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Assumptions:
3-D steady potential flow (inviscid & irrotational)
Incompressible
High aspect ratio wing
Low sweep
Small crossflow (along span)
flow looks like 2-D flow locally with adjusted
Outputs:
Total lift and induced drag estimates
Rolling moment
Lift distribution along span
Basic scaling of
i
D
C with
L
C & geometry
2
e
i
L
D
C
C
A
= dominated by A , where
2
b
A
S
=
2
2
2
2
2
1
i
i
L
q S D
b q S
e
S
L L
D
b q e q e b
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
2
1
i
L
D
q e b
| |
=
|
\ .
In steady level flight where W L = , we have the following options for reducing
i
D :
Raise
= +
Effective angle of attack is modified by downwash from trailing vortices
N
( ) ( ) ( )
eff i
induced
y y y
=
Note: 0
i
> for downwash
Local lift coefficient linear with
eff
( )[ ( ) ( )]
l o eff LO
C a y y y =
Fundamental Lifting Line Equation
Basic model results by:
Assuming Kutta-Joukowsky locally gives L :
( ) ( )
( ) 2 ( )
( )
( ) ( )
l
L y V y
L y y
C y
q c y V c y
=
= =
y
c(y)
C
l
(
eff
,y)
x
y=-b/2 y=b/2
Prandtls Lifting Line Introduction
16.100 2002 3
Distributing infinitely many horseshoe vortices along wing
4
c
-line to model
induced flow:
| |
2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
l o eff LO
o i LO
y
C a y y y
V c y
y
a y y y y
V c y
= =
= =
2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
LO i
o
y
y y y
a y V c y
= + +
where
2
2
( )
( ) 1
( )
4
b
o o
i
b o
d
y dy
w y dy
y
V V y y
= =
Note: only unknown is ) ( y !
We use a Fourier series to solve this.
=
N
n
n
n A bV
1
sin 2 where cos
2
b
y =
Thus, the governing equation is:
1 1
( )
4 sin
( ) sin ( )
( ) ( ) sin
i
N N
n LO n
n n o
b n
A n nA
a c
= =
= + +
y
x
(x)