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MUSIC Music is the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce melodious harmony expressive of various

s ideas and emotions. Importance The primary function of music is to express joy, pain, etc. and to entertain. -Like other arts, music deals with emotions. It is a pure art which enables it to convey emotions with great intensity and can directly affect people. Four Main Properties of Musical Sounds: Pitch the relative highness or lowness that we hear in a sound The pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of its vibrations. -The faster the vibrations, the higher the pitch; the slower the vibrations, the lower the pitch. In music, a sound that has a definite pitch is called a tone. The "distance" in pitch between any two tones is called an interval. The distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or instrument can produce is called its pitch range, or simply its range. A pianos range is over 7 octaves. Dynamics Degrees of loudness or softness in music are called dynamics our second property of sound. Crescendo: A gradual increase in loudness. It often creates excitement, particularly when the pitch rises too. Decrescendo: a gradual decrease in loudness. It can be used to convey a sense of calm. Tone Color Or timber (tam-ber), this is the result of the difference in quality of tone in a variety of voices and instruments. described by words like bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, and rich. changes in tone color create variety and contrast Tone colors also build a sense of continuity; it is easier to recognize the return of a melody when the same instruments play it each time. Duration the length of time a musical sound lasts ELEMENTS OF MUSIC Rhythm the flow of music through time. Rhythm has several interrelated aspects: beat, meter, accent and syncopation, and tempo. Beat: is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time. When you clap your hands or tap your foot to music, you are responding to its beat. Meter: In music we find a repeated pattern of a strong beat plus one or more weaker beats. The organization of beats into regular groups is called meter. Accent and Syncopation: An important aspect of rhythm is the way individual notes are stressed how they get special emphasis. A note is emphasized most

obviously by being played louder than the notes around it, that is, by receiving a dynamic accent. When an accented note comes where we normally would not expect one, the effect is known as syncopation. Tempo: is the speed of the beat, the basic pace of the music. Melody a series of single tones which add up to a recognizable whole. A melody begins, moves, and ends; it has direction, shape, and continuity. The up-and-down movement of its pitches conveys tension and release, expectation and arrival. This is the melodic curve, or line. A melody moves by small intervals called steps or by larger ones called leaps. A step is the interval between two adjacent tones in the do-re-mi scale (from do to re, re to mi, etc.). Any interval larger than a step is a leap (do to mi, for example). Harmony refers to the way chords are constructed and how they follow each other. A chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded at once. Some chords have been considered stable and restful, others unstable and tense. -A tone combination that is stable is called a consonance. Consonances are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. -A tone combination that is unstable is called a dissonance. Key involves not only a central tone but also a central scale and chord. A piece in the key of C has a basic scale, do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do, with C as its do, or tonic. Key, then, refers to the presence of a central note, scale, and chord within a piece. Another term for key is tonality. Shifting from one key to another within the same piece is called modulation. A modulation is like a temporary shift in the center of gravity Texture this is the result of the difference in timbre or quality of tone in a variety of voices and instruments. Either homophonic, Polyphonic, Monophonic Polyphonic Texture Simultaneous performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest produces the texture called polyphonic, meaning having many sounds. In polyphony several melodic lines compete for attention. Polyphonic music often contains imitation, which occurs when a melodic idea is presented by one voice or instrument and is then restated immediately by another voice or instrument. Homophonic Texture When we hear one main melody accompanied by chords Monophonic Texture When we hear one main melody without accompaniment Form in music is the organization of musical elements in time. In a musical composition, pitch, tone color, dynamics, rhythm, melody, and texture interact to produce a sense of shape and structure. Techniques That Create Musical Form

Repetition, contrast, and variation are essential techniques in short tunes as well as in compositions lasting much longer. Repetition creates a sense of unity; contrast provides variety; and variation, in keeping some elements of a musical thought while changing others, gives a work unity and variety at the same time. MEDIA OF MUSIC Vocal Media --The most natural form of music is the song produced by human voice. --It is the most personal and direct of all musical instruments. SIX CLASSES OF VOCAL REGISTER Soprano High register female voice. Mezzo Soprano Medium register female voice. Alto or contralto Low register female voice. Tenor High register male voice. Baritone Medium register male voice. Base Low register male voice. Instrumental Media --Musical instruments are mechanisms which are able to generate musical vibrations and waft them into the air. --The means by which the composer communicates to the listener, they are medium of expression. In Philippine Music, the most common string, woodwind, and brass instruments are the ff. String Violin Viola Violoncello Bass Woodwind Brass piccolo flute clarinet oboe English horn bass clarinet bassoon contrabassoon trumpet French horn trombone Tuba

String Instruments Bowed Strings Tones are produced in this instruments by means of a bow of a horsehairs drawn across the strings.

Expresses the most poignant feeling. *Examples of bowed strings: Violin Viola Violoncello Double bass Plucked Strings Produced tone solely by plucking. The player plucks the string either with his fingers or with a plectrum held in his hand. Other plucked string instruments are seldom found playing with symphony orchestras like banjo, flute, mandolin and ukelele. Woodwind Instruments *These instruments are made up of different families: 1. flute and piccolo 2. oboe and English horn 3. clarinet and bass clarinet 4. bassoon and contrabassoon *These instruments are blown by the player. The flute A cylindrical tube made of a silver alloy or metal. Its sound is liquid or silvery. Its tone is cool and velvety in the low register but bright, thin and stand out in its upper register. The piccolo Is a smaller flute which produces the highest notes in the orchestra. Piercing and shrilling tones are produced. The oboe This instrument is made of wood, tubelike and gets wider at the end. The tone is focused and intense in all registers because of the compression. Associated with pastoral effects and nostalgic melodies. The Clarinet This instrument often takes the part of the violin in band music. It has a single reed, a small elastic piece of cane fastened against the chisel shaped mouthpiece. 3 distinct tone colors: Upper range sound is clear and powerful Middle register sound is smooth and relax Lower register tones are rich and hollow Brass Instruments brass instruments are a musical instrument whose sound is produced by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments". The saxophone This wind instrument has a single reed that combines the reed mouthpiece of a cirinet with a curved conical metal tube. It blends with woodwind or brass. The Trumpet This instrument has a firm, brilliant timbre that gives radiance to the orchestral mass.

Often associated with martial pomps and vigor or battle calls. The Trombone An Italian word which means large trumpet. used to achieve mobility and grandeur effects. 2 kinds of trombones: Tenor bass The Tuba This is the base in the brass choir. Similar to that of the bass trombone although it is fuller, richer and more powerful. The Cornet Consists of a long looped tube, about 9 ft. long. Is used in orchestras, bass and the brass bands and is larger than the trumpet, with a shorter body. Possesses a greater agility and its tone is rounder although less brilliant than the trumpet. Cymbals Brass plates that are clashed or jangled together. The triangle is a metal rod left open at one corner. Percussion Instruments any object which produces a sound when hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context or with musical intent.

Keyboard Instruments any musical instrument played using a musical keyboard. The most common of these is the piano. Other widely used keyboard instruments include various types of organs as well as other mechanical, electromechanical and electronic instruments. In common language, it is mostly used to refer to keyboard-style synthesizers. Among the earliest keyboard instruments are the pipe organ, hurdy gurdy, clavichord, and harpsichord. The organ is without doubt the oldest of these. Electronic Instruments An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. Such an instrument sounds by outputting an electrical audio signal that ultimately drives a loudspeaker.

An electronic instrument may include a user interface for controlling its sound, often by adjusting the pitch, frequency, or duration of each note.

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