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ABSTRACT
Emerging low power, embedded, wireless sensor devices are useful for wide range of applications, yet have very limited processing, storage and especially energy resources. Thus a key design challenge is to support application-specific optimizations in a highly flexible manner. This paper deals with Embedded Systems in which the main emphasis is made on its architecture, characteristics, real-time systems, design and typical hardware and software, how it is differentiated from a Personal Computers, types of Embedded Systems, the products made with Embedded Systems, Input/Output of Embedded Systems, problems while dealing with Embedded Systems and its applications.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 2. Basics Concepts 3. Embedded Systems What is an Embedded System? Key Differences with Personal Computers What made Embedded Systems possible? Types of Embedded Software Architecture Key Terminologies Common Uses
4. Sensors and Actuators 5. I/O of Embedded System 6. Typical Hardware and Software 7. Examples of Embedded Systems 8. Applications of Embedded Systems 9. Future Uses 10. Conclusion
Reasons:
Convenience:-It makes the equipment more useful. Cost: - Control functions have been handled mechanically, but an embedded computer system is cheaper and more reliable.
Real-Time Systems:
Embedded systems are a part of another system that must respond to event in the real world. Hence time inside the program is tied to time in the real world. 4
A modern car is more as "a computer system" than a personal computer in the sense that tens of microprocessors are controlling different functions of it. Also the most important industry of our days, Data Communication, is based on Embedded Systems.
Characteristics:
Two major areas of differences are cost and power consumption. Since Embedded Systems are produced in the ten thousands to millions of units range, reducing cost is a major concern. Embedded Systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small memory size 1. Application and Domain Specific. 2. Reactive and Real-time. 3. Distributed. 5. Operate in harsh environments. 6. Must meet high integrity quality attribute requirements. 7. Small Size and Weight. other computing systems. 8. Power concerns. Embedded systems have several common characteristics that distinguished such systems from 4. Heterogeneus.
1. Single-Functioned:
An embedded system usually executes a specific program repeatedly for example, a pager is always a pager in contrast, a desktop system executes a variety of programs like spreadsheets, word processors and video games with new programs added frequently of course there are some exceptions. One case is where an embedded systems program is updated with a newer program version for example; some cell phones can be updated in such a manner.
Tightly-Constrained:
All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but those on Embedded Systems can be especially tight. A design metric is a measure of an implementation features such as cost,
size, performance and power. Embedded Systems must be fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time.
1971: Intel 4004, first microprocessor (4 bits), initially for a calculator. 1981: IBM chooses Intel 8088 for the first PC. Microprocessors get so cheap that microprocessor-based control system become rule. Only limit: Processing time.
COMMON USES:
Monitoring Used to determine the state of some environment using input sensors. Used to impact the state of some environment using output actuators. Control
Sensors:
Processing of physical data starts with capturing this data. Sensors can be designed for virtually every physical and chemical quantity Including weight, velocity, acceleration, electrical current, voltage, temperatures etc. Chemical compounds. Many physical effects used for constructing sensors. Examples: law of induction (generation of voltages in an electric field), Light-electric effects. Huge amount of sensors designed in recent years.
Acceleration Sensor
Biometrical Sensor
OTHER SENSORS:
Rain sensors for wiper control (Sensors multiply like rabbits [IIT automotive]) Pressure sensors Proximity sensors Engine control sensors Hall effect sensors 8
Software:Real Time Operating Systems (with deadline scheduling) :Today this feature of the Web the ability to access downloadable multimedia files is seen as problematic. Recent advances in computing technology, compression technology, high bandwidth storage devices, and high-speed networks have made it feasible to provide real-time multimedia services over the Internet. Real-time multimedia, as the name implies, has timing constraints. Realtime transport of live video or stored video is the predominant part of real-time multimedia.
RTOS is the operating system shields the computer hardware from all the other software. The operating system offers various services related to the essential resources, such as the CPU, main memory, storage, and all input and output devices. Video streaming is an important component of many internet multimedia applications. There are six key areas of streaming video, namely, video compression, application-layer QoS control, continuous media distribution services, streaming servers, media synchronization mechanisms, and protocols for streaming media.
Car engine management system Antilock brakes Robot Controller Process Controller Guided Missiles Fire by Wire Space Station Air Traffic Control Embedded Systems can be applicable in a wide variety of fields such as Communications, Air Force, Navy, Industries, Military, Home applications, etc Military:-Smart soldier, Battle field of the future, etc. Stepper motor control Keypad controllers Wireless communications Analog-to-Digital converters
FUTURE USES:
Intelligent highways Smart materials Drive by wire Medical: Implants, Monitoring etc. Next Generation communications: 3G wireless, etc. Infrastructure management: Energy, Water, etc. Automobiles. Hand Held Devices. Homeland security: Identification, chemical and biological sensors. Smart spaces: Sensor networks, embedded audio and video et
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A stepper motor is an electric motor that rotates a fixed number of degrees when ever we apply a step signal. Stepper motors are common in Embedded Systems with moving parts, such as disk drives, printers, photo copy and fax machines, robots, camcorders and VCR's.
Conclusion
Embedded Computing will provide more uses in the future in the fields of Smart spaces: sensor networks, embedded audio and video; Entertainment: Impressive environments, real time synthesis and reaction, etc. Operating system and application functions are often combined in the same program in Embedded Systems. The only obvious strategy was to put more of the system onto the chip. So reducing external components and cost and increasing reliability. Embedded Systems follow a trend related to IC's i.e.: IC transistor capacity will double roughly for every 18 to 24 months. This trend was predicted by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore. The trend is therefore known as Moore's Law.
References:
Embedded Software Primer -By David E.Simon Design of Embedded Systems by Sangiovni Vincen
www.wildirisdesign.com
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