A206SE Tutorial

Topic 1
1. i) What is the value in decibels of the free-space loss for a carrier frequency of 100
Mhz and a range of 3 miles?
ii) The transmitter output power is 10W. Assume that both the transmitting and
receiving antennas are isotropic and that there are no other losses. Calculate the received
power in dBW.
iii) If in part (ii), the EIRP is equal to 20 W, calculate the received power in dBW,
iv) If the diameter of a dish antenna is doubled, calculate the antenna gain increase in
dB.
v) For the system in part (i), what must the diameter of a dish antenna be in order for
the antenna gain to be 10dB? Assume an antenna efficiency of 0.55.
SOLUTION:
i)
meters
x
f
c
3
10
10 3
8
8

; 3 miles x 1609 m/mile = 4827 meters
FSL =
8 2
10 09 . 4 )
3
4827 4
( )
4
( x
x d

FSL(dB) = 10 log (4.09 x 10

8
) = 86.1 dB
ii)
2
) / ) 4 /(( d P P
t r
P
t
(dB) = 10 log (10W/1W)
P
r
(dB) = P
t
(dB) - FSL(dB) P
t
(dB) = 10dB
= 10 dbW 86.1 dB
= - 76.1 dB
iii) P
r
(dB) = P
t
(dB) - FSL(dB)
= 13 dBW 86.1 dB
= - 73.1 dB
iv) G =
2
2
)
4
( kd
A
e

where d = antenna diameter

if antenna diameter is doubled,
G = k(4d
2
) = 4kd
2
Which means the G will increased by a factor of 4 or an increased of 6 dB.
v) G = ) ( )
4
( )
4
(
2
2 2
2 2

d Ap A
e


) 55 . 0 (
) 10 ( ) 3 (
( )
)
(
2
2
2
2
2

G
d
= 16.58 m
2
d = 4.07 m
2. Compare and contrast the propagation characteristics of a wireless mobile
communications with satellite communications.
Possible Answers: The student should be able to discuss three (3) similarities and three
(3) differences..
Similarities:
1. They both are bandwidth-limited
2. They both rely on multiple access techniques for their operation
3. They both have uplink and downlink data transmission
4. The performance of both systems is influenced by intersymbol interference and
external interference signal
Differences:
1. Multipath fading and user mobility are characteristic features of wireless
communications, which have no counterparts in satellite communications.
2. The carrier frequency for satellite communications is in gigahertz range whereas
in mobile communications, it is in megahertz range.
3. Satellite communication systems provide broad area coverage, whereas wireless
communications provide local coverage with provision for mobility in a cellular
type of layout.
3. A satellite in geosynchronous orbit (36,000 km above the earths surface) radiates 100
W of power (20 dBW). The transmitting antenna has a gain of 18 dB. The earth station
employs a 3-meter parabolic antenna and the downlink is transmitting at frequency of 4
GHz. Determine the received power in watts.
SOLUTION
The wavelength =
9
8
10 x 4
10 x 3
f
c
= 0.075 m.
The free-space path loss
L = 20log(4 d/ ) = 195.6 dB
Assuming = 0.5,
G(dB) = 10 log(4 Ae/
2
)
= 10 log((4 )(0.5)(3)/(0.075)
2
)
= 39 dB
The antenna gain is 39 dB.
Since no other losses are assumed,
P
R
= 20 + 18 + 39 195.6
= -119.6 dBW
P
R
= 2.5 10
-11
W
4. A signal with bandwidth 4 kHz is to be transmitted from the earth station to the
satellite in Q1A. Assume that the noise-equivalent bandwidth is B
neq
= 4 kHz and that N
0
= 4 10
-21
W/Hz.
Determine the transmitter power P
T
required to achieve an SNR of (S/N)
0
= 30 dB at
the output of the receiver amplifier which has a noise figure F
adB
= 5 dB.
SOLUTION
The total loss from the earth station to the satellite is
L = 195.6 18 39 = 138.6 dB
From

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
neq
T
a
B N
P
KLF N
S
0 0
1
with K = 1, we have
10log(S/N) = -10logL -10logF
a
10log(N
0
B
neq
) + 10logP
T

Hence,
P
TdB
= (S/N)
0dB
+ F
adB
+ (N
0
B
neq
)dB + 10logL
= 30 + 5 + 138.6 + (N
0
B
neq
)
dB
But,
(N
0
B
neq
)
dB
= 10log(1.6 10
-17
) = -168 dBW
where dBW denotes the power level relative to 1W. Therefore,
P
TdB
= 173.6 168 = 5.6 dB
P
T
= 3.63W
Topic 2
1. A (15,5) cyclic code has a generator polynomial as follows
g(x) = 1 + X + X
2
+ X
3
+ X
8
+ X
10
i) Find the code polynomial (in systematic form) for the message m(x) = 1 + X
2
+ X
4
ii). What is the coded message in binary form?.
SOLUTION:
i) m(X) = 1 + X
2
+ X
4
x
n-k
m(X) = X
10
(1 + X
2
+ X
4
) = X
10
+ X
12
+ X
14
X
4
+ 1
X
10
+ X
8
+ X
5
+X
2
+ X+ 1` X
14
+ X
12
+ X
10

X
14
+ X
12
+X
9
+ X
6
+ X
5
+X
4
X
10
+ X
9
+ X
6
+ X
5
+X
4
X
10
+ X
8
+ X
5
+ X
2
+X+ 1
X
9
+ X
8
+ X
6
+ X
4
+ X
2
+X+ 1
Remainder , r(X) = X
9
+ X
8
+ X
6
+ X
4
+ X
2
+X+ 1
Code word = r(X) + x
n-k
m(X) = X
10
+ X
12
+ X
14
+ X
9
+ X
8
+ X
6
+ X
4
+ X
2
+X+ 1
= X
14
+ X
12
+ X
10
+ X
9
+ X
8
+ X
6
+ X
4
+ X
2
+X+ 1
ii) X
14
+ X
12
+ X
10
+ X
9
+ X
8
+ X
6
+ X
4
+ X
2
+X+ 1
in binary, the coded message is
101011101010111
2. Differentiate Parity Checking vs. (CRC) checking. Cite an example for each.


Possible Answers: (Maximum of 2 marks each will be given to parity checking and
Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC). Maximum of 2 marks will be given for the example.
Parity is the simplest form of error checking. Parity bits are sufficient to catch all single
errors in the pattern plus parity bit as this will change a single 1 to a 0 or vice versa and
therefore upset the parity calculation.. However the system will not catch any double
errors (except the trivial case of two errors on the same bit) and these will be flagged as
valid
For example a pattern of 0110100 becomes 00110100 with the addition of a parity bit and
enforcement of odd parity. A single error would (for example) change the pattern to
00110000 which has the wrong parity. However a further error to 10110000 looks OK
but is in fact wrong
CRCs seek to improve on checksums by increasing the complexity of the arithmetic. he
main advantage of this algorithm is that it is easy to implement in hardware and it allows
recovering errors. But unfortunately it can be helpful only for small data blocks integrity
checking. With data size enlargement grows the possibility of passing the errors.
3. A (15,5) cyclic code has a generator polynomial as follows:
g(X) = 1 + X + X
2
+ X
5
+ X
8
+ X
10
.
i) Find the code polynomial (in systematic form) for the message m(X) = 1 + X
2
+ X
4
.
[10 Marks]
ii) Draw the shift register circuit that would perform this task
[5 Marks]
Solution
i) g(X) = 1 + X + X
2
+ X
5
+ X
8
+ X
10
.
m(X) = 1 + X
2
+ X
4
X
n-k
m(X) = X
10
(1 + X
2
+ X
4
) = X
10
+ X
12
+ X
14
= q(X)g(X) + r(X)

) (
2 4 6 8 9
2 5 8 10
4 5 6 9 10
4 5 6 9 12 14
4
10 12 14 2 5 8 10
1
1
1
1
X r
X X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X X X
X
X X X X X X X X
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+
+ + + + + + +
Codeword = X
n-k
m(X) + r(X) = 1+X+X
2
+X
4
+X
6
+X
8
+X
9
+X
10
+X
12
+X
14
ii)
Topic 3
1. In the T1 service, each T1 frame is partitioned into 24 channels or time slots. Each
time slot contains 8 bits (one speech sample), and there is one additional bit per frame for
alignment. The frame is sampled at the Nyquist rate of 8000 samples /s and the
bandwidth used for transmitting the composite signal is 386 kHz. Find the bandwidth
efficiency (bits/Hz) for this signaling scheme.
SOLUTION
The data rate for the T1 service is
( 24 samples /frame x 8 bits/sample) + 1 bit/frame) x 8000 frames /sec
= 193 bits/frame x 8000 frames/sec
= 1.544 x 10
6
bits per second
The bandwidth efficiency is R/W = (1.544 x 10
6
bits per second)/386 x10
3
)
= 4 bits/s/Hz
2.he S/N of a data-communication circuit modeled as an AWGN channel with a
bandwidth of 512 KHz. is said to be 40 dB.
i) Compute for the capacity of such circuit.
ii) What is the minimum SNR required on such a circuit if the data rate is 4 Mbits/s

i) C = W log
2
( 1 + SNR) SNR = 40 dB = 10000
=512000 log
2
( 1 + 10000)
= 6803.3 kbits / s
ii) C = W log
2
( 1 + SNR)
2
C/W
= 1 + SNR
SNR = 2
C/W
1 = 2
4000/512
- 1= 223.8
SNR(dB) = 23.5 dB
3. A 10 kHz analog signal is sampled at 1.5 times the Nyquist rate, with each sample
quantized into one of 128 equally likely levels. Assume that the samples are statistically
independent.
i) Calculate the information rate of this source.
ii) Calculate the required S/N ratio for an error free transmission in an AWGN
channel with a 25 KHz bandwidth.


SOLUTION
i) f
M
= 10KHz
Nyquist rate = 2 f
M
= 20 KHz = 20 x 10
3
samples/sec

r = (20 KHz0(1.5) = 30 x 10
3
samples/sec
H(x) = log
2
128 = 7 bits/sample
Information rate, R = rH(x) = (7 b/sample) (30 x 10
3
samples/sec) = 210 x 10
3
b/sec
= 210 kbps

ii) The required S/N ratio can be found by
C = B log
2
( 1 + S/N) 210 kbps
210 = 15 log
2
( 1 + S/N)
( 1 + S/N) 2
14
= 16384
S/N 16384 = 42.14 dB
4. In a certain telemetry system, eight message signals having 2-kHz bandwidth each are
time-division multiplexed using a binary PCM. The error in sampling amplitude cannot
be greater than 1% of the peak amplitude. Determine the minimum transmission
bandwidth required if raised-cosine pulses with roll-off factor = 0.2 are used. The
sampling rate must be at least 25% above the Nyquist rate.
SOLUTION
The maximum quantizing error must satisfy
(e)
max
= q/2 = m
p
/L < 0.01m
p
Hence, L > 100, and we choose L = 128 = 2
7
. The number of bits per sample required is
7.
Since the Nyquist sampling rate is 2f
M
= 4000 samples/s, the sampling rate for each
signal is
f
s
= 1.25(4000) = 5000 samples/s
There are eight time-division multiplexed signals, requiring a total of
8(5000) = 40000 samples/s
Since each sample is encoded by 7 bits, the resultant bit rate is
1/T
b
= 7(40000) = 280 kb/s
Therefore, the minimum transmission bandwidth required is
f
B
= (1+0.2)(280)/2 = 168 kHz
5. Find the average capacity in bits per second that would be required to transmit a high-
resolution black-and-white TV signal at a rate of 32 pictures per second, if each picture is
made up of 2 x 10
6
picture elements and 16 different brightness levels. All picture
elements are assumed to be independent and all levels have equal likelihood occurrences.
element / bits 5 ) 24 log
24
1
( 24
)
p
1
( log p H
2
i
2
16
1 i
i ave

sec / bits 10 x 4 . 6
sec / elements 10 x 2 x 64 elementx / bits 5
sec / xelements H R
8
6
av av

ii) For color TV, this system additionally provides for 64 different shades of color. How
much more system capacity is required for color system compared to black and white
system
element / bits 11 )] 64 x 24 ( log
64 x 24
1
[ 24 x 64
)
p
1
( log p H
2
i
2
16
1 i
i ave

sec / bits 10 x 08 . 14
sec / elements 10 x 2 x 64 elementx / bits 11
sec / xelements H R
8
6
av av

Topic 4
1. Compare the bandwidth requirement between the RZ and NRZ line codes.
ANSWER (Possible)
For a RZ line code, regardless of whether you have a 1 or a 0, a bit will always
occupy a full cycle of a wavefom. The NRZ, on the other hand, will only occupy 50%
(for a 50% duty cycle) cycle of a waveform. Thus, for a given time, t, more bits can
be send using the NRZ than the RZ line code. THE RZ line code thus requires a
higher bandwidth than the NRZ.
2 Draw the block diagram of the digital baseband communication link architecture
and describe the function of each block
ANSWER (Possible)

Logical data source: Source of information
Encryption: manipulates data into an encoded form before to make it more secure
Encoding: whose job is to map the logical symbols into a series of analog pulses that
make up a waveform known as a "line code
Decoding: reconstructs the stream of logical symbols
Decryption: reconstructs manipulated information to its original form.
Logical data Sink :receiver of information

3. Draw the block diagram of a QPSK modulator and discuss briefly its operation
SOLUTION
The binary substreams m
1
(t) and m
2
(t) can be defined as follows:
( ) ( )

k
i k i
kT t p b t m
,
for i = 1,2
For i = 1,2 we have
0 symbol binary for
1 symbol binary for
1
1
,

'

i k
b
and for the case of a rectangular pulse,
( )
otherwise
T t for
t p
2 0
0
1

'
+

Then the BPSK signal produced in the upper path of Fig. is described by
s
1
(t) = A
c
m
1
(t)cos(2 f
c
t)
The BPSK signal produced in the lower path of the Fig. is described by
s
2
(t) = A
c
m
2
(t)sin(2 f
c
t)
The QPSK signal is obtained by adding these two BPSK signals:
s(t) = s
1
(t) + s
2
(t)
= A
c
m
1
(t)cos(2 f
c
t) + A
c
m
2
(t)sin(2 f
c
t)
4. Consider the binary sequence with five (5) 1s, followed by a single 0 and then five (5)
1s. Draw the waveforms for this sequence, using the following signaling formats:
i) Unipolar NRZ signaling
ii) Polar (Bipolar) NRZ signaling
iii) AMI RZ signaling
iv) Manchester signaling
SOLUTION
The binary sequence is 11111011111.
5. The AMI RZ signaling waveform, representing the binary sequence 0100101011 is
transmitted over a noise channel. The received waveform is shown in figure 3, which
contains a single error. Locate the position of the error, and justify your answer.
Figure 3
SOLUTION
The error is located at bit position 7, where there is a negative pulse,
This bit is in error, because with the AMI signaling format, positive and negative pulses
(of equal amplitude) are used alternatively for symbol 1, and no pulse is used for symbol
0. The pulse in position 7 representing the third bit 1 in the data stream should have had a
positive polarity.
6. Compare and contrast the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a Unipolar RZ vs. a
Polar RZ.
POSSIBLE ANSWER
PSD of a Unipolar RZ: PSD of a BiPolar RZ

The unipolar RZ has DC components while the Bipolar RZ and do not have DC
components.
The bipolar RZ all have First Null Bandwidth (FNB) equal to Rb = 1/Tb while
the Unipolar RZ has FNB equal to of 2Rb. This means that the Unipolar RZ requires
twice the bandwidth of the bipolar RZ.
7. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a Unipolar RZ from a Bipolar RZ.
POSSIBLE ANSWER
The main advantages of unipolar RZ are ease of generation since it requires a
single power supply and the presence of a discrete spectral component at the symbol rate,
which allows simple timing recovery. A number of disadvantages exist for this line code.
It has a nonzero dc component and nonzero dc content, which can lead to dc wander.
Along string of 0s will lack pulse transitions and could lead to loss of synchronization.
There is no error detection capability and, hence, performance monitoring is not possible.
The advantages of polar RZ (or AMI, as it is most commonly called) outweigh the
disadvantages. This code has no dc component and zero dc content, completely avoiding
the dc wander problem. Timing recovery is rather easy since squaring, or full-wave
rectifying, this type of signal yields a Unipolar RZ waveform with a discrete component
at the bit rate, R Hz. Because of the alternating polarity pulses for binary 1s, this code has
error detection and, hence, performance monitoring capability. It has a low-bandwidth
requirement, R Hz, comparable to Unipolar NRZ.
Topic 5
1. Discuss why twisted pairs and coaxial cables are not used for long-distance
transmission.
POSSIBLE ANSWER
A basic impairment of wire pair and coaxial cable is loss (attenuation). Loss
causes the signal power to be dissipated as a signal passes along the wire.
Another impairment causes a form of delay distortion on the line, which is
cumulative and varies directly with the length of the line as well as with the construction
of the wire itself.
Also, high-frequency losses are still excessive enough to limit the practical length
of the line
2. Discuss the principal and unbeatable advantage/s of fiber optic cable over wired-cable?
POSSIBLE ANSWER (answer should include discussion on those enumerated here).
Have a greater capacity due to large bandwidth available in optical frequencies
Immunity to crosstalk between cables
Immunity to static interference due to lightning, electric motors, etc
More secure than the copper counterpart
3. Discuss the advantages of Digital transmission over Analog transmission.
POSSIBLE ANSWER (answer should include discussion on any five (5) of those
enumerated here.
Digital functions make a high scale of integration possible.
Digital technology results in lower cost, better reliability, less floor space, and
lower power consumption.
Digital technology makes communication quality independent of distance.
Digital technology provides better noise tolerance
Digital networks are ideal for growing data communication
Digital technology makes new services available.
Digital system provides high transmission capacity.
Digital networks offer flexibility.
4. What is modulation and why is it important in communication?
POSSIBLE ANSWER
Modulation is a process by which the message signal is translated to a higher
frequency range and converted into a form that is suitable for transmission over long
distances. It consists of varying some characteristics of the carrier frequency
according to the variations in the message signal
Importance (discussion must be included)
Necessary to keep size of transmitting antenna small
To separate different signals
Minimize the effects of interference
To place a signal in a frequency band, where design requirements can be met
Topic 6
1. Discuss the need or lack of need for a network layer (OSI layer 3) in a broadcast
network.
POSSIBLE ANSWER:
The network layer provides for the transfer of information between end systems across
some sort of communications network. It needs to know anything about the underlying
data transmission and switching technologies
used to connect systems. At this layer, the computer system engages in a dialogue with
the network to specify the destination address and to request certain network facilities. In
short, it performs the switching and routing function
Broadcasting refers to transmitting a packet that will be received (conceptually) by every
device on the network. Since it is to be received by all the nodes in the network, no
routing function is performed. Instead of the IP address, the network can use the MAC
address (which is not related to IP addtress). Once the MAC address is recognized, it will
be passed to the higher layer, bypassing the network layer.
2 . Discuss the processes involved in the operation of a WLAN
POSSIBLE ANSWER:
1) Scanning - process of finding network. To use any kind of network, you need to
find it first. With wired networks, you have to find a cable or jack on the wall. In
wireless world you need to identify an appropriate network. Stations use scanning
to find existing networks in the area
2) Joining - process doesn't guarantee you network access. After joining you need to
authenticate and associate, and then you are on the network. Based on power level
and signal strength, station will decide to which access point will join.
3) Authentication. In wired networks, physical access to network is biggest security
issue. In wireless word you cannot restrict physical access to network, so you
have to use Authentication
4) Association is process, after authentication, that makes you real access to
network. It is similar to plugging into wired network. 802.11 forbid associating
with more then one access point.
5) Reassociaton Procedure is used when station moves in network with many access
points. Station monitors signal quality of associated access point and other access
points in the same ESS. When station detects that other access point is a better
choice, it initiates Reassociaton Procedure
3. Discuss the shortest forward path tree algorithm used to find the shortest path from a
node to all the other nodes in a network.
POSSIBLE ANSWER:
The shortest forward path tree algorithm maintains a set N of nodes to which it has
determined shortest paths. The set is initialized to {s}, the source node. Nodes are added
to the set until it contains the complete list of nodes. At any point, the algorithm has
determined the shortest paths for nodes that are included in the set N. For all other nodes,
the algorithm determines shortest paths that can be constructed by concatenating one hop
to a shortest path that has already been determined. The node, not in N, with the best such
path is then added to N. The process continues until no more nodes remain. Note that the
central site needs to run this computation once for every node to determine the shortest
paths from every node.
4. Apply the shortest forward path tree algorithm to find the shortest path from node A to
all the other nodes in the network shown in figure 4.
Figure 4
POSSIBLE ANSWER:
N PAB CAB PAC CAC PAD CAD PAE CAE PAF CAF
0 {A} (A,B) 3 -- (A,D) 1 (A,D) 7 --
1 {A,D} (A,B) 3 (A,D,C) 2 (A,D) 1 (A,D,E) 6 (A,D,F) 21
2 {A,D,C} (A,B) 3 (A,D,C) 2 (A,D) 1 (A,D,E) 6 (A,D,C,F) 5
3 {A,D,C,B} (A,B) 3 (A,D,C) 2 (A,D) 1 (A,D,E) 6 (A,D,C,F) 5
4 {A,D,C,B,F} (A,B) 3 (A,D,C) 2 (A,D) 1 (A,D,E) 6 (A,D,C,F) 5
5 {A,D,C,B,F,E} (A,B) 3 (A,D,C) 2 (A,D) 1 (A,D,E) 6 (A,D,C,F) 5
The shortest path is from A,D,C,B,F,E
C
3
A
B
E D
F 1
3
5
1