A X metric system M (mega) _ _ K H D {m,L,g} d c m _ _ u (micro) _ _ n (nano) extensive: depend on size ex.

mass, volume, length intensive: does not depend on size ex. density, boiling, gavity D = m/v density (g/ml3 or g/cm3) mass (g) volume (cm3 or ml) physical properties: determine using 5 senses; not alter composition chemical properties: change composition; alter composition states of matter: 1. solid 2. liquid 3. gas 4. plasma 5. bose-einstein condensate matter (anything that takes us space- has volume & mass) pure substances mixtures (made of only 1 thing) (2 or more things physically combined) compounds heterogenous homogenous (2 or more elements (non-uniform (solutions) chemically combined) composition) (uniform) looks diff. looks same ex. salad ex. koolaid elements (made of 1 type of atom) natural synthetic occure in nature manmade atomic theory: *aristotle: all matter is made up of 4 elements earth, wind, water, fire *democritus: "atomos"- indivisible, all matter is made of atoms *john dalton: "father of the atomic theory" -all matter is made of indivisible partivles called atoms -all atoms of same element-same; atoms of dif. elements-dif. -compounds are made when atoms come together -chemcial reactions involve reorganizing of compounds *jj thomson- experiments using cathode ray tube -discovered the electron (e-) -plum pudding model (chocolate chip cookie model) atoms made of the stuff w/ -ve sutff (electrons) distributed throughout *ernest ruthepored- trying to prove p. p. model -discovered the nucleus *neils bohr- planetary model, e- orbits nucleus proton; +1; nucleus; determine ID of element neutron; 0; nucleus; stabilizer electron; -1; electron cloud; responsible for 'chemistry' atomic #: number of protons mass #: protons and neutrons mass# is not atomic (molar) mass atomic mass: relative abundance of all naturally occuring isotope isotopes: atoms of the same element (same protons) that have dif. mass # (dif. neutrons)

a: mass # z: atomic number x: symbol ion:charged particle;cation:+ve charged ion;anion:-ve charged ion average atomic mass: (relative abundance [%]) (mass) atomic mass (molar mass) NaCl = Na: 22.999 + Cl: 35.453 = 58.452 amu avogadro's number 1 mole = 6.02 x 10^23 grams > (divide molar mass) > mass > (6.02x 10^23) > atoms grams < (x molar mass) < mass < (divide 6.02x 10^23) < atoms nuclear decay alpha beta gamma positron symbol

14 6

mass heavy nucleus - the atomic change # by 2 penetration low protection skin danger low

light + atomic # by 1 med. paper med.

no mass no change to nuclues high lead high

light - the atomic # by 1 med. clothing med.

radioactive production: atom emits a radioactive particle radioactive capture: atoms absorbs a radioactive particle HALFLIVES: time it takes for 50% of the substance to undergo radioactive decay t1/2 = Ln2/K LnA= -Kt + LnAo OR (Ln(Ao/A) = Kt) K: rxn constant A: amount of substance after t Ao: amount of substance at time (t=0) t: time t1/2: halflife Ln: natural log binding energy: energy required to break a nucleus into its compliment nucleons (particles in the nucleus) law of conservation of mass & energy (einstein) E = mc2 e: binding energy (joules) m: mass defect (Kg!) c: speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s) ex. oxygen- 16 mass defect: (mass atomp+= 8(1.00728) mass nucleons) n= 8(1.00866) =15.99 - 16.127 ---------------------= -0.128 g/mol mass nucleons = 16.127 g/mol = -.000128 kg/mol e = mc2 ----> e = (-.000128) (3 x 10^8)^2 = -1.152 X 10^13 j/mol -1.152 x 10^13 ( 1 )( 1 ) = j/nucleons 6.02 x 10^23 16 nuclear fusions- reaction by which light elements gain stability, light elements come together to form heavier elements, gives off more energy than nuclear fission nuclear fissions- reaction by heavy elements gain stability; heavy elements break down to form light elements, controlable

E = -2.178 x 10^18J (1/n^2 - 1/n^2) E = hc/ all waves can be described by 4 characteristics wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed Speed = wavelenth x frequency planck's constant 6.6262 x 10^-34 J*s packets of energy = quantums packets of light = photons quantum numbers (QN) 1. principle (n) 2. angualr momentum (L) 3. magnetic (ML) 4. spin (Ms) 1. gives the size and energy level intergral values between 1 and infinity as n increase so does the energy level& orbital size, and the distance/ time spent from nucleus 2. tells shape of orbital integral value between 0 --> n-1 L = 0 --> S orbital L = 1 --> P orbital L = 2 --> S orbital L = 3 --> F orbital 3. orientation of the orbital integral calues between -L --> L S: 1 orientation P: 3 orientation D: 5 orientation F: 7 orientation 4. each orbital orientation (subshell) can hold two electrons (max) each electrons must have opposite spin (+1/2 ; -1/2) pauli exclusion principle: no 2 e- in the same atom can have the same 4 QN because 2 objects (e-) cant exist in the same space at the same time electron configuration: gives the location/ orbitals for each electron in an atom -aufbau rule: to build; electrons fill energy levels from lowest to highest -honds rule: electrons will fill all available sublevels before they double up 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p newland: organize elements according to property, element property repeat themselves every 8 elements (law of octaves) mendelev: organize elements to property of mass, left open spaces mosely: ordered according to # og protons (atomic #) and property ionic (aka salts) transfer of ve- as a result of electronegativity differences > 1.7 -> 2.1 metals- nonmetals covalent (aka molecules) sharing of ve-; polar convalent electronegatity between .3 -> 7.1 nonpolar electroneg. dif. between 0 -> . 3 nonmetal-nonmetal metallic: sharing of electrons metals-metals

atomis radius: radius of an atom period: L to R decreses group: down increases ionization energy: energy it takes for an atom to become cation period: L to R increases group: down decreases electronegativity: ability of an atom to attract shared electrons period: L to R increases group: down decreases electron affinity: how able an atom is to attract one to become an anion period: L to R increases group: down decreases cation: +ve ion, lose e-, metals, radius becomes smaller period: L to R decreases group: down increases anion: -ve ion, gain e-, nonmetals, radius becomes larger period: L to R decreases group: down increases ionic radius: radius of an anion lewis structure: shows how atoms are connected to one another, uses valence electrons (H: 2 ve; Be: 4 ve; Al or B: 6 ve) molecular geometires- 3d structure of molecules, determines function VSEPR model, valence shell electron pair repulsion , ve pairs want to be as far as possible (how many bonds, how many lone pairs) linear 2-0 linear trigonal planar 3-0 trigonal plana 2-1 bent tetrahedral 4-0 tetrahedral 3-1 trigonal pyramidal 2-2 bent trigonal bipyramidal 5-0 trigonal bipyramidal 4-1 seesaw 3-2 t-shaped 2-3 linear octahedral 6-0 octahedral 5-1 square 4-2 square planar synthesis- to make- 2 elements or simple compounds come together to form 1 product A + B = AB decomposition- to break down, 1 compound breaks down into 2 or more elements/small compounds AB = A + B combustion- hydrogen combusts to form CO2 + H2O single displacement- an element that wants to switch places with its counterpart in the compound AB + C = CB + A [C must be more reactive than A] double displacement- when metals in 2 compounds switch AB + CD = CB + AD must: produce a gas, produce covalent compound, or produce a precipitate soluble: dissolves INSOLUBLE: not dissovles (precipitate) want this!!! law of conservation of mass: mass of universe is constant. the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products A + B =C {a,b: reactants =: yields c: product} state of matter (aq): aqueous: dissolves in water *evidence that a chemical reaction has occured 1. exchange/ transfer of ebergy realease/ absorbed 2. change in composition/ appearance 3. change in state of matter (not always!) -> formation of a preciptate (solid) 4. evolution of gas *compound is a unit: you cannot break apart add units by multiplying by a coefficient cannot add a subscript polyatomics ions can be balanced as subunits WATCH FOR DIATOMICS! elements that cannot exist as a single atom N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, H