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Pw Technical
Paper No. 10
by: F. Eugene McJunkin Published by: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands Available from: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands Centre for Community
Centre
for
Community
Reproduced by permission of the International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and' Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document
July 1977
Hand Pumps
Published under the joint sponsorship of the
ABSTRACT Hand Pumps for Use in Drinking Water Supplies in Developing Refe!cc>nce Countries. Technical Paper No. 10, International Centre for Community Water Supply, Vtiorburg (The Hague,), the Netherlands. Various paging (approx. 210 pp.). July 1$77. A state of the art report. Topics discussed include rationale for use of hand pumps, history of hand pumps, description of various types of hand pumps (including reciprocating, diaphragm, rotary, helical rotary, bucket, chain, windlass, and various traditional low lift, slowmoving water lifting devices used since ancient times). The principles of operation; nomenclature; hydraulic, struct:lral, and energy analysis ; and the design of each component of reciprocating hand pumps are described with examples. Also administration of hand pump programmes with emphasis on installation and maintenance practices. Recent handpump research and indigenous pumps manufactured with plastic, steel, wood, and bamboo components. A final chapter described manufacture of pumps in foundries, machine shops, and using intermediate technology. , Key words: Hand pumps, rural water supply, developing countries, reciprocating pumps, appropriate technology, hand pump design, hand pump maintenance, hand pump manufacture, hand pump research and development.
Bstabtished
in
1966 at the Netherlands National Inetttute for Water Supply in Voorburg (The HaSue), the WHO Refarenca Centra for Cosaounity Water Supply (IRC) Is based on an agreement between the World Health and rhe Netherlands Covernmnnt, In close contact with WHO, the IRC operatee aa the nexus of a worldof regional and national collaborating lnstitutione, both in developing and industrislired countries.
Ilie general objective of the IRC ia to promote Operating 11%a cstelyat, the IRC works closely egsncics. national eritittes and indivtduels.
cooperation in the field of community wter supply. its colloboreting institutions as veil 88 international Reference
Requerta for information on the IRC, or enquiries on epecific problems may be directed to the Inrernstional Centre for Comnunicy Water Supply, Information Section, P.O. Bow 140, 2260 AC Leidschendsm, the Nalherlsnds.
HAND
PUMPS
PROGRAMME
NW. Havenstraat 6, Voorburg (The Hague) The Netherlands Postal Address: P.O. Box 140,226OAC Leidschendam, The Netherlands
The information on hand pumps as consolidated in this handbook, has been collected in the course of several years. The material was reviewed and evaluated during 1976 and t:le first half of 1977. Every attempt has been made to include all information considered pet tinent. While comprehensive on the subject of hand pumps, the handbook is not claimed to be either exhaustive or final. Certain hand pump development or test programmes may have escaped the serrch work, research efforts for : Iformation. Besides, new information and data of relevance will no doubt continue to result from on-going hand pump programmes. The present 8 some future document, stage. It therefore, is likely to require revision at is intended to undertake this work when appropriate.
Readers are invited to give their comments and suggestions for any changes , corrections and additions which they consider necessary or useful . Such contributions will be gratefully accepted and used in the future revision of the handbook, and will be duly acknowledged therein. Communications should be directed to: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply, P.O. Box 140, 2260 AC Leidschendam, the Netherlands. E.H.A. Hofkes Project Coordinator
This
report
of the WHOInternational It does not necessarily the World Health Programme. of either
or the United
Environment
PREFACE.......................... EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION ....................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 ................... Background .... .................. Sources of Information ................ Limitations of the Report.
9 11 19 19 22 23 25 25 26 28 29 31 31 33 35 35 36 38 41 41 41 43 49 56 62 74 82 83 86 87 88 88 90
TYPES OF HAND PUMPS. . . . . . . . . ........... 2.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.2 Shallow Well Reciprocating Lift PiImp ........... 2.3 Deep Well Reciprocating Lift Pump. . ........... 2.4 Reciprocating Force Pumps. . . . . . ........... 2.5 Diaphragm Force Pump . . . . . . . . ........... 2.6 Rotary Pump- . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.7 Bucket Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.8 Chain Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.9 Sanitary Rope and Bucket Mechanism . ........... 2.10 Hydraulic Ram. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.11 Traditional Water Lifting Devices. . ........... 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 HAND PUMPS: STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY. ........... ......................... General. ....................... Nomenclature .................. Fundamental Hydraulics ................... Structural Analysis. ..................... Energy Analysis. ..................... Handle Assembly. .............. Connections, Pins and Bearings Pump Stand (Standard, Barrell, Head, Hydrant, Pump Body, Column). .......................... Pump Cap (Cover, Cap, Ring, Top) ............. Pump Rod (Connecting Rod, Plunger Rod, Piston Rod, Sucker Rod, Well Rod). .................. Drop Pipe (Riser, Riser Pipe, Rising Main, Discharge .......... Pipe, Sucker Pipe, Suction Lift Pipe). ............ Suction Pipe (also see Drop Pipe). Plunger Assembly (Plunger, Piston, Bucket, Lift Bucket, Sucker) .......................... Cup Seals (Cups, Buckets, Plunger Cups, Piston Cups, ........ Leathers, Packing Cups, Packing Leathers).
Section 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Bib. L. Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex E Valves (see text for different names) ........... ........................ Cylinders. Cost Comparison of Alternative Hand Pumps. ........ ................. Hand Pump Specifications ADMINISTRATION OF A HAND PUMP PROGRAMME. ......... Organization ....................... Planning and Engineering ................. Installation ............ Maintenance. ............
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HAND P'UMPS . . . . . . . . = ON Historical . s a . s e a . - a . a . - - - - * a . . s s AID/Battelle Hand Pump Development . * . . . * * * . Study of Existing Hand Pumps for Shallow Tube Wells near Calcutta . . . . . . . . . . s . s . . * - - s - s . . . WHO/lJNICEFhndia 0268 Study and Development of Deep We!1 Hand Pumps (the ijangalore Pump) . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNICEF/Bangladesh Shallow Well Hand Pump Development . . ComitP Inter-Africain d'Etudes Hydrauliques (CIEH) Studies in Upper Volta including the Hydro-Pompe Vergnet Other Research and Development . . . . . . . . . - . . . Intermediate Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Observations . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . I .
l l
131 131 132 137 139 147 152 158 167 168 171 171 172 184 188 190 193 196 196 197 199
. *
.
. .
.
. . .
LOCAL MANUFACTURE HAND PUMPS.............. OF Background ........................ Conventional Cast Iron Hand Pumps ............. Hand Pumps made from Steel, Wood or Plastic Shop Welding and Fabrication ............... Hand Pumps made by Village Artisans ............ "Traditional" Water Lifting Devices ............ ...................... Pump Cylinders Pump Leathers (Cup and Valves) .............. Pump Handles ....................... Bibliography List List List ....................... Literature in International ................... ........... ............ ............. .............
Pipe Components
213
FIGURES
Section
Page
Summary 1 1-1 1-2 2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 4 4-l 4-2 4-3
"The Farmyard
Pump".
................. is
Population of most Developing Countries ................. predominantly rural. How a Hand Pump (System) Works ............
Typical Shallow Well Lift Pump ........... Illustration of Operation of Plunger-type Pump .... Deep Well Lift Pump. ................. Force Pumps. ..................... Cross-Section of a Diaphragm Pump. .......... Cross-Section of a Rotary Pump ............ Cross-Section of semi-Rotary Pump. .......... Cross-Section of Helical Rotor Pump. ......... Bucket Pump. ..................... Chain Pump ...................... ........... A Sanitary Rope and Bucket Well. Typical Hydraulic Ram. ................ Improved Dug Well and Counterweighted Bailer used in ................... the Philippines. ................ Hand Pump Nomenclature Swept Cylinder Volume. ................ .......... Nomograph for Hand Pump Discharge. Static Head for Hand Pumps .............. ........ Dynamometer Measured Pump Rod Tension. Mechanical Advantage of Pump Handle as a Lever .... Handle Geometry. ................... Lever and Linkage Mechanisms for Vertical Operation of Pump Rods without Lateral Movement. ........ Examples of Rotary Crank and Wheel Operated Reciprocating Hand Pumps ............... Indigenous Hand Pump Stand and Handle developed by Care/Tunisia ..................... .................. Forces at Fulcrum. ......... "Uganda" Hand Pump (Deep Well Type). Calculation of Bearing Pressure for Plain Bearings . . Hand Pump with Stuffing Box and Guided Pump Rod suitable for Use as a Force Pump. ; , . . :. . . . . . . . . . Detail of Plunger Assembly , . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pump Cylinders and Pump Cylinder Valves. . . . . . . . Heavy Use of Hand Pump in Developing Countries . . . . Hand Pump Installation in Wells and Infiltration Galleries. ...................... An Alternative Source of Water ............ .......... Hand Pump with Inadequate Drainage
Section
Page -Maintenance Needs of Hand Pump Components. Page From Laotian Hand Pump Maintenance for (original in Laotian and English). . . . . 4-6a Care and Maintenance of the Hand Pump (open spout discharge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6b To Replace Cup Seals in Cylinders Requiring PumpRod......................,. 4-4 4-5 . . . . . . . Field Use . , . . . . . cylinder . . . . . . . Removal of . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . .
hi
127 128 129 130 133 134 142 143 144 146 148 151 153 155 157 159
160
5-la 5-lb 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14
. . Battelle Pumps - Shallow Well Configuration. . . . . Battelle Pump - Deep Well Configuration. Pump Handle Heights for Operating (Dis)Comfort . Examples of Common Defects in Handle Fulcrum Link Assembly... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing and Design Defects in India Manufactured Deep-Well Hand Pumps. . . . . . . . Bangalore Pump Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . New No. 6 Hand Pump (Bangladesh) . . . . . . . . Two Hand Pumps used in West Africa. . . . . . . Hydro-Pompe Vergnet Schematic Arrangement . . . Hydro Pump "Vergnet". . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sholapur Deep Well Hand Pump Top End Mechanism . U.S.T. (Kumasi) Type Hand Pump . . . . . . . . . The Petro Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Hand Pump . - . The "Kangaroo" Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163 166 175 182 185 187 191 192 194 195
Typical Foundry Layout and Equipment . . . . . . . . . Layout of Possible Foundry and Machine Shop to Produce aHandPump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Shinyanga Hand Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 Pump made in Korat (Thailand) of Pipe Components . . . 6-5a Bamboo or PVC Pipe Hand Pump (General) . . . . . . 6-5b Bamboo or PVC Pipe Hand Pump (Valves). . . . . . . . : 6-6 Chain-type Pumpmade of Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 Diaphragm Pump (Bodek) . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1 6-2
TABLES
Section
Paee
Maximum Suction Head of Reciprocating Hand Pumps ... At different Altitudes for Water at 60F (15.6oC). Maximum Head for Comfortable Operation of Deep Well HandPump ....................... Man Generated Power .................. Windmill Pumping Rates Showing Discharge in U.S. Gallons ............. per Minute (Liters per Minute) ............ Coefficients of Sliding Friction Costs of Specialized Bearing Purchased from Bearing Manufacturers ..................... Minimum Diameter of Drop Pipe. ............. Number Categorization of Hand Pumps by Performance Required (Example) ................... Common Hand Pump Troubles and Remedies ......... Schedule for Maintenance of Simple Hand Pumps. .....
4 15
Field Observations on Users of Deep Well Hand Pumps in ................. Karnataka State, India Pumping Tests of Prototype Petro Pump. ......... .......... Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron. Foundry Coke Specification Weight by Percent ................. Machine Shop Personnel Foundry Personnel. ................... ......
PREFACE Drinking attention. or dug wells water supplies in developing safe water is being countries arc receiving increased
from tubewells
draw the water. Comprehensive than ever, and reliable information available. Organization 1975, agreed Following (WHO), the United to partially finance with Nations the on hand pumps is more in demand
Programme (UNEP), in April of a handbook on handpumps. Reference the project. with Centre for
consultations
WHO,
(IRC) agreed
prepared Appreciation
should
in gathering,
is also
Orihuela Unit
staff,
of the In particular,
Community Water Supply Dr. R.C. Ballance In the draft of experts held
is thanked stage,
continuous
reviewed
in Voorburg
the Netherlands,
contributed
The names
of many persons
through
interviews
and access
to
much appreciated
of officials
international a preliminary
.
who commented on
document staff
to serve public
health
and field
provide to a
contributing
improvement
the selection
of existing
pumps as well
as the development
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACKGROUND
hundred
million
people
already
their
water.
Major
in many
of the important
realistically water
drinking tries.
to many millions
in rural
of developing
experience
shows that
many existing
are in de-
manufacture,
a well
criteria in meeting
by developing as sanitary
countries, requirements.
operating
acceptable local
using
of this
(1)
being
pro-
To assemble
and review
are
for manufacture
by village
To assemble
and review
information
and field
A hand pump as used herein is any simple water lifting human energy, and used in rural village drinking water
trials,
especially
those
programs
that
to determine
the
deficiencies
of design,
and interpretation of the above information, to 1 and recommendations on design and selection, manufacture,
of hand pumps; basic documentation for hand pump development work and
working
on hand pumps.
devices
placement following
the "farmyard
photograph. of reciprocating the shallow well hand pumps may be further hand pump and the deep well enclosed within a cylinder, subdivided hand pump. lifts the
In both water
pumps a plunger
or piston,
to the pump spout. In the shallow well pump, the plunger within to lift and its cylinder itself. are located This pump thus it
leve!
on atmospheric to water
is limited
of about
22 feet
below
the
in the well.
as deep as
600 feet *
(180 meters).
The forces
by the hydraulic
The rope and bucket may be more numerous but a village water supply. 'I
is iuadequate
for
use as
12
"THE FARMYARD PUMP" A typical action (plunger), "lever (cylinder), positive operated, single
hand pump" of the type first veloped rica in Europe and North
veloping supplies.
The operators
heady
increase
with
table.
Also,
problems
than in shallow
and costs
deep well
than for
must be raised from its level in discharge, e.g., the pump spout. 13
',
design
with
the rate
the head to be overcome in lifting by the lift, the energy strokes input
the structural
quency of the plunger affect handle plunger between the design assembly assembly, the plunger
transmitted assembly,
and the
the cylinder,
or "bucket")
constraints is limited,
severe Plus
use,
typically
250 users
per pump
(3)
Capital with
is severely imports
hard
(4) (5)
may be poor. are generally is well known. limited. Pumps of the reciprocating type 200 years. The theo1900's.
and have been in common use at least similar to those was well in use today.
1800's
are quite
understanding
of their
operation
MAINTENANCE
the age of hand pump technology, three reasons. and North First, today's
why today's
concern? desfamily
American countries,
in the developing
14
supply
the water
of people. Third,
Second,
the quality
of hand coun-
the poverty
the unit
of hand pumps must be low. almost maintenance-free poor quality, for successful
exists
to manufacture
durable,
hand pumps but at what cost?* and low cost and effective combine to require extra-
Thus heavy use, ordinary developing cient major) quality problem maintenance countries.
The lack
to be maintained
(many authorities
to develop
rural
water
supplies
for
developing
several
ment activities. (1) dable oping findings programs. (2) The Bangalore this The AID/Battelle pump for countries.
These include: Pump. A five year program for universal to develop application its a sturdy, depen-
shallow While
in develresearch
have stimulated
and influenced
Developed
by the government
of India
with prototype
WHO stage.
assistance, It incorporates
several agencies
design
some developed
in India
by "Mission" (3)
pump developed
with
pump is now in mass production. and has replaced pumps approach leather this quality seals but
features
;>c,
_, :i _ : : i
generally
capacity
of more durable,
more i~nterchangeable
Hand pumps are made of many dissimilar suppliers other parts of castings, leathers, rods, pipe,
components. valves,
of and
pins,
to assemble also
the complete
be capable covers,
of manufacturing castings
manhole
and other
supply Guidelines
for
iron,
and other
materials
in the report.
shop prodescribed.
the technical
of ancillary
operations
such as leather
The concluding 1 :> ,j,: :;. .* ;;: :: i o;. :: ii :-.,, n: T?. : p ~: : 2: ) ., :. ,; artisans with several
discusses
production
examples,
including
phragm pumps, rope pumps, and windlass leathers and wooden handles for
conventional
pumps is also
described.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
An extensive
bibliography
is appended.
DTRECTORY MANUFACTURERS OF
directory
welcomed. endorsement
Inclusion
17
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND A recent survey by the World Health million Organization people access living (WHO, 1973) indicates in rural areas water. water as a and of
that
as of
developing
reasonable
studies
in transmission diseases.
cholera, countries,
dysentery, or
waterborne
may require
collection. A United Nations population Second Development with ready access Decade goal is to bring the percentage
modest goal
would require
6.5 thousand
low. Every
must be made to keep down the capita proporticn of this growing population
an appreciable water.
is ever
to have adequate
SELECTED
RURAL
POPULATION
AS
PERCENT
OF
TOTAL
FIGURE 1-l
COUNTRIES RWANDA
99%
COUNTRIES RURAL
PREOOMINANTLV
ZAIRE
PHILIPPINES
MOROCCO
PERU
19
Many knowledgeable World Bank that depth, cheapest Depending supply capita. and public will constructing "In
observers
agree with
analysis available
a good water
supply".
a hand pump water to $3.00 per ressure unserved to households billion measure. thus
as US $0.5 under
water
standposts
are an ultimate
many of
have to use hand pumps as an in: is that electricity is not combr jailable
n if
means diesel If
than about
in many instances
capacity capital
consequent
Their
is 4 times
of hand pumps (Allison). Several ing water. tries, hundred Major million people already depend on hand pumps for or planned drink-
are underway
in many counPakistan,
including
Bangladesh, Ethiopia,
Burma, India,
Indonesia,
Tanzania,
Tunisia, Bangladesh
to install
400,000
pumps during
experience
shows that
already
in
in design,
countries, technology 20
in meeting represents
conditions. evolved
over 50 years
in the United
States
in India,
for
example,
hand pump may be used regularly Pumps are needed which within limitations and acceptable manufacture,
(Emman-
operated for
local
and man-
the past
ten years,
several
studies
of different
types
of hand and
by international Also
agencies, several
conditions.
organizations using
to simple
water for
artisans. with
use in other
or without
design
adaptations.
21
1.2
SOURCESOF INFORMATION Information on hand pumps available journals is nil. from conventional sources such as found in that never limited, apor of interof
recent
scientific
Information literature",
periodicals
because
or private
obtained
documents national
few copies
documents provided early cultural textbooks Congress State source 20th century schools,
experiment A third
stations, source
Carolina
University
two sources.
was manufacturers'
An extensive bibliography * report. Another fruitful with a number of people context. that
was personal
knowledgeable
country
acknowledged, at the
was assembled
for
the
International
Reference
Readers are asked to send copies of their own or others' publications hand pumps, if not listed in the Bibliography, to the International Reference Centre (IRC) for use in future hand pump programs including periodic updating of this document.
on
Centre source,
for
(IRC)
in July
an excellent
1.3
LIMITATION OF TEE REPORT This report, l-2 by design, covers only a part of the hand pump system. requires satisfactory structures. supplies Or as
As Figure relationships
a working users,
technology
a PAHO engineer
has said:
"A hand pump is a small system". This maintenance. users, user Future report This studies focuses
in a large issues.
sociological
have to address
these
on pump technology,
and
placed
in the center.
is imperfect.
And like
the hand pump, too important covered, answers, closest there only
to wait
must ultimately
by those
to the problem.
An extensive Pisharoti
Bibliography on health
provides
access
to many uncovered
subjects,
e.g.,
education.
23
HOW
HAN5
PUMP
(SYSTEM)
WORKS
/#I/\
Finance
/h\
/MAINTENANCE
Skills Schedules
~~ --- \ 1 --II-
//
/,
r Jr\
TECHNOLOGY Salaction
Participation
MANUFACTURE
If
I
PURCHASING Development
bl,,
US,.
Construction
\\ /
Quality
Control
Sanitation Surveillance
FTCUKE 1-2
24
2.
2.1
HISTORY If pumps are defined as water lifting devices, then our first 'However, ancestor
hand to drink
invented for
the type of
hand pump used most frequently as the reciprocating, provenance than positive
community
supply
displacement,
the hand. of the reciprocating circa 275 B.C. pump is obscure but is sometimes cylinder lift attritype,
packing
fighting.
Archeological
of reciprocating
Roman times
are occasionally
in Europe. Ewbank in his cating navies. "History of Hydraulics", (1856), states that a recipro-
pump of wood was used as a ship's The construction to those (1556) of these described clearly
pumps is uncertain,
by Agricola
in the sixteenth
At this
time,
in addition
by a disc
which
was a hinged
metal flap and was attached I the middle made 11-nthree sections, bottom section contained type,
to a metal being
the short
the suction
to economise placed
The suction
valve
placed
at the bottom
of the barrel.
suction
way was commonly used in the sixteenth In 17th-century and with until the plunger the middle made it distribution England,
reciprocating leather
pumps made of wood or lead were in common use. century that cast, improved machined, It was not transport metal and
packed with
about
to manufacture
3000 manufacturers
hand pumps in the U.S. erating major ilies tanks. principles exception and their
were primarily
Eubanks (1971)
Today marks the renaissance role in rural water supplies recognized. this
countries,
as farms, improve
is widely
5 outlines
many recent
efforts
2.2
SHALLOWWELL RECIPROCATING LIFT PUMP Figure 2-1 shows a hand-operated a valved shallow plunger well lift pump. which The body of
the pump (See B) contains down, i.e., examination Its reciprocates. of Figure operation 2-2.
or piston of its
The principle
operation
is as follows:
As air can(1) With the pump primed, as shown at A, the plunger is raised. not pass the plunger owing to the water seal, a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder thereby reducing the air pressure on the surface of the water in the suction pipe. The atmospheric pressure on the water in the well is now greater than the air pressure on the water in the pipe, thereby forcing the air and water in the pipe upward, following the The space in the cylinder below the plunger fills with :Jlunger upward. air from the pipe. 26
FIGURE 2-l
(2) At the top of the cylinder the plunger stops, and the check valve closes of its own weight, thus trapping air in the cylinder. (3) On the next downstroke the entrapped air is compressed between the When the pressure becomes plunger and the bottom of the cylinder. greater than the atmospheric pressure above the plunger, plus the weight of the valve and of the priming water, the air will lift the plunger valve and escape through the priming water as shown at B. (4) On the next upstroke more air will be drawn out of the pipe and the water will rise higher, eventually flowing into the cylinder under the plunger as shown at C. (5) With the cylinder and pipe fuli of water as at C, the check valve closes by gravity, trapping water in the cylinder. (6) On the next downstroke the plunger and valve pass through the water as shown at D. (7) When the plunger reaches the bottom of the cylinder and stops, the plunger valve closes, thus trapping the water above the plunger, as shown at E. (8) On the next upstroke the water above the plunger is lifted out of the pump as shown at F. At the same time more water is forced into the cylinder through the check valve. (9) On each suc:essivF downktt-oke step E li repeated, and on each successive upstroke stamp 7 i.3 repeated. Thus the pump delivers water on each upstroke.
Check
valva
FIC;I?RE
L-1
I LLIJSTRATION
OF OFERATION
OF
PLUNGER-T
YPE
PI.JMP 27
to popular
opinion,
"lift"
water
up from the in
pressure
the suction suction <r;. ,t+ 4: ; ip, !i ' f$,, c:;:. ;z, ,. 2; :: '2.,, I;' r
pipe
on the water
p;lpe pushes
same as that
of drawing
soda water
reliance
on atmospheric well
where the
';, li
valve meters).
even though
pressure"
(See Table
./ :, ,, ;>. ;;.. L' ": .,:_, _?/ ,:i ;i :,.j 5::. :zT, ., ii, ';,j.* :. 14" .,.:, !_.J' :. f .!~%' p, .\._ ._ ,",* : -I I_ -.,,a;:: ,< I'!,, :,': ,.;r /, ':._ 1 r,.: , :. ;!: ,' .i, i" y'. .:;: s,:, '\
2.3
DEEP WELL RECIPROCATING LIFT PIJMP This pump is shown in Figure pumps operate 2-3. in the foreThe
difference
of priming.
than
22 feet
below the pump spout. well level in terms of hand pump selection in the well below the surface, a well drilled refers to the disof the
casing.
in which
is 15 feet
(4.6 meters)
hand pump.
only
level
pump with
below the surface; meters) be-
cylinder
(11.7
preferably
,
35 feet
,,
pump will
Pump
standard
I 1 Any depth
FIGURE 2-3
2.4
RECIPROCATING FORCE PUMPS Force pumps are designed to pump water pressure. tanks. so that for from a source and to deliver it
the water
can be forced
pressure.
or deep wells.
These pumps are illustrated A shallow ple lift of operation pump except the water connection well force
in Figure
pump is illustrated
2-4A.
Its
princitype of
of the single-acting
plunger
to force separate
to elevations or through
higher
a hose or pipe
to the spout.
Air
chambw
Any
dapth
Pump
cyllndw
FIGURE 2-4
FORCE PUMPS
force
spouts,
either
to allow
or have
On the upstroke
a flow to trap
chamber,
in the location
is a deep-well
30
2.5
DIAPHRAGMFORCE PUMP
FIGURE 2-5
CROSS-SECTION OF A DIAPHRAGMPUMP
displacement
pump, invented
an automotive liquid
diaphragm
liquid
is forced described
The Vergnet of
pump, both
which
have potential
promise
suPPlY*
2.6
ROTARY PUMP Pumps which employ high rotary speed rotor(s) within a fixed casing or stator
pumps.
in a housing
FIGURE 2-6
31
Rotating shalt
Steel
rotor
Rubber bonded
stator to pipe
Suction etralner
32
to only
which
in turn
drives
the
rotating
shown, when the teeth take. filling between point This permits
continues,
the outer
Having this
pumps are
pump occasion-
supply
of the rotary
termed the prorotor turning helical to a slow to stator pump for it use has with-
gressive
cavity
helical 2-8).
in a double surfaces
thread
stator.
The meshing
provides
an effective,
no valves.
Hand operated
is known
2.7
BUCKET PUMPS** Another type of positive An example displacement, hand operated 2-9. pump is the
bucket
__ **
pump.
---
is shown in Figure
Not to be confused with the name "bucket pump" sometimes given reciprocating well pumps whose plunger to cylinder seals are sometimes called "buckets". 33
1
Rubber
discs
from No. 47
FIGURE 2-9
are rotated
sprat-kets
at the bottom,
passes
and empties
as it
over
the
a sponge-like
of the buckets
Another
handmade version
by a bicycle
a sharp bend at the top to discharge pumps are used mostly The same operating low-lift others irrigation in which on cisterns principle
and shallow
by earthenware
or wooden
34
conthe
by beveled chain.
2.8
CHAIN PUMPS In the chain pump, rubber discs attached to an endless a pipe chain to lift running water on
pump, it
and shallow
to manufacture
by village
Animal-powered irrigation
pumping
2.9
SANITARY ROPE AND BUCKET MECHANISM The design developed by WHO (Wagner and Lanoix) This design, this for use with and shown in Figure dug wells, is simple gives is fairFor ease slab 2-11
should
built,
simple
protect
the well
A reinforced
concrete
can be moved by two men. of water-lifting community water arrangement source, it is will
of discharge.
But as a village
perform
satisfactorily.
35
FIGURE 2-11
2-10
HYDRAULIC RAM Where several times head, as much water the potential ram to drive 2-12). Although as may be needed is available energy a portion of the wasted water of the water and can be
with
a hydraulic
to a higher
(See Figure
not a hand pump, most foundries of manufacturing components (Kindal; rams. Watt, the a day, They
of making hand pumps should be manufactured After the initial from "off cost,
The ram is constructed facing valve 36 down. has just At the beginning been opened,
cycle
either
by hand to begin
FIGURE 2-12
Air cnamber
ischarge ipe
Supply
pipe
37
pipe seated
accelerates under
under
straight pressure
increases, sufficient
rapidly
reaches
open. energy
the discharge
is exhausted.
pressure valve,
in the closure
the opening
and repetition
of the cycle.
2.11
TRADITIONAL WATERLIFTING DEVICES There are numerous other water screws; delu, lifting devices which devices could be mentioned,
for
example, charsa,
mohte, ously
shadoof,
kerkaz, picottah,
bascule,
dhenkali,
guimbalete, balti,
channel
or gutter,
ladders;
mentioned. irrigation of manually pumping, operated previously many are animal pumps for described. and effectively as shown village
powered. drinking
majority
was modified
(Rajagopalan
and Shiffman)
noisiness;
the valves
slam shut
25
bamboo
pole,
Strong metal
sheet Cover
\ Bamboo pole
Elevation
weight end \
Tied
with
strong
rope
(Polyethylene
or hemp)
FIGURE 2-13
3.
HANDPUMPS:
3.1'
GENEPAL Most village hand pumps are of the reciprocating section. empirical Reciprocating products plunger types described the
of commercially
for very
orders,
from among the models readily new hand pump design. models, However,
than a
this
section outlined
focuses also
plunger
apply types
positive
displacement
and chain
pumps.
3.2
NOMENCLATURE The component assemblies of a reciprocating divided pump used for by function into pumping from three cate-
L wells 'gories:
and boreholes
the water;
in shallow
2-2 and 2-4). component assemblies a locally cylinder can be and often manufactured assembly. are purchased assembly may be (pump 41
pump stand
Connecting
assemblies
are often
purchased
and stocked
separately.
PUMP CAP
PUMP STAND
I
PUMP ROD I
FIGURE
3-1
HAND
PUMP
NOMENCLATURE CYLINDER .,
varies is that
widely
The
are on the
(Standard,
Head,
serves
three
(2) provision
for
includes
the handle,
herein.
the plunger
valves,
in shallow
casing Connecting
as the cylinder
(See Pump Rod and Drop Pipe) consists forces primarily between of the pump rod and the drop the handle and the plunger and
to the spout.
3.3 3.3.1
FUNDAMENTAL HYDRAULICS Rate of Discharge The,theoretical rate (Q) of discharge of a single acting reciprocating during hand its 43
pump is a function
of the cylinder
volume
upward, time
(N).
Q = VN.
product plunger
cross
Rewriting
of the cylinder
circumference D2 NS
Q= 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I........
and in millimetre-litre-minute
Upper
Limit
of
St rolre
Stroke
Length
Lowar
Limit
of Stroke
FIGURE 3-2
SWEPTCYLINDER VQLWE
rate given
normally
varies
slightly
due to failure
of the valves
pumping. between
theoretical
discharge discharge,
(Q,)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..'.......(3-2)
Qt
Slip signed should not exceed 15 percent, pump. Negative discharge preferably slip (in 5 percent, in a well deand maintained is possible; the actual discharge volume)
FIGURE
PUMP DISCHARGE Q
3.3
NOMOGRAPH
FOR
HAND
PUMP
DISCHARGE
STROKE LENGTH S 4
- 100
90 80 70 60 50 40 200 E TJ 150 5 r
K
W II
EXAMPLE 300 GIVEN: DIAMETER STROKE FREQUENCY FIND: ANSWER: = 3 INCHES INCHES 5
z 10
E 4 0 STROKES/MINUTE
W
FROM GALS
20
Z i
u-f
W I v z
_-
150
tn
K
W c :
w
u-l 6
ii? 30
2 i g
i -J -200
I
Z
40
--
70 60
-- 50
2
fi 0
40
30
L i z
li
-I
70
60
5o
: ;
0 K g Z
40
7 5
NOTE:
4 u-l
under
certain
conditions.
pipe flow
of small velocity
upward movement. it
a hydraulic
efficiency
exceeding if
100 percent,
may lead
excessive lower
"pounding"
the dynamic
pressure
Hydraulic with
not be confused
of the number of plunger of the pumping plunger speed, that is: Running
pumping strokes
per unit
time
(N)
stroke
Speed = NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-3) hand pumps, the plunger (on pumps without pumps with acting. air discharges chambers) which only during dis-
reciprocating
Discharge
plungers
in one direction
Pumps which
both directions
of piston mechanically
travel
These are generally often valves. In a single the average average with
of suction
and,discharge
acting
pump, running
3-l
plunger-
cycle. In Equation
absolute
(regardless
speed is 2NS.
;-umping
of thumb for
for
mechanically
powered
Nevertheless,
For example,
other
things
remaining
equal
(Q and D),
reducing
the stroke
length
by one-half that
per minute
must be doubled.
Also note
to N or to S.
Head head is the vertical at rest, lower level distance to its tank. 3-4. is submerged. distance The that ultimate the water must be raised level at free
static,
uppermost
at the spout
or to an elevated
Determination
of the static
head to be Overcome is illustrated In Case I as shown in Figure plunger must lift a column of water with head S exerts
in Figure 3-4,
D as shown. The
A column of water head on the plunger In Case II the well. static water
in
D + S or W between
V DENOTES WATERLEVEL
W OR DS
W OR D+ S
W*F OR D-S*F
W+F OR D+S+F
CASE:
II
lx
force tanks.
F in stata,
pumping
also into
represent
a shallow
well
installation
wheb
assembly.
Drawdown When pumping starts the water level in the well on the rate will drop, the rate abd
pumping, friction
additional
energy
be required
to overcome
(1)
th,+
hydraulic
of the suction trurbq, is du, acceJ* (1) abQ,,, The of the velo.
contraction screens,
of flow
changes
in valves, inherent
et al.; flows
losses
and deceleration
described formulas.
estimated
using
of (2) and (3) can be roughly head at each flow Generally obstruction.
as a percentage
with
adequately valves,
suction
and
submerged
head losses
remaining
eliminates
of the cylinder
hand pumps, the economy and maintenance within the pump stand assembly
acces&i;,
incorporated
may dictate
cylinder water
location level
level
How far
be placed head?
as in Figure
maximum suction
is dependent
and vapor
of the water.
the barometric
pressure
The maximum suction temperature, elevation, relevant critical. lower about about range. three
each 1,000
in temperature temperature
waters
altitudes, head.
as shown in Table
may significantly
suction speaking,
the allowable
suction
be reduced can be
friction calculated
and suction
velocity
This
approximately testing
laboratory.
drawdown, should
the values
be reduced
3.4 3.4.1
STRUCTURALANALYSIS Hydraulic The major Force structural bearings, load on the pump plunger, and pump stand and is exerted occurs during pump rod, couplings, (upward) han-
the pumping
pressure
on the plunger
movement,
and by sliding
at bearings
TABLE 3-1
MAXIMUM SUCTION HEAD OF RECIPROCATING HAND PUMPS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES FOR WATERAT 60F (15.6'C)
Altitude
Barometric Equiv. Feet 34.0 32.8 31.5 30.4 29.2 27.2 25.2 23.4
Pressure Head of Water Meters 10.36 10.00 9.60 9.27 8.90 8.29 7.68 7.13
Practical
Suction of Pump
Head
Mean Sea Level Feet 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 L0000 Meters 0 305 610 914 1219 1829 2438 3048
force
of the net
(A) in the horizontal (P) is the product that is, P = %H. diameter of For (D)
F = PA.
pressure
the head (H) and the specific a circular plunger, its area
(a) of water,
(A) expressed
in terms of plunger
is A = 7TD2/4. -W
of other
components
50
Example:
Given a hand pump with a three-inch (76 mm) cylinder set 60 feet (21.3 meters) below the pump. The pumping head is (Not given, but assumed, is the 50 feet (15.2 meters). 62.4 !b/ft3 (998 kg/m3) at 60F specific weight of water: (15.6OC) and one atmosphere pressure). The steel pump rod is &inch (12.7 mm) in diameter. rHrD2 F= 4 = (62.4 lb/ft3)(50 ft)(3.14)(3/12 4 (69.5 kg) ft)'
Hydraulic
Force
F = 153 pounds
The weight of the pump rod varies slightly with the type and The weight of the water displaced by number of couplings. the rod should theoretically be subtracted but can be ignored; it and the plunger assembly weight roughly cancel each other From a manufacturer's catalog, his %-inch threaded and out. coupled steel pump rod weighs 0.685 lb per ft (1.02 kg per meter). Pump Rod Weight Total Calculated Worth noting function independent = 60 feet x 0.685 lb/ft = 41 pounds (88.2 kg) is predominately force is a (18.7 kg)
Force = 153 lb + 41 lb = 194 lb in the above example is that than cylinder depth.
the calculated
is the average
over
Actually
dynamometers times
may be two or three couplings, withstand Figure stroke friction the bottom and plunger movement; with cycle threaded
connectors thus
peak stresses;
3-5 is an example of how pump rod tension of a particular free hand pump. performance. The solid line
At position
Pump rod tension Pumping begins, the pump rod tension tension is constant stops
in accordance
Equation
as the plunger
of the cylinder
at "c".
As the plunger
same as "a".
The plunger
returns
does not
instantaneously. is taken
As the plunger
pump rod and coupling rapidly the water value force valve. as from "e" from "rest" "b". required. BY "i"
slack to "f".
The inertial
to accel-
From "f"
is the closing
is decelerating
from "j"
.---.
. i'
--
_-__
--+-M-w----
--d
BOllTOM OF STROKE: 7
TOP OF STROKE
PLUNGER POSITION
FIGURE 3-5
52
3.4.2
Mechanical
As shown in the example of the previous pump rod and, (45.4 kg). through the rod to thepumphandle force limited
available
continuous
individual Through
of mechanical
pump handle
shown in Figure
3-6.
It
pivots
freely
the fulcrum
by a pin F
At the other end of the handle, pulls on the handle. P' from the fulcrum, the hand pushes down the handle with a force, the distances Lp and Lh were equal and the forces
or "equilibrium"
F and Fh were equal, P and would not move. If the half the force
the distance
then the handle would continue P' in which the product (or "moment" as it on one side of the fulcrum of the fulcrum The ratio
in mechanics)
is equal
to the product
of distance
on the other
side
That is,
at equili-
Fh Lh = Fp Lp.
of the handle
Note that
at equilibrium:
Fh Lh = F L P P
,)
Most "rules of thumb" fall in this range. studies have apparently been made. Analagous to the childhood "see-saw"
No satisfactory
ergonometric
**
or "teeter-totter". 53
LP
L -I-
Fh
Fulcrum
Pin
FP c J
w
-
= FORCE EXERTED BY PUMP ROD = FORCE EXERTED BY HAND = DISTANCE FROM CENTRE OF PUMP ROD CONNECTION PIN TO CENTRE OF FULCRUM PIN = DISTANCE FROM "CENTRE" OF HAND TO CENTRE OF FULCRUM PIN
Fh
Pump Rod
Lh
h P F = P MA
F &-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-6:
a crankhandle
or wheel Radius
(see Figure
MA=
Radius
The above are equilibrium long handle will descend. end will descend.
Fp exceeds
Example:
Given a pump rod force of 194 lb (88.2 kg). What handle is needed if the mechanical advantage of the pump handle
force is 4 to 1.
54
Fh=
F &..=
194 lb -= 4
48.5 lb
(22,Zkg).
The above value may be excessive, especially for hand pumps operated by women and children. Alternatives include extending the handle for greater mechanical advantage or reducing the pump rod force by using a smaller diameter pump cylinder. If R represents the maximum allowable advantage force on the user end of the handle then the allowable
of the handle
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-9)
Noting plunger
that
force
on the assembly,
(Equation
approximated
F + UL where F is determined as in Equation 3-4, U is the weight per unit length of the pump rod, L is the length of pump rod. that F pa L is approximately = YH~TD~ 4 HG dwD2+4U Table 3-2 solves kg), Equation 3-10 for an average advantage handle force +UH=H 4 R (W c equal to head H: +U L, R (MA) 3
and
Assuming
77rD2 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-10)
not to exceed
40 lb
(18.2
mechanical
assumption level
cylinder
in the well.
55
TABLE 3-2 MAXIMUM HEAD FOR COMFORTABLE OPERATION OF DEEP WELL HAND PUMP
HEAD (LIFT)
Mm 51 63 76 102
Feet up to 75 Up to 60 up to 45 up to 30
Meters Up to 25 up to 20 up to 15 up to 10
3 4 Note:
See text for caveats and assumptions, which include maximum handle force of 40 lb (18.2 kg) and 4 to 1 mechanical advantage.
3.5 3.5.1
In hand pumps the rate greatest interest: Power = 7 where Q is the rate efficiency. H.P. = 33,000 joules
QH
H is the head, expressed and e the pump's mechanical (one horsepower watts kilowatt. or
of discharge,
as horsepower
per minute)
or as kilowatts is equivalent
(1,000 to 0.746
per second).
One horsepower
per minute
expressed
power expressed
in H.P.
56
3.5.2
' man (or woman or child) is the motive force that drives pumps, be Properly
Just
as for,
say,
electrically
the
at 0.08 for It
to 0.10 horsepower
individuals also
of slight high
must be reduced
humidity
ments.
from a stooped
where large
- as in pedaling
is much greater.
up
athletes Table
to 2 horsepower
of 5 to 10 seconds.
3-3 is adapted
from Krendel.
TABLE 3-3 MAN GENERATED POWER AGE OF MAN Years 20 35 60 Modified 5 min. 0.29 0.28 0.24 from Krendel USEFUL POWERBY DURATICINOF EFFORT (in 10 min. 0.28 .0.27 0.21 (1967). 15 min. 0.27 0.24 0.20 30 min.. 0.24 0.21 0.17 60 min. 0.21 '0.18 0.15 H.P.) 480 min. 0.12 0.10 0.08
57
Most hand pumps used for users, each pumping for rather only
domestic
water
a few minutes
are operated by many * Many operators are at a time. no measured data from output of about 0.10
supply
than man.
With virtually
human horsepower
efficiency Equation
60 per-
cent
and
power output
a "rough for
be expected rate,
60 feet, 3.5.3
Q, would be about
per minute.
animals they
constitute
source
countries,
pumping
irrigation
from large
in Africa
and Asia).
pumps.
most efficiently
to pull
rotating require
circular gears
sweeps or by pushing and slow moving, drinking pumps its only water, large
Both methods
displacement for
as described
each family
own water.
The effort
animal
a few minutes
in deep wells
(of several
displacement)
to 1,900 lb
of 1 horsepower
purposes
are operated
58
(3 kw). for
Animal other
horsepower
for
animals
in accordance
(Brody):
(mass
animal 3.5.4
of animal/mass
of
0.73
fiOrSe)
. . . . . (3-13)
Power prime movers include heat. the natural heat forces of wind, very
nonmechanical gravity,
water, site
sun, specific
and geothermal
is of course available
available. other
choice,
being available
however
the
is below
feasible
too is very
in Section
Of the natural
(Golding;
et al.)
(1) Winds of at least cent of the time; (2) The well (3) Storage for
5 miles
per hour
(8 km/hr)
are present
at least
60 per-
without 3 days'
excessive
drawdown; to provide
calm periods
without
sweep of wind to the windmill above surrounding (125 meters); tower; and that can operate obstructions the windmill
i.e.,
is
or buildings
equipment six
relatively
for
long
periods
months or more,
is available.
mechanism should 59
with
an automatic galvanized
oiling
system.
assemblies
be heavily
or protected
pumping of water
by a windmill
requires
matching
the character-
by the manufacturer
by the purchaser. the commonest type of wind pump is pump. The pump generally assembly the slow-running with with wind wheel
the pump rod from the windmill. becalmed periods. are designed They are also to insure equipped that with
Provision
pumping by hand during Modern windmills the wind for automatically km/hr) that pumping. turn might
turn
into
system to
the wheel out of excessive damage the windmill. to prevent The windmill per hour
winds
The "sails"
furled winds.
from "running
away" (rotating
not begin
(8 to 9.5 km/hr).
then rises
limiting
purchased 8-ft,
in the U.S.
US $3000.
A 22-feet supplier.
windmills local 60
may be imported,
can be readily
constructed
materials.
I
I
If
A represents
rotor
of diameter
D,
weight
of the air.
and its
is equal
gravitational
acceleration.
to the windwheel
wind is therefore: p= WV2 2g = Arev V3 w 2g will = tn2bV3 w 8g in proportion water to the wind to water Golding esti-
water
be less windmill
pump unit.
rarely
exceed 20 percent. values as: D2 V3 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-14) diameter in feet, and of g and a,, the actual
average
horsepower
can be written
Net Pumping
H.P. = C.0000052
where D is the wind rotor V is the wind velocity e is the wind to water Similarly: Net Pumping K.W. = 0.0000020 D2 V3 e
in miles mechanical
where D is the wind rotor V is the wind velocity e is the wind to water The discharge inversely (the proportional Q for a given windwheel diameter
efficiency. would be
Combining
efficiency
appears
in Eq. 3-14) D2 V3 e
yields:
= 0.0000052
Q=
0 . 020
--- v3 e D2 H
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-16)
61
per
minute
diameter
in miles
mechanical
efficiency.
Q = 0.060
D2 V3 e H
diameter
in meters
H is pumping head in meters, e is wind Table value 3-4 gives some illustrative to water calculations mechanical using
of e of 20 percent. Table 3-4 demonstrates the sensitivity discharge required of discharge to wind velocity: readily, the long
Q4WV3.
Although
the short-term
during
without
frequency
the entire
Mechanical
Jacks pumps can be readily engines using mechanical converted jacks. to pumping with Good quality motors in pump
Hand powered reciprocating electric geared motors jacks with or gasoline long for life
expectancy
and for
use with
%-horsepower useful
US $150 to $200.
3.6
HANDLE ASSEMBLY The handle serves to transmit the lever motion and energy from the hand pump opera3-l is most
tor 62
to the pump.
Although
type handle
shown in Figure
TABLE 3-4
WINDMILL PUMI?ING RATES SHOWINGDISCHARGE IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE (LITERS PER MINUTE) WIND VELOCITY Mph (km/hr) 5 ( 8.1) 7 (11.3) 10 (16.1) 12 (19.3) 14 (22.6) 16 (25.8) 6 Ft (2M) 0.4 (1.4) HEAD= 50 Feet (15 Meters) HEAD = 100 Feet (30.5 Meters)
WINDMILL DIAMETER 8 Ft (2.5M) 0.7 1.8 > > 5.2 ( 2.7) ( 6.8) (20 > ) ) ) 10 Ft (3M) 1.0 ( 3.9) > > > > > 6 Ft (2M) 0.2 0.5 ( 0.7) ( 1.9)
WINDMILL DIAMETER 8 Ft (2.5M) 0.3 0.9 ( 1.3) ( 3.4) 10 Ft (3M) 0.5 1.4 4.1 > ( 2.5) ( 5.5) (15 ) > 1 1
7.0 (26 11
(42 (62
7.9(31) 12 (46 )
7.2(26) 11 (40 )
21
5.9 (23
16
Note:
efficiency
assumed to be 20 percent.
shown in parentheses.
wheels
and crankshafts,
foot
tread-
and pump jacks. Mechanical Advantage necessary to raise the pump plunger strength 3-6, in a recip::ocating How-
with
Fp u
Equation
Fh =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-b)
where
Fh = force F L P P = force
exerted exerted
on handle on handle
hand
to center
from center Lh = distance of operator's hand and A typical That MA = mechanical advantage advantage for a shallow
pin to "center"
mechanical
4 to 1.
by a handle advantage
as large.
advantage
be increased
as the distance
the arc ab swept by the end of the handle for difficu" Lo operation. Decreasing advantage but
distance
the mechanical
decreases
S of the pump rod and its Linkage Figure 3-7 illustrates with
attached
type of handle
a one at the
piece fulcrum. 64
handle
two connecting
This
is a common arrangement
pumps.
3-7 that
the arc cd swept by the pump rod pin defines to the plunger stroke length,
the
vertical tal
distance,
free
to move horizontally.
dimensions).
A second problem
movement of the pump rod makes sealing against tilting A fourth contamination difficult.
A third
wearing
related force
is that
pumps.
1:;
FIGURE 3-7
HANDLE GEOMETRY
65
Pump A uses two movable and one fixed and a stuffing as the Dempster mical bending solution stresses box as a pump rod guide.
23EX and the Godwin HLS and HLD models. but in deep wells, the stuffing in the pump rod. and one fixed pin
may be created
and a rotating
fulcrum
by a crosspumps.
two guide
of the components
pillared side
of Pump B.
may is an
example. Pump D also crum. The stuffing uses two movable and one fixed pin, but with a fixed fulEDECO
Examples include
and the NWSA. Pump E uses only attached Gravity, one conventional pin, length quadrant This as the fulcrum. of flexible welded The handle chain. is is
motorcycle
vertical
motion.
pump will
deep
to occur
by gravity.
and Jalna-types
&found in India. Pump F uses a two movable, to a pump rod pllllrr Uganda and Shinyanga pipe installed one fixed pin lever with over two connecting the pump rod. 3-11 and 6-3). arms The
concentrically
(See Figures
66
wllar
(2
each
GUIDE
C. 3-PIN AND
LEVER LOWER
m)
Stuf
t ino
box
II
q.-q ,I I $> 1 , I,
0*7-tif III II! $-yu I I Pump rod
E.
D.
ROD
AND
y , Pillion
\_ Pi
laxlel
F. 3-PIN
SLOT
hii~j&
Drop
pipe
G.
RACK
AND
PINION
F1G"RE 3-8
, Handle
Pump
rod
Crankpi
LLltln *Ym b
Crank handle
(d)
Cutaway VImW untt IDeplechir,) of typical
60
Pump G uses a rack and pinion the fulcrum rollers. and pinion rack or axle Examples pin causing
arrangement.
The pinion
sector
rotates
on
the rack
include
the Korat
pump drives
versions
in which
is "toothed" Figure
on opposing
3-9 illustrates
crank
or wheel
operated \ plane.
can be restricted
i
to the vertical
connecting
crankshaft.
than reciprocating
stresses
These stresses
handles,
more uniformly
The kinetic
makes operation
Human Engineering The height, length, and travel and efficiency advantage arc of the handle are important to the may or
comfort,
convenience, mechanical
sufficiently
of the plunger
may
be cumbersome to work. For a three foot (0.914 meter) handle with a mechanical of a circle) stroke advantage of 5
(one fourth
(1.22
about
8 inches
(19.3
cm)?
(In
Figure
3-7,
arc length
ab = 2wLh
4+ 36Oo
131 )
of these
dimensions
is iargely
determined Field
by human fac-
ergonomic,
and psychological.
under varying
conditions
are scanty.
Brouha;
et -- al.)
make possible
Dimensions of hand pump handle assemblies should be based on the not the mean size but the size of the size of the pump operators; e.g., women or children. Where more than one smaller operators, hand pump is installed at a single site, their handle heights should be varied. Dimensions should avoid severe disturbance pumping. Physical efficiency in a stooped half that of a normal position. of body posture while position is less than
(2)
(3)
Within certain limits, heartbeat and respiration show a linear relationship with energy expenditures or performed work. Heartbeat In assessing the efficiency is readily measured through pulse rate. of two pumps (or the same pump with differing handle heights or lengths), their discharge (Q) and head (H) being equal, the pump for which the operator's pulse rate rises least will be the more efficient. A pulse rate rise of about 30 beats per minute above the resting pulse rate is about the optimum limit of performance for long term pumping. Optimal muscular efficiency occurs when the force being exerted about one-halfjits maximum value and the speed of movement about one-fourth it.i'maximum value (Wilkie). '1 is
(4)
(5)
For wells with very deep lifts, provision should be made for pumpShort term work ing with both hands and/or by more than one person. output can beincreased by a third to a half using two hands instead of one. Rotating wheel-type handles are easily operated in such a manner. The importance of handle dimensions and loadings of their Handle selection for hand pumps is often Load
adaptive
abilities
human operators.
the stroke.
Nevertheless factor
appearance
KRotating
Yoke
steel brat.
plate
spout
II
or 0. I.
Flangm
Stool
1
i i
-Pump
It-
01
bolts
rod
71
3.6.4
Loading
of the Handle on the handle by the pump rod, described Fp' =s . in Sec-
load exerted
and gravitational
forces exerted
earlier
on the handle
speaking,
a beam attached
to the fulcrum
by a-pinan-d or shear-
compressive
in the field
is generally
bending
is
a standard (e.g.,
design
problem Generally
and formulas
are for
readily
available
with
its
around
should
conservative; sit,
many field
in tranand iron.
poor quality
manufacture
including
to failure
of the material
used,
especially - for
shown in Figure
a pump stand
assembled
Wooden
possible for
especially
long-handled
repair
or replacement;
handle
rather
than on more
to replace
72
Fh
= = = =
Fh Ff 72 r .
J
1 H0l.B 2 Pump
3 Qas
12 13 14 -.-15 16 14 13 17
cylinder main
FIGURE 3- 12 "KENYA"
3.7
-CONNECTIONS, PINS AND BEARINGS Pinned connecting joints are a common source of manufacture, of pump failures due to especi-
failures
the result
of overfor
pin bearings
imposed loads.
expensive) bearing
used in hand pumps is the plain ure 3-13. of the radial of materials The diameter
D and length
used in the bearing and journal. Or summarizing for any system i of appropriate units, th3 bearing pressure P for a plain bearing is: p= where F LD .a........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..L............. pressure force or load (3-18)
of the bearing of the bearing in cast inch, iron psi journals the bearing pressure on
D is iron
or cast
exceed 100 pounds per square not more than Given a cast handle (similar 30 psi iron
(70 kg/cm2).
For steel
hardwood, Example:
(68 kg) and the mechanical (25mm x 76mm) cast pressure iron
F at the pump rod pin P advantage of the one-inch x is 4 to 1. Find The allowthe appropriate and the two
handle
bearing
is 100 psi
(70 kg/cm2).
dimensions bearings 74
bearings
(See Figure
:G
= RI.3IhL
L(?AD
P = HkiAt<ING PRESSUti PROJECTED Z?REA = L D BEARING PiUdSSUW = LOAD PER UNIT' PROJECTED AREA
OR
-_I
--:---
FIG1lRE 3-13
75
Solution:
F = 150 lb P Handle force Fh = F + MA = 150/4 = 37.5 lb P Fulcrum force (handle) Ff = Fp + Fh = 150 + 37.5 = 187.5 Fulcrum ptF LD PP force or (each side LD= = = $, of handle) psi = =
lb
P elO0
andLD
F = -$= p Ff
LfDf
of the handle P p = Lf = =
is given
to standard
size
pin, sizes in
To minimize 4f =
$ifD%f
say g-inch.
Example:
Given
all
pins
of one-inch
(25mm)
diameter, Solution:
187.5 lb (l.OOin)(l.OOin)
Note:
(1) The journal holes cut into the handle, if too large, could result Handle stresses at the journal can in overstressing the handle. be reduced by thickening or deepening the handle (typically by adding a boss or fillet) at journals. long bearings (defined as bearings (2) For grease-lubricated bearings, for which the rati. L/D is greater than one) are generally preRedesign of rerred for their better retention of the lubricant. the pump handle as suggested in note (1) would also make this possiblel
of journal basis
bearings
machinery
has a strong
lubricatiou
The bearing
of the
interposed Journal
lubricant, bearings
lubricated under
but operate
conditions
of marginal
lubrication.
is due to:
(1) Relatively large loose running clearance fits between the bearing shaft and the journal hole. For hand pumps, clearance of l/32-inch (0.8mm) are often allowed for bearings, ten or more times larger than that needed for boundary lubrication. This recognizes the greater cost of closer fits, and allowances and the inability of many hand pump manufacturers tolerances, to meet more rigid manufacturing standards. (2) Related to the above is the interchange parts and components in of Figure 3-10 demonstrates that the line up at right angles to the pump crum. In some designs (which should through two additional holes in the necessity to be the plant and in centerline axis axis for the pin be discouraged), pump cap - making able to assemble and the field. Examination of three journals must to fit through the fulthe fulcrum pin must go five holes in all.
(3) The relatively rough surfaces of the journal and/or the bearing which may have surface irregularities higher than the thickness of oil film. The asperities disrupt the oil film and rub on one another, separated by oil films only one or two molecular layers thick. Friction and thereby heat and wear are increased. mation (4,) The oscillating of the oil film slow speed of hand pumps is under the best of conditions. not only and journal counterproductive frequency to forbut and
(5) Inadequate lubrication including poor choice or quality of lubricant. Under boundary selection cf friction rication lubrication,bearing
inadequate
contact coefficients
can be critical.
The importance
of lub-
is readily
seen. lubrication, materials of friction. in excessive should be selected to resist wear and
Normally, wear.
each other
Cast iron
TABLE 3-5 COEFFICIENTS OF SLIDING FRICTION MATERIALS COEFFICIENT OF SLIDING FRICTION Dry Hard steel Hard steel Mild Mild steel steel on hard steel on babbitt on mild on cast iron iron iron iron (ASTM steel
NO.
0.42
1)
Brass on cast Bronze on cast Cast iron Cast iron Leather Laminated Fluted
0.0?7 0.070 0.075 0.36 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.06 to 0.11 (water) (oil)
0.35
--
rubber
bearing
if
they
hardness. desirable
Other properties
things
being
include irregularifatigue
to conform corrosion
to slight
scoring; thermal
strength; antiseize
resistance;
properties, these
No one journal
favorable to steel
iron
include
babbitts,
or bearing
should
and epoxies
than steel
or cast
counterparts.
exception
Nylon bushings
are available
record. pipe
Many pumps use wooden handles liners. Several of these solid friction. against vehicle
materials
lubricants. Another rolling category friction. These bearings, They have relamore special although Ball or of A
Journal bearings,
rotate
used with
shafts. firms.
by specialist lived.
require
and tolerances,
is mandatory relubrication.
properly
bearings
are invariably
used in expensive
exception
cup seals,
failures
of the handle
are the most frequent are inexpensive in existing the single better relative pump most cost
causes of hand pump operating to other models, effective (possibly bearings, of cast promising pump components. even if only
breakdowns. Improvement
Yet they
seals,
cups,
and baths,
features
and flame
(by heating
in water)
measures. 79
TABLE 3-6 COSTS OF SPECIALIZED BEARINGS PURCHASED FROM BEARING MANUFACTURERS TYPE OF BEARING DIMENSIONS (Inches) JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH BUSHINGS Oil Impregnated 0.627 ID U.S. $0.33 COST PER EACH (U.S. Dollars)
0.878 OD 3/4 Long Bronze 518 ID 7/8 OD 3/4 Long Teflon Composition 0.630 ID U.S. $1.14 0.876 OD 3/4 Long Black Nylon 5/8 ID 314 OD 3/4 Long ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS Ball Bearing (Precision) 518 ID 1 l/4 l/2 Ball Bearing (Unground) OD Wide U.S. $0.86 U.S. $3.31 U.S. $0.14 U.S. $0.60
Needle Bearings
U.S.
$0.92
Note: Source:
Prices
as of July
1976.
R.D. Fannon,
*I
3.7.2
Pins The all too common practice is obviously of using short length Pins carbon steels.
i of steel reinforcing
bars
for
pins
should
preferably
of austentitic with
surface
to reduce journals.
Standard size pins . wear. H wever' the pins f Pins are more easily re-
links,
in regard
to hand,pump
fasteners
available
sizes,
often
restocked
poor and the threaded the risk pins held of pilferage. in place
poses increasing Unthreaded to pilferage movable fasteners unreliable. Fasteners, loose while only
pins
special
pilferage
altogether.
Pins held
by threaded
are generally
particularly A locknut
those
attached
should
in use.
as a safety
(2) Slotted nut - a nut with a radial slot to receive a cotter passes through a diametral hole drilled in the bolt or rod.
pin which
on a male threaded (3) Free-spinning locknut - a nut that turns freely bolt or rod until it seats against a base surface; further tightening then produces a locking action through a spring or beam action in the nut causing the upper threaded section of the nut to bend inward and grip the bolt under pressure.
(4) Prevailing-torque
deformation of an elastic
locknuts - a nut with one of several types insert, or upset threads on the nut, etc.
of action: 81
can also
be used to prevent
rotation rather
of the pins
can be prevented
by projections
ridges
3.8 3.8.1
Barrell,
Head, Hydrant,
Pump Body,
Column)
has several
functions
which
affect
its
design:
(1) Through its base it aligns and fixes the pump to the well. 752 pump stand base, which may or may not be an integral component of the stand, is attached to the well through a threaded connection with the well casing or * by anchor bolts with the concrete foundation apron. Threads and anchor bolts must be dimensionally compatible. Thread engagement should be at least 2 inches (5 cm). In either system the well casing should protrude at least 2 inches (5 cm) above the foundation to prevent sullage water from entering the well. (2) It provides a platform of convenient height for the pump handle assembly and, in particular, for the fulcrum which is often cast integrally with or welded or bolted to the pump stand. Sharp interior corners, notches, grooves, and cracks where the fulcrum meets the pump stand or pump cap may concentrate stresses and result in structural failure of the fulcrum. For pumps with very long handles or with pump stands made of plastic materials, the fulcrum may be separately anchored and not attached to the pump stand. (3) It provides a platform for suspension of the drop pipe and of the pump rod/cylinder/plunger/valve assemblies. The drop pipe is usually attached to the pump stand by pipe threads. The pump rod and its appendages hang from the handle/pump rod pin. (Wrist pin in rotating handles). All the forces previously described tend to compress and/or tilt the pump stand. (4) It provides sanitary protection for the well and the water, physically protecting both from external contamination at the top of the well if properly designed and installed and equipped with a closed cap or top. The stand and its (Open top "pitcher" pumps are inadequate protection). spout (spigot) provide a water conduit from the drop pipe to the user's container. (5) For many shallow well pumps, the pump stand also serves as the pumping cylinder. Machining, honing, or lining of the interior surface is usually essential to prevent excessive wear. Use of the same pump stand for both shallow well and deep well pumps is possible (an example is the AID/Battelle
Pump > l
3.8.2
(Spigot,
Faucet,
Hydrant, to prevent
should
be designed
dental, 82
of the well
and to be dimensionally
containers. gravity
against
contamination slopes
usually
takes
advantage flat)
of
from the
pump stand.
Occasionally discharge
is inserted
The spout
platform
enough from the pump stand predominant cult during use locally. high winds.
height
the spout.
of animal should
be noted
of the largest
pumps should
Considerations durable structure life * Their capable of withstandMost hand based Pump
is generally analysis.
constraints
than on detailed
materials
or to poor
fabrication
3.9 3.9.1
Cap, Ring,
Top)
3-14)
functions:
(1) With its stuffing box, the pump cap may seal the top of the pump Even without the stuffing box or a vertically against potential contamination. guided pump rod, the use of a slotted pump cap reduces the open area at the top of the pump. The slot allows lateral movement of the pump rod during pumping. (2) The same stuffing box seal spout) to act as a force pump, that the pump stand. * Provision freezing must be provided climates. for allows the pump (through extension of the is, to lift the water above the level of r
draining
in 83
STUFFING CAP -
TRAP
TUBE
SPOUT
handle firSTAND
connecting rod L
STAND BASE
cap1
FIGURE 3-14
HAND PUMP WITH STI'FFINC BOX AND CllIDED PI&V' ROD SUITABLE FOR LJSEAS A FORCE PuMp
84
(3) The pump cap and its stuffing In Figure 3-14 this a pump rod guide. movement of the pump rod. (4) The cap generally rod guide pillars. The cap may be pinned, as strong machining and stable and/or serves bolted,
used as lateral
The contact
a gasket
cracking
water
tightness. Gland, and Parking to control leakage for from the top of the the pump rod. (See of
Box, Nut,
as a seal
and guide
also
Figures
Figures
the stuffing
box packing). part which of the stuffing is tightened box is usually thereby a nut, concentric a flexible commonly made of with
downward,
compressing packing,
around
between the pump rod and the the gland or follower may
or washer
called
between the nut and the packing. is lubricated heat which and cooled shortens only by water (friction with the moving Therefore along
the life
of the packing).
be tightened
to the point
moved when the pump is in storage; sult. Pitted A trap an air during and scored tube around
otherwise
of the pump rod may rewear. 2-4. This creates therein in smoothmechani85
chamber ii1 the top of the pump stand. the pumping stroke is claimed air
External pumps.
provided
Plunger The pump rod connects The rod and Its the forces earlier connectors described in tension. the handle the handle (usually
Rod
to the plunger
threaded) 3-4.
in Section During
the ascent
plunger faster
is operated Tensile
gravitational establish
stresses
however
the minimum rod diameter. The pump rod diameters meter. if Rods in sha.llow well are usually rounded up to the next of polished if bought standard steel diaor brass
purchased
on the local
market. well
Galvanized
rods with
threaded
hand pumps.
pump rods are commonly available and diameters of 7/16 and l/2-inch rod should
20 feet A properly lb
(3 or 6 meters) threaded
l/Z-inch
support
(180 kg). Wooden pump rods are often used with windmills and with open-top cylin-
ders.
as does steel
rod.
diameter, effect
in compression
might operating
A larger with
drop pipe
pump rods are disconnections and corrosion. (see Section Disconnections 3.7.3)
or between nuts
links
at couplings
engagement.
Corrosion-resistance alloys
is improved
or corrosion waters.
resistant
or alkaline
3.11
DROP PIPE (Riser, Riser Pipe, Pipe, Suction Lift Pipe) The drop pipe supports
Rising
Main,
Discharge
Pipe,
the cylinder
and also
serves
discharge
pipe
(See Figure
Closed top cylinders With open top cylinders or suction it loss valve) up. of friction is ex-
through
head
the diameter
usually
selected
is approximately
particularly
large-diameter
the diameter
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF DROP PIPE NOMINAL CYLINDER DIAMETER Inches Less than 34 31 4 Millimeters Less than 90 90 100 Inches It 14 2 NOMINAL DROP PIPE DIAMETER Millimeters 30 40 50
Rote:
of tap on cylinder
drop pipe
87
For some hand pump configurations cylinder, an example. and the well casing
the functions
the 6-5 is
3.12
is any pipe
cylinder suction
for pipes
pump should
be installed with
deep well
pipes
shallow
well
screens pipe
in the same way as for the pump is difficult pipe choking being too to
Frequently
when a suction
The cause may be due to the diameter or to.an obstruction or other restriction
(and handle)
of a spring
to the cylinder
to re-
store
equilibrium
released
downward push.
The handle
may simultaneously
reduced is
by leakage.
small
to protect
3.13
Bucket,
Lift
Bucket,
stroke
be designed ready 88
strength,
replacement
at least
as much cross-sectional
in
PLAN
gasket (Dv)
0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0
S
seat
dlamster threads
stem lollower
and
weight
seal
follower
ELEVATION
HALF
- SECTION
A -A
FIGURE 3-I
89
hydraulic
flow
It
typically
consists
of a yoke or and in
discharge
follower(s)
Cup seals
3.14 and 3.15. and "piston term, are used interchangeably. yet plunger is much more
In hand pumps the terms "plunger" Piston widely may be the more strictly used for hand pumps.
appropriate
3.14
CUP SEALS (Cups, Buckets, Cups, Packing Leathers) Cup seals have one major
Plunger function,
walls
during
(the
ascending
stroke
or another 3-15).
material
is folded ascends
the plunger
(See Figure
the lip
against
wall reduces
The inward
during
plunger
between
the cups and they must be periodically Cup seals cient; able; resist should mildew, be non-toxic; fungi
be flexible
irregularities
enough to avoid
ascent;
be resistant
and be low in cost. fully meets all the criteria. the standard. as cup seals Leather has been the materis relatively extended side out); by .
or backs,
(impregnation 90
with
molten
chloride principal
shallow life.
well They
to be longer materials
be used with
PVC cylinders.
include
rubber,
neoprene,
The most important use of smooth-walled ti3n 3.16. Friction For leather installation diameter
wear, further
is the in Sec-
of the cup seal of the cup seal, than the nominal less clear-
diameter
should
of the cylinder;
slightly against
and spacer(s)
be tight pressure
not so tight
the pumping stroke with the cylinder Accelerated deep well report that
and insure
cup seal wear is one of the reasons Frink and Fannon (1967),
for
guided
based on extensive
the wear in cups from (deep well) guided rod" (p. 10). than 100 ft The
pumps with
unguided
rod than
is to use multiple
cups in wells
deeper
(15 to 30 meters).
which multiple
cups counteract
of a labyrinth
3.15 3.15.1
and Nomenclature hand pumps generally assembly; contain two valves within the cylinder; end of or
one valve *
in the plunger
the other
in the bottom
or suction
Force pumps may have check, gate, globe or other valves other discharge pfping. These are not included in this I
91
valve valve
is also is often
outlet, less
or often are
or inlet that
valve
valves up.
flow
to one direction,
in the case
vertically
The plunger ger to discharge refill, suction during principle primed ing; leather out. replacing
closes above it
during
its
the plun-
discharged
the previous
opens during
the upward movement of the plunger (See Figure 2-2 for an explanation also maintains
and drying
shortens
its
useful for
named by their
opening
or the suction
are illustrated
Flapper valve: a valve in which a flexible, hinged, horizontal disc, This is made of leather, opens and closes over the valve opening. and least expensive pump valve also and is stil?. widely used as check valve in shallow well pumps. Its major disadvantage is the relatively frequent replacement of the leather flappers. Reinforced is a promising flapper material in this regard.
(2) Butterfly flapper valve: a flapper valve diametrically hinged in two parts across two or more valve openings or concentrically hinged in four parts across four or more valve openings. Its advantages are faster opening and closing and greater flow through area for the same lift. (3) Clack valve: another name for flapper valves.
a rising and falling horizontal metal disc covers (4) Poppet valve ("T"): the valve opening and is guided by a vertical stem or spindle concentric with its center. A section through the disc and stem - usually formed in one piece - forms a "T". This and the winged poppet valve below are the two most common metallic valves. (5) Poppet valve "x"-shaped horizontal 92 a poppet valve in which the stem has an ("winged"): cross section; the maximum diameter of the 'lx" may
fh
A= B= C I osed - type cylinder Open - t ypc cy I i odor with ball valve. Plunger may be removed without taking cylinder from the Poppet Spool Spring valve valve -activated vulve and valves wear on cylinders and naed from time to time all
well.
c. D: E=
poppet
valve
CYLINDERS
AND
PUMP
and Roberts
93
approach the diameter of the valve opening. The four "wings" formed by the stem are sometimes curved topromote rotation of the disc by the upward flow Rotation may make for more even wear and seating of the disc of the water. and its seat. sions disc. (6) Spear valve: a winged poppet valve with exaggerated vertical dimenof the winged stem. The wings narrow to a rounded point below the The valve seat is sloped to mate with the slope of the wings.
(7) Spool valve: a horizontal disc valve in which the center stem guide is replaced by a concentric vertical wall near the perimeter of the disc. It may be designed to rotate. (See Figure 3-16). (8) Ball valves: rather than a disc, the valve opening is closed by a ball made of metal or of other material of appropriate specific gravity. The ball is usually guided by a ribbed cage. These valves are sometimes recommended for use with deeper wells. 3.15.2 Valve Seats area of the valve opening seat. contacted by the moving should water flapper,
be waterfor hours
especially if
for
the pump is to maintain measures may be taken seat; careful machining cannot
to insure
a good seal:
careful
of the contact
area of metal
be machined
use of
than flat
Spring
actuated option,
closure
favor
be large slip
to minimize (backflow).
friction Other
Valves equal ,
shcJld small
close valves
diameter stems,
followers,
spindles,
Prediction
of valve
,1, :,~-.,,:::.,?:-q, _
1.. ) ,,
.,:
;..:.-
~.,.
, ,,
.,
,,
- /.
-..
r , ,, .-._.
,,-._-y-m.w..
I(
;.
several sectional
rules
of thumb have
be equivalent
WD2
Dv
Q-7 D
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-19) of the valve diameter. be diverted to horizontal seat by cylinder The horiseat opening
DV
the flowing of diameter I I ,-' :r /: ,-: : ;. ,, ,-,t _' (' zontal cylinder.
an imaginary lift
Dv and height
of the disc.
flow-through As a rule
of the imaginary
area should
to the flow-through
seat,
LH'D or L
BDv2 4 l/4 D
V
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-20) of the valve of the poppet Therefore seat opening lift. its imaginary end, then
.,!
where :.. :.. The lifted I. % 4W, 2 or where $: ,,> and cylinder following and flapper valve If
is hinged
on one end.
of the unhinged
Dv is the diameter L
of the flapper
hinge
to limit
its
lift
to (For an
unnecessary
flexure
and wear.
when necessary
They
suspended
which might
The flow
through
be
of valve
iron
show promise
experimental acidic
compounds should
or alkaline Leather is
material. Flappers,
It
should
ity
equal
to that
3.16 3.16.1
CYLINDERS Function The cylinder is a pipe check valve. well lift or tube which The water houses the plunger assembly and the bevacuum
suction
(foot)
seal
contact
tween the cylinder which 3.16.2 makes suction Sizing The cylinder 5 to 10 inches windmill pumps. valve
the partial
(see Section
length
is a function
of the stroke
length
which times
the plunger
and suction 96
in measurement
of drop pipe
abuses such as driving handle length without lift. allowing pulling Cylinders
the which
constructed
to be reset
Standard
available
range
from about
to 1.10 meters). generally decreases 3-2. with Typical increased standard wells pumping head as diameters range
diameter
in Section
3 to 4 inches for
shallow cylinders
(50 mm) or less meters diameter 3.16.3 as small well. Cylinder Cylinders and type
deeper wells.
as 1 11/16-inches
a 2 inch
Location
may be located
of pump or.well
construction:
(1) Pump stand location: for shallow wells with suction lifts not exmay be an integral part of ceeding those outlined in Table 3-1, the cylinder or a liner inserted in the pump stand. (The "New No. 6" pump shown in Figure 5-6 is an example). Pumps with cylinders located in the pump stand frequently have difficulty holding their priming water. Also, repeated wetting and drying of pump leathers shortens their useful life and increases maintenance requirements. However this configuration of pump stand and cylinder is the lowest in initial cost and its components are the most readily accessible for maintenance. (2) Drop pipe location: for deep wells the cylinder must be located in the well, preferably below the water table. In conventional practice the Cylinders for use cylinder is suspended from the drop pipe as in Figure 3-l. kith drop pipes are commercially available in two basic types as shown in Figure'3-16: this type of cylinder is provided Closed-type cylinder: with a cap or top which is threaded to receive the normal drop pipe. Note that in order to replace or repair the valves or the plunger cup seals the pump rod and the drop pipe must be pulled from the well. Open-type cylinder: this type of cylinder is provided with a cap or ring that is threaded to receive a drop pipe of large enough diameter to allow the pump rod and plunger assembly to be pulled up the well through the drop pipe. Disassembly of the drop pipe is not required. This cylinder and its drop pipe are more costly than the equivalent 97
closed-type cylinder installation. open-type cylinder is the greater replacement of pump leathers.
(3) Well casing location: in wells cased with smooth pipe (see Section 3.16.4) of appropriate diameter, the pipe casing itself can serve as the well (For an example see Figure 6-4). cylinder. In some wells a short length of brass or brass-lined steel pipe may be inserted in the well casing to serve as the cylinder. In this type of installation the well casing also serves as the drop pipe. This technique was common during the heyday of wooden pumps (for example, see Agricola) and holds promise today with development of new well casing pipe materials, especially pipe of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The drop pipe can similarly pipes are usually mandatory for diameter. 3.16.4 Cylinder Surface the life of brass lower average Wall Smoothness of finish of the cylinder cup seals. rather * This wall is is the key factor reason for in use the be simultaneously used as the cylinder. hand pumps atop dug wells due to their Drop large
smoothness
expectancy or brass-lined
of plunger cylinders **
a basic iron
cylinders
despite
cost
of the latter.
Good quality
cylinders
smoothness
to 0.2 micrometers)
machined bores
(25 @
steel
pipe
surface of iron is
of 140 to 180 microinches but does not perform the average cast pipe smoothiron more
comparable
as iron.
although
deviations,
deviations,
peaks in steel
tend to tear in
much faster
of about
4 to 10 microinches is
comparable *
of brass
cylinders.
PVC is maze
This common field observation is conclusively supported by comprehensive ?nvestigations at Battelle Columbus Laboratories (see Frink and Fannon; Fannln; and Fannon and Varga). RR Brass is also more resistant to corrosion in acidic water. 98
.,
_.________ .,..
subject
to scoring
by silt
and other
solid
impurities
when cups are worn out or faulty. PVC cup seals. Wear of PVC cylinder testing program.
is currently
of an intensive
field
perfor-
mance has been satisfactory from at least Porcelain-, cylinder linings. is one manufacturer. epoxy-,
available
and urethane-coated
steel
pipe
are other
possible
the industry
standard,
cast
iron
3.17
COST COMPARISON ALTERNATIVE HAND PUMPS OF Only the larger hand pump programs programs orders event cost, can afford select modifications to design and develop new on
Other for
of relative of operation
and installation
and maintenance. pumps do not have the same service on a common basis - usually life expectancy, capi-
discounted
uniform
operation
maintenance
(0 & M) costs
on an annual
much simplified
and could of 10
to a larger
number of pump.alternatives.
is assumed. Two pumps, A and B, which meet the necessary requirements discharge, head, power, handle force, user acceptability, sanitation, etc. for
Equipped with all-brass plunger and check valves and 2 leather cup seals, this manufacturer's 1976 catalog prices for closed-type PVC cylinders are about 13 to 19 percent cheaper than his equivalent brass cylinders.
99
Capital Cost, P Service Life, n Operation and Maintenance Cost Per Year, M Find: Solution: Which is the "cheaper" pump?
$fE 10 years
$100
Annual capital cost R of a present single payment of P dollars over n years at compound annual interest i: R = P x Capital Recovery Factor = P x L++++-& . . . . . . . ..(3-22)
For Pump A Pa = $300, and RI = $79 For Pump B P,, = $600, and % = $98 Total For Pump A 'a 'a 'a For Pump B 'b=%+Mb = $98 + $100 = $198, say 'b = $200 'b Answer : On an annual might last basis, the pumps are equal that Pump B will The different recovery 0.16275 a service for in cost. give service service factor, for for lives 10 years are refor Pump A of = Ra + Ma = $79 + $120 = $199, say = $200 Annual Costs C = Annual Capital Cost R + Annual 0 6 M Cost M i = 0.10, and n = 10 Rb = $600 x CRF = $600 x 0.16275 i = 0.10, and n = 5 R = $3@0 x CRF = $300 x 0.26380,
be raised only
0.26380
Pump B.
of at least
Although
5-years
Presumably, after
not necessarily,
the annual
100
5 years,
I_
Pump A is selected
will
be about
the same.
Suppose a Pump C was available $600 but with annual though useful with a service life
at a purchase
and installation
cost
of
of 15 years.
Discounted
expectancy
of various with
hand pump models is difficult the conditions of service catalog criterion identical. These costs
levels price or
in comparing
hand pumps.
Also price
and cost
circumstances.
under-estimated; that
to recognize
maintenance programs
may require
include: be
the cost of the hand pump should (1) Cost of well development: to the cost, yield, and reliability 06 the well.
(2) Conditions of service: stress and wear on a hand pump is directly proportional to the number of people it serves and to the depth from which the water must be raised. Many people (see Figure 3-1X) and deep water tables mean greater stresses and justify greater costs per hand pump; for example brass rather than cast iron cylinders,
*
A reinvestment of $300 in Pump A after 5 years would have a present value,., discounted at 10 percent, of ($3OO)(Present Worth Factor) = ($300)(1 + i) ($300)(0.6209) = $186. Added to the $300 payment now (year 0) and multiplied by the lo-year Capital Recovery Factor, Pa = ($300 f $186)(0.16275) = $79 as before.
**
It could be argued that with perfect maintenance including long term replacement of all parts, hand pumps could last forever. However the costs of installing new hand pumps piece by piece would show up in the 0 & M account and it is the capital cost plus 0 & M cost that is the ruling criterion.
101
Photo:
Courtesy
of R.D. Fannon,
Jr.
HEAVY USE OF HAND PUMPS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES of the world, hand pump. family over 1.000 people may draw their drinking
,
i
farmyard
from conditions
of use in developing
,'A i i,
where the population is solely dependent on hand pumps (3) Reliability: investment in hand pumps is merited, either per each for water, additional two or more hand pumps per well). A or in duplicate installations (e.g., cheap pump is no bargain when it is not working. (4) Local versus imported weighting in comparing costs. hand pumps: hard currency costs may require
social objectives may weight selection (5) Distribution of payments: toward high maintenance/low capital cost hand pumps in order to distribute income within the area served rather than transfer payments to the capital or abroad.
3.18
HAND PUKP SPECIFICATIONS The Eollowing notes provide a check list installations, for preparation of general are setting. hand
more specific,
pump models based on pre-qualificationC"preferably through field testing or t proven experience under local conditions, supplemented by component by com-
ponent review of the design. program can lead to difficult purchasing, lubricants,
problems - inventories,
spares,
training,
Use of a single
but should be avoided inasmuch as few pumps are fully tions and dependence on a single service. Requirements requirements of hand pumps within An illustrative supplier is hazardous
to price
competition
tabulated,
and categorized.
103
. . .
TABLE 3-8
NUMBERCATEGORIZATION OF HAND PUMPS BY PERFORMANCE REQUIRED (EXAMPLE) PUMPING HEAD Feet (Meters) 50 V 15 --t- 5) ( 50 (15) 100 (30) 150 (45) 200 (60) TOTAL A B C D E 5 8 40 0 0 53 POPULATION SERVED PER PUMP 100 W 20 160 23 12 5 220 300 X 250 27 3 6 2 288 500 Y 6 2 2 4 0 14 1000 Z 1 1 4 0 0 6 i 282 198 72 52 7 581 TOTAL
of Table well
3-8 indicates
about
dura7 of
maintenance
them (row A; columns Y and Z, A moderately-priced BW, BX, CV and CW, about smaller cylinder diameters.
pumps with
41 pumps will
require
deep well
pump, possibly
and antifriction
and economically
serve
With the needed inventory etc.) with ,and anthropometric the appropriate stroke (height, ranges
(strength,
power,
of cylinder
diameters,
lengths,
information
and specified
(Q) for
a stated
Maximum slip
can be specified
a means of verification
are measures of pump quality. Requirements and threading all of pump rods, drop pipes, cylinders and
cylinder
caps should
be standardized be bid
and interchangeable
separately
These dimensions
must be compatible
to be
The minimum bearing of different A standard standard Fits, available et al.; promise. 3.18.4 Material pin cotter bearings sizes
sizes should
for
the manufacturer's
may have to be accepted. should be established. Camm and Collins; may require Guidance LeGrand; interim is Obeng,
(Baumeister; local
and Rothbart);
manufacture
com-
Requirements material if for each component be specified. be described. standards should be specified. Allow-
treatment be cross
or galvanizing accepted
to widely Special
Other (I)
requirements
Type of cylinder
- open or closed,
(5) Spares required. (6) Lubricants 3.18.6 International No international accepted presently accepted (See for standard (1976) standards required. Specification standard or "protocol" exists. for hand pump specification for evaluation is extant. No widely
or comparison
is now under
development.
some guidance.
example Hydraulic
-.
4.
ADMINISTRATION OF A HAND PUMP PROGRAM Administering a hand pump program is much like administering any rural
water
supply
program with
development
including
community
motivation
and support
management and development planning and fiscal control and accounting collection,
Supply management including purchasing, motor vehicle and equipment control Engineering struction Water quality Maintenance including and well planning, drilling, design, mapping,
etc.
Record keeping Emergency planning Many of these such as World Health 63 and the Technical tion's trative below. their Department aspects Field successful subjects are covered in some detail Series in standard works,
Organization Series
(WHO) Monograph
published
of Environmental of particular
relevance
maintenance use,
is treated
4.1 4.1.1
ORGANIZATION Local Organization pump system program of technology, is not simply a technological - individuals I object who 107
institutions
and people
design, oversee
manufacture,
finance,
purchase, In addition
install,
operate, agency,
to a centralized level
should
at a village is usual
is that
represents people
communication
media,
and schools
be used for
the concept if it
is important
have a perrepair
for minor
This must be balanced system and usually has a monetary and limits
and difficulties
requires economy.
a full Public
set the conditions 4.1.2 Central The great zation ing, for
responsibilities.
Organization number of small funding, hand pump systems engineering, requires a central construction, can obtain organitrain-
planning,
purchasing,
supervision
of economies
of scale,
qualified
standards obtaining
is responsible education
parti-
of charges
(where practiced)
and procedures
operation.
108
should tools,
have central
stores
of spare parts,
and materials,
to solve
level.
financial
transport,
supply
fund could
be incremented
from charges
4.2
PLANNING AND ENGINEERING A continuing activity in a hand pump program, including such elements as: by a central agency, is
assessment (1)
and planning
and mapping of the areas and populations including health and c:onomic status. when yard
(2) Establishment of criteria for priorities and levels of service; and whether open wells or springs, hand pumps, public fountains, or piped systems. hydrants,
(3) Evaluation of resources needed and available - money, manpower, skills, equipment, materials, transport, communications, community support, local manufacturing capability and capacity, political organization, etc. (4) Assessment (5) Inventory, groundwater of public wants and needs. and evaluation of water water, quantity and quality. well drilling, resources available -
with other agencies, e.g., and health authorities. estimation and evaluation
of personnel
(8) Establishment and continuing review of design standards and specifications, manuals, unit costs, and system performance, including that of hand pumps, local and imported.
4.3 4.3.1
INSTALLATION Site Selection in selecting and quality a site include: available. The source must be evaluated
of water
on the basis of an assured supply year around, including dry seasons, and under conditions of use which may effect the source reliability, for example, drawdown not only in the well used for the hand pump but as influenced by nearby wells. The principal quality concern is the bacteriological safety of the supply, particularly its freedom from contamination by human excreta. Because water treatment plants and chlorination are problematic in these rural supplies, protected ground water sources, where available, are generally purer (and less expensive). That is, naturally waters are preferred to treated or "repentent" pure or "innocent" In addition to wells, sources may include infiltration waters. Figure galleries, cisterns, canals, and treated water reservoirs. 4-l is illustrative. While bacteriological quality is paramount, other quality parameters may be important, for example, some groundwaters have excessive Taste, odor, or concentrations of chlorides, arsenic, or fluorides. turbidity may influence acceptance of the new source by consumers See Figure 4-2. whose previously existing source is contaminated. The site (2) Protection of the pump and water from hazards to health. should be free from existing and potential contamination by human or should be above flood level; and distant from drains, animal excreta; Selection of the and septic tanks. sewers, sullage waters, privies, site should include a sanitary survey of the source and its surProcedures have been outlined elsewhere rounding environment. (McJunkin, WHO, 1976). (3) Convenience to the user population. The ultimate success of the installation will depend on user acceptance. Thus site selection should consider also such factors as community readiness or preparation for among users, the pump, proximity to users, ethnic or caste differences An extensive number of users and exposure to vandalism or pilferage. per pump with long waiting lines or long distances to walk may discourage users particularly if alternative sources, perhaps irrigation canals, even with unsafe water, (F i gure 4-2 is illustrative), are nearby. Where use is heavy, provision of two or more pumps (and This also provides a standby pump in wells) should be considered. event of one breaking down. (4) Access to users and for maintenance. Public pumps should be on public right of way* and accessible to pump maintenance and, where appliThe vertical clearance above cable, well drilling crews and vehicles. the well should allow the pump to be pulled from the well. 4.3.2 Protection In addition against
*
of Health to proper site selection, waters. wells Figure and tanks must be sealed 4-l illustrates use of
contamination
from surface
posts"
110
GALLERY
For4
CANAL
DUO
WELL
WITH
PUMP
GALLERV
IN
VlLLl
hGE
POND
= stairs ---_--_ I==!%After: Rajagopa Ian and Shiffman Renroduced by k ind permission of World Health Orl -.-+ni7.atinn
FIGURE 4-l
111
Courtesy
of CROP
aprons prior
wells
epidemics
such as cholera. or spilled water should of puddles Figure be.provided, or pools, including conducive to
wasted
means for
prevention vectors.
of mosquitos
and other
Maintenance health.
of suction
(foot)
valves
is essential eliminate
of pri-
These valves,
when working
properly, source
ming the pumps from the top - a frequent 4.3.3 Sanitary Installation for Guidelines either to prevent into
of contamination.
The pump equipment constructed jectionable pumped. and installed material The following
be
either
factors
be considered.
(1) The pump head or enclosure should be designed to prevent pollution of the water by lubricants or other maintenance materials used during operation of the equipment. Pollution from hand contact, dust, rain, birds, flies, rodents or animals, and similar sources should be prevented from reaching the water chamber of the pump or the source of supply. The spout should be fully covered, open downward, and prevent solid objects from readily reaching the well. (2) The pump base or enclosure should be built so that a sanitary seal can be installed within the well cover or casing. well
the cylinder should be placed near or below the static (3) When possible, water level in the well so that priming will not be necessary. This setting also keeps the pump leathers from alternate wetting and drying and increases their life and efficiency. The foot valve is less likely to leak with the resultant advantage of elimination of the need for priming. Additionally, the lower the suction head below the cylinder, the less likely is "pounding" to occur. Pounding (catitation) shortens the life of the pump. (4) A pump drainage within the well, ible for protection from frost. (5) The sides of the well should meters) below ground level. in freezing climate, for should 10 feet be larger be poss(3 than pre-
be sealed
watertight
(6) Manhole covers on top of the well should be elevated, the manhole, and drain away from the well. (7) Livestock watering troughs should be located ferably 30 feet (10 meters) or more.
away from the well, necessary mainfor removing the simple. be placed
(8) The well site should be designed so that overall tenance and repair, including overhead clearance drop pipe and other accessories is made relatively For over impervious, and at least 114 the well installation base, not less the pump should than 8 feet
concrete 4 inches
(2.5 meters)
allow
for
the drainage
of any water
that
may collect
on it. with a stuffing protection pump head tops The pump bc,.
The pump heads on most force surrounding against the pump rod. This Ordinary
pumps are designed design lift provides pumps with be avoided downward. to (1) provide top; if
reasonable slotted
contamination.
possible.
The pump base should ing the pump on the well opening harmful cast
or casing
or casing top from the entrance of contaminated water d or objectionable material. The base should be solid, with or threaded to the pump column or stand. to permit a 6-inch
integrally
diameter at least
imbedded in the
or a flange for
the pollution
essential
be so installed 4.3.4
not be necessary.
Records and Evaluation The records of wells aquifer such as diameter log, for quality each well and depth; and yield for screen of water; slot year size, of sinkand
be recorded
maintenance, diameter
Similarly
should
be recorded
115
4.4 4.4.1
MAINTENANCE Background The hi&h rate of abandoned or defective pumps but also contend that hand pumps* is not simply of inadequate maintenance a
reflection pair.
aud re-
maintenance
is the critical
(1) Poor quality of hand pump design and manufacture. Documented in other to a considerable extent this condition is also the result sections, of many years of trimming weight, bearing sizes, etc. in seeking low bids (tenders) in the absence rf definitive specifications. Much hand pump procurement has an inherent bias towards low initial capital cost and ignores life cycle costs.
(2 ) The technology
in use makes frequent lubrication steel journals and bearings, poor fits and large lubricant reservoirs, exposure to weather, etc.
mandatory. clearances,
Iron lack
and of
of the structural
and bearing
(4) Large variety of hand pumps in use with accompanying need for many Little parts interchangeability, sometimes even different spares. Even for fastenbetween the same models of the same manufacturer. ers, e.g.,bolts and nuts. (5) Lack of feedback from maintenance to engineering and procurement perLittle analysis, for example,--of the most common failures. sonnel. Inadequate record keeping. (6) Poor maintenance skills, lack of training, inadequate tools, (for example, few village maintenance men have a clevis for pulling up pump rod, drop pipe, and cylinder), lack of transport, and lack of supervision are characteristic of many programs. (7) Invisibility of maintenance their pre-hand pump source. from scene or need. and lack of urgency. Users return to Maintenance supervisors are far removed
"Deferred maintenance" is often first (8) Lack of glamor or peer status. action in a budget crisis. Kaintenance rarely the path to promotion or financial reward. (9) Lack of appreciation of preventive seen as repair function.
*
maintenance.
Maintenance
too often
Thirty to eighty percent of pumps out of operation pump program is a not uncommon experience.
116
4.4.2
Levels
Most hand pump maintenance level tenance level or a two level is system.
organization,
munities. Central *,,. maintenance systems: in both systems usually installs agency. the pump, For dug wells The cen-
organization task
may be its
or that labor
of another central
central
may provide
handles maintains
repairs of parts
transport, routine
warehousing, maintenance, it
uses a roving
may or may not have a vehicle numbers varying Joint In this tral for agency, example, with
on a repetitive
central
cup seals
intervals
months)
a thorough
system is
in parts
certain
a thorough left
training hands.
in their
are being
Each village go to
a person
construction 117
particularly is sunk,
He will a small
once it
nents will
and other
spare parts
house. office
a major breakdown
and either
needed
have argued
craftsman
using
tools
and off-the-shf
materials,
the maker of the pump would always and the village would be entirely
argument
is supported
that
irri-
pumps of 'traditional"
craftsmen. in their
These pumps are not much used for own milieu. Other built, designs,
even supplies,
to drinking success.
application; to local
unacceptable systems:
or markets.
Maintenance
When hand pumps are installed lated conditions, nearly crank and their failure
subject
to unusually impact
strenuous to their
is of vital
expensive, wheels,
hand pumps may be used. bearings, long their periods pressure with only
shafts
expense however
use severely.
Both production and maintenance apparently * When produced in small lots. Needneed a 'critical mass' which may need an initial subsidy to attain. less to say, the local craftsman is invariably underfinanced. 118
4.4.3
Welfare, supplies
and Economics are promoted by many as vehicles of responsibility if local of social for is
and community
development. on this
may be a milestone it
maintenance
down the hopes of the popdrinking increased with issue water supply,
an adequate This
welfare.
by the neclimited in an
efficiency
in providing develops
severely in detail
Pacey (1976)
of fundamental
premises
Common Failures Both pump design or selection and maintenance and other should be oriented to-
wards reducing in a variety most frequent the operating breakages other against
trouble.
Experience as the In
of failure
emphasis. pivots;
head these
of the handle;
or breakage
and bolts
and
parts.
the handle
the stops)
common cause of pump breakdowns - in many countries by using ones, smoother or by uring of leather walled high
cup This
Synthetic chlor-
replacement
Polyvinyl wall.
may even hone (make smoother) cause of pump failures are normally simple
valves
in
this
reason,
time.
are probably
the
most easily
more frequent
One other
problems
and their
are summarized
the early
life
and the old age of a hand pump program with failures suffer will occur at a higher enter rate
than
average;
mortality",
a relative-
and then
(Morrow).
Inspection,
Lubrication, or selection
maintenance
pump operation.
needed on simpler
hand pumps.
to the Dempster model 23F, to the Craelius (WASP, Kirti, and Kaveri)
pump, and to
comparable
obtained
Where other
and local
intensively;
Table
of maintenance.
Frequency
used pumps.
Pumps maintained
should
down. have provided which This always they selected villagers with stamped and adrepair quickly a picture team with of
may carry
can indicate
part.
and tools
of breakdowns or maintenance
by comprac-
and signals
Instructions instructions should for assembly, closely. made prior installation, and lubribe
cation
be followed adjustments
examined 4.4.7
and all
Training Training programs related to pump maintenance The latter on installation, should emphasize instal-
lation,
operation,
and maintenance.
is of vital operation,
Manufacturers'
be supported
by actual
4-5 shows one page from a Laotian 4-6A and 4-6B is another be instructed and their should
booklet
on hand pump
Figure should
correction. be physically
pump installation
tools
to dismantle
and re-
A collection purposes.
of broken
or worn parts
demonstration
121
LIKELY CAUSE A. No Water at the source. Well dry. or B. Level of water has dropped below suction distance of Pump. or C. Pump has lost priming. its
Can be checked with vacuum gauge or with weighted string. Reduce pumping rate or lower pump cylinder.
Prime the pump. If the pump repeatedly loses its priming it may be periodically pumping the well dry, the suction line may be leaking, or the suction valve or discharge check valve may be leaking. Repair line or valve. Also check 1-A and 1-B. Renew the cylinder ("leathers"). cup seals
or D. The cylinder cup seals ("leathers") may be worn out or E. The valves or valve seats may be worn or corroded. or F. With a deep-well plunger pump the plunger rod may be broken. This trouble would be indicated by the pump running freer and Turn the and probably quieter. pump over by hand and note if there is resistance on the upstroke. Broken rods must be renewed and this usually means pulling the drop pipe and cylinder out of the well. Open valve Renew valves renew seats. and repair or
Continued
TROUBLE
LIKELY CAUSE
REMEDY
H. Hole in suction pipe. or I. The suction pipe may be plugged with scale or iron bacteria growth or sediment. or J. The pump cylinder may be cracked. or K. Leak at base of cylinder. or L. One or. more check valves held open by trash or scale.
Cylinder Renew suction pipe. may be lowered below water level in well. Can be checked with vacuum Remove suction pipe gauge. and clean or renew.
Renew cylinder
gasket.
Remove valves and inspect for With deep-well pluntrouble. ger pumps this may mean pulling the pump cylinder or plunger and valves out of the well.
Renew leathers.
or B. Well not yielding enough water. or C. Cracked cylinder (plunger or piston pump) . or D. Check valve(s) leaking. or Continued 123 Repair valve(s). Renew cylinder. Decrease demands or establish new sources of water.
TROUBLE
LXRELY CAUSE
REMEDY
E. Screen or suction valve may be obstructed. or F. Suction pipes too small. are
Can be checked with vacuum gauge. Install pipe with larger diameter, or for deep well pump, lower pump cylinder below water level in well.
or G. Suction valve(s) may be out of order. or H. Cracked drop pipe or coupling. Renew drop pipe or coupling. Repair valve(s).
its
Prime the pump. If repeatedly loses its it may be periodically the well dry, or the line or the suction be leaking. Repair line or valve.
or B. The cylinder cup seals ("leathers") may be worn out. Renew the cylinder cup seals.
A. Suction pipe plugged up below pump cylinder. or B. Plunger check valve fails to open or to close.
Remove pump and clean out sucIf well has filled tion pipe. with dirt up to suction pipe, the well should be cleaned out or the pipe cut off. Repair check valve.
or
124
Continued
TROUBLE
LIKELY CAUSE
REMEDY
C. Suction small. or
pipe
too
Replace pipe.
with
larger
suction
D. Water too far below pump (suction pipe too long). 5. Leaks at stuffing box A. Packing worn out or loose. or B. Plunger rod badly scored.
Place
cylinder
nearer
water.
Leave Renew or tighten packing. packing nut loose enough to allow a slow drip of water. The water serves as a lubricant. Renew plunger rod.
6. Pump is noisy
Tighten
or renew parts.
Righten
mountings.
C. With deep-well plunger pumps having a steel plunger rod the rod may be slapping against the drop line.
Use a wooden rod or install guides for rod or straighten drop pipe if crooked.
TABLE 4-2
daily
1. 2.
lock clean
and unlock
weekly
1. 2. 3.
thorough
oil or grease all hinge pins, bearings, and sliding after checking that no rust has developed on them.
record any comments from users about irregularities in working (tightness of parts, leaks from stuffing box, fall-off in water raised). Correct these when possible. if necessary, adjust the stuffing box or gland (this does not apply to the Craelius pump). Usually this is done by tightening the packing nut. This should not be too tight there should be a slight leak when the adjustment is correct. check that all nuts and bolts there is no evidence of loose are tight, connections and check that on the pump rods.
monthly
1.
2. 3.
check for symptoms of wear at the leathers, noting any comments from users about any falling off in the water raised. If the pump fails to raise water when worked slowly (e.g., at 10 strokes per minute), replace the leathers. carry paint repair out all all weekly maintenance to prevent tasks. development of rust. and surrounds.
4. annually 1. 2. 3.
exposed
parts
any cracked
concrete
in the well-head
check wear at handle bearings and replace parts as necessary. On the Craelius pump, worn bushes can be replaced by short sections of pipe of suitable diameter. check plunger leaking. valve and foot valve; replace if found lengths or
4. 5. 6. 7.
check the pump rod and replace connectors. replace packing at the stuffing apply to the Craelius pump). carry out all monthly
(does not
maintenance
After 126
Pacey (1976)
Concrbta
slab \
Drop
pip*
Loblhors. i.m. Iwthar cup (be on constant look - out for l ymptoms of wear l spcclMy in monthly checka)
127
- illustrative
example
FIGURE 4-6a
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HAND PUMP (OPEN CYLINDER - SPOUT DISCHARGE) Keep the ground sloped around the pump slab so rain water It is a good idea to have will drain away from the well. a windbreak or shed around the pump, especially where the weather gets cold. Be sure nothing happens that might break the pump. For example, do not tie horses to the pump or let children play with the pump. things work
FIX
which working
THE
do once
in
a while
to keep
your
STUFFING
BOX
Csmmnt
Br,aCF
to
grout
below
10
from the top of the pump, the top of the box or put
Cash3
You will have more room to work if you disconnect the top of the pump handle.
Wrap the
P
2
-Drop PPO /
REPLACE
LEATHER
CUP
SEALS
IN CYLINDER
If the pump does not lift water from the well as it the leather cup shoiiX, then you may need to replace The back of this sheet tells seals in the cylinder. how to do this.
/
FACTS
Your YOUR leather .----feet are are -~ pump WELL cup is a IS seals you must pipe. The feet deep.
ABOUT
YOUR
PUMP
AND
WELL
of pump
cup
leathers vaives
across. across.
are --
leather
Adapted
from
P ytElp!llct
n"
the
llnitcd
SL:ltes
?t~l~li~- IIc.-lth
Service
129
FIGURE 4-6b
Xeplacement of the leather cup seals in the piston means that !ou must pull the sucker rod from the well. The tools ieeded to do this are shown it the right. ?hese tools are located at
ADJUSTABLE SPANNER
WRENCH
OR
PIPE HOLDER
I A
Remove the top part of the pump stand by loosening the three bolts on the flange and lift the top part of pump as shown in the picture to the left.
hoist,
lift
the
Be very careful. Do not let the pump rod slip back into the well. The clove hitch is a good knot to use on this kind of a job.
not
VALVE LEATHER
This is the way the pump piston will look as it comes from the cylinder, however, your pump may have more or fewer leathers. Be sure and take a good look at the piston before you take it apart, for after you replace the leathers the piston must be put back together exactly the way it was before. This picture shows the different parts of the piston. Notice that the edge or rim of the cup leathers will be up, towards the top of the well.
3
7 u
CUP LEATHER
-LEATHER
CUP / LEATHER
130
5.
5.1
HISTORICAL The origin of hand pumps is lost reciprocating in antiquity. pump came into * The mass produced, during the middle ironof
being rather
This
than derivation
from
in the field
survived, designs
thousands
have evolved
of modifications
or small reported
agricultural
development
plains, driven
by "barbed
and windmill
and research
stations
testing of today.
example.) Weisbach, **
the fun-
equations increasing
mechanization
over
assistance
rural rural
supplies. supply
to hand pump
and developpent
small.
**
Vitruvius (1st century B.C.) attributes invention of the reciprocating to Ci?tesibius (circa 275 B.C.). Even if so, some other types predate reciprocating pump. Better known for the Darcy-Weisbach flow equation.
pump the
131
.._
.._,
~^_-
),.
,I
5.2
AID/BATTELLE HAND PUMP DEVELOPMENT In 1966 the United States Agency for Memorial International Development Laboratories water supplies (AID) to in
with
the Battelle
a dependable countries.
Low production costs. Long life under severe conditions. Ready maintenance with simple tools and unskilled labor. Ready conversion for shallow or deep well installations with only minor changes. (5) Ready manufacture by established firms within developing countries a minimum of capital investment. women and children. (6) Ready operation by small people, including (7) Design features to discourage pilfering and vandalism. The program to develop Battelle for AID jn three an improved steps: domestic water
with
by
(1) Examination of existing -conditions. (2) Pump development and laboratory evaluation. (3) Field evaluation programs. 5.2.1 Examination In its ditions survey of Existing of developing Conditions. countries Battelle found the following con-
and practices:
(1) Lack of pumps and inadequate facilities to make them. kinds with little or (2) Some areas had pumps given them, but many different no maintenance and inadequate replacement of parts. (3) Lack of community spirit toward community water supply systems even to the extent of vandalism. (4) Reluctance of government officials to act as positively or as effectively as they could. (5) Inadequate pump design, both those made in the country and those being imported: (a) cylinders too rough, (b) plunger cups improperly sized (generally too large), (c) highly stressed fulcrums and handles, frequently made worse by poor alignment and tolerance, (d) bearing surfaces too small, (e) valve seats poorly cast and machined, and (f) fasteners (bolts and nuts) poorly made. (6) Inadequate storage facilities - many of the parts so deteriorated as to be unusable. (7) Hand pumps unable to withstand rigorous usage without adequate maintenance.
132
h,;i
_.,
.;
,,
,,
FIGURE 5-la
Pinned
Model
Bolted
Model
FIGURE 5-lb
5.2.2
and Evaluation well pump configurations were developed noted. testing. incorporapumps
ting
design
Prototype Battelle's
and conclusions
to pump design
included
the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) (5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10) (11)
5/8-inch diameter x l&-inch long bearing surfaces are minimum, and If at all a larger size should be considered. under extreme conditions, the cast iron bearing journals or "holes" should be hardened. possible, If the sk.ill and materials are locally available, bearing inserts might be considered. Non-rotating pinned assemblies may be satisfactory if use is not extensive However, bolted assemblies and acceptable nuts and bolts not available. are preferred because machining is somewhat easier and will provide a more acceptable unit for continuous use. A pump rod extension with single upper guide bearing does not provide (In its deep well satisfactory life under vigorous deep well pumping. design, Battelle substituted a sliding block design, which does not require a pump rod extension.) Because of rising material costs, material shortages, and difficulties in transportation, hand pumps should be as light as possible without jeopardizing pump function or long life. No particular valve type has been proven better than another; however, fabrication must be done with care for whatever valve is preferred, satisfactory operation. The chemistry of the iron and the coke used for casting must be within an acceptable range to facilitate casting and make an acceptable product. Phosphorous content is especially critical. Installation of the complete pump must be accomplished in an acceptable manner using the prescribed components for satisfactory operation. The secret of long cup life is the smoothness of the cylinder wall in which a centerline average (CLA) smoothness* of 8 to 12 the plunger operates; microinches (approximately that of extruded brass cylinder walls) or less. Use of epoxy coated iron cylinders and of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe cylinders or cylinder linings shows promise. Good quality, undyed, wax impregnated leather is recommended for making plunger cups. options that should be considered are "Corfam" for Other "pump leather" covered with Neoprene for making flapper making plunger cups, nylon fabric valves, and the use of plastic pipe for constructing tube wells, for fabricating well screens, or for use as suction pipe. Valve seats must be smoothly finished and without blemish to assure pumps maintaining their prime, a constant source of irritation. All unprotected (uncoated) iron surfaces such as iron cylinders, valve seats, bearings, and threaded parts must be coated with an oil or grease during storage. Bearing surfaces should be made with as close tolerances as possible for longer operating life. No cylinder sizes over 3-inches (approximately 75 millimeters) in diameter should be used, based on Battelle's observation that leather cups tend to fail structurally rather than wear out in 3+-inch shallow well pumps. is 135
The smaller the CIA smoothness, the smoother the surface. A microinch equivalent to one millionth part (10W6) of an inch or 0.25 microns.
5.2.3
Field Although
Evaluation prototype models of the Battelle tests, unfortunately, despite pump were subjected no large efforts with scale to rigorfield tests and AID water
ously
controlled
laboratory
on-site
in cooperation
programs. Some four Battelle deep well pumps were installed under Thailand's reporting,
Accelerated Battelle
Rural concluded:
Development
program.
(1) that PVC deep well cylinders are economic and effective and (2) that the pump castings, as designed, can be made in small "rural" foundries and acceptably machined. Battelle also concluded that its initial design wear. of the pump rod extension Battelle has redesigned sliding block and this
resulted it with
design. in Nigeria,
Although
100 Battelle
due to high
was probably
due to local
drop pipe
(76 millimeters)
at depths of these
in Bangladesh. pump.
a lighter and,
weight although
in Bangladesh
underway
in production
resembles
old pump, a number of the Battelle pump features have been incorporated in the * Bangladesh design. The new design Battelle deep weil pump has been sent to Bangladesh for evaluation, but no information is ycc .,$?ailable. pages.
5.2.4
Manufacture Metallurgical
of Hand Pumps quality, foundry materials for pig iron subject and machine were also shop practice, inspection by
analyzed
and evaluated
by Battelle. work.
on this
is the definitive
studies (1970),
are well
documented. (1972)
See Frink
International
work; both
drawings Figure
and bolted
connections.
of the
the AID/Battelle
cylinder
metallurgical findings
and valve
development;
and evaluation
cylinder
materials for
replacement all
materials
cup seals
flaps.
subsequent with
major
contracted
the Georgia
testing
and evaluation
of the AID/Battelle
5.3
STUDY OF EXISTING HAND PUMPS FOR SHALLOWTUBE WELLS NEAR CALCUTTA This was basically a study manufacture was undertaken of maintenance (5 companies) by the All requirements of shallow areas well near
suction Calcutta.
of Hygiene 137
Health Nations
with
support
Organization
(WHO) and
Children's
(See Majumder and Sen Gupta.) reciprocating suction valves, design with lever
The pumps studied type handles, (approx. 125 people 5.3.1 poppet
integral
of 10 to 15 feet
(3 to 5 meters).
Findings Two sets of pumps - 14 in one set, two years and for nine 15 in the other respectively. "attendance" - were installed The first about major set, 1.5 times replacements There were rods, of repair and in-
for
months, required
as received
each pump.
flapper
between
different
installation threads,
of the second set of 15 they were "improved" boring holes, and with a nine improving nuts tolerances,
cutting
polythene
and washers
During in total.
month period,
15 pumps re-
A review standard
of maintenance finish,
records
for
for
412 similar
factory
10; leather
were required. !
(1) Phosphorous content of cast iron should be less than 0.15 to 0.20 percent to prevent hard, brittle pump bodies subject to breakage and difficult to machine with resulting rougher cylinder walls and poorer tolerances. 138
(2) Plunger rods should be made from mild steel rounds. Rods made from flat When heated for rounding, the thread steel strips had poor threads. Threads can be cut to full depth in rounds but only broke away quickly. to 40 percent depth in flats. (3) Bolts and nuts holding leather valve weights should be galvanized. (4) Bright steel pins with two washers and cotter pins at both ends should be used in lieu of bolts and nuts in the handle assembly. Occasional lubrication will extend hole and pin life. * (5) Tolerances should be minimized at all pinned connections not only to prevent excessive wear at those points but to reduce wear and damage of other parts that may result from poor alignment and wobbling. (6) Leather is the best bucket and flapper valve material for cylinder bores Average life of leather cup seals is of the quality available in Calcutta. about 200 days. Principal cause of flapper valve failure is cyclic wetting and drying with resultant loss of elasticity; failure occurs at ;.he contacL point with the weight. (7) Prop:,- storage of pumps and components is a major problem. Proper painting, protection of machined portions against rust, and protection of leather against mildew are necessary. (8) Standardization is needed. (9) Maintenance is the key to operation..
5.4
WHO/UNICEF/INDIA 0268 STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT DEEP WELL HAND PUMPS OF (THE BANGALORE PUMP) The objectives of this community This project use, were to develop and to find a study an improved deep well hand the
for
included
reci(through
procating
Irrigation
Engineering), Fund
Children's
(UNICEF) collaborated
in the project.
included:
(1) Field survey of user characteristics in order to determine basic design criteria. (2) Workshop study of available indigenous and imported pumps to identify strong and weak points in design and manufacture. (3) Search for substitute materials suitable for pump construction. (4) Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype cylinder. (5) Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype pump head. 5.4.1 User Studies This metric program was unique in that it included motions anthropometric and ergoof 139
measurements
of the dimensions,
summarized should
in
The heterogenous
be noted.
TABLE 5-l FIELD OBSERVATIONSON USERS OF DEEP WELL HAND PUMPS IN RARNATARASTATE, INDIA
Characterisitic statistic Women Children (age undefined) Men Mean Median Mode Range Mean Median Mode Range
or
Measurement Calculation 57.4 34.8 7.8 Uncalculated 665 665 * 240-1340 151.2 152.6 152.7 92.6-187.5
or
Unit
Percent Percent Percent Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters
Height
of Users
Frequency Pump Pump Pump Length Pump Pump Pump Mode Mode Mode 11.8 11.8 8.2 Centimeters Centimeters Cenitmeters Mean Mean Mean 64 58 48 Strokes/Minute Strokes/Minute Strokes/Minute
J.
Pump Discharge 21-Inch 3 -Inch 4 -Inch Pump Pump Pump Mean Mean Mean : 0.4 inch (approxinately) per minute 26.9 30.0 34.8 Litres/Minute LitresjMinute Litres/Minute
I Centimeter 1 Litre/minute:
.,
,i
shown in Figure
of proper
Emmanuel).
the height
of pump selected
of the height
which
should
be limited
to 100 millimeters chosen was 2$-inch lected; double 5.4.3 stroke strokes)
(4 inches)
frequency
used in calculations
(presumably
per minute.
Workshop Study This part of the study available "Cauvery", (U.K.). was an analysis pumps including "Jalvad" All but (all of design the "Patel", preceding and manufacturing "Mahasagar", made in India), defects
"Economy", Dempster
and "Mono"
the "Jalvad"
pump head assemblies. In pumps with conventional Tolerances to rock pump heads, all moving parts allowing were found to be
poorly
matched. links
the handles Guide pillars horizontal, and several The to corwas often set
vertical, worked
foundation
too small,
threaded
connections
casing
in a later connecting
section)
construction
mis-aligned. Dimensional tolerance 'buckets' control (cup seals) of cylinder components 1 was judged swelling shape. to be when wet, Holes were
Leather
when dry,
and generally
eccentric.
143
FIGURE
5-2
PUMP HANDLE
HEIGHTS
FOR OPERATING
(DIS) COMFOPT
This
this
user.
of the handle
This girl operat ump comfortably, using almost entirely body weight. Resting position of handle,however
(Photos
courtesy
of V.J.
Emmanuel)
FIGURE 5-3
Fulcrum
link
rod
Fulcrum
Pin
DEFECTS:
I Z
of defects
found
5-4.
(Photos
courtesy
of Bangalore
pumps in several
respects:
(1) The handle to pump rod linkage uses only one pivot (as in the "Mission" Jalna and Sholapur pumps), made possible by a roller-chain linkage, the chain riding over a quadrant placed tangentially to the pump rod, at the (The operating principle is derivative load bearing end of the handle. ,of that shown in Figure 5-10, "The Sholapur Pump"). (2) The pump head currently (1976) planned will utilize a welded steel body. (3) The pivot currently (1976) planned will utilize ball bearings. (4) Imported nylon balls are used in the plunger and foot valves. (5) Cup seals are made of acrylo nitrile rubber (Neoprene) with a 0.2 mm clearance fit with the cylinder wall.
9
143
FIGURE 5-4
MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN DEFECTS IN INDIA MANUFACTURJiD DEEP-WELL HAND PUMPS (Photos courtesy of V.J. Emmanuel)
(a) Piston rod not vertical. (b) Guide friction high in upper position.
(a) Guide pillars not truly vertical (b) TOO high tolerance between handle fork and piston rod (c) Pin bushes of handle fork poorly aligned (d) Handle fork - piston rod pin not horizontal. 144
(a) Too high tolerance between forks and pivot points (b) Pivot points not horizontal (c) Slide not moving horizontally.
(6) All other valve and plunger components are made of rubber, nylon, neoprene, or glass or cotton fibre fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. (7) The cylinder consists of a standard galvanized iron pipe body with a tube made of cotton fabric impregnated with an epoxy "liner" or "sleeve" The liners are manufactured in India by Hylam Bakelite of Bomresin. bay for other commercial uses in several lengths, diameters, and wall A roughness specifithicknesses under the trade name "Hylam TF 2211". cation of 250 microinches is proposed for the inside finish of the liner. Figure 5-5 illustrates the cylinder. 5.4.5 Testing A prototype cylinder motor Stroke for of Bangalore cylinder Pump and pump head were made and tested. to a conventional at 40 to 48 strokes Discharge pump head, per minute ranged driven against The prototype by an electric an unstated 21 to 25 litres months of actual inch. After or washers) head.
length
the equivalent
to be less
than 0.001
some initial
mm and 0.9 mm), the two cup seals the last 534 hours differs cable of
testing.
(buckets
at least
radically
from that
The prototype
as a "rod"
connecting
of the original
prototype
were of the
designed
using
fabricated
steel II)".
production
of the Bangalore
pump 3-inch
range
from Rupees 80 (US $9) to Rs 250 (US $28).* brass cylinder which sells for
design
of the that
currently
developed
SO
greatly
from the
tested
its
costs
the Bangalore
pump closely
Rs 500-600 *
Amsterdam exchange
._ r.>.-.,.--n_*rv,-
-(7J Mop
Pipe
Bush Pump Rod Cuide (76 mm) Galvanized Liner plunp,er Yoke Iron Pipe Cyl Under
Polythene j-Inch
"Hylam"Cylinder "Hylam Nylon Triangular Uall Valve Valve Nitrile Seal Nitrile Follower
Neoprene
Buffer Triangular Valve Valve Valve Sealing Iron Seat Seat Retainer Cap Ring Retainer Check Valve Cage
FIGURE 5-5
146
5.5
UNICEF/BANGLADESH SHALLOWWELL HAND PUMP DEVELOPMENT For some years UNICEF has assisted the Department the world's of Public largest Health single hand
in perhaps short
timespan
over 400,000
new hand pumps considerable in shallow of the program and economies technology, as to over sev-
be manufactured
experimentation, well
prototype at least
provided
opportunity
and (2) the maintenance would have required its viability. several
problems
resources
through
generations
of modifications
based on field
observations. 5.5.1 "New No. 6 Pump" The newly 1979, developed model, with over 300,000 planned for 5-6. installation by
is known as the "New No. 6" hand pump. a cross between the Battelle to insure about
See Figure
represents
pump and the old Maya No. 6 pump. local acceptance. (No. 6 designates
90 mm>. No. 6 are: moving parts and pivot pins, rather at plunger pins. than end.
improvements bearing
surfaces
(2) Use of round, smooth mild steel nuts and bolts at pivot points. (3) A piston (4) Polyvinyl rod with chloride reinforced
held
by cotter
bearing
or bucket
of leather
bucket.
(5) More stable configuration of four nuts and bolts located at "heel" and "toe" points of headcover (2,4,8, and 10 o'clock positions relative to the fulcrum at 6 o'clock), rather than the three points on the old design. (6) Standardized size (2%-inch x $-inch) for all luts and bolts instead of three or four sizes on previous pumps. Lock washers have been added to nuts and bolts (approximately 65 mm x 13 mm). (7) A stronger handle with higher mechanical advantage and an 8-inch (20 cm) stroke length. The cross section of the handle was changed from an "I" to a "T". 147
FIQURE
S-S
NEW
NO.
WAND
PUMP
(SANQLADESH)
148
influenced
by the severe
shortage
of
available
in Bangladesh. lighter
For example the than the Battelle partly standard through installainter-
20 lbs
pump configuration.
of the base plate connections with deep well Chloride ch?+oride longer
(threaded
and foregoing
pump stand
(PVC) Cup Seals (PVC) cup seals and greater used in Bangladesh uniformity are less for have been found
lifespan
available.
In Bangladesh,
they
reason
pump shutdown
be honing 5.5.3
the iron
Polyvinyl Beginning
and Liners leather cup seals are still only were tested in service. 3%-inch to fit in BangMost
ladesh
in shallow
the civil
because
were available
and these were too large liners were examined wall, and all
showed severe
(3 mm) thick
rod of the No. 6 shallow thickness wear, PVC pipe l/8-inch after
begun in 1975 showed mixed results: in diameter negligible in one month; wear, but has
in operation
presumably
from foreign
introduced
from above.
With the
because of the
PVC about
149
difficulty cups.
of mixing
of existing
and new
"Dempster"
cylinders
one with
good results.
the cylinders. 5.5.4 Polyvinyl PVC pipe Chloride is being for (PVC) Well Casing casings in Bangladesh. cast iron Because PVC pipe hand pumps dia 20-foot (6
reversals,
threading
casings pipe
Thus in Bangladesh
of steel
the hand pump and the PVC casing. and plastic at its pipes, (1) a horiand (2) a confor the hand
prevent
rotation
midsection
platform
Based Program program in Bangladesh level with has demonstrated experienced the bene-
base at field
personnel under
The LJNICEF/DPHE program has tested analyzed, operation, and responded and fitted
prototypes
to feedback
an inexpensive
US $20), tions.
locally
manufactured,
improved
to local
information
may be found
in the various
papers
of Hussain,
and Shawcross.
150
'ABI" "Africa"
5.6
COMITE INTER-AFRICAIN DETUDES HYDRAULIQUES (CIEH) STUDIES IN UPPER VOLTA INCLUDING THE HYDRO-POMPE VERGNET The Inter-African Committee headquartered on Hydraulic Studies under (CIEH), an internawith
tional
organization
a 1973 agreement
assistance
manufactured
including
and imported
pumps including
An important
of a newly Several
devel-
oped pump, the French-made of these pumps, provided in the village 5.6. I of Koupela,
(by Mengin)
Vergnet. tested
prototypes
by WHOand UNICEF, are being about 140 kms east. (Description) mode. A flexible cylinder
in Ouagadougou and
Vergnet
operating a rigid
diaphragmatic
hose Using a
(cylinder) hydraulic
pedal,
to contract, is best
thereby
operation with
explained
pedal
position: steps on the pedal, forcing the piston down into the cylinder.
(2) The water in the piston cylinder is forced from the cylinder, through the pilot pipe or hose, and into the diaphragmatic hose with flexible, springlike walls. (3) The increasing water pressure thereby expanding its volume. (4) The increased water within in the flexible hose stretches its walls,
volume of the smaller cylinder increases the pressure of the the larger, rigid cylinder surrounding the smaller cylinder. within the rigid (discharge) valve. flexible cylinder closes the pilot the suction valve and with
(5) The rising pressure opens the delivery R Rlgid water 152 cylinder around upon installation.
hose primed;
system is filled
OPERATING
i
GUIDING
DISPLACEMENT
\
PILOT PIPE
PILOT
DISCHARGE
PIPE
,/-CONTROL
CHECK
VALVE
DISCHARGE
CHECK
VALVE
PUMP
BODY
DIAPHRAGMATIC
HOSE
RIGID
CYLINDER
y 1 FIGURE !5- 8
SUCTION STRAINER
VALVE
Courtesy: Yontargis,
Ets.
Pierre
Menr-iii,
France
HYDRO
- POMPE
VERGNET
SCHEMATIC
ARRANGEMENT
153
_-
(6) The water within the rigid charge valve and discharge (7) The operator (8) The flexible, forcing water position. lifts his
cylinder is forced to the surface through the disexpands. pipe or hose as the smaller cylinder pressure within the pilot system. foot, relieving to its initial position, the pedal back to its high the pressure of the Valve and
(9) The contraction of the flexible water within the rigid cylinder. (lo)
reduces
The falling pressure within the rigid cylinder closes refilling the rigid cylinder. opens the suction valve, again steps on the pedal and the cycle cylinder in the well. valve,
hose as well
as the pilot
completely for
apart
there
potential 5.6.2
Observations In spite of careful development diaphragmatic work and many laboratory hose for over 2 million tests cycles, design (including without proved The PVC
of the flexible
conditions.
was found
cracks steel.
wear very
of piston deep,
rings
In wells employed
than 30 meters
flexible its
pump assembly
are readily
be able
save on transport
pumps where
up in order
to replace
In the "Vergnet"
are readily
accessible
at the surface.
FIGURE 5-9
Courtesy
of L.A.
Orihuela
From top right, counterclockwise: (I) pump in operation, (2) control pedal, and attached flexible control driving piston and cylinder, mounting plate, (3) replacing leather cap and and delivery lloses after removal from well, piston, and (4) lifting the pumping cylinder from the well. This cylinder contains the elastic expansion chamber and the three valves (suction, deliand repriming). very,
155
problems
in conventional
with
rod linkages
are non-existent
in the "Vergnet"
pump is foot-operated, the conventional eliminates a well all lever rotating casing
more
pump requires
of 4-inch
pump or lift-and-force
sofar
70X operates
between
"Vergnet"
acceptance
is relatively
at U.S.
$ 600 (October
including
and four
piston
at U.S. $ 4). the unique cylinder parts, and foot i.e. the flexible and piping. diaphragmatic hose,
pedal,
CIEH Report The report of this 1964) study is scheduled for'some account time in 1977. An earlier powered origin.
CIEH study
(circa
is a descriptive
including
by Benamour,
and Vergnet
and manufacturer's
literature
from Mengin). I ,
156
Side
Plato
TOP Pl.ate
Pin
Erackat
Handle
Hondlo
axla
Bush
Housina
BeanrIg
Bush
AXIP
P
12 Section Through A-A\ \
Distanca
Washer
Rclkr
Chain
Guide
Cl
/2 X
TOP Plato
5 d
% stcinc
Guida
Bush
NippIp
Roducar
Rod -------a
. I
Nut
Note:
Footing
Meosusement5
in
Millimeters
COmpktw
with
Bask
Plate
or
Spmgg
n
SHOLAPUR DEEP WELL HAND PUMPU TOP END MECHANISM
45
Coupling
FIGURE 5-10
Courtesy
: Sholapur
Well
Service
5.7 5.7.1
OTHER RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT Sholapur or Jalna-Type Pumps in the handle the past assembly. by
of deep we1 1 hand pumps occur pump developed agencies is called in India variously over
few years
the Sholapur,
Jalna,
to work for
Locally
villages,
complete This
100 feet
bearings,
pivot
action
of motorcycle 5-10).
(See Figure
used in hand pump rehabilitation or Kumasi Pump for local manufacture and Technology, steel, 3-inch
programmes
(Jagtiani).
U.S.T.
since
1972
of Science
at the fulcrum
The cylinder
section
hangs from the pump body. up to 100 feet The Petro An interesting
Preliminary Testing
testing is still
out at
(30 meters).
Pump (Sweden) new variation of the diaphragm pump, suitable or cylinder for use in of
and equipped
at the lower
fixed within the well b;- expander jaws which are wedged against the well h Casting is by the lost wax process used for centuries in Africa and Asia. 158
casing, clockwise.
and which
by turning
the pipe
string
is attached
to a string
to the pumping head. A new pumping head has been specially conjunction traditional with the elastic characteristics designed to work in correct but a
pumping head may also be suitable. capacity of the standard stroke, pumping element is approximately by using a longer
10 cm (4-inch)
The 'Petro'
fulcrum
bearing
-rod
plunger
f-
Drawing
: Courtesy
A. Abrobah-Cudjoo 159
sector
01 circle litter llow journal bearing with bolt ond It- lubricating tellon type bushing
ive ob
-pipe
or hose
-clamping rings
cap which 0150 governs the correct prestrrtching ot thu pumping hose wtdgos
water =
level
-soil cover
pumping
hose
suction anther
check valve
principle note
01 operation
method tor : alternative tixing lower end ot pump cylinder to Wll casing is by use ot expanding wedges or jaws
PIGTrRE 5-12
160
The Petro
pump is operated
thereby
10 cm (4 inches). wound steel pressure through wires, within the hose decreases the hose opens the string to the surface. to its water is
the pipe
the rubber
check valve
advantages
of this
or buckets.
pumping,
and water
containing
may be pumped without (2) The combining piping. lation, together no tripod,
appreciable
wear to the pumping hose. results in considerable piping that installed be needed. pump. facilitates the savings instalin
of pump rod and drop pipe low weight and maintenance. of pipes or installation
the string
scaffolding
box is needed, when the pump is used as a force (June 977), two types of the Petrol
standard
wedges,
suitable
for wells
of 4 to 41 inch
(95 to
for
2-inch
wells
(diameter
the water
than 22 feet
pumping for
is not practicable. pump (pumping (U.S. $ 440). 43 kg (95 lbs) which should save 161 element with anchor, and pumping
Shipping on transport
of a complete
pump is only
5.7.4
as a bilateral (Shinyanga This and used, resembles East Africa. brass cylinder. of 3. brass cylinder,
of Tanzania
project termed
own manufacturing
facility.
Pump, has a wooden pumping head which in Nairobi whereas and widely
the Craelius
used in
(See Figure
the Uganda pump uses a chloride laterite (PVC) plastic soils, has a pH Initially went to
the Shinyanga
is measured
in months. cylinders
but
"39 of 50 Craelius
brass
earrings". The Shinyanga internal, Europe expensive the rest ball 5.7.5 cylinder also stainless uses a rubber steel ring, double ring cup seal with an
manufactured
machinery.
US $10 each).
to last also
uses neoprene
valves. Plastic A spreading Pipe Pump idea is the use of polyvinyl Cylinders chloride (PVC) plastic pipe available pumps)
are commercially
et -- al.
PVC well casings as cyl4nder walls. , is one long cylinder although the stroke (0.3 meter). a return Figure
the well
opportunities scale.
but is yet
on a large
:._
,_ ., .,,
.>!
FIGURE 5-13
Wood or bamboo
handle
+-
concr*ta plrttorm
or brick \
Rubbw poppot
After:
Sponcler
(VITA)
163
presentation as well
is that
of journey several
(1976)
and describes
experimental
in Bangladesh the pump stand more subject Plastic not likely weathering the casing problem also
in 1974. itself
the only
hand pumps in which are less materials. the fulcrum of plastic pump stand pumpin: to a are to sturdy and
must support
and to notch
sense becomes with above grade with load. A pump stand a device,
systems
of housing
a protective which
covering
which at
incorporate
such as a jig,
of the pump rod. cylinder can result slot in rapid size wear but may be
and by adequately
"developing"
the well,
and evaluation
is planned
by the International
Development
and the World Bank. Other Research and Development the Asian low lift, et -- al.). Institute of Technology (AIT) investigated pumps at to a 1973 in Thailand of the time.
(1) With WHOassistance, the use of foot rural study which water powered,
pumps as standby
or replacement
plants.
(Thanh,
of operation
pumping problems
the plants
shutdown of all
17 percent shutdown
time period
studied
and were the cause of 57 percent were electrically test was developed or petroleum for low lift
Rice Research'Institute
in the Philippines
an AID research
including bushings,
equipped to cushion
a urethane
"bumpblock"
blows
cylinders
and is marketing
PVC cylinders. and the "Pompe a Pieds", two design casing features under develdes(as in
opment by SISCOMA in Dakar incorporate cribed: the U.S.T. Pump)' de Pury). (4) A foot-operated use of the PVC drop pipe pump); and a steel cable is foot
previously
or well
5-14)
is water
The pump has been tested of two pipes The outside sliding sliding
with
a spring
is connected
and operates
which
upward stroke.
up to 6 meters range
20 meters.
The capacity
is 600-2000
liters/
Republic
plastic
(Journey,
pump is under
deration
in several
165
_--__--
- -
.-
tHandle
FIGURE 5-14
166
Testing Possible
is-underway "Uganda"
of Maryland evaluated
(USA).
of the
in Ethiopia. or planned
Comparative
and evaluation
are underway
in several
countries,
including
Ghana and Ethiopia. iron pipe body, the Sialkot pump, is under dev-
a galvanized
An English pumps.
ejector (12)
The International
Development
Research
Centre
is sponsoring engineering
as chemical
pumps.
use in hand
Considerable
in such related
subject
areas
as solar
agencies
to develop
or improve
Bangladesh, Ethiopia,
and Zambia;
Bolivia,
Costa Rica,
Honduras,
Ecuadsr,and
5.8
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY Such organizations as Volunteers Technology for Group, International Ltd. (ITG), Technical and others Assistance maintain techon pumps shops. in the 6-4 to well 167 a
in development
of "appropriate" considerable
for
and labor
published
a report
1975) on village
pipe,
suitable
for
construction
by
Similar
in small
quantities
countries.
5.9
GENERALOBSERVATIONS The following observations are based on a review of recent hand pump
research (1)
and development: that seem obvious A corollary success in the office is that successful or laboratory performance often in the
Pump improvements
are virtually
and communication
Communication
insuffibient
Comparison
and evaluation
of hand pumps on an international criteria, and methodologies Some investigators to count the cycles stated, often leaves which
basis
will
common definitions,
are presently to
unavailable,
methodology stated,
is rarely
is
Scientific extrapolated
objectivity
are ayesomely
from limited,
handmade prototypes. Many basic assumptions study (1976) are untested. For example, no thorough, for fully use as
of PVC pipe
(7) tions,
studies
excep-
as ergonomics, science,
Many investigators
have grossly
ing common to deep well (and other average ft. (9) start working parts)
Many hand pump handles per year. under The a head of 100
300 lbs.
instantaneous
concentrate smoother
on improved cylinders.
maintenance,
bearings,
better
cup seals,
169
6.
6.1
opportunities
Lower capital costs of production Transportation savings Reduction in foreign exchange requirements Stimulation of local industry and labor forces Better access to replacement parts Production of a hand pump tailored to local conditions. The above objectives are achievable possibly but not automatically of broken so. There
are hundreds pumps around pumps. necessary Before evaluated. a foreign (requiring perhaps, feasibility
millions,
manufactured
beginning
alternatives locally,
should
parts
(using
welding
from various
forms of plastics.
The economic
must be evaluated. manufacture machine shops, to be considered. and factories export The first of cast market. countries. of technology artisans. iron Such The and Both populated
There are two types is mass production or steel manufacture second type lends types itself
in foundries, to those
in the international
manufacture
in small all
quantities
by village
or least important
countries, capacity
mass production
of more durable,
interchangeable
pumps.
Hand pumps are made of many dissimilar suppliers and other of castings, parts leathers, rods, pipe,
og
may be necessary
to assemble
the complete
6.2 6.2.1
CONVENTIONALCAST IRON HAND PUMPS Foundry The majority Practices of the world's iron hand pumps for cylinders. service materials countries to produce. to quality product drinking water uti .lizes have over to continue As such too in the cast
iron
bodies
or brass
be used.
i are within
foundries
attention
control, standards.
particularly
Composition
of iron iron
and coke castings are pig iron and coke. in Tabie 6-l Pig
outlined
TABLE 6-l
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FOUNDRYPIG IRON given in percent Manganese 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 ' Sulfur 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max Phosphorus 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50
Values Silicon 2.50 - 2.75 2.76 - 3.00 3.01 - 3.25 3.26 - 3.50 Carbon
After
(1972)
172
ranges iron.
listed
are only
silicon
is difficult.
should variation
be in balance
in composition. ranges,
should should
content
indicated.
content content
specified
be in the range of 4.05 to 3.65 percent. a reverse pig blast tent iron, order intentionally content because will
contents content
decrease.
in formation phosphide
steadite,
carbide
and iron
and excessive
has low resistance As a part pig iron should the pig Foundry difficult specifications specification the caloric should
1 and is dQ:ficult to machine. I i' of the specification, a .yeriodic,chemical analysis to impact, be provided iron by the supplier and verified
of the analyses
by chemical
before
is accepted. also be purchased to specifications. than is foundry pig Coke is more iron; the
coke should
specifications as a guide
agreements. . 1972) is shown l'n Table 6-2. 2500 million BTU per short
in purchasing
be covered
and protected
from moisture.
TABLE 6-2 FOUNDRYCOKE SPECIFICATION* WEIGHT BY PERCENT Fixed Carbon 88.0 min * After Volatile Matter 1.0 max
Ash
..
are a guide
for
purchasing foundry
coke;
how-
imum ash content. higher tent the sulfur of the gray problems
the higher
for metal-
lurgical 6.2.3
produced
scaled
drawing
which a wooden
is turned
over
to the pattern
and turns
on a lathe pump.
and shape of the main body of the finished parts is are made separately. part so it
The handle
loose
The main body of the pump, to make. The model is cut in half
hollow,
Dowel holes
in per-
made to fit
as the "core".
is later
machined
to-the specified c dimension and -tolerance to accommodate the plungtr in many .I shallow well pumps. This cylindrical core is inserted in the mold after the ,rtJood pattern en molds 752OF.) has been removed from the mold. boxes) and kept The core is prepared in wood400'~. =
(core
(about
to harden
subjected to very high temperatures and must be made of special core sand . !with a high sildca content. Special bonding.materials must be mixed to the core sand for binding purposes. . made of wheat flour, important part These come in both rye meal, liquid and dry form and and linseed oil.
pqwdered resin,
the cavities,in
the sand,
preparing
casting
a defecthe molds, because if this is not done correctly, * results. The molds are built into the required shape by hand,
ASSEMBLY
READY
FOR POURING
Pattarn
shop
I I
MoldinS I
I I
I
Molding
-- T
t
cc
cr
Cindw mill
Grlndw I
I
r c-l
k-3-H
FIGURE 6-1
.,.
.-
and the wood pattern age in the casting. percent) in cooling quality
for
for
shrink1
Cast iron
(about
state for
foundry
a new mold must be made. Properly successive Permeability molds by adding or the ability it is a very a small
sand can be
amount of new
of the tamped sand to important particles property. are best for Finer gen-
angular-shaped
molding
work as they have good porosity than sands of round a long plank. the drag. box, with grain.
having
called flat
inside
then tamped and rammed until The half mold is half then carefully of the pattern alignment.
firm. turned over and the sand scraped on dowel pins off to get
level.
The other
in perfect
sand is sprinkled
on to keep
the mold from sticking. The cope or top half sand and tamped firmly. the sand to, pattern P*P. The core is now ready inside adhesion 176 to be put with in the mold. plumbago But first (graphite) it which and also prevents the lifted or near out, of the flask A pour-hole the pattern. which leaves is then set on, clamped, a round filled stick with through and the
smooth surface
on the casting.
A pin or
protruding suspended
out at each end of the core, in the mold. "chaplets" Small metal
rests
which nails
separators,
two heads,
called
keep the
core in adjustment.
The making of a complete pump may cost tion orders of its several thousand
patterns
for
a hand
standardizaon small
to retain its
may wish
measuring
large
cut into
the molten
metal
to
to keep the body of the mold The riser is designed metal, riser
or scum which
rises.
pushed out of the mold by the inflowing with the metal. For a small casting,
when the mold is filled and gate are sufficient 6.2.4 Melting The cupola for iron ordinary scrap the Metal
a single to run.
is the most widely The cupola castings, depending cupola fire-clay alternate
iron
castings. (defective
gates
and risers),
relative
proportions This
of the castings
furnace, through
open at the top, doors about halfway and with a little lime-
special with
and charged
added to flux
more fluid.
depending 77
upon
scrap
to produce
of combustion
necessary
of hinged
of
in the cupola
near its
by a blower.
to the interior
of the cupola
by the tuyeres,
and flare
upward slightly. of the metal tapped from the cupola charged, is determined
the cupola.
ments in the chemical the addition a fore-hearth) be easily 6.2.5 carried of ferro if
composition alloys
the metal
is tapped
furnace
(known as
countries.
Pouring
the Casting of the mold, called will the cope, must be weighted not part lift called it and allow the drag, down so
force
of the metal
to flow there.
The molder
of metal
at the proper
down the gate of the mold in a steady at any time. to minimize the level to solidify The gate should the washing of the metal and cool
the mold.
Pouring
top of the riser. ken out of the mold, cut off cleaning. i76 the surface
being
6.2.6
Cleaning To prepare
the Casting the casting and sand. operation. or cut off with for use, it is necessary to remove the gate and is
riser, usually
fins,
scabs,
Removal of the dry sand core by rapping Gate and riser a hacksaw. grinding can be broken off with chips
the first
mer and chisel, is done with which might iron 6.2.7 brush. Casting While same as for 6 .2.8
portable
the casting
may be brushed
a coarse
Handle,
these
castings,
Machining Finishing of the pump body, room. to the surface the casting This tightly of castings even after shake-out the considerand removal the bottom plate, and the piston is done
in the tool
during
sand may be removed by wire IIshot blasting". and small at high effective Castings balls are placed of steel, The the
a unit,
a cylindrical
chamber,
of these sand.
Another
to remove
sand. grinding
Tumblers
of metal
protruding
from
location.
Certain positive,
may also
during
the casting
one employs
grinders
that
mounted base,
makes use of hand grinding that usually grinders are usually be hand held. sive wheels can be hand held used to permit having grinding during
and fixtures
removal wheels
the desired
amount of metal.
6 to 8 inches
using
and pointed
sizes
of castings surface
in deep cavities Following processing operations. such as lathes mechanical-fed largely small ing. fixtures
configurations. the castings drilling, turning production are ready threading, and drilling operations, small ground for the next
operation,
steps, All
consist
of boring,
are used.
However, specially
production drilled
of machinand
Indentations
in the castings
starting
and jigs
interchangeability production.
of parts
as well
as gauges
increased
Requirements A complete
Establishment
of Manufacturing
Facility an
set up for
iron it
foundry might
and a machine
is possible, This
the castings.
would
reduce
capital
to the costs
of establishing other
a machine castings
shop. could
a foundry
of the investment,
as well. and machinery include will depend on the level boring, sander drilling, of producthreading,
grinding,
A simple
grinder
or a disc 6
or belt
all
contact
surfaces.
boring
larger
holes
as for
the in-
cylinder cluding
pump.
threading
sets
a connection holes.
A hand press
proposed
by Battelle feet
for
a machine (16
about
256 square
per machine
approx.
does not designate are to be provided, are largely there dependent is a natural
exactly
where machine
tools
to be worked on are to be placed management. and parts from left The layout through to right
is constructed
so that
the shop.
castings painting,
to assembly
Finished
assembly all
could parts
storage.
and components
can be withdrawn
complete
Table
6-3 indicates
shop personnel
more pumps per day. imum jigs tools. automatic and fixtures By changing tooling,
of 20 pumps per day is based on using and using tools single-point cutting semi-
operations
to more complicated,
be increased
to 40 or more completed
personnel. feet (330 square metre) has been allowed depending upon the for
operator
space and his method of setting does not include coke, etc. 181
the molds and pouring. much area around Table 6-4 shows
the cupola
storage
needed foundry
personnel.
Note:
All
measurenents
in feet
and square
feet
6x24
CLEANING,
COATING,
BAKING
16 x 32 = 512
GRINDING 16x32=512
i I i
6x16= ------I------
126
16 = 126 16x16:256
DRILL
PRESS
INSPECTION
L PAINTING
16x16~256
16x32~512
I I
I :
----
I 4
, I I
r-------l
ASSEYSLV 16x24~364
L___--__~__________________I_____J_____i
FIGURE 6-2
I 1 I I
LAYOUT OF POSSIBLE FOUNDRYAND MACHINE SHOP TO PRODUCE A HAND PUKE' , (After Frink and Fannon)
TABLE 6-3 MACHINE SHOP PERSONNEL* Operation Material, handling, (laborers) Grinding Lathes Drill cut off Pipe threading Pipe coating Inspection Tap-die Foreman Total * and painting assembly Press shipping, receiving Number of Persons ~2 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 15
Number of personnel based on a minimum of 20 pumps per day. Frink and Fannon (1967).
After
operation This
is actually amounts
based upon the machine 1200 pieces per week and if two
to about
is estimated
with
to work.
For an increase
more personnel
before
would be shaking
to assist
in pouring, shop.
in the cupola
by the molders
approximately
feet
can be expected
anywhere
to 40 or more completed
An increase
in production
personnel however,
No specifications commercially
are
the smallest
made in the
States
can produce
about half
would occupy a
area in the foundry. TABLE 6-4 FOUNDRYPERSONNEL* Position Molders Core makers Material Foreman Total x handlers Number of Persons 7 1 1 1 10 4300 After
Number of personnel based on pouring pounds (600 pieces) twice per week. Frink and Fannon (1967).
6.2.10
Additional
Information Foundrymen's publishes aspects Society, a large of founding. Golf and Wolf Roads, Des Plains, manuals, and
Techuology profile.
Group (ITDG),
9 King Street,
a foundry
6.3
HAND PUMPS MADE FROM STEEL, WOOD, OR PLASTIC PIPE COMPONENTS An alternative to pumps made of cast pipe components iron components is the use of These are for pipe a or, in
or of welded do obviate
expensive,
but they
of galvanized
a few instances,
is
or and to
-1
....,
Note:
For view 02 assembled ?umc stand and handle, see 'iqure 3-8~
Shinyanga
Shallow
Wells
Project
185
I :. ,j ;. ,b
stand that it
little ball
maintenance. valves
It
might
- an expensive
pump uses a wooden handle galvanized and bolts. that iron pipe
and fittings,
and plate
iron, assembly
The "Shinyanga"
pump stand
resembles
of the "Uganda".
The (PVC)
is a short selected
because
(pH 3) and the high Neoprene ball The valve piston valves seats with
of brass
cylinders
rubber
a steel
(cost
is used in hydraulic
is used in lieu
Several reinforced
features life
Project
project of the
the
at 10 years,
about
however,
lubrication
Provincial
Department throughout
found
Thailand,
pur-
and of maintenance
(Unakul
seamless
pipe.
are used in the check valves; local hardwood This in the handle.
is used
machine
shop.
pump is
in small
in Kenya (Stanley),
FIGURE 6-4
----
------
9
2.5
20cm
T
187
P1
the Philippines Plastics head although bodied 1974; should pipe prototype Beyer,
Zambia (Suphi),
proposed
1975).
(McJunkin, However,
the pump rod may rub and wear the pipe published and others. plans for shallow well plastic
pumps.
6.4
SHOP WELDING AND FABRICATION Machine shop practices Excellent Baumeister; Oberg, are too diverse may be found to readily in widely Lascoe, Rothbart, for summarize available as for standard Le -
guidance
Camm and Collins; Jones, that and Horton; may be useful quality.
Nelson, et -- al.).
Maynard;
section
pump programs
in evaluating
inspection
methods reliance
for for
special regard
inspection
to the general
conformity
specification
the per-
of the inspection
:pn extension
:. .(
may be needed.
i-.
such as a borescope I,_' .' :2 .Ii ._' -.. I; F1 ,:I c, .z '8 'i inside vessels
the inspector
of welds checking
or in confined of physical
dimensions product
are inof
in the finished
the progress
and edges of material scabs and seams. from previous for size
should oxide
be examined films,
for
lam-
be removed.
or otherwise
:; " :~ ._ ;. .i .L : ?' $~ y:. "7 I .; $, ,$. ,i 1':: 2~ .",..i, I.., 9' j-T -. :. ';. :I $7 L'.; i,,? .~. ,I_ II. t2 ";; 8: i. ": :.;; ". 8," e ' i. " <' .L 3" -, A. '.' ;, ,. 2 :,: ,.' y::. hi" i5 /,. :/ ;; I: ',,,. ;,.
aged material preparation, During will rough welding determine bead with Visual finished this
be detected angle,
of fabrication. should
alignment which
the electrode
a speed produces
examination
is usually quality
stage
in the inspection
of a by
weld.
The following L
can usually
be determined
means:
(1) Dimensional accuracy of the weldment (including warpage). (2) Conformity to specification requirements regarding the extent, of the welds. distribution, size, contour and continuity (3) Weld appearance. unfilled craters and crater (4) Surface flaws, such as cracks, porosity, cracks, particularly at the ends of welds, undercutting, etc. Welds should and excessive sional weld. 6.4.2 Machining Machined Cylinders valve seats should be free of flaws, for cracks, crevices, of bore. or pits. Beads of welded be free from cracks, crevices, pits, drastic fillets. penetration undercuts, An occaof the
splatter; piece
and journals
should
be inspected
smoothness
should should
surfaces.
Mating covers
parts, should
inlie and
Pump stand
on the pump stand without versa. aligned. Saw cuts should Longitudinal axis
holes
pipe,
for
3-inch
Jigs A fixture
and Fixtures is a device which a jig holds an article while which for the cutting holds the tool boring, tool is
the wark,
whereas
incorporates Jigs
special
drilling,
etc.,
and grinding. increases to improve production dimensional of parts. rate but makes
accuracy,
and to improve
and interchangeability
6.5 6.5.1
HAND PUMPSMADE BY VILLAGE ARTISANS Wood and Bamboo Reciprocating Until the middle for Pumps wood was a standard material of
interest
in "approproblem,
wooden or bamboo
6-5A and 6-5B show the "DIY" wells. One long unjointed should
in shallow *
length
diameters
have comparable
STROKE
LIMITER,
WOODEN FULCRUMOODEN
T- BAR HANDLE
.-.
;$BOps
,&UBE
OR
After:
FIGURE 6-5A
Chatiketu
BAMBOO
OR PVC
PIPE
191
, .
BAR
..
RUBBER GASKET
PLUNGER (WOOD)
RUBBER
FLAPPER 0-l
-SUCTION VALVE
(FOOT) (FLAPPER
CHECK TYPE)
PEiE
; / -NAIL
PERIMETER WIRES
WATER
INLET
FIGURE 6-5B
BAMBOO
OR Pvc
pine
HAND
puMp
(VALVES)
**vvqv.
ii
9 Xjl
I y
y?T
1 ivy
,.m
,,;a
* _.
/I
plastic
pipe may be substituted wood or bamboo pipes Mann (ITDG); Chain Pumps
for
the bamboo.
References
other
~011~;
in the bibliography
and VITA,
6.5.2
2 are readily
manufactured Village
by Technology
An extremely
simple
available
commercially.
windlass
lifting
device
was
manufactured Their
indigenous limited
materials to shallow,
not convenient,
service.
use is
diameter Hydraulic
wells. Rams ram is readily Complete or Watt). adaptable to manufacture drawings, from standard are readily
instructions,
including
available 6.5.5
Pumps pumps as well artisans. Institute as reciprocating pumps lend themselves to manuby Cana-
by village
Brace Research
may be ordered
from Brace)
is shown in Figure
"TRADITIONAL" WATERLIFTING DEVICES There are numerous oping world, especially types for of water irrigation lifting , which devices in use in the devel-
date back many centuries. and include Except water for the
by usurvival water
shadoofs,
wheels
adopted
supply. 193
-.
--
-----
TIGLRZ 6-6
CIXIN-TY?E 4
F'CMP?rAD9 OF ROE
FIGURE 6-7
6.7
PUMP CYLINDERS The roughness of the cylinder and life. iron wall and consequent Poor machinery cylinders. expensive. cup wear are key in many areas has
inpump
maintenance
in poor quality
cast
Brass is a more suitable However, plastic pipe now is inexpensive, The also
but may be prohibitively available (McJunkin & Pineo, for for 1975).
surface,
an opportunity
of cylinders. cylinders
improving
shows promise
6.8
PUMP LEATHERS (CUP AND VALVES) The manufacture of cup leathers is as much an art level. soak it as a science but
can and has been done locally take industrial onto the plunger(or diameter with edible grease belting
or good harness
object
and drive
the center
neat's-foot), surface.
apply
to the wearing
For "mass production", use wooden boards same diameter lindrical concentrically so that about
blocks,
in diameter, shouid
within
be long enough
the leathers
position.
formulations
chloride
to replace
advantages requiring
of flap
valves
is
that
replacement,
can also
6.9
PUMP HANDLES Many village hand pumps are equipped (1) they with locally made wooden handles. replaced sizes with for locally greater
use in deep
A splinter
wooden handles
stress
may increase
in the failures
197
Bib.
"A Pump Designed for Village Use". American Abbott, Edwin. Committee, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 6 pp. 1955, 1 p. addenda,
Friends 1956.
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International
1958.
Thanh, Nguyen Cong, Pescod, M.B. and Venkitachalam, T.H. "Progress Report/ Evaluation of Simple and Inexpensive Pumps for Community Water Supply Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Systems". Environmental Technology, Bangkok. 15 pp. March, 1975. ,.'Ilr,often, Fredrik. Nairobi, Kenya. "The Petro Pump". Kenya 1st Water Well Drilling 10 pp. 1975. Seminar, 209
Troften,
Fredrik.
"The Petro
Pump".
7-Page press
release.
June 1976.
Unakul, Somnek, and Wood, Bruce T. "A Hand Operated Water Pump". (In English and Thai) .lKorat Provincial Health Department, Thailand. 13 pp. July, 1959. Unakul, Somrek, and Wood, Bruce T. "A Hand Operated Water Pump". Korat i Provincial Health Department, Thailand. 9 pp. Undated. "Assessment of Environmental UNICEF-WHO Joint Committee on Health Policy. Sanitation and Rural Water Supply Programmes, Assisted by the United !1959-1968)"Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization JClG/UNICEF-WH0/69.2, mrld Health Organization, Geneva. 43 pp. 1969. Village UNICEF Headquarters, Drinking Water Program. "Indian-UNICEF-Assisted of the New 'Sholapur' Pump and Water,Supply Programme: Installation Promotion for Pump Maintenance". WS/171/75/6. India. United Nations notes + 1 drawing. Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York. 3 pp. + 3 pp. technical May, 1975. UNICEF Packing and Assembly Centre (UNIPAC). Price List. United Nations Chiidren's Fund 0JNICEF1, Copenhagen, Denmark. 196 pp. July, 1975. Uni$d Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF Guide List OLGA. oSU-6400. UNICEF, New York. 324 pp. 1975. Npte: Prepared in consultation with the World Health Organization, M&rice A. Porter, Consultant. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). "Documents for Local Procurement Cast Iron Hand Pumps". UNICEF Rural Water Supply Workshop. Dacca. Various paging. Mimeo. May, 1976. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services. "Wind-driven I Devices for Pumping Water and Generating Electric Power". Agency for i International Development, Washington. 48 pp. Undated. Valdes-Pinilla, Organization, Raul.
Manila.
of
Marc. Vergnet, 'Experimentation et Optimisation Pompe 5 Main". Bulletin de Comitd Interafricain No. 25. pp. 2-13. May, 1976.
Vitruvius. Morgan.
The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morris Hickey Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 331 pp. 1914. and
Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Construction Maintenance of Water Wells for Peace Corps Volunteers. United States Peace Corps, Washington. 170 pp. 1969.
Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Water Purification, Distribution, and Sewage Disposal. United States Peace Corps, Washington. 243 pp. 1969. Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Village Handbook. Mt. Rainier, Md., U.S.A. 400 pp. Revised 1970. -w 210 Techno>=
Wagner, Edmund G., and Lanoix, J.N. Water Supply for Monograph Series No. 42. World Health Communities. 337 pp. 1959. Walshaw, A.C. and Jobson, D.A. Mechanics London. pp. 484-497. 1962. Ltd., of Fluids.
Rural Areas and Small Organization, Geneva. Longmans, ; Green and Co.
Walters, John David. "Water Supply of the Farmhouse". Kansas State Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 4, Manhattan, Kansas, 43 pp. 1916. Systems for Farm Homes". Farmers' Bulletin Warren, George M. Water U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 68 pp. 1918. Farmers'Bulletin Warren. George M. "Farmstead Water Supply". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 38 pp. 1925.
No. 1448.
on the Automatic Hydraulic Ram for Watt, S.B. "A Manual of Information Technology DevekqmentGroup. London. 37 pp. Pumping Water". Intermediate 1974. Watt, S.B. "Approaches to Water Pumping in West Africa". FAO/DANIDA Seminar on Small Scale Resources Development in West Africa. Ouagadougou. 25 pp. September, 1975. Watt, S.B. "The Mechanical Failure of Village Water Well Pumps in Rural Unpublished memorandum. 6 pp. + 1 fig. + 8 plates (photos). Undated. Areas".
Watt, Simon, Compiler. "21 Chain and Washer Pumps". (From the 1958 Peking Agricultural Exhibition). Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London 48 pp. Undated. Weber, William Transactions 611. 1886. Weisbach, (Trans. Oliver. "Efficiency of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps". American Society of Mechancial Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 598-
Julius and Herrmann, Gustave. The Mechanics of Pumping Machinery. from German). MacMillan and Co., Ltd. London. 300 pp. 1897.
Westcott, G.F. Pumping Machine-. Handbook of the Collections (Science Museum London), Part I - Historical Notes. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 103 pp. 1932. White, C.M. and Denny, D.F. "The Sealing Mechanism of Flexible Packings". Ministry of Supply Scientific and Technical Memorandum No. 3147, H.M.s.o., London. 1948. White, H.S. "Small Oil-Free Bearings". Research Paper 2709, National of Standards, Vol. 57, No. 4. pp. 185 - 203. Washington. 1956. Bureau Water
Wignot, Robert E. "The Condition of UNICEF-Assisted Demonstration Rural Supplies in Kenya". United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Nairobi. 28 pp. December, 1974. Wilki.e,
NO.
Power".
Ergonomics. -
Vol.
3, 211
Wilson, Herbert M. "Pumping Water for Irrigation". Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the UnitedStates Geological Survey No. 1. House i)ocument No. 108, 54th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington. 57 pp. 1869. Irrigation Wilson, S.S. "Pedal Drives for Borehole Pumps and Low Lift Science, Oxford University, Oxford. Pumping". Department of Engineering 12 pp. 1976. Wilson, Warren E. Positive-Displacement Pumps and Fluid Publishing Corp., New York. 250 pp- 3950. Motors. Pitman
Wilson, W.E. "Performance Criteria for Positive-Displacement Pumps and Fluid Motors".Transactions American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 71. pp. 115 - 120. 1949.
Wood, Alan D. "Water Lifters and Pumps for the Developing World". M.S. Thesis. Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, -Ft. Collins, Colo., U.S.A. 303 pp. 1976. World Health Organization, Community Water Supply:Research and Development Tank as a Source of Drinking Water". Unpublished Programme. "The Village document WHC/CWS/RD/69.1 Geneva. 1969. "Community Water Supply and Disposal in Develcping World Health Organization. Countries (End of 1970)". World Health Statistics Report, Vol. 26, No. 11. pp. 720 - 783. 1973. Also see Pineo and Subrahmanyam. World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia (SEARO). "The Bangalore Pump". Document SEA/Env.San./l68 (Restricted). New Delhi. 43 pp. Offset. 1976. Wright, Forrest B. Rural Water Supply Inc. New York. 268 pp. 1939. and Sanitation. John Wiley and Draftsmen. & Sons, Hayden
Yates, Edwin T. Guidebook for Mechanical Designers Book Co., Inc. New York. 148 pp. 1965.
Manual de Ararelhos de Bombeamento de Agua. Zambel, Alfranio R., Editor. Escola de Engenharia de Szo Carlos. S'ao Paulo. 275 pp. See especially Chapters IV (pp. 44-63) and VII (pp. 131-142) on piston pumps and chain pumps resp. 1969.
212
LIST OF MANUFACTURERS' LITERATURE Abidjan Industrie. (Cote d'Ivoire) ";?indmills." Aermotor. (U.S.A.) Atlas "Pompe Alternative 6 pp. - ABI Type 'Ml." 4 pp.
C0pCO. "Uganda Hand Pumps." 4 pp. (Sweden) Jacks, Pumps & Well Castings. Supplies." "Balaji 2 pp. 8 pp. 2 pp.
Baker Mfg. CO. "Monitor (U.S.A.) Balaji Beatty. Blake, Borja Briau Industrial (India)
& Agricultural
Pumps."
and Windmills."
"Blake Hydrams." Publication No. 650. 6 pp. "Double Acting Piston Pumps." Publication No. 654. 4 pp8 pp.
"Pompes a Bras." 4 pp. S.A. (France) "Serie Superieure Royale." 2 pp. "La Pompe Africa." 7 pp. "Eoliennes pour pompage de l'eau." "Pompe Elevatrice 'l'Africaine'."
2 pp. 4 pp.
Clayton Mark & Co. "Water Well Systems." 2 pp. "Instructions for Installation." (U.S.A.) Craelius Terratest. "Hand Pumps." 4 pp. (Kenya & Uganda) I Dandekar Bros. (India) "Javakar Inc. Pump." 1 p.
7 pp.
"Pumps and Cylinders." 8 pp. "Pumps and Water Systems." Catalog. "PVC Cylinder." 2 pp. "Model 23F or 23F (CS)-Ex." 4 pp. (Type I & TI).~' Ram." 4 pp. Lift
8 PP.
Deplechin Pompes. "Pompes a Volant and Spanish. (Belgium) Douglas, W & B, Pump Co. "Hydraulic (U.S.A.)
lp
_i
English
Drilling .I
S.L, Ltd.
"Bombas para POZOS." 68 pp. "Godwin Hand Pumps (Models 'HLD', "Godwin Pump Cylinders." 4 pp. for Home & Farm." 'HLS', Catalog 'WlH', Ix*)#I1 4 pp.
Heller-Aller Co. "Water Supplies (U.S.A.) IquiKiz S.A. "Lag0 Bombas." (Argentina) 5 pp.
Kawamoto Pump Mfg. Co. "Kawamoto Dragon Hand Pump (Model No. 2C & No. ZD)." (Japan) Kitrick Mgmt. Co. "GEM G.I. (U.S.A.) "Kumar Lift "Oasis "Patsy Pressure Ltd. Chain Pump." 2 pp. Hand Pumps." 2 pp. Pump." 4 pp. Pump." 5 pp. Pump DSP 20-15." 10 pp.
4 pp.
Lee, Howl & Co. Ltd. (U.K.) Maurer, A. "Impact (U.S.A.) Maya Eng. Works Pty. (India) Menqin, Ets. Pierre. (France)
"Hydra-Pumpe Vergnet." 18 pp. "Instructions pour l'emploi des Hydro-Pompes 'Vergnet'." Notice No. 821. 15 pp. "Vergnet Hydro-Pump." Report to World Bank. 6 pp. Ltd. "Mono "Mono "Mono "Mono "Mono Rotary Hand Pump." 7 Lift Borehole Pumps." Pumps - Applications." Pumps - Installation - Borehole Turbolift Tank Pumps." 2 pp. pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. Instructions." Pumps." 4 pp.
5 pp.
Co. "Force
"The Petro Pump." 4 pp. "Performance Tests of the Petro Eng. "The Kangaroo
-" 1 p.
Hydraulic (U.S.A.)
Ram." Various
214
Hochfer, Industries (Brazil) Standard Pressed (U.S.A.) ._ .' ;i ';: I "4, ,) :: aStewarts & Lloyds. (South Africa)
Mec&icas Steel
Ltda.
8 pp. Pins." 1 p.
"Hand Pumps."
Tsuda Shiki Pump Mfg. Co. "Tsuda Shiki (Japan) Vammalan Konepaja (Finland) Warner Danby Corp. (U.S.A.) Oy. "NIRA Pressure
"Hand and Windmill Force Pumps." 2 pp. "Complete Water Well Supplies for Farm and Home." Catalog No. 31. 10 pp. "Windmills. House Force Pumps." Various paging. Ltd. "Southern Cross Hand Operated Diaphragm Pump." 2 pp.
215
Annex
LIST
OF PARTICIFANTS
IN INTERNATIONAL
WORKSHOP ON HANDPUMPS
University of Science and Technology, ABROBAH-CUDJOE, Dr. A., Faculty of Engineering, I Kumasi, Ghana ATALLAH, S., Ministry of Public Health, Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia DE AZEVEDO NETTO, Professor J-M., University of Sao Paula, Rua Padra Zoao Yanoul 1039, 01411 Sao Paula, Brazil Division of Environmental and Sanitation Unit, BALLANCE, Dr. R-C., Community Water Supply Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland BENNELL, B.M.U., Ministry of Overseas Development, Eland House, Stag Place, London SWIE 5DH, England Shallow Wells Programme, Shinyanga Region, P.O. Box 169, Shinyanga, Tanzania BONNIER, C-J., CHAKRAVARTY, Dr. A., Mechanical Engineerinq Research and Development Oroanization, CSIR, Campus, Adyar, Madras 600020, India CHAINARONG, L., Community Water Supply Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Devaves Palace, Bangkok, Thailand Intermediate Technology Development Group, 36 Derby COWAN, A.D., Industrial Liaison Unit, Leicestershire LEl@, England Road, Hinckley, WHO, c/o WHO Representative to Indonesia, P-0. Box 302, Jakarta, Indonesia EMMANUEL, V.J., FANNON. R.D., Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, 505 Kinq Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, U.S.A. FREEDMAN, J., Public Utilities Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A. GAGARA, G., Cornit Inter-Africain d'Etudes Hydrauliques (C.I.E.H.), B.P. 369, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta International Development Research Centre, HENRY, D.. Population and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada KlG 3H9 Government of the People's Republic Department of Public Health Engineering, HUSSAIN, M.A., Dilkosha Commercial Area, Dacca, Bangladesh of Bangladesh, 12/c. JAGTIANI, K., Water Supply and Sanitation Section, UNICEF Regional Office, 11 Jorbagh, New Delhi 11003, India Public IUtility Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, N.W., JOURNEY, W-K., Consultant, Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Comisi& Constructora e Ingenierla LEON DE LA BARRA, F., Direction deoAgua Potable y Drenaje, Sanitaria S.A.A., Durango 81-2 Piso, Mexico 7, D.F. Mexico P-0. Box M194, Accra, Ghana OSEI ?OKU, K., Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, Engineering Exoeriment Station, Georgia POTTS, P.W., Economic Development Laboratory, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 303<2, U.S.A. RAU, B.B., Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, Ministry of Works and Housing, Government of India, New Delhi, India ROBERTSON, L.H., Department of Community Development, P.O. Box 5700, Limbe, Malawi SCHUTHOF, J., Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals, P.O. Box 9153, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania SHAWCROSS, J.F. UNICEF, P.O. Box 58, Dacca, Bangladesh SUKAPRADJA, D., Provincial Health Office, West Java, Jalan Prof. Eykman 45, Bandung, Indonesia Agricultural Mechanization Department, 459 Prom, U NGWE SAN, Rural Water Supply Division, Road, Rangoon, Burma YILMA, W.E., Relief and RehabilitationCommission, P.O. Box 5685, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Consultant MCJUNKICJ, F.E., Environmental Services North Carolina 27514, U.S.A. Observer MEINARDI, C., National the Netherlands Secretariate WHO International Reference VAN DAPIME, J.M.G. HOFKES, E.H.A. HESSING, E.L.P. Administrative support: KEIJZER, Miss Peggy Centre for Community Water Supply, Voorburq (The Hague), the Netherlands
Corooration,
P.O.
Box 2427,
Chaoel
Hill,
Institute
for
Water
Supply,
P.O.
Box
150,
Leidschendam
(The Hague),
Annex B
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
of this
report
was sponsored
jointly
Nations
Programme (UNEP) and the World Health have contributed interviews or otherwise. acknowledged: A., University of Science Regional D-C., to the preparation and access to written The cooperation
through
of the following
Abrobah-Cudjoe, Acheson, Allison, Atallah, Ballance, Bennell, Beyer, Bonnier, Chainarong, Chakravarty, Madras, Codrea, M.A., Y.V., S.,
Kumasi,
Ghana
New Delhi,
India
Tunis,
Organization,
of Overseas
UNICEF, New York, U.S.A. Engineers, C.J., DHV Consulting L., Ministry of.Pub1i.c Health,
Amersfoort, Bangkok,
A., Mechanical Engineering Research India in Technical Assistance, G-R., Volunteers Unit, Intermediate
and Development Mt. Rainier, Technology Washington U.S.A. Ohio, London, U.S.A. Indonesia
Liaison Cowan, A-D., Industrial Group, Hinckley, England Donaldson, Dufford, Fannon, Freedman, D., Pan American H., Dempster R.D., J., Jr., WHOSanitary Battelle ROSS Institute Industries,
Health
D-C., d'Etudes
Hydrauliques,
Centre, Agency,
Protection
Enqineerinq,
Office,
New-Delhi,
India
219
Journey, Kuttner,
D.C.,
U.S.A. Institute,
Manila, Philippines
Rice Research
Leon de la Barra, F., Comisidn Constructora e Ingenieria Mexico, Mexico Development Research Centre, McGarry, M.G., International McJunkin, Meinardi, Mengin, Moore, F.E., Ets. Environmental Institute Montargis, Moore Co., Services France Lake Ziirich, International England of Technology, Engineering Atlanta, Ill., U.S.A. Development, Corporation, C., National Pierre, W. Clayton for Water Supply,
Netherlands
D.C.,
Il.
Institute Health
Georgia, Lahore,
II
Public
Department,
Pakistan
B.B.,
CPHEEO, Ministry L.H., A., L., C., J., C-D., Ogarrio, J.F., Department
UNICEF, Dacca, Bangladesh IWACO Consulting Engineers, Energy D.C., Bandung, and Minerals, U.S.A. Sanitaria y Ciencias of Water, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Ministry
World Bank, Washington Centro Panamericano Lima, Peru Arusha Pilot Project, Health UNICEF, Nairobi, U.S. Agency for Petro,
Sperandio, O.A., de1 Ambiente, Stanley, Stapleton, Sukapradja, Swisher, Trbften, Unakul, Unrau, Watt, Yilma, R.J., C.K., A.D., P.F.,
de Ingenieria Arusha,
D., Provincial
Bandung,
International
-S., WHOSouth East Asia Regional G.O., S.B., W.E., Rockefeller International Relief
and Rehabilitation
220
A PARTIAL DIRECTORY OF HAND PUMP MANUFACTURERS * ARGENTINA Iquiniz Sociedad Hortiquera 1882 Buenos Aires Argentina ("Lago") ("Brisa") ("Aeromotor") AUSTRALIA John Drake and Son Pty. 391-403 Bourke Street Melbourne Australia Intercolonial Boring 450-466 Ann Street Brisbane Australia netters Murray House 77-79 Grenfell Adelaide Australia Ltd. Anonmia Toowoomba Foundry Pty. 259 Ruthven Street Toowoomba, Qld. 4350 Australia BANGLADESH Bangladesh Light Casting, Dacca Eastern Foundry, Dacca Essential Products Ltd., Dacca National Iron Foundry, Khulna Dacca Unique Metal Industry, Zahed Metal Industries, Bogra All above and several other small foundries may be contacted through UNICEF Supply Section UNICEF Dacca P-0. Box 58 Dacca Bangladesh BELGIUM 7 Ateliers Deplechin Avenue de Maire, 28 B-7500 Tournai Belgium Duba S.A. Nieuwstraat B-9200 Wettern Belgium ("Tropic I", Tropic Ltd.
Co. Ltd.
Street
Southern Cross Engine and Windmill Co. Pty. Ltd. Grand Avenue Granville Sydney, New South Wales Australia (manufacturing under name of 'Toowoomba")
II")
,', _,
This list is intended solely as a source of information on addresses of manufacturers of hand pumps and hand pump components. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement, recommendation, warranty, or evaluation of any listed manufacturer's products. Similarly, omission from this list is not a rejection. This list was compiled by the author on the basis of a brief survey. Its accuracy or currency has not been fully verified. Corrections and additions are welcomed. Names of some manufacturers' hand pump models are shown in parenthesis, for example ("Lago") is a series of hand pumps manufactured in Argentina by IqUiniz S.A. 221
BRAZIL Industrias Mechanicas Caixa Postal 194 Franca, S"ao Paulo Brazil (water operated piston CANADA -Beatty Bros. Limited Fergus, Ontario Canada ("Beatty") ("Dominion") Monarch Machinery Winnipeg Canada ("Monarch") Co. Ltd. Rochfer Ltd.
FRANCE Les Pompes Andr& 37150 Bldrd France ("SOlO") ("Majestic") ("Celtic") Bodin
pumps)
Ets. Pierre Mengin Zone Industrielle d'Amilly B.P. 163 45203 Montargis France ("Hydropompe Vergnet") Briau S.A. B.P. 43 37009 Tours Ceder. France ("Royale") ("Murale") ("Aral") ("Classique") ("Africa") (Hydraulic Rams) Etablissements Champenois Chamouilley 52710 Chevillon France ("l'Africain", chain type of pump using a nylon band) GERMANY (Federal Republic Vogel
Of)
Robbins and Myers Company of Canada Limited Brantford, Ontario Canada ("Mcyno")
Ltd . Tri-Canada Cherry Burrell Mississauga, Ontario Canada (Helical rotor-stator type)
CHINA (People's
Republic
of)
China National Machinery and Export Corporation Kwangtung Branch 61 Yanjiang Yilu Kwangchow People's Republic of China ("SB 38-l", "SB 40-l") CZECHOSLOVAKIA Vaclavske Namesti Praha Czechoslovakia ("Intersigma") FINLAND Vammalan Konepaja 38200 Vammala Finland ("Nira") Oy 60
Preussag Aktiengesellschaft Kunststoffe und'armaturen Postfach 9, Eixer Weg D-3154 Stederdorf, Kr. Peine West Germany (PVC casing, screens, cylinders) Pumpenfabrik Beyer 2400 Lubeck 1 Glockengiesserstrasse West Germany
61
INDIA .Halaji Industrial and Agricultural Hill Street Ranigunj Secunderabad-3 India - Jalna Type) ("Balaji" Charotar Iron Factory opp. New Ramji Mandir Anand. Gujarat India.
Wasp Type)
Castings
Maya
Engineering works Private Ltd. 2OOA Shyamaprosad Mukherjee Road Calcutta-700 026 India ("Maya Nos. 4, 5, 6")
Mohinder & Co. Kurali, Dist. Ropar Punjab India (low-lift pumps) Richardson and Crudass Ltd. (A Govt. of India undertaking) Madras India Senco Industries A-12, Coimbatore Private Estate Coimbatore-21 India ("Scnco", also Jalna) Industrial
Coimbatore Water and Agricultural Development Project 69 Venkatasami Road, R.S. Puram Coimbatore 641002 India (Jalna Type) Dandekar Brothers Shivaji Nagar Factory Sangli Maharashtra India ("Jai Javahar") Gujarat Small Industries Nanavati Estate, near Chakudia Mahadeo Rakhial, Ahmedabad-23 India ("Kirti" 1 Area
Ltd.
Sholapur Well Service 560/59 South Sadar Bazaar Civil Lines Sholapur-3 Maharashtra India (non-commercial manufacturer Jalna Type) Vadala Hand Pump Marathi Mission Ahmednagar Maharashtra India (non-commercial manufacturer Jalna Type) Water supply Specialists Post Box 684 Bombay-l India ("Wasp") IVORY COAST Abidjan Industries Boite Postal 343 45, Rue Pierre et Marie-Curie Abidjan Zone 4c Ivory Coast (ABI-type "M") ("Africa")
of
JPSR Company (Mittra Das Ghose & Co. I Howrah, near Calcutta India (low-lift & deep well pumps) Kumar Industries P-0. Edathara 678611 Palghat District, Kerala India (several models) Lifetime Products Post Box No. 102 Jodhpur India Wasp Type)
of Ltd.
State Private
Corporation
Marathwade Sheti Sahayya Mandal Jalna. Dist. Auranaabad Maharashtra India II.' (Originator and non-commercial manufacturer of Jalna Type)
223
SAFICOCI B.P. 1117 Ivory Coast ("Africa" Agent for Pompes Briau) JAPAN Kashima Trading Co., P.O. Box 110 Higoshi, Nagoya Japan Limited
Dong Tek Foundry 699 Elcano Street Manila Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) M/S Sea Commercial Co., 3085 R, Magsaysay Blvd. V. Crus, St. Mesa Manila Philippines (Kawamoto Licensee) New Asia Foundry Mfg. 272 Rizal Avenue Ext. Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) Inc. Cor
Kawamoto Pump Mfg. Co. Ltd. P.O. Box Nagoya Naka No. 25 Nagoya Japan ("Dragon") ("NO . 2 (C) and (D)") Tsuda Shiki Pump Mfg. Co. Ltd. 2658 Mimani-Kannon-Machi Hiroshima Prefecture Japan ("Keibogo") ("Delta") KENYA Atlas Copco Terratest Ltd. Norwich Union House P-0. Box 40090 Nairobi Kenya ("Kenya" previously "Uganda") MALAGASYREPUBLIC Comptoirs Sanit.ares B.P. 1104 Tananarive Malagasy Republic ("Mandritsara") NETHERLANDS Pijpers International Engineering Nijverheidsstraat 21 P.O. Box 138 Nijkerk Netherlands ("Kangaroo Pump") PHILLIPINES nc. Avenue Mfg. Co. '1: P.O. Box 3629 Manila Phillippines (Pitcher Pumps) Water Supp lY de Madagasca r
City
Occidental Foundry Corp. Km. 16 McArthur Highway Malanday, Vanlenzuela Bulacan Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) ("England" deep well) Triumph Metal Mfg. Corp. P.O. Box 572 Manila Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) SENEGAL SISCOMA B.P. 3214 Dakar Senegal (various pumps, some of French origin) SOUTH AFRICA Stewarts and Lloyds Windmill Division P.O. Box 74 Vereniging 1930 South Africa of South Africa Ltd.
Southern Cross Windmill and Engine Co. (Pty.) Ltd. Nuffield Street Bloemfontein South Africa SPAIN Bombas Borja Avda. P. Emilio Valencia Spain Baro 25
Gens, S.L.
Burjasot,
54
Consallen Structures Ltd. 291 High Street Epping, Essex. CM16 4BY United Kingdom ("Consallen") English Drilling Equipment Co. Ltd. Lindley Moor Road Hudders Field, Yorkshire HD3 3RW United Kingdom ("EDECO") H.J. Godwin Ltd. Quenington, Cirencaster Gloucestershire GL7 5BX United Kingdom ("WlH") ( "X" ) ("HLD") ("HLS") Jobson & Beckwith Ltd. 62-6 Southwark Rridge Road London SE1 United Kingdom (Diaphragm) Lee, Howl & Co. Limited Alexandria Rd., Tipton, West Midlands DY4 8TA United Kingdom ("Oasis") ("Colonial") Mono Pumps (Engineering) Mono House Sekforde Street Clerkenwell Green London EClR ORE United Kingdom ("Mono-lift") Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Grande Road Cwmbran Mon United Kingdom (Diaphragm) Stanhope Engineers 92 Harris Street Bradford BDl 5JA United Kingdom (Hand Lift and Lift (Bradford) Ltd. Limited
Spanish
parket)
i : r.r i i!. :.
TANZANIA Shallow Wells Programme Shinyanga Region P-0. Box 168 Shinyanga Tanzania
',
::,~j. fi5.
Drilling
UNITED KINGDOM Autometric Pumps Ltd. Waterside Maidstone Kent United Kingdom I* ,- <,.,(Rotary vam) 1. 3, Bar&lay, Kellett ..: Joseph Street Bradford, Yorks, United Kingdom (Rotary Vane) Barnaby Engineering Bourne Road Bexley, Kent United Kingdom ("Climax") & Co. Ltd. BD3 9HL
Co.,
Ltd.
,. ,.
^:. I.. -.
John Blake Limited s;: t. P.O. Box 43 6,',:,, :;L/.. :;-:, rt' :~y.:i- ; Royal Works _,/ii,! .'.A .".Accrington, Lancashire &.;: :', r;,;-.., I & 7:. 'United Kingdom ("Hydrams")
and Force)
BB5 5LP
Thomas & Son, Limited P.O. Box 36 Worcester United Kingdom ("Climax")
225
Wilkinson Rubber Linatex Stanhope Road Camberely Surrey United Kingdom (Diaphragm) UNITED STATES Aeromotor 800 E. Dallas Broken Arrow, United States (discontinued but Argentine
Ltd.
F.E. Meyers & Bro. Co. 400 Orange Street Ashland, Ohio 44805 United States of America Rife Hydraulic Engine Mfg. Co. Box 367 Milburn, New Jersey United States of America ("Rife Ram")
in U.S.,
Baker Manufacturing Company 133 Enterprise St. Evansville Wisconsin 53536 United States of America ("Monitor") Colombiana Pump co. 131 E. Railroad Columbiana, Ohio 4408 United States of America Dempster Industries, Inc. Box 848 Beatrice, Nebraska 68310 United States of America ("23~") Heller-Aller Perry and Oakwood Streets Napoleon, Ohio 43545 United States of America ("Heller Aller") ('IH.A.@~) Kitrick Management Company 4039 Creek Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45241 United States of America ("Gem" chain pump") Mark Controls Corporation International Division 1900 Dempster Street Evanston, Illinois 60204 United States of Al&:ica ("Clayton Mark" cylinders, valves and leathers) A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. P.O. Box 508 Dubuque, Iowa 52001 United States of America ("Red Jacket")
Annex D
INTERNATIONAL AGENCYABBREVIATIONS
Agency for CARE CIEH IBRD Cooperative Inter-African International International International Intermediate Oxford
i, ,.. ,
Development Relief
(U.S.)
Hydraulic
Development
Committee
PAHO
llNF!P
Health
Environment Educational,
VITA
in Technical Organization
227
Annex E
LENGTH 1 Inch 1 Foot 1 Meter (in) (cm) (ft) (m) = = = = AREA 1 Square inch 1 Square foot 1 Square meter (in") (cm') (ft2) (m2) = = = =
6.4516 0.1550 2.54
(cm)
1 Centimeter
0.394
0.3048 3.281
Square centimeter Square inch Square meter Square foot (in2) (m2) (ft2)
(cm2)
1 Square centimeter
0.0929 10.764
1 U.K. gallon*(UK
DISCHARGE 1 U.S. gallon (US gal/min) 1 U.K. gallon*per (UK gal/min) 1 Liter 1 Liter per second per second (l/see) (l/set)
= =
15.85 13.12
=
=
227.12
Liters Liters
272.77
(kg)
cI also
gallon
inch
(psi)* centi-
KilogrmeS
= = = POWER
1 Horsepower 1 Kilowatt
(hp) (kw)
= =
0.7457 1.341
Kilowatt
Hor5epower
tkw)
(hp)
6 Also:
&f/in'