SPE 142853 Experimental Investigations of DDP and SCWD in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir, HP/HT

Heron Gachuz-Muro, SPE, Pemex-Heriot Watt University; Nemesio Miguel-Hernandez, SPE, Pemex; Jesus Rodriguez-Roman, SPE, Pemex; Erick Luna-Rojero, SPE, IMP; Berenice Aguilar-Lopez, SPE, IMP

Copyright 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE EUROPEC/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition held in Vienna, Austria, 2326 May 2011. This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.

Abstract The use of the Double Displacement Process (DDP) has received considerable interest as a method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The DDP has already studied in several fields and yielded promising results. This process consists of injecting gas into waterflooded oil zones. The Second Contact Water Displacement (SCWD) Process is an extension of the DDP and consists of injecting water after a DDP. In general, fractured reservoirs have always been considered poor candidates for enhanced oil recovery; this is mainly due to the complexities involved in predicting performance in such reservoirs. This paper investigates the efficiency of oil recovery using DDP and SCWD in a group of fractured cores. It was necessary to stack several core plugs in order to obtain accurate volumetric results. Two experiments were designed to illustrate both natural depletion and tertiary gas injection under extreme conditions; it means 5520 psi and 280.4 oF (HP/HT). Natural and nitrogen gas were used during the experiments. Results indicate that injection of natural gas in naturally fractured reservoirs with light oils could significantly recover more oil, compared to N2 injection (DDP). The study reveals that a significant amount of residual oil will be recovered by tertiary gas injection in a mature oil field where the water injection has been used during a long period. Finally, a second water displacement (SCWD) was carried out to evaluate additional recovery factors.

Introduction A significant percentage of oil and gas reserves are trapped in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFR). NFR are considered to be extremely challenging in terms of correct recovery prediction because of their complexity and heterogeneity. The fractures create complex paths for fluids movement which impact reservoir characterization, and ultimately, production performance and total recovery. A major portion of the oil remains in the low permeability matrix blocks after depletion. Generally, the matrix blocks remain essentially unaffected. Primary production is derived mainly from the higher permeability fracture systems (figure 1). There are no economically realistic secondary or enhanced recovery methods currently available to mobilize a significant fraction of this bypassed oil. Usually, oil is readily produced from the fracture portion of the system, however, the oil located in the matrix blocks is not easily displaced because of the relative case of the fluids to channel through the fractures and bypass the matrix pore system. Matrix recovery in NFR is achieved by an interaction between fluid in fracture and matrix oil. The oil recovery by natural depletion is usually low in NFR. Maximizing economic recovery from NFR requires a thorough understanding. The declining oil production from mature oil fields after some decades of exploitation and the significant amount of oil still remaining in place, are of great concern to the oil companies.

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Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) could increase technically and/or economically recoverable oil. In current reservoir management practice, various EOR are considered much earlier in the productive life of a field. All EOR processes are normally applied in many oil reservoirs throughout the world but few processes are used for NFR. Gas injection has been extensively applied in EOR processes, including NFR. Recent studies and limited number of field applications have shown that gas injection might result in substantial amount of additional oil recovery. With oil prices and demand continuing to escalate, there has been renewed interest in EOR.

Matrix-Fracture System

NFR

Figure 1.-Typical model representing a matrix-fracture system (by courtesy of Mr. Raul Barron, 2008).

The use of the Double Displacement Process (DDP) has received considerable attention as a method of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The DDP was defined as the gas displacement of a previously water displaced oil column, figure 2. It has been used in various fields such as Weeks Island, Hawkins, and West Hackberry. A similar process was implemented in both Wizard Lake D3 A Pool and Bonnie Glen Reservoir (Succesive Displacement Process).

DDP

Gas Injector

Oil Producer Current OWC

Water Swept Oil Zone Original OWC

Water Zone

Figure 2.- DDP Schematic for the mature fields (after Lepski).

The Second Contact Water Displacement (SCWD) Process involves implementing a second waterflood after the main oil production of the DDP. It was introduced by Lepski and it is referred to as an extension of DDP. The SCWD is appropriate for applying where the supply of gas is not adequate. Both of them (DDP and SCWD) could be economical methods for reservoirs with considerable oil after water invasion (mature oil fields). The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to investigate the efficiency of oil recovery under reservoir conditions using DDP and SCWD in a naturally fractured reservoir. A mature oil field was selected to study these alternatives. Materials The fluids and cores used during all coreflood experiments and some their properties are listed above. Reservoir Conditions: Temperature: 280 oF, Sw: 17.3 %, Initial Pressure: 5520 psi. Oil: A crude oil was employed (offshore reservoir). Saturation pressure: 3346.34 psi, density and viscosity at 20 oC were 32 oAPI and 0.9 cp, respectively. Two liters of oil were prepared for a given composition. Brines: Two brines were used during the experiments, synthetic formation water (salinitiy: 63, 580 ppm, electroneutrality: 0.0) and synthetic brine (salinity: 45, 100 ppm, electroneutrality: -0.033). The formation and injection water were compatible (standard and reservoir conditions). No precipitation of salts was observed after mixing the brines (CaSO4, Na2SO4, NACL, BaSO4, SrSo4 or CaCO3). We used reservoir conditions because some

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salts, CaSO4 or Na2SO4, exhibit an unusual characteristic called retrograde or inverse solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. We analysed the electroneutrality (The electroneutrality is a common quality control method) as well. The properties are described below, table 1. Charges associated with cations and anions must balance. Normally, cations and anions wonn balance perfectly because: a) minor ions arent accounted for, or b) precision or error in chemical analyses. Electro neutrality equation is as follows:

Where n is valence
Table 1.-Composition of brines Synthetic Formation Water (ml/L) Cations 19,756.77 1,456.00 841.75 2.20 Anions 45,454.50 48.80 660.00 0.00 Synthetic Brine (ml/L) 12,456.50 2,200.00 631.80 0.24 22,981.92 68.32 2,600.00 0.00

Ion Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe3+ ClHCO3SO42CO32-

Cores: Three reservoir cores from a naturally fractured reservoir were dried, weighed and vacuumed. Every segment of the core was revised. CT-Scan analysis was performed on each plug to evaluate the heterogeneity at the core scale. Examination of the core revealed a dolomite composition (Ca2+, Mg2+, Si, Al3+, Fe2+, K+, Sr2+), 98 %. The dolomite cores showed a great variability in the poro structure, they presented larges vugs and microfractures into the matrix. Relevant data is presented in table 2. The dominant porosities come from vugs and microfractures, figure 3.
Table 2.-Cores data for experiments Core 1 2 3 Diameter (pg) 3.46 3.46 3.46 Height (pg) 5.82 5.82 5.98 Effective Porosity (%) 18.31 10.57 4.52

Microfractures

Fracture Vugs

Figure 3.- X-ray density tomography for a core.

Surfactant: Commercial product was used as surfactant (amphoteric substance). It can react as either an acid or a base.

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Experimental Procedure

Two experiments were designed to illustrate both natural depletion and tertiary gas injection under natural conditions of exploitation, figure 4. Natural and Nitrogen gas were used during the experiments. The figure 5 represents the general program of injection. In the first part of the research, effects of displacement with water were examined. The gases was injected at the top of the scheme with gas and/or oil, water produced at the bottom.

Natural Depletion

Water Injection

Nitrogen Gas Injection

Natural Gas

Water Injection + Surf actant

Figure 4.- Set of experiments designed during the experimental tests.

GeneralProgramofExploitation

Pressure(psi)

Time(hrs)

Figure 5.- General plan of injection (N2 or Natural gas injection under DDP-SCWD).

Due to the difficulties to acquire long cores, the experimental tests were conducted using a composite core. The sample of 17.62 pg height was made from three cores. The cores were placed on top of each other to reach a total height and then loaded in a steel cell. They were saturated with synthetic formation brine. The initial water saturation was determined by produced water during the oil flooding. This was done to ensure that the long core had reached to its saturation. The long composite was aged at reservoir conditions to allow equilibrium of the fluids. The temperature was kept constant throughout all stages of experiments (280.4 oF).

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Little by little, the systems were declined to 3783.96 psi and any production was monitored and collected in a separator. This original production was associated with thermal expansion. The valve of the cell was opened and the composite core was subjected to consecutive water injection under constant pressure. Soon afterwards, the pressure was reduced to 3004 psi but oil production continued as a result of this injection. Next, the pressure decreased below bubble point pressure. The residual oil in the composite core after water injection was targeted by injecting Nitrogen. It was observed that there was enough production under these conditions. This gas was introduced into the cell to 2828.23 psi. The cores were allowed to produce under gravity drainage at that pressure which led to terminating that first set of experiments. Figure 6 provides recovery curves gained from experiments with Nitrogen. Low oil recovery was noted during the first hours of oil production for this stage and 3.79 % was obtained after 300 hours of the testing. The final oil recovery at the end of the experiments is 51 % of OOIP. This sequence described above it was repeated with Natural Gas and Surfactant. After each experiment the cores were cleaned to restore the initial conditions. Total recovery factors during each injection are summarized in figure 7.

OilRecovery(N2 Injection)
60

50

40

Oil Recovery (%)

30

20

10

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Time (hrs)
NaturalDepletion WaterInjection(Constant Pressure) WaterInjectionbelowBubblePointPressure GasInjection(Constant Pressure)

Figura 6.- Oil Recovery due to DDP with Nitrogen.

Results and Discussion As we know, carbonate reservoirs are less water-wet than sandstones reservoirs. Many carbonates reservoirs are mixed-wet or oil-wet. It was documented from laboratory studies that seawater appeared to be an important improved oil recovery-fluid for mixed-wet and oil wet carbonates. The results indicated that the temperature and ion composition (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-) of the injection seawater were extremely importants to achieve wettability modification. Especially, the sulfate ion seemed to play a key rule due to the high affinity to the carbonate formations. This indicated that the sulfate may be a wettability modifier in chalk, limestone and dolomite without the presence of surfactant. Figure 6 and 8 present oil recovery by stage during both programs. The natural depletion (between 5520.21 to 3783.96 psi) indicated that thermal expansion resulted in minimal recovery (0.5 and 0.9 %). The recovery factors did not give any significant difference. After the water injection (from 3783.96 to 2828.23 psi), figures 9a and 9b, the oil production appeared to be a nearly linear function of time, indicating a fluid flow mechanism where gravity forces were active during the water injection. Milter et al. and Schechter et al. observed a lineal relationship between oil recovery and time which they interpreted as an imbibition driven by gravity forces. The imbibition curve for a capillary driven process can be fitted to an exponential curve whereas the imbibition curve for gravity dominated imbibition seemed to be a lineal function.

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RecoveryFactor(%)
FirstExperiment SecondExperiment

46.99 46.7

NaturalGas

16.44
Nitrogen

0.9

0.5
WaterInjection

3.79
GasInjection

2.8
Surfactant

NaturalDepletion

Stages
Figure 7.- Recovery Factors by experiment and stage.

OilRecovery(NaturalGasInjection)
70

60

50

Oil Recovery (%)

40

30

20

10

0 0 50
NaturalDepletion GasInjection(Constant Pressure)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Time (hrs)
WaterInjection(Constant Pressure) WaterInjectionwithSurfactant WaterInjectionbelowBubblePointPressure

Figura 8.- Oil Recovery due to DDP (Natural Gas) and SCWD.

Gravity forces expelled oil in the beginning while capillary forces dominated the fluid flow later. In general, we believed imbibition process was dominated by gravity driven imbibition. This revision is a further confirmation of the suggested mechanisms for the spontaneous imbibition of water into neutral and preferential oil-wet carbonate rocks proposed by some authors. The behaviors showed that synthetic brine had a strong ability to displace oil spontaneously and the maximum oil recovery was approximately 47 % of OOIP. These results verified previous papers published by Hognesen, Austad, Standnes and others that seawater imbibition into carbonate formations (oil-wet) increases with temperature. Injection water could have acted as a wettability modifier due to the active ions (SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+).

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OilRecovery(WaterInjection),FirstExperiment
60

50

40

Oil Recovery (%)

30

20

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (hrs)
NaturalDepletion WaterInjection(Constant Pressure) WaterInjectionbelowBubblePointPressure

Figura 9a.- Whole imbibition curves, first set of experiments. Early times dominated by gravity forces.

OilRecovery(WaterInjection),SecondExperiment
70

60

50

Oil Recovery (%)

40

30

20

10

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (hrs)
NaturalDepletion WaterInjection(Constant Pressure) WaterInjectionbelowBubblePointPressure

Figura 9b.- Whole imbibition curves, second set of experiments. Early times dominated by gravity forces.

On the other hand, recovery of trapped oil after waterflooding strongly depends on the nature of the gas injected. The experiments via gases denoted further appreciable production. As we have seen, recovery factor was slower with Nitrogen than with Natural Gas, in addition, N2 required a longer period of time to directly contact with oil into the matrix, more than 80 hours. Finally, the second water displacement with surfactant did not result in relevant production because others mechanisms acted during the experiments, however, this supplementary injection was effective under these final conditions. Only 2.8 % of the oil was recovered with an amphoteric substance after about 250 hours using this process. It will be interesting to investigate the impact of the sequence of injection; maybe, order of injecting fluids could also affect the recovery.

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Conclusions Normally, water injection is not able to recover all of the oil into the matrix and considerable amount of oil will remain after water injection. However, a dramatic increase in oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of injected water was observed. There is no doubt the water (this case, synthetic brine) here had a special interaction with carbonate rocks at high temperatures, which impacted on oil recovery. It is suggested that the injection brine (synthetic water) acted as a wettability modifier in this cores at high temperatures due to the active ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-). Injection of water probably had a positive effect on the oil recovery method because of favourable concentrations of SO42-. The study revealed that DDP was capable of mobilizing oil and thus reducing the residual oil saturation from a NFR with light oil under reservoir conditions (HP/HT). Natural gas was an efficient recovery method under DDP. It is also clear that, oil recovey due to Nitrogen injection was much reduced compared to the Natural Gas case. The benefit of using a surfactant as a wettability modifying agent had limitations. Nevertheless, 2.8 % was gained. More analyses are needed for complete verification of the different mechanism acting in the processes here described.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Pemex E&P for permission to publish this article. Thanks are also due to Professor Mehran Sohrabi, who contributed to our understanding of this research. Conversion Factors API ft3 o F km2 kg/cm2 bbl acre in
o

x x x x x x x

141.5/(131.5+oAPI) 0.02831 (oF-32)/1.8 247.1 14.22 0.158 9873 0.00405 0.0254

= g/cm3 = m3 = oC = acres = lb/pg2 = m3 = km2 =m

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