plane so that the common axis of the photocells assumes a north-south and the Y axis of the light source an east-west orientation. In this calibrating position, the values displayed on the display instruments are read. When the whole measuring system is rotated by 90 so that the X axis of the photocells takes the east-west and the Y axis of the light sources the north-south orientation, the photocells are no longer scanned evenly but unevenly by the bundles of beams of the light sources because in the time unit up to the arrival of the light beam photocell A has reached the A1 position and photocell B the B1 position. Thus, when moving the whole system out of its original position at a v/c ratio of 1:1, the illuminating force acting on the receiving surfaces A and B changes. Thus, the light intensity on the light-sensitive screen A1 decreases while it increases at the same ratio on screen B1. Another reading of the values displayed on the display instruments yields a difference compared with the values read in the calibrating position which difference is proportional to the speed of light and the rotation of the earth. The instrument of photo-screen A1 displays a negative and the instrument of screen B1 a positive value. As the angle of incidence of the light as well as the two-sided displacement of the screens A-B in the direction of the earth's rotation can be precisely calculated and thus regarded as known quantities, the increase or decrease of the surface intensity can be calculated with utmost precision and read on the instruments calibrated for the speed of light.

Summary
1. Light Light is a specific perception of the intensity of the core electricity flowing out of an energy ball on the retina of an eye and represents the transition from the second to the first physical condition of substances. 2. Spreading of light When the zone of dynamic equilibrium of an energy ball is disturbed by unilateral heating, the core electricity flows out of the energy ball with the resulting reaction driving it away in the opposite direction following the rocket principle. 3. Speed of light The speed of light depends upon the measure of force (density multiplied by voltage) of the core electricity flowing out of an energy ball rocket which has the same power in all energy balls.

Part Five
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies
The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies
If the thoughts and ideas we have formed on the basis of the vortex theory about the world of the small - the microcosmos - tally with reality, then they must also correspond with reality when we apply them logically to the world of the big - the macrocosmos. Indeed, the vortex current law which we can prove in small-scale experiments corresponds in all details with the law of movement of our solar system as well as of the spiral or vortex nebulae, and we are even able to determine the direction of axis rotation of the planets, the moons and the sun as well as the direction of the planet orbits around the sun on the basis of our knowledge about currents. Further we find a satisfactory explanation for the reverse orbits of some moons and some comets. Starting from the ideas developed above, let us now make an attempt to come to a rough, but concrete idea about the formation of our solar system. In this attempt, we do not want to repeat the mistake of Kant's and Laplace's theory and abandon ourselves to any blind chance in lawfulness. Also, in considering the classic experimental proof of the effect of the cleavage of the planets using the well-known drop of oil, we do not want to neglect the fact that the idea and the power of the teacher form the background for the rotation of the drop of oil. Likewise, in our considerations about the formation of the world we do not want to ignore the fact that logically the idea of the world, too, must be the basis of its formation and that a force must exist to convert the idea to reality. Just as everything on the small earthly scale is nothing but a simile or image of the unfading big, and just as nothing happens which has not been worked out somewhere, we have to be consequent in our assumption that in the world of the big, too, nothing happens without having been worked out beforehand in all its details and having been determined as an idea. To find out or at least suspect who is the great and magnificent thinker and creator of all that is happening in the big wide world is the sake of any individual. What we are dealing with here is related only to the constriction material and the constructional schedule of the apparent phenomena and movements of a purely physical and mechanical type within our solar system. Let us first assume that the space in which our solar system is located was, in a most distant past, a substance-free cavity in outer space, i.e. that this space was on the lowest possible cosmic pole of coldness and was filled with nothing but potential electricity and/or matter in its first physical state.

The Formation of Our Solar System

Thus, this potential electricity would have been at its highest concentration in said cavity as it was at the absolute cosmic zero point. If we had been able to observe this cavity from outside, we would certainly not have been struck by anything particular except from the fact that this cavity was only a dark cavity within outer space, just as we nowadays can observe such dark cavities or recesses outside our solar system. It is true that nowadays these dark cavities are usually regarded as nebulous masses. According to our considerations, however, they are no nebulous masses but substance-free cavities in space. How is it possible then that neither a beam of light nor any other worldly body is able to penetrate these cavities? Our expositions above allow us to answer this question quite easily. We have understood that substances are nothing but dynamic equilibrium zones of opposite forces and that these forces are determined by the low cavity temperature of the energy balls and the ambient temperature of the actual electricity. Now, if the ambient temperature equals the cavity temperature, then the zone of equilibrium and with it the substance character will disappear, i.e. the substance becomes invisible, vanishes, leaving behind only the potential core

electricity. Now, as the dark cavities in the universe are cavities of potential electricity being at the absolute cosmic zero point, it becomes clear to us that anything substantial - including a light beam - dissolves and physically disappears as soon as it enters such cavities, because the cavity temperatures of the substantial energy balls equal or nearly equal the ambient temperature, i.e. the temperature of the dark cavities. The case was not different prior to the formation of our solar system. Now we can imagine how this dark cavity of our solar system gradually started to rumble at its outer border due to the omnidirectional irradiation of the surrounding fixed stars or due to a heat flow from one or several star constellations. Although each beam of light dived into this cavity, its accumulating heat conveyed at the cavity border caused an irritation triggered off by the expansion of the core electricity. When in addition major heat radiation had an effect on certain spots, eruptions at the outer circumference occurred. One can imagine in this way that most gradually a tendency towards forming a dynamic zone of equilibrium of the space cavity which more and more aimed at an omnidirectional pressure compensation. This pressure or power compensation could reach its completeness only in a spherical shape because only this shape allows an even distribution of the omnidirectional pressure forces. The substance formation possible at first at the circumference comprised of gases having a low cavity temperature. If there were heat gradients from certain star constellations to the cavity, the gases must have gathered within the gradients as nebulae. According to the intensity of these heat gradients and to the imbalance of the cavity filled with potential electricity, larger and stronger eruptions and ejections of potential electricity occurred, in particular at the beginning. As heat development progressed from the outside to the inside, the potential electricity volume entered a space of higher temperature, so that here, too, on the one hand the ejected potential electricity being at the cosmic zero point immediately started to expand at its outer border while on the other hand the actual ambient electricity being at a higher temperature headed for its primary state, the coldness thus forming a dynamic zone of equilibrium being well-balanced in all directions. In this way we have to imagine the formation of the planets. for this reason, the development of our solar system started with the outer planets with their large dimensions. The smaller and more balanced the potential electricity volume became, which we call the sun today, the smaller were the dimensions of the inner and younger planets. Thus, the planets are potential electricity cores ejected from the cavity filled with potential electricity and are at the absolute cosmic zero point. The core of the sun is a still existing remainder of the large former cavity and is also at the absolute cosmic zero point. >From a substance point of view, one may define this cavity as well as the cavities of the planets and moons as substance-free cavities of the solar system.

The Secret of the Sunspots

Since mankind has known the existence of sunspots, this phenomenon has been discussed and written about. Numerous sunspot theories have been presented so far. Even the recent research was unable to give a satisfactory answer with respect to the character of the sunspots although the observations permit certain conclusions. Pictures of the sun taken with monochromatic light (J. Strobbe Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, vol "Astrophysik") show that material vortex fields exist above the actual sunspots and that the movement of same proceeds tangentially to the sun in such a way that there is an inward flow into the spot in the higher layers (15'000 km) and an outward flow from the spot in the lower layers. Spectroheliograms of different strata of the sun surface illustrated on page 144 of "Zur Erforschung des Weltalls" [About the Exploration of the Universe] by Bruggencate and Kopff allow very interesting insights. These illustrations make clear that the actual sunspots appear to be covered by light clouds. However, a heliograph makes it possible to penetrate these covering cloud strata so that only dark, hole-like shapes remain. Although the usual opinion prevails nowadays that the spots seem to be in no way dark compared with really dark objects such as the moon during a sun eclipse or Venus when passing the sun. The dark spots are mainly regarded as a brightness

difference on the sun surface with the brightness ratio between normal sun surface and central spot area being approximately 1:10. The basic mistake in the evaluation of the differences of brightness also lies in the fact that the distance between the sun, its spots, and the planets and the moon passing in front of the sun has been neglected. There is a tremendous difference between discerning a dark spot directly on the plane of a shining base or, as in the case of the passage of the planets, at giant distances between the spot and its covering. In the former case, the blooming and diffusion of the light has a most remarkable effect and makes the spot appear considerably brighter while in the second case the diffuse light is directed so that the object appears considerably darker. Even today the sunspots permit us an insight into the large remaining cavity. What we see therein is a substance-free cavity filled with the primary physical state of matter, a remainder of the former large cavity of that space in which our planets, planetoids and moons orbit today. This is the whole secret of the controversial sunspots! Thus, there is complete darkness inside the sun because - for the reasons discussed above - no beam of light can get inside or come outside. The temperature of the sun's interior may be assessed to be minus five million degrees centigrade. It is highly probable that the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the expanding potential internal and the shrinking actual external electricity is the photosphere. Starting from this zone, the accumulating heat decreases inwards as well as outwards. The permanent enormous radiation of the energy ball light rockets is connected with a gradual inward displacement and/or shrinking of the sun's dynamic zone of equilibrium causing, on its part and at the same ratio, an increasing contact between the accumulating heat which decreases inwardly and the core electricity thus expanding the latter at the contact zone. The enormous and scarcely decreasing energy resources lie just in the immensely deep temperature of the sun's core. This is also the reason why an energy ball light rocket may pass through outer space at a very high speed for thousands of years without getting considerably exhausted, which however is not meant to say that many light beams do not fade on their way due to the lack of energy reserves. The latter becomes clear when one takes into consideration the numerous lines or speed gaps or light rocket breakdowns of the spectra of very distant stars. This view is also helpful to understand how it is possible that in the world of fixed stars small stars suddenly inflate to become giant stars such as Nova Pictoris in 1925 or Nova Hercules in 1934. It is clear that in case of a too fast approximation of the decreasing accumulating heat towards the core electricity an omnidirectional explosive expansion of the latter and thus an outward displacement of the dynamic zone of equilibrium, i.e. an enlargement of the star, must occur.

The Gigavortex of the Sun

This continuously expanding core electricity of the sun is driven out of the sun like a nearly eternal well and flows, in accordance to its primary state, towards the cold zones of the planet space. As with the planet poles, it has to be assumed with regard to the solar poles that descending helical flows occur and that whole gas patches adjust themselves like magnets rectangularly to the flow and are driven from the outside to the poles. In accordance with the vortex laws found in the small scale and with the direction of the sun's rotation and the vortex flow direction of the earth it is to be assumed that the cold zones of the planet space extend helically and/or vortex-like. So the continuously escaping core electricity of the sun would flow towards these cold zones wherein the vortex law: determines the flow direction between the earth and the sun, i.e. on the day side, from the east to the west.

The Megavortices of the Planets

Other cold zones are the poles of the planets and the moons. Actual solar electricity flows into these zones without interruption, expands again near the warmer zones of equilibrium of the planets and moons and is expelled again within the equators up to the higher degrees of latitude in vortices and/or ascending helices. The unilateral solar irradiation onto the planets and moons also generates heat gradients on them which cause the formation of further vortices. As the planets and moons also

have core electricity, here also occurs a progressing decrease of their dynamic zones of equilibrium and consequently a gradual but continuous consumption of their potential core electricity. Even within the heat gradients created on the planets and moons, the inhomogeneous actual electric vortex flow emanating from the sun in a particular direction determines the direction of the escaping actual planetary and lunar electricity.

The Minivortices of the Moons

Thus there are independent intrinsic vortices of the planets and moons plus an additional vortex flow from the sun. It shall further be noted that the moons have another additional vortex generated by the core electricity emanating from their respective planets. So we may say that the sun has a gigavortex reclamping the entire solar system, the planets have a megavortex generated by planetary and solar electricity, and the moons have a minivortex consisting of their intrinsic vortex plus their additional planetary and solar vortex flow. Although the potential core electricity of the celestial bodies of our solar system has a common origin we prefer to designate their respective electricity as solar electricity, Mercury electricity, Venus electricity, earth electricity, Mars electricity, lunar electricity, etc. with a view to their different voltage state corresponding to their distance from the sun.

51

Fig. 51 schematically illustrates the arrangement of the vortex flows of the actual solar and planetary electricity in the east-west flow direction we have found on our earth. For reasons of clarity, the moons have been omitted in the illustration. The moon and its flows in their reciprocal relation with the earth and the sun shall be explained more clearly below. As can be seen in Fig. 51, all planets have the same flow direction while the direction of the solar vortex flow runs opposite. As mentioned already, the moons have, apart from their intrinsic vortex and the solar vortex flowing in the same direction as the planetary vortices -, an additional vortex caused by the megavortex of their respective planet and having a flow direction opposite to the intrinsic and the solar vortex.

The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun
As we have mentioned earlier, the polarity of a vortex goes back to its flow direction. Therefore and with reference to Fig. 51, the visible poles of the planets directed towards the viewer are north poles while the visible pole of the sun is a south pole. Thus, opposite flows occur between the planets the accumulated component of which causes a reciprocal repulsion. So, a destructive direct collision or a reciprocal catching of planets is completely excluded.

The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun

But as the sun's south pole is located on the side of the planets' north poles, there exists flow equality between the sun and the planets and flow polarity on the night side of the planets averted from the sun. This polarity between the additional solar vortex field of the earth on the one hand and the gigavortex field of the sun on the other causes an accumulating effect the resulting force of which presses the earth towards the sun. Now, if the flow of the solar gigavortex were no helical or vortex flow but a concentric annular flow, the planets would be pressed towards the sun transversely to the flow, i.e. radially on the shortest way. But as the flow of the gigavortex is helical, the planets are not driven radially but nearly rectangularly relative to the flow direction. Furthermore, as the flow direction of the helices changes with each angular degree of an assumed circle around the sun, the direction of the resulting force of the flow accumulation component changes with each angular degree as well.

The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits

The continuous direction change of the resulting force as a whole brings about the effect of the planetary orbit which, depending upon the ascent of the solar gigavortex, is more or less similar to an ellipse. If the flow of the solar gigavortex around the sun had the form of mathematically exact helices, the planets would orbit on exactly descending paths. But as things are, we have to assume that the flow of the solar gigavortex, similar to the spiral nebulae, comprises two main arms at an offset of 180 having steeper tangential angles each of which imparts the elliptical kick. Recent research activities have already discovered more than two thousand million spiral nebulae in the universe 80 % of which being double-arm spiral nebulae. So we have to come to the conclusion that our solar system is no exception and must be considered as a double-arm spiral systems. Although now no nebulae are to be found in our solar system, we may, due to the elliptic orbits of our planets, assume that an invisible double-arm helical flow exists just as the helical flows of magnets exist without being visible. Thus we see before us once again and at a maximum scale the accumulating effect described above several times. When this accumulating effect is effective, the heat and light phenomena associated with it must become perceivable, too.

The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light

Indeed we find a temperature increase in the higher air strata of the accumulation or night side of the earth and a temperature decrease on the day side where no flow accumulation occurs. The light phenomenon associated with the accumulating effect becomes visible as so-called zodiacal light near the equator where the strongest accumulating effect occurs.

52 The polar light represents a similar light effect. As was described earlier, we find descending vortex flows at the poles of the earth just like in case of a magnet. At the mutual penetration zone of these ascending and descending vortex flows, accumulations are generated which cause heat and light development and thus make the upper air strata light up in a tape-, strip- or beam-like manner depending upon the intensity of the accumulations (Fig. 52). Beneath the most manifold shapes of polar lights one usually observes an arch-shaped, undistorted helical or vortex thread of the descending and/or ascending vortex flows. (It is not difficult to prove this phenomenon in an experiment by allowing the accumulation zones of a bar magnet to affect light-sensitive plates in a nearly airless receptacle for a longer period of time.) The intensity of these vortex accumulations depends upon the actual solar electricity. If the solar gigavortex field increases due to core electricity eruptions, an increase in the megavortex intensity occurs on the earth and the other planets which finds its expression in the polar light, the so-called magnetic thunderstorms, the general weather situation (occurrence of periods of coldness) or in part in the formation of cirrus clouds. Likewise, the rotational speed of the geomagnetic differential motor which has been mentioned several times above increases. It would be highly interesting to determine whether an increase in the vortex flow is able to influence on induction, to increase gravity and to accelerate the earth as well as to influence the secular flows of the planets and moons. As regards the core electricity eruptions (protuberances) on the sun, it is highly probable that these phenomena are related with the shrinking of the dynamic zones of equilibrium. In view of the enormous substance masses of the sun's mantle it cannot be assumed that the precise alignment of the dynamic zone of equilibrium occurs consistently during the continuous shrinking, but it is more probable that the alignment occurs periodically after having overcome certain displacement resistances.

The Years of Sunspot Maxima

To all appearances, the years of sunspot maxima seem to be related with the periodical alignment of the dynamic zone of equilibrium. Thus. it is easy to understand that such an alignment also brings about a periodical stronger contact between the accumulated heat decreasing inwardly and the potential core electricity. However, this temporarily stronger contact leads to a temporarily more intense formation of substance and expansion of core electricity at its outermost border. Indeed, in such periods the substances are often explosively ejected away from their inner generation zone up to 900,000 km into the planetary space due to the huge force of the sudden expansion of core electricity. The so-called spots occurring after such tremendous events are in fact nothing but

openings which have developed in the sun's mantle. These spots mainly emerge within the ascending vortex flows at latitudes between 5 and 40 degrees to the north and south of the equator and offer a view into the sun's hollow interior which is at the cosmic zero point and is filled with potential electricity while being free from any substance or light. Now the expanding potential electricity flows out through these holes in the sun's mantle until the inner compensation determined by the shrinking process has been regained. As mentioned above, this escape causes the intensity of the planets' vortex fields to increase. This increase in intensity is confirmed very clearly by the graphs shown in Fig. 53. Over a longer period of time, these graphs show the complete correspondence between the magnetic declination and the occurrence of sunspots.

53 We know from our earlier considerations that a temperature increase causes a voltage increase while a temperature decrease causes a voltage decrease of the actual electricity. Thus, the density of the actual electricity decreases with the voltage increase and on the other hand increases with the voltage decrease. So we have a higher voltage of the actual electricity near the sun and a lower voltage far from the sun. This means that the resulting forces of the night-time accumulation components which cause the planets to orbit around the sun decrease with the growing distance from the sun. Thus, the orbiting of the planets gets slower proportionately to their distance from the sun. We can realize this with regard to our earth as it has its highest speed near the sun (perihelion) and its lowest speed far from the sun (aphelion).

The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes
The rotation of the sun and the planets around their own axes can be explained in a very simple and illustrative manner using this vortex theory. We can get a proper idea of this phenomenon by looking at the known electric wheel or flying wheel shown in Fig. 54 the tip discharge of which causes the wheel to rotate in the opposite direction. The same principle applies to the actual electric vortices. The ascending east-west vortex flows of the planets push them to the opposite, i.e. westeast direction and thus impart a continuous torque on the planets. We have found earlier that, apart from the actual solar electricity vortices, the planets have their intrinsic vortices ascending from inside. It is this vortex which gives the planets their axial rotation. It should be taken into account here which heat gradient and hence which voltage and density the ascending vortex has. Near the sun, the voltage of the solar electric vortex is very high while its density is low; likewise, the outward heat gradient of the ascending actual planetary electricity is low in the vicinity of the sun, i.e. the planets being near to the sun, namely Mercury and Venus, rotate slowly around their axis

while their orbiting around the sun is faster due to the higher concentration and higher voltage of the actual solar vortex and the resulting stronger accumulation components compared with the orbiting of the planets being farther away from the sun. Thus, the more we move away from the sun, the more the voltage and concentration of the actual solar electricity decreases, and the slower the planets will orbit. Alternatively, the planets' outward heat gradient from the zone of equilibrium gets larger and increases the reciprocal vortex forces, thus making the planets rotate faster around their own axes due to their higher torques. The nearer the planets come to the sun, the lower become their torques, but the larger become their resulting accumulating forces which cause their orbiting around the sun. With regard to the sun itself, we realize a reversed rotation due to the gaseous physical state of the sun's mantle. Here the substances are not pushed backward but carried along by the east-west solar electric vortex in the same direction. Hence, the sun rotates around its axis from the east to the west, being faster at its equator where the voltage of the ascending actual solar electricity is highest than at a latitude of about 40 degrees where the rotation delay amounts to two days.

54 Regarding their mutual influences, the planets, planetoids and moons behave quite similar to a number of bar magnets suspended at certain distances from each other, the north poles of which are directed towards one direction. This fact of the mutual repulsive impact fully corresponds with the amplitude of the daily, annual and secular variations, particularly when the planets Venus, Earth, Jupiter are arranged on an essentially straight line radially to the sun; likewise, this impact corresponds with the alteration of the mean declination at the times of the upper and lower culmination. Also, the geomagnetic differential motor shows this impact in a very illustrative manner. When looking at the vortex regularity of the earth's moon in its dependence upon the solar and the earth vortex, we obtain quite surprising results. We have mentioned above that the moon like the planets - is also seized by the gigavortex of the sun and thus has a solar vortex in addition to its intrinsic lunar vortex both having the same flow direction. As the moon is also located in the zone of the earth vortex, a portion of the ascending earth vortex flows towards the cold poles of the moon and becomes a descending helical pole flow here. According to the vortex rule, this flow is directed opposite to the lunar flow, so that we find two opposite vortex flows on the moon which regulate its orbiting around the sun as well as its rotation around its own axis. The flow of the lunar electric vortex plus the solar vortex flowing in the same direction are dominant over the opposite vortex caused by the earth's field so that the moon rotates around its own axis in the sense of the earth and the other planets. In accordance with the opposite vortex generated on the moon, the earth exerts an inhibiting influence onto the moon's rotation. It would rotate around its axis much faster if it were not located within the megavortex zone of the earth. Due to the presence of the moon, the vortex field of the earth is parted into two stronger ascending vortex flows being offset by 180. There is a larger accumulation intensity between the moon and the earth because on this side of the earth a stronger runoff of the earth's megavortex takes place due to the stronger gradient towards the cold poles of the moon. This stronger runoff causes a weakening of the megavortex on both sides of the earth while on the rear side of the earth, naturally, the normal runoff of the megavortex takes place. We have found that the ascending megavortex is the cause of the rotation of the earth around

its own axis just because earthly "stronghold" is, so to speak, pushed back. We have to recognize the validity of this rule on the earth and extend its applicability to the liquid physical state, too.

The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide

When we look at high tide and low tide from this point of view it becomes clear to us why during the high tide the peak level of the water does not coincide exactly with the peak position of the moon, because the ascending flows between the tropics do not leave the earth radially on the shortest path from the earth to the moon, but from locations which have long surpassed the connecting line between the earth and the moon under one and the same meridian. Now we can also understand why a second high tide occurs on the rear side of the earth if we include into our considerations the second runoff of the megavortex of the earth being offset from the first one by 180.

The Law of the True Lunar Orbit

55

56

So, with regard to the moon we have to record in essence two opposite flows, the intrinsic lunar electricity flow plus the vortex flow coming directly from the sun and the vortex flow coming from the earth. Fig. 55 illustrates how these two vortex flows reciprocally influence on the moon's movement. In this figure, the earth is shown on its orbit around the sun in four subsequent equal time intervals during one orbit of the moon. The dotted line designates the earth's orbit and the dashed-dotted line the true lunar orbit. The illustrations I, III and IV show the quadrature positions of the moon: first, last, and again first quarter, while II and IV show the sycygial positions of full moon and new moon or opposition and conjunction. The sun flow acting directly onto the moon causes its movement around the sun while the flow emanating from the earth and thus being opposite causes its circular orbit around the earth. Due to the fact that the earth moves forward at the same time the circular movement of the moon in connection with the solar flow becomes an epicycloidal movement.. For reasons of clarity, the vortex flow emanating from the earth is shown separately in Fig. 56. Each of these two flows has its own accumulation components and consequently its own resulting force a and b, respectively. The force c resulting from these two force components a and b leads due to their interaction to the epicycloidal movement. When we use the illustrations to follow the epicycloidal movement of the moon, we realize in the quadrature position of the first quarter that the resulting moving force c drives the moon to the night side of the earth and that the angle between the components a and b becomes more acute during the forward movement of the earth until it reaches zero at full moon. This continuous angular alteration is accompanied by a continuous alteration of the direction of the moving force c the course of which brings about the epicycloidal orbit of the moon. Due to the addition of the two components a and b, the diminishing component angle results in an acceleration of the moon compared with the earth within the ecliptic. Thus, the moon hurries on ahead of the earth on its night side from the first to the last quarter during its movement around the sun. When the moon exceeds its oppositional position, an acute angle opens between the two components a and b, this time towards the opposite side. On this side, no addition of the components but, according to the opening angle, a subtraction of the components takes place. Thus, we have a moon delay on the epicycloid orbit during subtraction. While in our example the resulting moving force c has driven the moon away from the earth from its first quarter to full moon on the night side of the earth, the moving force c which is now directed to the inside drives the moon from full moon to its last quarter again towards the day side of the earth. When the moon has reached its last quarter, its orbiting speed around the sun equals that of the earth again. But as the moon crosses the earth's orbit towards the inside, the sharp angle of the two components a and b opens more and more to a right or an obtuse and finally to a straight angle so that the components are opposite to each other at new moon and the moon delay reaches its maximum. So the earth has hurried on ahead of the moon during the period between its last quarter and new moon and up to its first quarter remains faster than the moon in its orbit around the sun. Following new moon, the components a and b return to form an obtuse, right and sharp angle, the resulting moving force c of which now steers the moon towards the night side of the earth. Exceeding the stretched angle is also combined with a decrease of the components b directed in the opposite sense, so that the delay of the moon from the new moon to the first quarter phase comes to a standstill again. At its first quarter, the moon has once again reached the same speed as the earth and becomes accelerated again. With a view to this continuous alteration of the resulting moving force on the one hand and the secular disturbances of the planetary system and the flow variations of the actual solar electricity emerging from the sun on the other, it is not surprising that the determination of the apparent circular or elliptical orbit of the moon around the earth is one of the most difficult and still unsolved mathematical problems. If one subjects the aforementioned facts about the driving forces of the sun, earth and moon in the context with the tide phenomena being connected with the position of the moon to a further review, the regularity of the actual electricity vortex flow as a universally effective law of the world gains further remarkable support. If one looks at the strong tide waves during full and new moon, one will find out that at these two lunar positions the

conditions for a stronger flooding away of the vortex arm leading to the moon are more appropriate than in any other constellation. So, if one or the other of these two positions coincides with the winter solstice, the flooding-away towards the moon due to the larger vortex intensity in the vicinity of the sun increases considerably which can be clearly observed with respect to the spring tides then occurring. We have found that the intrinsic vortex of the planets and moons and the respective additional solar electricity vortex emerging from the sun have the same direction and that their accumulating effect drives the planets and moons around the sun, and that furthermore the flow sense of the flow flooding from the planets towards the moons has the opposite direction and that its accumulating effect drives the moons around the planets. According to the vortex law, the planets are mutually repellent and are pressed towards the sun by the gigavortex in a tangential rather than a radial direction. Just as the planets are directly influenced by the solar gigavortex, the moons are influenced by their respective planets and are simply pressed tangentially towards them by their megavortices. If the moons were situated outside the range of effectiveness of the planetary vortices, the moons, too, would be repelled by the planets. For this reason, it is unimaginable that the moons are caught planetoids; in fact, the vortex theory suggests that the moons are potential electricity volumes erupted during the generation of the planets so that they can never go beyond the vortex range of the latter. Now and forever, their fate will remain bound to that of their planets. The opposite flow on the moon which is the cause for the moon not turning around its axis in the same sense as the planets must have the result that the phenomenon which we call magnetism is not present on the moon because opposite flows cancel each other out in their magnetic effect just as in case of a bifilar coil.

The Peculiarity of Uranus

In the solar system, Uranus presents the peculiarity that its north-south axis is offset from the normal position of the other planets by approximately 90. In a distant past, the intrinsic vortex flow of Uranus must have been commutated by a violent intervention, probably of a comet with its considerably larger energy flow, above the planetary orbit from west to east during overtaking. This commutation happened either at the perihelion or aphelion of Uranus, because both poles, i.e. the south pole at aphelion and the north pole at perihelion, are directed towards the sun. Thus, in one of these positions, the north pole must have swung to the left, because in this new, altered position the turning direction of Uranus around its own axis as well as its moons orbit around this altered position of the polar axis of Uranus in the same direction. We have mentioned earlier that planets have their own intrinsic actual flow vortex which is triggered at the contact zone between the potential core electricity and the zone of dynamic equilibrium. This actual intrinsic vortex of each planet by repulsion causes their rotation around their own axes and further causes their gravitation. The greater the distance of a planet from the sun, the larger its heat gradient from the zone of dynamic equilibrium towards outer space. Therefore, the planets rotate faster around their own axes in proportion with their distance from the sun. The cause of the planets' orbiting around the sun is the solar gigavortex. We call the effect of the same the solar gravity. This solar gigavortex generates by means of its descending helical flows the so-called magnetic poles of the planets, planetoids and moons as well as by its ascending vortex flows the accumulating effects occurring on the night side which drive these celestial bodies in a west-east direction around the central star. These magnetic vortex flows differ from the intrinsic vortices of the planets only in their density and voltage in accordance with their great distance from the sun. So, the intrinsic vortex of Uranus which is offset by 90 did not change in any way Uranus' orbiting around the sun, because now as before the north pole of the megavortex of Uranus resulting from the solar gigavortex is perpendicular to the orbital plane and thus on top as with all other planets.

Thus, we find in Uranus the unique phenomenon in our solar system that its magnetic north and south poles wander around its equator in the course of one turn around its axis. In a similar but much less considerable way, this applies also to our earth. Here, too, a violent external intervention, probably also by a comet, must once have caused a swing of its axis by 23 1/2 degrees while the magnetic north-south pole axis remained perpendicular on the orbital plane. More accurate measurements will be required to confirm this.

The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons

As we have been able to demonstrate, the orbiting direction of the planets around the sun depends upon the tangential angle of the solar gigavortex. Likewise, the orbiting direction of the moons around their planets depends upon the tangential angle of the planet's megavortex and the minivortices of the moons. As we can observe with respect to spiral nebulae, the tangential angle of the ascending helices is not always the same. In some spiral nebulae, for instance, the ascent of the helical arms is very steep near the core of the nebula and at its outer periphery while it nearly coincides with a virtual circular arc around the core at the center of the arms. If we assume that such an uneven ascension of the helical flow also exists within the planets' megavortices, we have an explanation why Saturn's outer moon Phoebe as well as Jupiter's outer moons VIII and IX orbit in the reverse direction. We might explain the reverse orbit of Neptune's moon in the same way. A disastrous collision of the planets, planetoids and moons within the solar system cannot happen as long as the flow gradient of the solar gigavortex and the intrinsic vortices is big enough to maintain appropriate distances between the orbits of the celestial bodies.. Thanks to the vortex law, it would not be difficult to describe the probable future development of our solar system in general and in many details. However, this knowledge would only be an unnecessary burden upon us and might get in the way of our present duties and tasks. Each era has its appropriate knowledge, and it is therefore unnecessary and useless and maybe even harmful to anticipate the distant future. For this reason, we only want to make ourselves familiar with the most fundamental vortex laws and draw from them some conclusions for scientific research of the present. The deeper we enter into the phenomena of our celestial bodies, the more evident become our ideas about the driving and supporting forces of our solar system as described in this paper. There is a special story behind findings: True facts per se cannot always be proven, but if many similar phenomena support each other, they can be recognized in their entirety and their inner context as true and established.

The Comets and the Formation of their Tails

When we take a closer look on the comets we find that they too confirm the full scope of the vortex laws. Judging from their behavior, these celestial bodies, too, are volumina the potential core electricity of which is at the absolute cosmic zero point and the mantle of which forms the zone of dynamic equilibrium between the accumulating forces being effective from the outside to the inside and vice versa. Within the solar system, they are subject to the solar gigavortex and thus have the same vortex direction as the planets; therefore it often happens that they are thrown out of their orbits and pushed into another orbit in the vicinity of large planets by the vortex fields of the latter because the flow direction of the planets' and comets' vortices are opposite to each other. The comets heading for the sun on parabolic or elliptical orbits change their visible outer structure when they cross the Jupiter orbit. Their rigid shape disappears with the increase of the voltage of the gigavortex, i.e. when they approach the sun. Near the Mars orbit, the voltage of the comet's vortex field which consists of its intrinsic vortex increases so much as to become perceivable in the gravity and the accumulated heat of the comet. It can be seen that the more or less circular nebulous atmosphere of the comet shrinks more and more. Due to the voltage increase of the comet's actual

electricity, the accumulating force of the individual comet energy balls which has a gravitational effect also increases. The decrease of the distance between the comet energy balls causes a development of heat which is enhanced by the fact that due to the comet approaching the sun, the intensity of the heat-generating intrinsic vortex of the comet increases, too, until it becomes similar to the luminous intensity of a fixed star. Many comets remain in this state and can only be observed through high-quality telescopes; therefore they are referred to as telescopic comets. The voltage increase of the solar electricity vortex is also connected with an increase of the accumulating components being effective on the night side of the comet, i.e. the side facing away from the sun, the resulting force of which components causing an increase or acceleration of the orbital speed. When crossing the earth or Venus orbit, the intensifying unilateral solar radiation is added the intensity increase of which often has disastrous consequences indeed. We know from our earlier considerations that in case of a disturbance of the zone of dynamic equilibrium due to unilateral heating-up the potential core electricity can escape from the inside like an explosion and that even the entire zone of equilibrium may explode so that the potential core electricity which is suddenly released may subdivide into smaller core volumes also having spherical zones of equilibrium (nebulae). In 1845, Biela's comet split up in two, and the 1882 comet near the sun in a number of fragments. If the zone of equilibrium withstands the core eruptions on the side facing the sun, at least a fountain-like outflow of the potential core electricity can be observed. As the beam is directed towards the sun while the comet movement direction is not directed immediately towards the sun but makes a curve around it, the reactive force of the outflowing core electricity causes a torque, i.e. the comet performs a half turn around its axis, so that the outflowing core electricity now flows away from the sun while in addition supporting like a rocket the resulting force of the accumulating vortex components which anyway imparts a driving effect on this side facing away from the sun. The swing of the actual core electricity beam should now again be followed by an acceleration to increase the orbiting speed. The phenomenon which we call the comet's tail is nothing but the outflowing core electricity which condenses in an infinite number of energy balls and starts to light up within the vortex accumulation components of the comet similar to the zodiacal light. As the emerging energy balls of the substances are subject to nearly the same conditions of flowing out, they must have nearly equal core or hollow space temperatures, i.e. they must have nearly the same weight. Spectroscopic tests have also shown that the tail comprises carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. But as the conditions for the formation of substances at perihelion differ from those at aphelion, the substances in the comet tail must change during their formation depending upon the distance from the sun. This is the case indeed. The approach towards the sun is accompanied by a wonderful change of the luminant colors of the comet. From one day to the other, it often changes its initially greenish-blue color suddenly to golden yellow. When the comet turns away from the sun again, the voltage situation and thus the phenomena revert. In view of the relatively small core volume of the comets they do not have a very long lifetime due to the large flow loss, especially in the vicinity of the sun. As the comets have only little mass, their intrinsic vortices ascend very steeply.

The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets

This steep ascent of the intrinsic vortices, combined with the rear-side accumulation component of the solar gigavortex, causes the lengthy orbit. If the intrinsic vortex is extremely steep, the resulting force of the accumulation components is directed reversely, i.e. the comet moves reversely rather than in the same direction as the planets around the sun. Due to this high steepness of the vortices, all the comets moving in reverse direction have very slim, lengthy elliptical orbits. Until now, we have only dealt with the vortex regularity of our solar system. There is no reason to assume that this regularity applies to our solar system only; on the contrary, it is most probable that it applies to all other stellar systems outside our solar system as well.

The Spiral Nebulae

Indeed, more than two thousand million spiral structures have been found in outer space by giant telescopes. As far as the observation results about the spiral nebulae have been published, they correspond in every detail with the vortex law described above - in particular with regard to the moving direction of the helical arms, the core and the formation of new stars. So we have to assume that all spiral nebulae including our milky way system to which our solar system belongs are subject to a universal vortex in which all spiral nebula systems repel each other without being able to go beyond the periphery of the universal vortex because they would be prevented from doing so by the accumulating effects acting from the outside to the inside. Likewise, the planets of our solar system cannot leave this system due to the accumulating effects acting from the outside to the inside. The basis of the flow principle of the actual solar electricity of our solar system - and all other solar systems in general - is the movement form of Lemniskata. It starts ascending towards the left from the sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude and in a clockwise sense heads for the poles of the planets descending towards the right. Now, the actual solar electricity flows from the planets' equators to high degrees of latitude ascending to the right and heads counterclockwise and descending to the left to both poles of the moons. Now the actual solar electricity flows away from the moons' equators ascending to the left up to high degrees of latitude. Thus the vortex flows of the planets and the moons harmonically arrange themselves in the flow direction of the solar gigavortex.

The Milky Way System

Viewed from the outside, the entire ocean of stars within the milky way would be embedded in a universal vortex. But as our solar system is located approximately in the plane of the milky way system near its center we have to logically assume - without being immodest - that our solar system forms the center of the milky way creation. It is by no means acceptable and logically unjustifiable that our solar system or our Earth or even Man with his spirit should mean nothing compared with the infinite universe. Such a conclusion could only be drawn on the basis of a unilateral quantitative point of view while neglecting the qualitative aspects of the world. To assume that man was nothing in relation to the universe and that he played no or at most an accidental role, indeed means a negation of our life, a self-denial and a giving-up of our own, higher and creative ego. The creation of the world is based on ideas and ethical laws of the highest order, and man in his entire disposition is destined to think about these ideas and to follow this ethics in his life; consequently, man is an essential member of the universe. Therefore, let us reject the life-negating, unprogressive and crushing phrase of DuBois-Reymond "ignorabimus" - "we shall never know" - and replace it by the life-affirmative, optimistic and progressive words "We shall know - but not before it's time!"

Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne

Our previous findings positively suggest the question whether it were possible in accordance with the laws of the flow of the actual solar electricity described herein to construct a noiseless aerodyne which by virtue of the gravity forces could be steered as you like upwards, downwards or towards the sides. We have learnt that the force which we call magnetism is the gravity field of the sun. We would not be able to raise ourselves from the earth using this force as the earth's gravity would prevent us from doing so. We have mentioned earlier that the so-called magnetism according to the distance between the earth and the sun is the compressed gravity field of the sun, i.e. actual solar electricity having a higher density and a lower voltage while the gravity field of the earth is characterized by actual earth electricity having a low density and a high voltage. We have found in Part One that equal but opposite flow intensities cause an accumulating effect directed from the compressed to the decompressed or suction side while unequal flow intensities cause a differential

effect. The same applies to the flow relations between the planets and the sun. The gravity field of the earth with its intrinsic megavortex flow and high voltage and low density causes the gravity field of the earth, while the gravity field of the sun and its gigavortex flow with the larger distance of the planets, increasing density and decreasing voltage characterizes the gravity field of the sun. It is now easily conceivable that the gravity of the earth can only be compensated by an equal but opposite flow of the same voltage and density while, due to their different voltage and density, nothing can be done with regard to the magnetic forces in relation to the gravity of the earth. We have understood that the actual solar electricity always heads for the colder poles and that it has its greatest density and lowest voltage at the pole of deepest coldness. Further, we have found that the pole of deepest coldness lawfully is of a spherical shape because the actual solar electricity naturally heads for the pole of deepest coldness from all directions and on the other hand the pole of deepest coldness gets in contact with a higher temperature at its outer periphery and therefore tries to expand towards all sides. We have called the pole of deepest coldness potential electricity and the moving electricity, i.e. the expanding or shrinking electricity actual electricity. One might designate the potential electricity as force and the actual electricity as counterforce as well. We have called the zone in which these two forces are confronted with each other, in which they, so to say, are more or less equal, the zone of dynamic equilibrium or the heat zone. So, in this zone of equilibrium the forces confronting each other are equal and therefore form the exact shape of a sphere. When we will once be able to generate temperatures far below minus 273 degrees centigrade, we would also be able to store potential electricity within an exact hollow sphere made of insulating material. Finally, such storage would be nothing but a small artificial satellite which - like the planets and the moons - would be continually permeated by the actual east-west solar electricity flow in descending polar spirals which would be forced to evade again in ascending spirals due to the heat zone at its equator. The intensity of the vortex would depend upon the temperature and the volume of the potential core electricity of the sphere. As this would be a mini-satellite in which the concentration of the vortex intensity would be much higher than the vortex intensity of earthly substances, the satellite - just like the earth - would be directly permeated by the east-west actual solar electricity, i.e. the electricity emerging directly from the sun, via the satellite poles and would have the same vortex direction as the earth and the planets. The intrinsic vortex flow of the mini-satellite ascending from the zone of dynamic equilibrium or heat zone would be at its highest voltage and lowest density exactly like the east-west ascending intrinsic vortex flow of the earth. For this reason, no attraction by the earth but a repulsion between the earth and the satellite would occur. The mini-satellite would have to be charged in an evacuated, vortex-free chamber at a temperature ranging far below minus 273 degrees centigrade. A coil with a conductor cross section being as large as possible the power supply of which had to be implemented outside the refrigerating chamber would have to be arranged around the mini-satellite. The polar axis of the coil would have to be assembled in north-south direction using a water level wherein the satellite axis would have to coincide with the coil axis. The current direction in the coil would have to clockwise when looking southward. At a probable temperature of minus 10,000 degrees centigrade or lower, the accumulation of the field flowing inside the sphere along the inner turns of the coil should compress in the center of the sphere to initiate the formation of a dynamic spherical accumulation zone. Experience must teach how long the outer circuit must be active until a sufficiently large accumulation of potential electricity is obtained in the core of the sphere or mini-satellite. At any rate, the vortex intensity of the satellite must be greater than the vortex intensity at the surface of the earth in order to impart an upward acceleration onto the satellite. Thus, the vortex intensity of the mini-satellite will depend firstly upon the core temperature of the potential electricity and secondly upon the volume of the latter. The deeper we can decrease the satellite core temperature and the larger the core volume is, the larger the vortex intensity and the ascending force of the satellite will be. To ensure the steerability of the anti-gravity aerodyne, at least three mini-satellites are required which must be arranged on a larger circle at a distance of 120 degrees. One satellite would have to be fixedly mounted while the two others would have to be movable on the circle. By shifting these

two satellites with respect to the fixed one, it would be possible to steer the direction of the aerodyne. The construction of an anti-gravity aerodyne would not pose any mechanical difficulties. A round, flat dome should be arranged above the satellite triangle to accommodate the crew. Viewed from outside, the aerodyne would have the shape of a giant, flat bell. The distances between the individual satellites would have to be wide enough to ensure the equilibrium of the system. Once the artificial mini-satellites have been implemented, the construction of this anti-gravity aerodyne would be no problem. Another advantage of the flat, round globe shape would be that it were fluidically well adapted to the flight within the atmosphere in an oblique upward, downward and sideward direction. We have sufficiently disproved the possible objection that the potential core energy would be unable to remain at the deepest pole of coldness in surroundings with higher temperature by pointing to the fact that any tiny substance particle and any celestial body are subject to the same phenomenon.

Epilogue
We have learned to know the various manifestations of magnetism, electricity, substance formation, gravity, light, and celestial bodies, finding out that all these manifestations originate from one primeval force the potential energy of which ranges between the lowest limit of coldness and the highest limit of heat. This primeval force is the world's constant; it does not lose or gain anything but remains equal in its final product: density multiplied by voltage. In its static, potential condition, it is homogeneous while being inhomogeneous in its mobile (active) condition. The law of vortex formation as the basis for the law of celestial mechanics is the necessary consequence of the law of inhomogeneity. Each law results from another, and each one supports and complements the others. The entirety of laws result in the static and dynamic balance in the universe. supports and complements the others. The entirety of laws result in the static and dynamic balance in the universe.

Elucidation
Because electricity in its 1st aggregate is to be understood as the (bipolar) energy per se, in its (as it were) "last" aggregate it represents the (equally bipolar) conductive substrate, of space per se.