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Pw Technical

MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBRARY


in Asia

Paper No. 10

by: F. Eugene McJunkin Published by: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands Available from: International Reference Water Supply P.O. Box 5500 2280 HM Rijswijk The Netherlands Centre for Community

Centre

for

Community

Reproduced by permission of the International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and' Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document

July 1977

Hand Pumps
Published under the joint sponsorship of the

United Nations Environment Programme


and the

World Healtli Organization

Technical Paper Series

ABSTRACT Hand Pumps for Use in Drinking Water Supplies in Developing Refe!cc>nce Countries. Technical Paper No. 10, International Centre for Community Water Supply, Vtiorburg (The Hague,), the Netherlands. Various paging (approx. 210 pp.). July 1$77. A state of the art report. Topics discussed include rationale for use of hand pumps, history of hand pumps, description of various types of hand pumps (including reciprocating, diaphragm, rotary, helical rotary, bucket, chain, windlass, and various traditional low lift, slowmoving water lifting devices used since ancient times). The principles of operation; nomenclature; hydraulic, struct:lral, and energy analysis ; and the design of each component of reciprocating hand pumps are described with examples. Also administration of hand pump programmes with emphasis on installation and maintenance practices. Recent handpump research and indigenous pumps manufactured with plastic, steel, wood, and bamboo components. A final chapter described manufacture of pumps in foundries, machine shops, and using intermediate technology. , Key words: Hand pumps, rural water supply, developing countries, reciprocating pumps, appropriate technology, hand pump design, hand pump maintenance, hand pump manufacture, hand pump research and development.

Bstabtished

in

Intarnatica?l Organization wide nstvork

1966 at the Netherlands National Inetttute for Water Supply in Voorburg (The HaSue), the WHO Refarenca Centra for Cosaounity Water Supply (IRC) Is based on an agreement between the World Health and rhe Netherlands Covernmnnt, In close contact with WHO, the IRC operatee aa the nexus of a worldof regional and national collaborating lnstitutione, both in developing and industrislired countries.

Ilie general objective of the IRC ia to promote Operating 11%a cstelyat, the IRC works closely egsncics. national eritittes and indivtduels.

incarnational together with

cooperation in the field of community wter supply. its colloboreting institutions as veil 88 international Reference

Requerta for information on the IRC, or enquiries on epecific problems may be directed to the Inrernstional Centre for Comnunicy Water Supply, Information Section, P.O. Bow 140, 2260 AC Leidschendsm, the Nalherlsnds.

INTERNATIONALREFERENCECENTRE FOR COMMUNITYWATERSUPPLY

HAND

PUMPS

FOR USE IN DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES


PREPARED BY F. EUGENE McJUNKIN

Published under the joint sponsorship of the

UNITED NATIONS ENVI,NMENT

PROGRAMME

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Technical Paper no. 10 July 1977

NW. Havenstraat 6, Voorburg (The Hague) The Netherlands Postal Address: P.O. Box 140,226OAC Leidschendam, The Netherlands

The information on hand pumps as consolidated in this handbook, has been collected in the course of several years. The material was reviewed and evaluated during 1976 and t:le first half of 1977. Every attempt has been made to include all information considered pet tinent. While comprehensive on the subject of hand pumps, the handbook is not claimed to be either exhaustive or final. Certain hand pump development or test programmes may have escaped the serrch work, research efforts for : Iformation. Besides, new information and data of relevance will no doubt continue to result from on-going hand pump programmes. The present 8 some future document, stage. It therefore, is likely to require revision at is intended to undertake this work when appropriate.

Readers are invited to give their comments and suggestions for any changes , corrections and additions which they consider necessary or useful . Such contributions will be gratefully accepted and used in the future revision of the handbook, and will be duly acknowledged therein. Communications should be directed to: International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply, P.O. Box 140, 2260 AC Leidschendam, the Netherlands. E.H.A. Hofkes Project Coordinator

This

report

is issued Centre for the decisions

on the responsibility Community Water Supply. crthe stated policy Nations

of the WHOInternational It does not necessarily the World Health Programme. of either

Reference represent Organization 2

or the United

Environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section --.-_Page

PREFACE.......................... EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION ....................... 1.1 1.2 1.3 ................... Background .... .................. Sources of Information ................ Limitations of the Report.

9 11 19 19 22 23 25 25 26 28 29 31 31 33 35 35 36 38 41 41 41 43 49 56 62 74 82 83 86 87 88 88 90

TYPES OF HAND PUMPS. . . . . . . . . ........... 2.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.2 Shallow Well Reciprocating Lift PiImp ........... 2.3 Deep Well Reciprocating Lift Pump. . ........... 2.4 Reciprocating Force Pumps. . . . . . ........... 2.5 Diaphragm Force Pump . . . . . . . . ........... 2.6 Rotary Pump- . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.7 Bucket Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.8 Chain Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.9 Sanitary Rope and Bucket Mechanism . ........... 2.10 Hydraulic Ram. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2.11 Traditional Water Lifting Devices. . ........... 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 HAND PUMPS: STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY. ........... ......................... General. ....................... Nomenclature .................. Fundamental Hydraulics ................... Structural Analysis. ..................... Energy Analysis. ..................... Handle Assembly. .............. Connections, Pins and Bearings Pump Stand (Standard, Barrell, Head, Hydrant, Pump Body, Column). .......................... Pump Cap (Cover, Cap, Ring, Top) ............. Pump Rod (Connecting Rod, Plunger Rod, Piston Rod, Sucker Rod, Well Rod). .................. Drop Pipe (Riser, Riser Pipe, Rising Main, Discharge .......... Pipe, Sucker Pipe, Suction Lift Pipe). ............ Suction Pipe (also see Drop Pipe). Plunger Assembly (Plunger, Piston, Bucket, Lift Bucket, Sucker) .......................... Cup Seals (Cups, Buckets, Plunger Cups, Piston Cups, ........ Leathers, Packing Cups, Packing Leathers).

Section 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Bib. L. Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex E Valves (see text for different names) ........... ........................ Cylinders. Cost Comparison of Alternative Hand Pumps. ........ ................. Hand Pump Specifications ADMINISTRATION OF A HAND PUMP PROGRAMME. ......... Organization ....................... Planning and Engineering ................. Installation ............ Maintenance. ............

Paee 91 96 99 103 107 107 109 109 116


.

.' .......... .' ..........

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HAND P'UMPS . . . . . . . . = ON Historical . s a . s e a . - a . a . - - - - * a . . s s AID/Battelle Hand Pump Development . * . . . * * * . Study of Existing Hand Pumps for Shallow Tube Wells near Calcutta . . . . . . . . . . s . s . . * - - s - s . . . WHO/lJNICEFhndia 0268 Study and Development of Deep We!1 Hand Pumps (the ijangalore Pump) . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNICEF/Bangladesh Shallow Well Hand Pump Development . . ComitP Inter-Africain d'Etudes Hydrauliques (CIEH) Studies in Upper Volta including the Hydro-Pompe Vergnet Other Research and Development . . . . . . . . . - . . . Intermediate Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Observations . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . I .
l l

131 131 132 137 139 147 152 158 167 168 171 171 172 184 188 190 193 196 196 197 199

. *
.

. .
.

. . .

LOCAL MANUFACTURE HAND PUMPS.............. OF Background ........................ Conventional Cast Iron Hand Pumps ............. Hand Pumps made from Steel, Wood or Plastic Shop Welding and Fabrication ............... Hand Pumps made by Village Artisans ............ "Traditional" Water Lifting Devices ............ ...................... Pump Cylinders Pump Leathers (Cup and Valves) .............. Pump Handles ....................... Bibliography List List List ....................... Literature in International ................... ........... ............ ............. .............

Pipe Components

of Manufacturers' of Participants of Contributcrs

213

Workshop on Hand Pumps 217 219 221 227 229

Directorp International Conversion

of Hand Pump Manufacturers Agency Abbreviations of Measurement Units

FIGURES

Section

Page

Summary 1 1-1 1-2 2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 4 4-l 4-2 4-3

"The Farmyard

Pump".

................. is

13 19 24 27 27 29 30 31 31 32 32 34 34 36 37 39 42 44 45 47 52 54 65 67 68 71 73 73 75 84 89 93 IO2 111 112 113

Population of most Developing Countries ................. predominantly rural. How a Hand Pump (System) Works ............

Typical Shallow Well Lift Pump ........... Illustration of Operation of Plunger-type Pump .... Deep Well Lift Pump. ................. Force Pumps. ..................... Cross-Section of a Diaphragm Pump. .......... Cross-Section of a Rotary Pump ............ Cross-Section of semi-Rotary Pump. .......... Cross-Section of Helical Rotor Pump. ......... Bucket Pump. ..................... Chain Pump ...................... ........... A Sanitary Rope and Bucket Well. Typical Hydraulic Ram. ................ Improved Dug Well and Counterweighted Bailer used in ................... the Philippines. ................ Hand Pump Nomenclature Swept Cylinder Volume. ................ .......... Nomograph for Hand Pump Discharge. Static Head for Hand Pumps .............. ........ Dynamometer Measured Pump Rod Tension. Mechanical Advantage of Pump Handle as a Lever .... Handle Geometry. ................... Lever and Linkage Mechanisms for Vertical Operation of Pump Rods without Lateral Movement. ........ Examples of Rotary Crank and Wheel Operated Reciprocating Hand Pumps ............... Indigenous Hand Pump Stand and Handle developed by Care/Tunisia ..................... .................. Forces at Fulcrum. ......... "Uganda" Hand Pump (Deep Well Type). Calculation of Bearing Pressure for Plain Bearings . . Hand Pump with Stuffing Box and Guided Pump Rod suitable for Use as a Force Pump. ; , . . :. . . . . . . . . . Detail of Plunger Assembly , . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pump Cylinders and Pump Cylinder Valves. . . . . . . . Heavy Use of Hand Pump in Developing Countries . . . . Hand Pump Installation in Wells and Infiltration Galleries. ...................... An Alternative Source of Water ............ .......... Hand Pump with Inadequate Drainage

Section

Page -Maintenance Needs of Hand Pump Components. Page From Laotian Hand Pump Maintenance for (original in Laotian and English). . . . . 4-6a Care and Maintenance of the Hand Pump (open spout discharge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6b To Replace Cup Seals in Cylinders Requiring PumpRod......................,. 4-4 4-5 . . . . . . . Field Use . , . . . . . cylinder . . . . . . . Removal of . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . .

hi

127 128 129 130 133 134 142 143 144 146 148 151 153 155 157 159
160

5-la 5-lb 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14

. . Battelle Pumps - Shallow Well Configuration. . . . . Battelle Pump - Deep Well Configuration. Pump Handle Heights for Operating (Dis)Comfort . Examples of Common Defects in Handle Fulcrum Link Assembly... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing and Design Defects in India Manufactured Deep-Well Hand Pumps. . . . . . . . Bangalore Pump Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . New No. 6 Hand Pump (Bangladesh) . . . . . . . . Two Hand Pumps used in West Africa. . . . . . . Hydro-Pompe Vergnet Schematic Arrangement . . . Hydro Pump "Vergnet". . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sholapur Deep Well Hand Pump Top End Mechanism . U.S.T. (Kumasi) Type Hand Pump . . . . . . . . . The Petro Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Hand Pump . - . The "Kangaroo" Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163 166 175 182 185 187 191 192 194 195

Typical Foundry Layout and Equipment . . . . . . . . . Layout of Possible Foundry and Machine Shop to Produce aHandPump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Shinyanga Hand Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 Pump made in Korat (Thailand) of Pipe Components . . . 6-5a Bamboo or PVC Pipe Hand Pump (General) . . . . . . 6-5b Bamboo or PVC Pipe Hand Pump (Valves). . . . . . . . : 6-6 Chain-type Pumpmade of Rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 Diaphragm Pump (Bodek) . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-1 6-2

TABLES

Section

Paee

3-l 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8

Maximum Suction Head of Reciprocating Hand Pumps ... At different Altitudes for Water at 60F (15.6oC). Maximum Head for Comfortable Operation of Deep Well HandPump ....................... Man Generated Power .................. Windmill Pumping Rates Showing Discharge in U.S. Gallons ............. per Minute (Liters per Minute) ............ Coefficients of Sliding Friction Costs of Specialized Bearing Purchased from Bearing Manufacturers ..................... Minimum Diameter of Drop Pipe. ............. Number Categorization of Hand Pumps by Performance Required (Example) ................... Common Hand Pump Troubles and Remedies ......... Schedule for Maintenance of Simple Hand Pumps. .....

50 56 57 63 78 80 87 104 122 126 140 161 172 173 183 184

4 15

4-1 4-2 5-l 5-2

Field Observations on Users of Deep Well Hand Pumps in ................. Karnataka State, India Pumping Tests of Prototype Petro Pump. ......... .......... Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron. Foundry Coke Specification Weight by Percent ................. Machine Shop Personnel Foundry Personnel. ................... ......

6-l 6-2 6-3 6-4

PREFACE Drinking attention. or dug wells water supplies in developing safe water is being countries arc receiving increased

In many circumstances, and greater attention

can be provided focused

from tubewells

on hand pumps used to

draw the water. Comprehensive than ever, and reliable information available. Organization 1975, agreed Following (WHO), the United to partially finance with Nations the on hand pumps is more in demand

but as yet not readily

On the request Environment preparation

of the World Health

Programme (UNEP), in April of a handbook on handpumps. Reference the project. with Centre for

consultations

WHO,

the International to undertake

Community Water Supply

(IRC) agreed

Under an agreement report, expressed and to him credit for

the IRC, Mr. F.E. McJunkin go in the first place.

prepared Appreciation

the present is evaluating

should

the devoted information

and extensive and writing

work he did this report. and his

in gathering,

and assembling Credit

is also

due to Mr. L.A. and Sanitation for his

Orihuela Unit

staff,

of the In particular,

Community Water Supply Dr. R.C. Ballance In the draft of experts held

of WHO, Geneva. support

is thanked stage,

continuous

and assistance. in a meeting 1976.

the handbook was thoroughly (The Hague),

reviewed

in Voorburg

the Netherlands,

from 12 - 16 July in the

The many comments and suggestions meeting are incorporated

contributed

by the participants acknowledged.

in the report are listed

and gratefully in Annex A.

The names

of those who participated

The cooperation written Also material

of many persons

through

interviews

and access

to

was of major assistance were responses

in the preparation of national

of the report. governments,

much appreciated

of officials

international a preliminary
.

organizations draft tinich

and hand pump manufacturers was circulated is intended for review.

who commented on

The present engineers,

document staff

to serve public

health

officials, water supply

and field

who are planning is hoped that

and implementing the handbook will

programmes with improved general access

hand pumps. It to information in the state

provide to a

on hand pumps, thereby of the art,

contributing

improvement

and facilitating of new ones.

the selection

of existing

pumps as well

as the development

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND

Several drinking countries. will

hundred

million

people

already

depend on hand pumps* for are underway or planned role

their

water.

Major

hand pump programs awareness a long time

in many

There is a growing play, supply for

of the important

hand pumps an acceptable coun-

realistically water

to come, in providing areas

drinking tries.

to many millions

in rural

of developing

However, deficient sign,

experience

shows that

many existing

hand pump supplies

are in de-

or have been aband0nf.d altogether installation, ,i useless. operation Design

because of inadequacies and maintenance.

manufacture,

A pump's failcan be used, condi-

ure may render particularly tions durable, within as well

a well

criteria in meeting

are needed that prevailing

by developing as sanitary

countries, requirements.

operating

Pumps are needed which which are easily require operated

are more maintenance and for

trouble-free, the limitations to users,

sanitary, of local including local

and inexpensive; capabilities;

acceptable local

women and children; materials, document information equipment, include:

and are suitable and manpower.

manufacture The objectives

using

of this

(1)

To assemble and review developing

on hand pumps currently countries. on simple locally

being

pro-

duced in both (2)

and industrialized available

To assemble

and review

information artisans using

pumps that procurable

are

suitable materials. (3)

for manufacture

by village

To assemble

and review

information

on hand pump development

and field

A hand pump as used herein is any simple water lifting human energy, and used in rural village drinking water

device, powered by supplies. 11

trials,

especially

those

programs

that

have attempted including

to determine

the

causes of pump failures manufacture, (4) draft operation,

or malfunctions and maintenance.

deficiencies

of design,

Based on analysis guidelines

and interpretation of the above information, to 1 and recommendations on design and selection, manufacture,

and maintenance (5) To provide meetings

of hand pumps; basic documentation for hand pump development work and

working

on hand pumps.

PUMP TECHNOLOGY ---

Water lifting use since this type

devices

or pumps powered by human energy

have been in pump ofpositive dis-

the dawn of history. is that pump". *

The most common and widespread action, reciprocating,

known as the "single Or more familiarly,

placement following

the "farmyard

pump" shown in the

photograph. of reciprocating the shallow well hand pumps may be further hand pump and the deep well enclosed within a cylinder, subdivided hand pump. lifts the

The technology into two types:

In both water

pumps a plunger

or piston,

to the pump spout. In the shallow well pump, the plunger within to lift and its cylinder itself. are located This pump thus it

above the water relies

leve!

- usually pressure lifts

the pump stand the water (6.7

on atmospheric to water

to the cylinder; meters). are located from wells

is limited

of about

22 feet

In the deep well water level

pump the cylinder This

and plunger water

below

the

in the well.

pump can lift

as deep as

600 feet *

(180 meters).

The forces

and wear created

by the hydraulic

The rope and bucket may be more numerous but a village water supply. 'I

is iuadequate

for

use as

12

"THE FARMYARD PUMP" A typical action (plunger), "lever (cylinder), positive operated, single

reciprocating displacement deAme

hand pump" of the type first veloped rica in Europe and North

and today widely countries for

used in derural water

veloping supplies.

The operators

of these women and

pumps are predominantly children. ( Photo: WHO/Peru)

heady

increase

with

the depth associated

to the water with

table.

Also,

lintenal we the ma deep within the

and repair well

problems

reachin .g the cylinders well pumps.

are much more difficult of pumps for

than in shallow

Thus the design shallow we 11.S

and costs

deep well

use are more critical

than for

The vertical distance the well to the point

which the water of free-flowing '

must be raised from its level in discharge, e.g., the pump spout. 13

',

The hydraulic charge, generated

design

of the pumps is concerned the water, required,

with

the rate

of disforces and fre-

the head to be overcome in lifting by the lift, the energy strokes input

the structural

and the length

quency of the plunger affect handle plunger between the design assembly assembly, the plunger

transmitted assembly,

by the handle. the pump stand,

These factors the bearings at

of the handle pivot points,

the pump rod connecting and the water wail. seal

the handle ("cup"

and the

the cylinder,

or "bucket")

and the cylinder

Five major (1) Energy input adult (2) males.

constraints is limited,

are operative: less than 0.1 horsepower (75 watts) for

Hand pumps must withstand and sometimes over 1,000.

severe Plus

use,

typically

250 users

per pump

livestock. limited in developing countries,

(3)

Capital with

f or pump purchase currencies quality resources technology times for

is severely imports

hard

even more limited.

(4) (5)

Manufacturing Maintenance The basic

may be poor. are generally is well known. limited. Pumps of the reciprocating type 200 years. The theo1900's.

were known in ancient Pumps of the late retical

and have been in common use at least similar to those was well in use today.

1800's

are quite

understanding

of their

operation

known by the early

MAINTENANCE

Considering Basically for

the age of hand pump technology, three reasons. and North First, today's

why today's

concern? desfamily

hand pumps are largely for single

cended from European use whereas,

American countries,

pumps developed a single

in the developing

hand pump must often

14

supply

the water

needs of hundreds is often poor.

of people. Third,

Second,

the quality

of hand coun-

pump manufacture tries cost which

the poverty

of the developing also means that

makes the use of hand pumps necessary The technology

the unit

of hand pumps must be low. almost maintenance-free poor quality, for successful

exists

to manufacture

durable,

hand pumps but at what cost?* and low cost and effective combine to require extra-

Thus heavy use, ordinary developing cient major) quality problem maintenance countries.

use of hand pumps in the and/or of pumps of suffisay the

The lack

of maintenance has been a major

to be maintained

(many authorities

in hand pump programs.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

International countries over

efforts the past

to develop

rural

water

supplies

for

developing

decade have stimulated

several

major pump develop-

ment activities. (1) dable oping findings programs. (2) The Bangalore this The AID/Battelle pump for countries.

These include: Pump. A five year program for universal to develop application its a sturdy, depen-

shallow While

and deep wells never placed

in develresearch

in mass production, most other

have stimulated

and influenced

hand pump development

Pump. deep well

Developed

by the government

of India

with prototype

WHO stage.

assistance, It incorporates

pump is still novelties type"

in the experimental including pumps.

several agencies

design

some developed

in India

by "Mission" (3)

in the "Jalna A shallow well

New No. 6 Pump. this

pump developed

in Bangladesh It with their

with

UNICEF assistance, many Battelle


*

pump is now in mass production. and has replaced pumps approach leather this quality seals but

incorporates plastic cost (PVC) seals. prohibits 15

features

Indeed some existing universal acceptance.

;>c,

_, :i _ : : i

generally

be much more important

due to its pumps.

capacity

for mass production

of more durable,

more i~nterchangeable

Hand pumps are made of many dissimilar suppliers other parts of castings, leathers, rods, pipe,

components. valves,

Thus a complex nuts, bolts,

of and

pins,

may be necessary for

to assemble also

the complete

pump, Manufacturers hydraulic used in

of bodies :. rams, valve water

hand pumps should

be capable covers,

of manufacturing castings

and meter boxes, and sanitation. for foundry

manhole

and other

supply Guidelines

and shop practice are outlined plastic, for

and specifications Alternative is also

for

iron,

coke, duction Also II.

and other

materials

in the report.

shop prodescribed.

of pumps from steel, requirements shops. section

and wood components establishment

the technical

of ancillary

operations

such as leather

The concluding 1 :> ,j,: :;. .* ;;: :: i o;. :: ii :-.,, n: T?. : p ~: : 2: ) ., :. ,; artisans with several

discusses

production

of hand pumps by village pumps, diaof pump

examples,

including

bamboo pumps, chain pumps. Local production

phragm pumps, rope pumps, and windlass leathers and wooden handles for

conventional

pumps is also

described.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

An extensive

bibliography

is appended.

DTRECTORY MANUFACTURERS OF

A worldwide ;,,. .: i. :,. , ;. $, :1 7:~ author as of

directory

of some 90 hand pump manufacturers, Additional on the list rejectioninformation

known to the is sought and

June 1977, is appended. of a manufacturer imply

welcomed. endorsement

Inclusion

does not constitute

nor does omission

17

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND A recent survey by the World Health million Organization people access living (WHO, 1973) indicates in rural areas water. water as a and of

that

as of

1970 over one thousand countries lacked

developing

reasonable

to safe drinking contaminated bacillary

Numerous epidemiological principal other agent diarrhea1

studies

have identified of typhoid,

in transmission diseases.

cholera, countries,

dysentery, or

In many developing are among the top three unsafe waters

waterborne

water-related Furthermore, their

diseases even these

causes of sickness many hours daily

and death. toil for

may require

collection. A United Nations population Second Development with ready access Decade goal is to bring the percentage

of the rural Even this expenditures

to safe water million

up to 36 percent. dollars in capital effort

modest goal

would require

6.5 thousand

in areas where per capita

incomes are generally costs of water supply if

low. Every

must be made to keep down the capita proporticn of this growing population

an appreciable water.

is ever

to have adequate

SELECTED

RURAL

POPULATION

AS

PERCENT

OF

TOTAL

FIGURE 1-l

COUNTRIES RWANDA

99%

THAlLAND POPIJLATION DEVELOPINQ IS OF MOST HAITI INDIA

COUNTRIES RURAL

PREOOMINANTLV

ZAIRE

PHILIPPINES

MOROCCO

PERU

19

Many knowledgeable World Bank that depth, cheapest Depending supply capita. and public will constructing "In

observers

agree with

a recent is readily with

analysis available

by the at moderate the

areas where groundwater a number of wells fitted

hand pumps is by far (IBRD, p. 16, 1975). density,

means of providing on the cost

a good water

supply".

of the well for

and population as little

a hand pump water to $3.00 per ressure unserved to households billion measure. thus

program may be provided Although community

as US $0.5 under

water

systems piped goal,

standposts

are an ultimate

many of

realistically Another factor

have to use hand pumps as an in: is that electricity is not combr jailable

n if

not a final in many areas,

power pumping may imply sary degree of reliability

use of internal this

ion engines. engines

For the necesare not made imported oil,

means diesel If

and these costly, starting

smaller represent with

than about

4.5 horsepower. excess

used they bum or frequent cost

in many instances

capacity capital

and stopping or more that

consequent

wear and labor.

Their

is 4 times

of hand pumps (Allison). Several ing water. tries, hundred Major million people already depend on hand pumps for or planned drink-

hand pump programs Afghanistan, and Thailand;

are underway

in many counPakistan,

including

Bangladesh, Ethiopia,

Burma, India,

Indonesia,

the Philippines, Malawi, Ecuador, Mali,.

Ghana, Kenya, Malagasy Bolivia, Costa Rica, over

Republic, Honduras, hand

Tanzania,

Tunisia, Bangladesh

and Zambia; alone plans

and Nicaragua. this decade.

to install

400,000

pumps during

Unfortunately being are deficient

experience

shows that

many hand pump supplies

already

in

or have been abandoned because of inadequacies and operation


that

in design,

manufacture, Design criteria

installation, are needed

and maintenance particularly

of the pumps. by developing Most current ago for hand family

can be used, operating that

countries, technology 20

in meeting represents

prevailing pump designs

conditions. evolved

over 50 years

farmyards single uel).

in the United

States

and Europe whereas

in India,

for

example,

hand pump may be used regularly Pumps are needed which within limitations and acceptable manufacture,

by as many as 1,000 people. trouble-free, sanitary;

(Emman-

are more durable, of local to users, including

and require inexpensive; and

maintenance easily suitable power. Within

capabilities; including materials,

operated for

women and children; equipment,

local

and man-

the past

ten years,

several

studies

of different

types

of hand and

pumps have been sponsored others, their under varying attention

by international Also

agencies, several

pump manufacturers, have directed

conditions.

organizations using

to simple

methods of lifting pumps offer promise

water for

pumps made by local locations

artisans. with

Many of these minor

use in other

or without

design

adaptations.

21

1.2

SOURCESOF INFORMATION Information on hand pumps available journals is nil. from conventional sources such as found in that never limited, apor of interof

recent

scientific

Information literature",

on hand pumps is i.e., literature of its informal,

what is sometimes appears restricted, peared in abstracts

termed "fugitive or review

periodicals

because

or private

publication. or xeroxed in very

Much of the information reports, memoranda, and prepared

obtained

in mimeographed distributed agencies.

correspondence, by employees base consisted was late

documents national

few copies

About one third

of the information source

documents provided early cultural textbooks Congress State source 20th century schools,

by WHOand UNICEF. Asecond U.S. studies and government at agricultural research

19th and agriwas of

experiment A third

stations, source

centers. The facilities States)

and manuals (the national

of the same era. library

of the Library and of North

of the United for the latter

Carolina

University

were invaluable literature.

two sources.

A fourth was develsource of

was manufacturers'

oped and appears information

at the end of this interviews

An extensive bibliography * report. Another fruitful with a number of people context. that

was personal

knowledgeable

about hand pumps in a developing The expert International group, previously

country

acknowledged, at the

was assembled

for

the

Workshop on Hand Pumps held

International

Reference

Readers are asked to send copies of their own or others' publications hand pumps, if not listed in the Bibliography, to the International Reference Centre (IRC) for use in future hand pump programs including periodic updating of this document.

on

Centre source,

for

Community Water Supply

(IRC)

in July

1976 was also

an excellent

both as a group and as individuals.

1.3

LIMITATION OF TEE REPORT This report, l-2 by design, covers only a part of the hand pump system. requires satisfactory structures. supplies Or as

As Figure relationships

suggests, between with

a working users,

hand pump program

technology

and institutional in rural instrument water

a PAHO engineer

a long experience technological will

has said:

"A hand pump is a small system". This maintenance. users, user Future report This studies focuses

in a large issues.

sociological

have to address

these

on pump technology,

manufacture, of other * This Indeed report,

installation, factors, in Figure like

and

is not to deny the importance sources and well technology.

management, l-2, the

and water is deliberately

placed

in the center.

the hand pump for perfection. as answers. be

is imperfect.

And like

the hand pump, too important covered, answers, closest there only

to wait

Even on the subjects Indeed selected there are no single persons

are as many questions options which

must ultimately

by those

to the problem.

An extensive Pisharoti

Bibliography on health

provides

access

to many uncovered

subjects,

e.g.,

education.

23

HOW

HAN5

PUMP

(SYSTEM)

WORKS

/#I/\

Finance

/h\

/MAINTENANCE

Skills Schedules

~~ --- \ 1 --II-

//

/,

r Jr\
TECHNOLOGY Salaction

Participation

MANUFACTURE

If
I

INSTALLATION Siting crri*+i....


l

PURCHASING Development
bl,,

US,.

Construction

\\ /

Quality

Control

Sanitation Surveillance

FTCUKE 1-2

24

2.

TYPES OF HAND PUMPS

2.1

HISTORY If pumps are defined as water lifting devices, then our first 'However, ancestor

who cupped his

hand to drink

invented for

the hand pump. water plunger

the type of

hand pump used most frequently as the reciprocating, provenance than positive

community

supply

is the type known

displacement,

pump - of more recent

the hand. of the reciprocating circa 275 B.C. pump is obscure but is sometimes cylinder lift attritype,

The origin buted with

to Ctesibius, external valves

His pump was a twin between

and without fire

packing

the plunger B.C.)

and the cylinand Vitruremfound

der wall, vius nants (1st

and used for Century B.C.)

fighting.

Hero (2nd Century with this pump.

were familiar pumps from late

Archeological

of reciprocating

Roman times

are occasionally

in Europe. Ewbank in his cating navies. "History of Hydraulics", (1856), states that a recipro-

pump of wood was used as a ship's The construction to those (1556) of these described clearly

pump in the early

Greek and Roman

pumps is uncertain,

but they may have century.

been similar Agricola century. plungers

by Agricola

in the sixteenth

shcws the design

used in Saxony in the sixteenth leather disc plunger or bucket,

At this

time,

in addition

to the conical wood or iron of leather

in the form of a perforated being covered

were commonly used, acted as a valve. seating.

the perforations The foot valve

by a disc

which

was a hinged

The pump was usually barrel, early while

metal flap and was attached I the middle made 11-nthree sections, bottom section contained type,

to a metal being

the working valve. These in order

the short

the suction

wooden pumps were of the lifting material and cost

but when made in metal, the working used. barrel

to economise placed

of manufacture, suction pipe

was usually was 25

at the top and a narrow

The suction

valve

placed

at the bottom

of the barrel.

The lead century.

suction

pump made in this

way was commonly used in the sixteenth In 17th-century and with until the plunger the middle made it distribution England,

reciprocating leather

pumps made of wood or lead were in common use. century that cast, improved machined, It was not transport metal and

packed with

about

of the nineteenth economical

Lommunications hand pumps for In the late different

to manufacture

over a wide area. 20th centuries, Perhaps these

(Westcott). a tremendous number of produced opone famand era. of its as well to

19th and early

pump models were produced. alone. All little

3000 manufacturers

hand pumps in the U.S. erating major ilies tanks. principles exception and their

pumps utilized from those

the same basic

and dd!ffered - they livestock.

in use today - with farms by single to windmills

were primarily

used on single connected

They were often

Eubanks (1971)

has many drawings

of hand pumps from that

Today marks the renaissance role in rural water supplies recognized. this

of the hand pump.

The importance villages

in many developing Section role.

countries,

as farms, improve

is widely

5 outlines

many recent

efforts

the hand pump for

2.2

SHALLOWWELL RECIPROCATING LIFT PUMP Figure 2-1 shows a hand-operated a valved shallow plunger well lift pump. which The body of

the pump (See B) contains down, i.e., examination Its reciprocates. of Figure operation 2-2.

or piston of its

moves up and may be followed by

The principle

operation

is as follows:

As air can(1) With the pump primed, as shown at A, the plunger is raised. not pass the plunger owing to the water seal, a partial vacuum is created in the cylinder thereby reducing the air pressure on the surface of the water in the suction pipe. The atmospheric pressure on the water in the well is now greater than the air pressure on the water in the pipe, thereby forcing the air and water in the pipe upward, following the The space in the cylinder below the plunger fills with :Jlunger upward. air from the pipe. 26

FIGURE 2-l

TYPICAL SHALLOWWELL LIFT PUMP

(2) At the top of the cylinder the plunger stops, and the check valve closes of its own weight, thus trapping air in the cylinder. (3) On the next downstroke the entrapped air is compressed between the When the pressure becomes plunger and the bottom of the cylinder. greater than the atmospheric pressure above the plunger, plus the weight of the valve and of the priming water, the air will lift the plunger valve and escape through the priming water as shown at B. (4) On the next upstroke more air will be drawn out of the pipe and the water will rise higher, eventually flowing into the cylinder under the plunger as shown at C. (5) With the cylinder and pipe fuli of water as at C, the check valve closes by gravity, trapping water in the cylinder. (6) On the next downstroke the plunger and valve pass through the water as shown at D. (7) When the plunger reaches the bottom of the cylinder and stops, the plunger valve closes, thus trapping the water above the plunger, as shown at E. (8) On the next upstroke the water above the plunger is lifted out of the pump as shown at F. At the same time more water is forced into the cylinder through the check valve. (9) On each suc:essivF downktt-oke step E li repeated, and on each successive upstroke stamp 7 i.3 repeated. Thus the pump delivers water on each upstroke.

Check

valva

FIC;I?RE

L-1

I LLIJSTRATION

OF OFERATION

OF

PLUNGER-T

YPE

PI.JMP 27

Contrary source. Rather

to popular

opinion,

pumps do not the atmospheric pressure

"lift"

water

up from the in

the pump reduces

pressure

on the water outside

the suction suction <r;. ,t+ 4: ; ip, !i ' f$,, c:;:. ;z, ,. 2; :: '2.,, I;' r

pipe

and the atmospheric the water

on the water

of the is the a syringe. upthe

p;lpe pushes

up and into through

the pump. a straw pressure

The principle or of filling to push water to conditions

same as that

of drawing

soda water

Because of its suction water pipe, table

reliance

on atmospheric well

use of shallow during

pumps is limited 22 feet

where the

pumping is within "standard 3-l). atmospheric

(6.7 meters) is about

of the suction 34 feet (10.4

';, li

valve meters).

even though

pressure"

(See Table

./ :, ,, ;>. ;;.. L' ": .,:_, _?/ ,:i ;i :,.j 5::. :zT, ., ii, ';,j.* :. 14" .,.:, !_.J' :. f .!~%' p, .\._ ._ ,",* : -I I_ -.,,a;:: ,< I'!,, :,': ,.;r /, ':._ 1 r,.: , :. ;!: ,' .i, i" y'. .:;: s,:, '\

2.3

DEEP WELL RECIPROCATING LIFT PIJMP This pump is shown in Figure pumps operate 2-3. in the foreThe

Deep well going. cylinder loss

in the same manner as described is in the location

The principal is usually

difference

of the cylinder. to prevent greater

submerged in the water This

as shown in order level depths

of priming.

pump can pump from water

than

22 feet

below the pump spout. well level in terms of hand pump selection in the well below the surface, a well drilled refers to the disof the

Deep or shallow tance of the water or'the deep but well

not the depth 300 feet

borehole meters) surfaca versely. 35 feet(ll.7 its

casing.

For example, table

(91.5 below the Conis

in which

the water well

is 15 feet

(4.6 meters)

may use a shallow a well drilled meters)

hand pump. 40 feet (12.2 will

Or a deep well meters) require

hand pump.

only

but whose water a deep well meters) (11.7

level

below the surface 35, minus table, well

pump with
below the surface; meters) be-

cylinder

Set at least below the water A shallow

22 or 13 feet i.e., more than

(11.7

preferably
,

35 feet

,,

low the surface.

pump will

not work on the second well.

Pump

standard

I 1 Any depth

II 11 Ill Drop d,,.

FIGURE 2-3

DEEP WELL LIFT PUMP

2.4

RECIPROCATING FORCE PUMPS Force pumps are designed to pump water pressure. tanks. so that for from a source and to deliver it

to a higher water into

elevation reservoirs pumps.

or against and pressure

They are used primarily All pressure-type water

to pump systems to flow

use force against

They are enclosed They are available

the water

can be forced

pressure.

use on shallow 2-4. in Figure

or deep wells.

These pumps are illustrated A shallow ple lift of operation pump except the water connection well force

in Figure

pump is illustrated

2-4A.

Its

princitype of

i!s the same as that that it is enclosed

of the single-acting

plunger

at the top and therefore than the pump, either attached

can be used through a hlY 29

to force separate

to elevations or through

higher

a hose or pipe

to the spout.

Air

chambw

Any

dapth

Pump

cyllndw

FIGURE 2-4

FORCE PUMPS

force

pumps need valved between

spouts,

either

to allow

use of a second outlet Also, such pumps usually

or have

as a check valve an air

the pump and a tank. flow.

chamber to even out the discharge in the air

On the upstroke

of the plunthe air

ger the air expands The trap leaking

chamber is compressed at the discharge air in the air rod. force is it

and on the downstroke while the plunger preventing

to maintain tube serves out around

a flow to trap

goes down. it from

chamber,

the plunger of deep well difference

The operation 2-4A. The principal

pumps is the same as that

of Figure With 22 feet

in the location

of the cylinder. greater than pump.

the cylinder (6.7 meters).

down in the well See Figure 2-4~.

can pump from a depth Therefore it

is a deep-well

30

2.5

DIAPHRAGMFORCE PUMP

FIGURE 2-5

CROSS-SECTION OF A DIAPHRAGMPUMP

Another cating handle

type of positive is the diaphragm fuel pump.

displacement

pump, which in 1730, (an elastic at the left

may use a reciproand widely used as

pump, invented

an automotive liquid

As the diaphragm the inlet valve

membrane) is lifted, as shown. When the

is drawn in through is depressed,

diaphragm

liquid

is forced described

out at the right. in Section

The Vergnet of

pump and the Petro this principle

pump, both

5, are new variations rural water

which

have potential

promise

as hand pumps for

suPPlY*

2.6

ROTARY PUMP Pumps which employ high rotary speed rotor(s) within a fixed casing or stator

are commonly called gears meshed together 2-6.

pumps.

One example consists with close clearances

of two rotating as shown in Figure

in a housing

FIGURE 2-6

CROSS-SECTION OF A ROTARY PUMP

31

Rotating shalt

--I ci5 pump h*sd

Rotor adapter coupling

Steel

rotor

Rubber bonded

stator to pipe

Suction etralner

valve and assembly

FIGURE 2-7 CROSSSECTION OF SEMI-ROTARY PUMP

FIGURE 2-8 CROSS SECTION OF HELICAL ROTORPUMP

32

Power is applied other gear. This

to only

one of the gears, as follows: a partial pressure the teeth; around

which

in turn

drives

the

pump operates disengage, atmospheric

rotating

in the direction over the inthe pump, the liquid

shown, when the teeth take. filling between point This permits

vacuum is created to force as rotation sides liquid into

up the spaces between the teeth is carried remesh. building adapted

continues,

the outer

of the pump to the between them no

where the teeth out, thus

As the teeth up a pressure for

remesh the liquid under

is squeezed valves, reason, often ally

the discharge. liquids and, rotary for

Having this

they are well are universally used for emptying

pumping viscous pumps.

used as oil oil

Hand operated A "semi-rotary" 2-7. rotary, thread often

pumps are

drums and tanks. is shown in Figure pumps, the helical of a single

pump occasion-

used in water Another

supply

of the rotary

termed the prorotor turning helical to a slow to stator pump for it use has with-

gressive

cavity

pump, consists helical

helical 2-8).

in a double surfaces

thread

stator.

(See Figure uniform length. seal, rotary Although of Africa manufacturer.

The meshing

push the liquid in a cylinder

ahead (up) with of infinite continuous helical

movement similar Because the rotor the helical rotary

moving piston contact requires in 3-inch given

provides

an effective,

no valves.

Hand operated

pumps are available relatively expensive,

(75 mm) or larger service its

boreholes. in parts English

good deel well

and Asia where it

is known

as the "Mono" pump after

2.7

BUCKET PUMPS** Another type of positive An example displacement, hand operated 2-9. pump is the

bucket
__ **

pump.
---

is shown in Figure

Not to be confused with the name "bucket pump" sometimes given reciprocating well pumps whose plunger to cylinder seals are sometimes called "buckets". 33

1
Rubber

discs

Reproduced WHO Monograph

from No. 47

FIGURE 2-9

BUCKET PUMP attached each bucket to an endless dips water it

FIGURE 2-10 rhain

CHAIN PUMP over

Small buckets as shown so that carries it

are rotated

sprat-kets

from the source into the spout

at the bottom,
passes

to the top, At least

and empties

as it

over

the

top sprocket. belt water. in lieu

one manufacturer with

makes a pump using


top

a sponge-like

of the buckets

a squeegee at the uses a rope driven the water

to remove the lifted wheel with force. These

Another

handmade version

by a bicycle

a sharp bend at the top to discharge pumps are used mostly The same operating low-lift others irrigation in which on cisterns principle

by centrifugal dug wells.

and shallow

is used in "traditional" wheel, sakia,

animal-powered noria, jars and

pumps such as the Persian the buckets may be replaced

by earthenware

or wooden

34

or metal verted endless

boxes and the circular, or toothed

horizontal gears to rotary

movement of the animals vertical motion to drive

conthe

by beveled chain.

2.8

CHAIN PUMPS In the chain pump, rubber discs attached to an endless a pipe chain to lift running water on

over a sprocket mechanically cisterns

at the top are pulled Like This

upward through the bucket

up to the spout. dug wells.

pump, it

is used mostly adaptable

and shallow

type of pump is readily See Figure in lieu (1556). 2-10. of discs

to manufacture

by village

artisans. rags and balls time

Chain pumps using for draining

were commonly used chain (Watt,

mines in Agricola's widely

Animal-powered irrigation

pumps are apparently circa 1975).

used in China for

pumping

2.9

SANITARY ROPE AND BUCKET MECHANISM The design developed by WHO (Wagner and Lanoix) This design, this for use with and shown in Figure dug wells, is simple gives is fairFor ease slab 2-11

should

not be overlooked. When carefully and will details

to maintain. good service, ly simple,

built,

simple

pumping arrangement Because it conditions.

protect

the well

from pollution. local

can be easily the cover and three disadvantage should feet

changed to fit be removable. in diameter of this type

of maintenance, four inches thick

A reinforced

concrete

can be moved by two men. of water-lifting community water arrangement source, it is will

The obvious its low rate

of discharge.

But as a village

perform

satisfactorily.

35

FIGURE 2-11

A SANITARY ROPE AND BUCKET WELL

2-10

HYDRAULIC RAM Where several times head, as much water the potential ram to drive 2-12). Although as may be needed is available energy a portion of the wasted water of the water and can be

with

some available using

captured elevation. capable can also 1974). cost year

a hydraulic

to a higher

(See Figure

not a hand pump, most foundries of manufacturing components (Kindal; rams. Watt, the a day, They

of making hand pumps should be manufactured After the initial from "off cost,

be capable the shelf"

from about piping, little

$200 to $3000 (US) plus 24 hours

of the drive after year,

and delivery with relatively with

the rams operate maintenance. facing

The ram is constructed facing valve 36 down. has just At the beginning been opened,

the waste valve of the working

up, the check valve

cycle

of the ram, the waste operation or automatically

either

by hand to begin

FIGURE 2-12

TYPICAL HYDFALJLIC RAM (a) Installation, and (b) Cross section

Air cnamber

ischarge ipe

Supply

pipe

Reproduced Wo0d.A.D. Pump for the

from Waler Lifters Developing and World.1976

37

later. supply sure. flow valve

The column of water head, the discharge

in the supply valve pipe remains

pipe seated

accelerates under

under

the presAs the

the discharge to waste.

Water from the supply rate through the valve a value

is now running the dynamic to close

straight pressure

increases, sufficient

on the waste almost

rapidly

reaches

the waste valve

instantaneously. ** almost valve through

The water immediately valve pipe

hammer effect forces until

of the slamming valve kinetic

of the waste Flow continues of the water drop in the of

the discharge the original

open. energy

the discharge

column in the supply valve chamber results

is exhausted.

The momentary of the discharge

pressure valve,

in the closure

the opening

the waste valve,

and repetition

of the cycle.

2.11

TRADITIONAL WATERLIFTING DEVICES There are numerous other water screws; delu, lifting devices which devices could be mentioned,

for

example, charsa,

the Archimedes ramioko, daly, shaduf,

rope and bucket and mota; chadouf, dhenkli,

such as the lifts known varikheeraz, lat, picodoon,

mohte, ously

counterpoise khetara, dhingli,

as the shadouf, cigozal,

shadoof,

kerkaz, picottah,

guenina, tas, baldeo chain

bascule,

dhenkali,

guimbalete, balti,

swape, sweep, et al.; and jantu; paddle wheels;

the hinged water

channel

or gutter,

ladders;

and the various

pumps and wheel These are widely

pumps previously used for lowlift

mentioned. irrigation of manually pumping, operated previously many are animal pumps for described. and effectively as shown village

powered. drinking

However the great water supplies will

majority

be one of the types bailer,

The shadouf, used in a recent in Figure ** 2-13.

or counterweighted WHOcholera project

was modified

(Rajagopalan

and Shiffman)

One disadvantage of rams is their to 100 times per minute.

noisiness;

the valves

slam shut

25

Tled with strong ropr (Polyethylene or hemp)

Fixed al end with improved bamboo

bamboo

pole,

Strong metal

sheet Cover

\ Bamboo pole

Elevation

Counterbalance tied et the

weight end \

Tied

with

strong

rope

(Polyethylene

or hemp)

FIGURE 2-13

IMPROVEDDUG WELL AND COUNTERWEIGHTED BAILER USED IN THE PHILIPPINES 39

3.

HANDPUMPS:

STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY

3.1'

GENEPAL Most village hand pumps are of the reciprocating section. empirical Reciprocating products plunger types described the

in the previous evolutionary, Many are copies selection special,

hand pumps in use today represent of design modifications. large

of over a century successful

of commercially

pumps. Except available whether apply

for very

orders,

from among the models readily new hand pump design. models, However,

is more economical designing

than a

new or selecting and

from existing evaluation.

the same principles

to hand pump analysis

While tal other principles

this

section outlined

focuses also

on reciprocating to other types

plunger

pumps, the fundamen-

apply types

of pumps, particularly the "Pompe Vergnet",

positive

displacement

such as the "Petro",

and chain

pumps.

3.2

NOMENCLATURE The component assemblies of a reciprocating divided pump used for by function into pumping from three cate-

L wells 'gories:

and boreholes

can be arbitrarily assembly

(1) the pump stand in contact with

atop the well;

(2) the pump cylinder assembly which

assembly joins ,A these

the water;

and (3) the connecting (See Figure located; within 3-l).

the pump stand threie assemblies and connecting

and the cylinder. are separately

In deep wells, wells, the cylinder (See Fig-

in shallow

assembly ures 2-1,

rod may be located

the pump stand.

2-2 and 2-4). component assemblies a locally cylinder can be and often manufactured assembly. are purchased assembly may be (pump 41

These three separately. ,': 'combined with

For example, an imported

pump stand

Connecting

assemblies

rod and drop pipe)

are often

purchased

and stocked

separately.

PUMP CAP

ROD - --I hrpN

PUMP STAND

I
PUMP ROD I

CUPS DPOP PIPE-

SUCTION CHECK VALVE CAP --L PUMP CYLINDER

FIGURE

3-1

HAND

PUMP

NOMENCLATURE CYLINDER .,

Hand pump nomenclature nomenclature used herein

varies is that

widely

by and even within encountered. in this

countries. Alternate section. Units

The

most frequently in subject encountered system. headings

names are shown in parenthesis of measurement foot most frequently

in hand pump programs Metric units

are on the

(inch)-pound-second-gallon are used.

are added in parenthei

sis where measurements 3.2.1

Pump Stand Assembly Hydrant, Barrel) assembly

(Standard,

Pump Head, Operating

Head,

The pump stand tive

serves

three

functions: of a discharge Except It

(1) transmittal point a small (spout); part

of moand of the handle

power to the pump rod; protection this stand,

(2) provision

(3) sanitary pump rod, linkage,

of the water visible

source. component. stuffing

for

is the only stand base,

includes

the handle,

cap ring, later

box and gland,

and the spout.

These components 3.2.2 Cylinder The cylinder 3-l). charge It includes

are defined Assembly assembly

herein.

is the actual assembly, a separate The interior pumps.

pumping element the cup seals, cylinder walls with

(See Figures the suction

2-2 and and dis-

the plunger

valves,

and typically later herein. well

caps as shown in Figure

3-1 and defined this purpose

of the pump stand may serve pump configurations wall.

in shallow

In some deep well serve

the well 3.2.3

casing Connecting

or the drop pipe may also Assembly assembly

as the cylinder

(See Pump Rod and Drop Pipe) consists forces primarily between of the pump rod and the drop the handle and the plunger and

The connecting pipe.

The pump rod transmits carries water

the drop pipe

from the plunger

to the spout.

3.3 3.3.1

FUNDAMENTAL HYDRAULICS Rate of Discharge The,theoretical rate (Q) of discharge of a single acting reciprocating during hand its 43

pump is a function

of the cylinder

volume

(V) swept by the plunger

upward, time

pumping stroke That is:

and the number of plunger As shown in Figure sectional for area

pumping strokes 3-2, the volume

per unit (V) is the of the (D)

(N).

Q = VN.

product plunger

of the horizontal stroke (S).

cross

(A) and the length

Rewriting

Q in terms of the cylinder to its diameter

diameter (pi orn): (3-l)

and the ratio

of the cylinder

circumference D2 NS

Q= 2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I........

4 3-3 is a solution of Equation units. 3-l in

The nomograph shown in Figure both inch-gallon-minute

and in millimetre-litre-minute

Upper

Limit

of

St rolre

Stroke

Length

Lowar

Limit

of Stroke

FIGURE 3-2

SWEPTCYLINDER VQLWE

The actual cal discharge

rate given

of discharge by Equation 3-l

normally

varies

slightly

from the theoretito close between the in-

due to failure

of the valves

stantly plunger slip actual

when the plunger and the cylinder

changes direction wall during

and to back leakage This difference

pumping. between

is known as (Q,) that and is:

and is defined discharge

as the difference as a percentage Slip Qt - 'a = -

theoretical

discharge discharge,

(Q,)

of the theoretical (100)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..'.......(3-2)

Qt
Slip signed should not exceed 15 percent, pump. Negative discharge preferably slip (in 5 percent, in a well deand maintained is possible; the actual discharge volume)

may exceed the theoretical 44

terms of swept cylinder

FIGURE
PUMP DISCHARGE Q

3.3

NOMOGRAPH

FOR

HAND

PUMP

DISCHARGE
STROKE LENGTH S 4

CYL I NDER DIAMETER D

STROKES PER MINUTE N ID

- 100

90 80 70 60 50 40 200 E TJ 150 5 r
K
W II

EXAMPLE 300 GIVEN: DIAMETER STROKE FREQUENCY FIND: ANSWER: = 3 INCHES INCHES 5

z 10

E 4 0 STROKES/MINUTE
W

DISCHARGE 12.2 U.S.

FROM GALS

PUMP PER MINUTE

20

Z i

u-f
W I v z

_-

150

tn
K
W c :

w
u-l 6

ii? 30

160 140 120

2 i g

i -J -200

I
Z

40
--

70 60
-- 50

f zl e-3 K $ z&u ; ca.Dc g a z

100 z 90 -50 so-z

2
fi 0

40

30

L i z

li
-I

70

60 70 a0 100 110 120 13 14 15 16 DISPLACEMENT SLIP )

60
5o

: ;

0 K g Z

40

7 5

NOTE:
4 u-l

NOMOGRAPH FOR SINGLE

BASED ON 100 PERCENT ACTION, RECIPRCCATING

GEOMETRIC CYLINDER HAND PUMPS( ZERO

under

certain

conditions.

For example a long in a sufficiently during part

suction high of its

pipe flow

of small velocity

diameter, to keep Although to

below the cylinder, open the plunger this may yield

may result discharge'valve

upward movement. it

a hydraulic

efficiency

exceeding if

100 percent,

may lead

excessive lower

"pounding"

and even cavitation immediately efficiency mechanical

the dynamic

suction below its

head losses vapor volume exceed 100

the water (Wilson).

pressure

below the plunger

pressure should percent.

Hydraulic with

in terms of swept cylinder efficiency which can never

not be confused

The product and the length plunger running

of the number of plunger of the pumping plunger speed, that is: Running

pumping strokes

per unit

time

(N)

stroke

(S) is known as the pump or

Plunger In virtually during its all

Speed = NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-3) hand pumps, the plunger (on pumps without pumps with acting. air discharges chambers) which only during dis-

reciprocating

upward movement. is negligible.

Discharge

the downstroke charge during only

_-Reciprocating are termed single or plunger powered, each with

plungers

in one direction

Pumps which

discharge acting. assemblies,

both directions

of piston mechanically

travel

are termed double cylinder

These are generally often valves. In a single the average average with

top of the well two sets

two or more cylinders,

of suction

and,discharge

acting

pump, running

speed NS in Equations during a plunger

3-l

and 3-3 is The actual 3-1,

plunger-

speed in one direction of direction) as well

cycle. In Equation

absolute

(regardless

speed is 2NS.

N is the number of pumping cycles strokes per unit time. running

as the number of plunger

;-umping

Rules reciprocating tions cept 46

of thumb for

speed are extant not for

for

mechanically

powered

pumps but apparently

hand powered pumps where the limitathe running speed con-

of human muscle has some usefulness

are more binding. in understanding

Nevertheless,

hand pump operation.

For example,

other

things

remaining

equal

(Q and D),

reducing

the stroke

length

by one-half that

means that discharge 3.3.2

the number of strokes Q is directly proportional

per minute

must be doubled.

Also note

to N or to S.

Static The static

Head head is the vertical at rest, lower level distance to its tank. 3-4. is submerged. distance The that ultimate the water must be raised level at free

from its discharge

static,

uppermost

at the spout

or to an elevated

Determination

of the static

head to be Overcome is illustrated In Case I as shown in Figure plunger must lift a column of water with head S exerts

in Figure 3-4,

the pump cylinder

to the pump spout, an upward force

D as shown. The

A column of water head on the plunger In Case II the well. static water

on the plunger. is D-S or W. table

is the net resultant

of D and S, that is located

as shown, the cylinder static

above the water distance

in

The total level

head is the vertical

D + S or W between

and the pump spout.

PUMP SPOUT DATUM

V DENOTES WATERLEVEL

TOTAL STATIC HEAD:

W OR DS

W OR D+ S

W*F OR D-S*F

W+F OR D+S+F

CASE:

II

lx

FIGURE 3-4 STATIC HEAD FOR HAND Pm!3


47

Cases III head for

and IV are for to elevated

force tanks.

pumps and show the increase

F in stata,

pumping

Cases II the cylinder 3.3.3

and IV could is incorporated

also into

represent

a shallow

well

installation

wheb

the pump stand

assembly.

Drawdown When pumping starts the water level in the well on the rate will drop, the rate abd

distance rate 3.3.4

of the drop or drawdown depending recharge of the well.

of pumping and the

of groundwater Friction During Head

pumping, friction

additional

energy

will water spout,

be required

to overcome

(1)

th,+

hydraulic

between the flowing cylinder

and the walls et -- aL;

of the suction trurbq, is du, acceJ* (1) abQ,,, The of the velo.

and discharge lence cross .i to inertial eration associated sections

or drop pipes, with

(2) the hydraulic through

contraction screens,

and expansion cylinder,

of flow

changes

in valves, inherent

et al.; flows

and (3) turbulence including constant in

losses

in reciprocating of flow. The friction standard estimated

and deceleration

losses pipe flow

described formulas.

can be approximately losses city

estimated

using

of (2) and (3) can be roughly head at each flow Generally obstruction.

as a percentage

in hand pump installations with pumps with

with

adequately valves,

sized and with

suction

and

discharge cylinders, 3.3.5

piping, friction Suction

well-designed are negligible.

submerged

head losses

Head pump cylinders should be installed around, at sufficient depth to ibx

Deep well sure their This practice

remaining

submerged year the necessity the life well

dry season and wet, to health)

dawn and dbQk, of prim~hg

eliminates

(and the hazards assembly.

the pump and lengthens However in shallow !' bility of cylinders

of the cylinder

hand pumps, the economy and maintenance within the pump stand assembly

acces&i;,

incorporated

may dictate

cylinder water

location level

above the water

level

within and still

the well. pump water

How far

above the 2-21

can the cylinder

be placed head?

as in Figure

What is the maximum suction The "ideal" pressure

maximum suction

head or lift pressure

is dependent

on the barometric At sea level (1.03 This 2-2. The

and the temperature

and vapor

of the water.

and 60P (15.6'C) kg/cm2) pressure "ideal"

the barometric

pressure

is equivalent 34.0 feet (10.36

to 14.7 psi meters).

or in equivalent pushes the water maximum suction

head of water, into

the pump as described 34 feet

in Section (10 meters). altitude (300 meters)

head then is about head decreases percent for for with

The maximum suction temperature, elevation, relevant critical. lower about about range. three

increasing feet rise drinking, 3-1,

and water rise in in the is not

each 1,000

one percent For most well

each lOoF (4'C) used for

in temperature temperature

waters

However high the allowable

altitudes, head.

as shown in Table

may significantly

suction speaking,

Practically to allow for

the allowable

suction

heads must also head.

be reduced can be

friction calculated

head losses for

and suction

velocity

This

approximately testing

each installation value If 3-l

or measured for the design daily

in a hydraulic maximum suction or seasonal, accordingly. is

laboratory.

A common practical (2/3) of the ideal. shown in Table

head is two-thirds significant,

drawdown, should

the values

be reduced

3.4 3.4.1

STRUCTURALANALYSIS Hydraulic The major Force structural bearings, load on the pump plunger, and pump stand and is exerted occurs during pump rod, couplings, (upward) han-

dle assembly, stroke resisting assembly,

the pumping

of the plunger its

by the water weight

pressure

on the plunger

movement,

by the submerged friction

of the pump rod and plunger and cup seals. 49

and by sliding

at bearings

TABLE 3-1

MAXIMUM SUCTION HEAD OF RECIPROCATING HAND PUMPS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES FOR WATERAT 60F (15.6'C)

Altitude

Above Air Psi

Barometric Equiv. Feet 34.0 32.8 31.5 30.4 29.2 27.2 25.2 23.4

Pressure Head of Water Meters 10.36 10.00 9.60 9.27 8.90 8.29 7.68 7.13

Practical

Suction of Pump

Head

Mean Sea Level Feet 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 L0000 Meters 0 305 610 914 1219 1829 2438 3048

Feet 22.6 21.9 21.0 20.3 19.5 18.1 16.8 15.6

Meters 6.91 6.67 6.40 6.18 5.93 5.53 5.12 4.75

14.7 14.2 13.7 13.2 12.7 11.8 10.9 10.1

The net hydraulic hydraulic plane, that pressure is,

force

(F) on the plunger

is the product area

of the net

(P) and the cross-sectional The net hydraulic weight

(A) in the horizontal (P) is the product that is, P = %H. diameter of For (D)

F = PA.

pressure

the head (H) and the specific a circular plunger, its area

(a) of water,

(A) expressed

in terms of plunger

is A = 7TD2/4. -W

Summarizing: F =: PA = force ~)IHWD~ .*................,...... 4 (3-4) of the pump rod.

To the hydraulic The weight

must be added the submerged weight can generally be neglected.

of other

components

50

Example:

Given a hand pump with a three-inch (76 mm) cylinder set 60 feet (21.3 meters) below the pump. The pumping head is (Not given, but assumed, is the 50 feet (15.2 meters). 62.4 !b/ft3 (998 kg/m3) at 60F specific weight of water: (15.6OC) and one atmosphere pressure). The steel pump rod is &inch (12.7 mm) in diameter. rHrD2 F= 4 = (62.4 lb/ft3)(50 ft)(3.14)(3/12 4 (69.5 kg) ft)'

Hydraulic

Force

F = 153 pounds

The weight of the pump rod varies slightly with the type and The weight of the water displaced by number of couplings. the rod should theoretically be subtracted but can be ignored; it and the plunger assembly weight roughly cancel each other From a manufacturer's catalog, his %-inch threaded and out. coupled steel pump rod weighs 0.685 lb per ft (1.02 kg per meter). Pump Rod Weight Total Calculated Worth noting function independent = 60 feet x 0.685 lb/ft = 41 pounds (88.2 kg) is predominately force is a (18.7 kg)

Force = 153 lb + 41 lb = 194 lb in the above example is that than cylinder depth.

the force Also

of head rather of discharge. force

the calculated

The calculated pump testing using

is the average

over

the pumping cycle. indicates Obviously that

Actually

dynamometers times

et (Hood, -- al.) forces.

peak forces the pump rod, strength to

may be two or three couplings, withstand Figure stroke friction the bottom and plunger movement; with cycle threaded

the calculated and pins generous

connectors thus

must have sufficient safety factors

peak stresses;

are indicated. might vary during the

3-5 is an example of how pump rod tension of a particular free hand pump. performance. The solid line

abed shows "ideal" 'la" the plunger is at

and turbulence of the cylinder. are weightless. instantaneously 3-4. This

At position

Pump rod tension Pumping begins, the pump rod tension tension is constant stops

is zero - the "ideal" the plunger increases begins to "b" its

pump rod upward

in accordance

Equation

as the plunger

moves to the top at the 51

of the cylinder

at "c".

As the plunger

at the top of the cylinder returns to level "d",

II II no more work is being c 9

done and the tension

same as "a".

The plunger

returns

to "a". at the beginning of the upward accelerates in-

More typically plunger upward, creases erate stroke

the pump rod tension increase

does not

instantaneously. is taken

As the plunger

pump rod and coupling rapidly the water value force valve. as from "e" from "rest" "b". required. BY "i"

slack to "f".

up and the pump rod tension forces "f" required

The inertial

to accel-

cause the maximum tension

to exceed the reduces the of the direction as the

calculated external plunger by "j". plunger

From "f"

to "g" the now moving water from "g" to "h"

The "kink" the plunger

is the closing

is decelerating

and has reversed

The weight returns

of the pump rod results to "e".

in some pump rod tension

from "j"

I I I '\ PUMP ROD TENSION (PULL) t i : le --Zero -

.---.

. i'

'c \ \ c i 1 --abed efghij= = "ideal" "typical"

--

_-__

--+-M-w----

--d

BOllTOM OF STROKE: 7

TOP OF STROKE

PLUNGER POSITION

FIGURE 3-5

DYNAMOMETER MEASURED PUKE' ROD TENSION

52

3.4.2

Mechanical

Advantage section, the force exerted on a

As shown in the example of the previous pump rod and, (45.4 kg). through the rod to thepumphandle force limited

may easily for

exceed 100 lb. pumping by an *

However the muscular person is generally

available

continuous

individual Through

to 20 to 40 pounds (9 to 18 kilograms). advantage, muscle power can be multiplied (180 meters)

the principle operate

of mechanical

to successfully in depth. Consider about

hand pumps in wells

up to even 600 feet

the lever-type pin.

pump handle

shown in Figure

3-6.

It

pivots

freely

the fulcrum

At one end, Lp distant to the pump rod. Through

from the fulcrum, this pin the force

the handle exerted Lh F h by

is connected the pump rod, distant -If

by a pin F

At the other end of the handle, pulls on the handle. P' from the fulcrum, the hand pushes down the handle with a force, the distances Lp and Lh were equal and the forces

the handle distance F

would be in balance Lh were twice

or "equilibrium"

F and Fh were equal, P and would not move. If the half the force

the distance

then the handle would continue P' in which the product (or "moment" as it on one side of the fulcrum of the fulcrum The ratio

Lp but the force Fh only ** Indeed to be balanced. is termed

any combination of the distance and

in mechanics)

and force force brium, distance

is equal

to the product

of distance

on the other

side

would be stable. distance

That is,

at equili-

Fh Lh = Fp Lp.

of the handle

Lh to the pump rod

Lp is known as the mechanical Mechanical Advantage = MA =

advantage: Lh L--P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-5)

Note that

at equilibrium:

Fh Lh = F L P P

,)

Most "rules of thumb" fall in this range. studies have apparently been made. Analagous to the childhood "see-saw"

No satisfactory

ergonometric

**

or "teeter-totter". 53

LP

L -I-

Fh

Fulcrum

Pin

FP c J

w
-

= FORCE EXERTED BY PUMP ROD = FORCE EXERTED BY HAND = DISTANCE FROM CENTRE OF PUMP ROD CONNECTION PIN TO CENTRE OF FULCRUM PIN = DISTANCE FROM "CENTRE" OF HAND TO CENTRE OF FULCRUM PIN

Fh
Pump Rod

Lh

L MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA) = ~ L F EQUILIBRIUM FORCE F h = ' Lh FIGIjRE 3-6 L '

h P F = P MA

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF PUMP HANDLE AS A LEVER

L Rewriting: Fh = Fp t or By similar with F = P analysis, =

F &-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-6:

Fh MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-7) the mechanical advantage 3- 9) MA for a rotating crankshaft

a crankhandle

or wheel Radius

(see Figure

can be shown to be: . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-B) the

of Handle Rotation of Crankshaft forces, If If Rotation

MA=

Radius

The above are equilibrium long handle will descend. end will descend.

Fh exceeds Fh at equilibrium, FP at equilibrium,

Fp exceeds

the pump rod

Example:

Given a pump rod force of 194 lb (88.2 kg). What handle is needed if the mechanical advantage of the pump handle

force is 4 to 1.

54

Fh=

F &..=

194 lb -= 4

48.5 lb

(22,Zkg).

The above value may be excessive, especially for hand pumps operated by women and children. Alternatives include extending the handle for greater mechanical advantage or reducing the pump rod force by using a smaller diameter pump cylinder. If R represents the maximum allowable advantage force on the user end of the handle then the allowable

and MA the mechanical pump rod force

of the handle

assembly, of R and MA:

F cannot P" F & pa

exceed the product R(MA)..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-9)

Noting plunger

that

the pump rod force 3-4)

is the sum of the hydraulic

force

on the assembly,

(Equation

and the weight a given cylinder

of the pump rod and plunger diameter can be roughly

the maximum head for as follows: F = pa

approximated

F + UL where F is determined as in Equation 3-4, U is the weight per unit length of the pump rod, L is the length of pump rod. that F pa L is approximately = YH~TD~ 4 HG dwD2+4U Table 3-2 solves kg), Equation 3-10 for an average advantage handle force +UH=H 4 R (W c equal to head H: +U L, R (MA) 3

and

Assuming

77rD2 4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-10)

not to exceed

40 lb

(18.2

a conventional steel pump rod,

mechanical

of 4 to 1, a G-inch the pump rod length is tenable for is a pump

(12.7mm) diameter approximately with its equal

and assumes that The latter

to the head. located just

assumption level

cylinder

below the water

in the well.

55

TABLE 3-2 MAXIMUM HEAD FOR COMFORTABLE OPERATION OF DEEP WELL HAND PUMP

CYLINDER DIAMETER Inches 2


24

HEAD (LIFT)

Mm 51 63 76 102

Feet up to 75 Up to 60 up to 45 up to 30

Meters Up to 25 up to 20 up to 15 up to 10

3 4 Note:

See text for caveats and assumptions, which include maximum handle force of 40 lb (18.2 kg) and 4 to 1 mechanical advantage.

3.5 3.5.1

ENERGYANALYSIS Energy Requirement of work, or power, is the energy parameter of

In hand pumps the rate greatest interest: Power = 7 where Q is the rate efficiency. H.P. = 33,000 joules

QH
H is the head, expressed and e the pump's mechanical (one horsepower watts kilowatt. or

of discharge,

Power is frequently foot-pounds

as horsepower

per minute)

or as kilowatts is equivalent

(1,000 to 0.746

or 1,000 For Q as a deci-

per second).

One horsepower

in U.S. gallons mal,

per minute

and H in feet, is calculated

and efficiency as follows:

expressed

power expressed

in H.P.

56

3.5.2

Human Power By definition

' man (or woman or child) is the motive force that drives pumps, be Properly

the hand pump. the characteristics matched.

Just

as for,

say,

electrically

of the hand pump and its

driven centrifugal . motor, man, should

The power available ambient environment,

from human muscle

depends on the individual, and the duration work, for

the

the conversion for long

efficiency, term useful

of the task. Per

The power available day, 48 hours

example 8 hours iS often estimated

per week, by healthy

young male laborers This value

at 0.08 for It

to 0.10 horsepower

(60 to 75 watts). malnourished, temperature,

must be reduced stature, or aged,

individuals also

in poor health, for high

of slight high

must be reduced

humidity

work environexample pumping Short

ments.

Where the man and his position

work are poorly

matched - for expenditure muscles

from a stooped

- much of the energy may be doubled versus during trained

is wasted. can be readily 1960).

term Power production applied

where large

- as in pedaling

arm 0~11~ movement (Krendel short term work periods generating

The Power available There are examples for efforts of well

is much greater.
up

athletes Table

to 2 horsepower

of 5 to 10 seconds.

3-3 is adapted

from Krendel.

TABLE 3-3 MAN GENERATED POWER AGE OF MAN Years 20 35 60 Modified 5 min. 0.29 0.28 0.24 from Krendel USEFUL POWERBY DURATICINOF EFFORT (in 10 min. 0.28 .0.27 0.21 (1967). 15 min. 0.27 0.24 0.20 30 min.. 0.24 0.21 0.17 60 min. 0.21 '0.18 0.15 H.P.) 480 min. 0.12 0.10 0.08

57

Most hand pumps used for users, each pumping for rather only

domestic

water

a few minutes

are operated by many * Many operators are at a time. no measured data from output of about 0.10

supply

women and children field H.P. tests

than man.

With virtually

of hand pumps, an average appears a typical reasonable. mechanical of 0.10 H.P., QH =

human horsepower

(75 watts) Assuming

efficiency Equation

by the pump of about 3-11 can'he rewritten:

60 per-

cent

and

power output

240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-12) per minute and H in feet rule head. of head.

for Equation rate which

Q in U.S. gallons 3-12 provides might

a "rough for

and ready" a given

of thumb as to the discharge For example, 4 gallons at a head of

be expected rate,

60 feet, 3.5.3

the discharge Animal Power draft

Q, would be about

per minute.

Although developing supplies. diameter, suited

animals they

constitute

a common and vital used for

source

of power in for domestic

countries,

are not widely used for

pumping water water Animal well

(They are widely open, to direct shallow drive wells

pumping

irrigation

from large

in Africa

and Asia).

power is poorly Animals are

of vertically sites with

reciprocating when harnessed their pumps. human power, feet.

pumps.

most efficiently

used at fixed treadmills

to pull

rotating require

circular gears

sweeps or by pushing and slow moving, drinking pumps its only water, large

Both methods

displacement for

A second factor is that

in pumping generally for with

as described

each family

own water.

The effort

to hook up and unhook a draft justified only

animal

a few minutes

pumping is generally gallons

in deep wells

rope and bucket A 1,500 at a rate


*

(of several

displacement)

pumping. can work up to 10 hours bursts a day

to 1,900 lb

(700 to 850 kg) horse (0.746 kw). For short frequently

of 1 horsepower

of 5 to 30 minutes all day by

Hand pumps for irrigation only one or two persons.

purposes

are operated

58

a horse healthy with

can work at about mature specimens

4 horsepower can be estimated

(3 kw). for

Animal other

horsepower

for

animals

in accordance

the relationship power = Natural Other


horsepower

(Brody):
(mass

animal 3.5.4

of animal/mass

of

0.73
fiOrSe)

. . . . . (3-13)

Power prime movers include heat. the natural heat forces of wind, very

nonmechanical gravity,

water, site

sun, specific

and geothermal

Geothermal Gravity things

is of course available

and is not widely and is the first this book is that

available. other

is of course equal; water

everywhere reason rather able Falling Hydraulic for

choice,

being available

however

the

in many instances where it is needed.

is below

than above the site but not water economically

Sun powered pumps are availif ever, site to come. specific.

feasible

now or for many years, pumps but this 2.

can be used to drive

too is very

rams are described used.

in Section

Of the natural

prime movers wind

is the most widely 3.5.5 Wind Power Windpowered if:

pumping may be feasible

(Golding;

Wagner and Lanoix;

et al.)

(1) Winds of at least cent of the time; (2) The well (3) Storage for

5 miles

per hour

(8 km/hr)

are present

at least

60 per-

can be pumped continuously is provided, typically wind; for

without 3 days'

excessive

drawdown; to provide

demand (or more)

calm periods

without

(4) A clear placed 400 feet

sweep of wind to the windmill above surrounding (125 meters); tower; and that can operate obstructions the windmill

is provided, such as trees

i.e.,

the windmill within (4.5

is

or buildings

may be set on a 15 to 20 feet

to 6 meters) (5) Windmill of time,

equipment six

relatively

unattended The driving

for

long

periods

months or more,

is available.

mechanism should 59

be covered sail paint. Direct istics Usually provided

and provided should

with

an automatic galvanized

oiling

system.

Vanes and by epoxy

assemblies

be heavily

or protected

pumping of water

by a windmill

requires

matching

the character-

of (1) the Local wind regime, this is best accomplished

(2) the windmill,

and (3) the pump. based on information

by the manufacturer

by the purchaser. the commonest type of wind pump is pump. The pump generally assembly the slow-running with with wind wheel

By far driving tending connection

a piston through with

is equipped and upper guide

a pump rod exa hole for

the pump stand

the pump rod from the windmill. becalmed periods. are designed They are also to insure equipped that with

Provision

may be made for

pumping by hand during Modern windmills the wind for automatically km/hr) that pumping. turn might

they automatically a "pull-out"

turn

into

system to

the wheel out of excessive damage the windmill. to prevent The windmill per hour

winds

(30 to 35 mph, 48-56 or fan blades are also too

The "sails"

automatically fast) city in high is about with

furled winds.

the wheel will

from "running

away" (rotating

not begin

pumping until The rate

the wind veloof pumping after which the

5 or 6 miles increasing to turn,

(8 to 9.5 km/hr).

then rises

wind speed to about automatically,

15 mph (24 km/hr)

the wheel begins rate

out of wind thereby corresponding 6 feet

limiting

of pumping at higher The wind wheels

wind speeds to that

to a 15 mph wind. to 20 feet (2 meters

range in diameter 1975 prices are: 6-ft,

from about for windmills US $500;

to 6 meters). (shipping costs

Approximate not included)

purchased 8-ft,

in the U.S.

US $700; lo-ft, (7 meters) steel

US $1200; 12-ft, tower costs

US $2000; and 14-ft,

US $3000.

A 22-feet supplier.

about US $600 to $700 from the windmill strong towers

Even though using

windmills local 60

may be imported,

can be readily

constructed

materials.

I
I

If

A represents

the area swept by the windmill and 2 the specific is available to w v2 2g

rotor

of diameter

D,

V the wind velocity, W of a,ir per unit W=AVa


W

weight

of the air.

then the weieht is representing by the

of time that energy

to power the windwheel g being a constant

and its

is equal

gravitational

acceleration.

The power P brought

to the windwheel

wind is therefore: p= WV2 2g = Arev V3 w 2g will = tn2bV3 w 8g in proportion water to the wind to water Golding esti-

The power used to lift mechanical mates that efficiency this

water

be less windmill

of the entire will including

pump unit.

efficiency constants H.P.)

rarely

exceed 20 percent. values as: D2 V3 e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-14) diameter in feet, and of g and a,, the actual

Combining pumping (brake

average

horsepower

can be written

Net Pumping

H.P. = C.0000052

where D is the wind rotor V is the wind velocity e is the wind to water Similarly: Net Pumping K.W. = 0.0000020 D2 V3 e

in miles mechanical

per hour, efficiency.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-15) diameter in meters, and

where D is the wind rotor V is the wind velocity e is the wind to water The discharge inversely (the proportional Q for a given windwheel diameter

in km per hour, mechanical

efficiency. would be

and wind velocity Equations

to the pumping head.

Combining

3-14 and 3-11

efficiency

term in Eq. 3-11 already H.P. = go or

appears

in Eq. 3-14) D2 V3 e

yields:

= 0.0000052

Q=

0 . 020

--- v3 e D2 H

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-16)

61

where Q is discharge D is wind rotor V is wind velocity

in U.S. gallons in feet per hour and

per

minute

diameter

in miles

H is pumping head in feet, e is wind to water Similarly:

mechanical

efficiency.

Q = 0.060

D2 V3 e H

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-17) in liters per minute

where Q is discharge D is wind rotor V is wind velocity

diameter

in meters

in km per hour and efficiency. Golding's estimated

H is pumping head in meters, e is wind Table value 3-4 gives some illustrative to water calculations mechanical using

of e of 20 percent. Table 3-4 demonstrates the sensitivity discharge required of discharge to wind velocity: readily, the long

Q4WV3.

Although

the short-term

can be estimated periods

term discharge estimated not only well 3.5.6 over only


the

and the storage if

during

without

wind can be This duration includes as

the wind regime a;ld velocity year.

at the site of various

can be predicted. winds but their

frequency

the entire

Mechanical

Jacks pumps can be readily engines using mechanical converted jacks. to pumping with Good quality motors in pump

Hand powered reciprocating electric geared motors jacks with or gasoline long for life

expectancy

and for

use with

%-horsepower useful

can be purchased testing programs.

US $150 to $200.

These are especially

3.6

HANDLE ASSEMBLY The handle serves to transmit the lever motion and energy from the hand pump opera3-l is most

tor 62

to the pump.

Although

type handle

shown in Figure

TABLE 3-4

WINDMILL PUMI?ING RATES SHOWINGDISCHARGE IN U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE (LITERS PER MINUTE) WIND VELOCITY Mph (km/hr) 5 ( 8.1) 7 (11.3) 10 (16.1) 12 (19.3) 14 (22.6) 16 (25.8) 6 Ft (2M) 0.4 (1.4) HEAD= 50 Feet (15 Meters) HEAD = 100 Feet (30.5 Meters)

WINDMILL DIAMETER 8 Ft (2.5M) 0.7 1.8 > > 5.2 ( 2.7) ( 6.8) (20 > ) ) ) 10 Ft (3M) 1.0 ( 3.9) > > > > > 6 Ft (2M) 0.2 0.5 ( 0.7) ( 1.9)

WINDMILL DIAMETER 8 Ft (2.5M) 0.3 0.9 ( 1.3) ( 3.4) 10 Ft (3M) 0.5 1.4 4.1 > ( 2.5) ( 5.5) (15 ) > 1 1

1.0 ( 3.8) 3.0 5.0 (11 (20

2.8 ( 11 8.2 14 22 33 ( 31 (53 (85


025

1.5 ( 5.6) 2.5 4.0 ( 9.7) (15 ) )

2.6 ( 9.9) 4.4 (12

S.8 (24 14 (53 (80

7.0 (26 11
(42 (62

7.9(31) 12 (46 )

7.2(26) 11 (40 )

21

5.9 (23

16

Note:

Wind to water Metric units

efficiency

assumed to be 20 percent.

shown in parentheses.

common, other les, 3.6.1

means can be used including

wheels

and crankshafts,

foot

tread-

and pump jacks. Mechanical Advantage necessary to raise the pump plunger strength 3-6, in a recip::ocating How-

The pump rod force hand pump can easily

exceed the muscular 3.4.2 and Figure

of the pump operator. the downward handle force advantage

ever as shown in Section necessary to raise

the pump rod can be reduced in accordance


Fp 2 Lh =

by the mechanical 3-6.

(MA) of the handle

with
Fp u

Equation

Fh =

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-b)

where

Fh = force F L P P = force

exerted exerted

on handle on handle

by operator's by pump rod

hand

= distance from center of fulcrum pin

of pump rod pin of fulcrum of handle. well

to center

from center Lh = distance of operator's hand and A typical That MA = mechanical advantage advantage for a shallow

pin to "center"

mechanical

pump is about force about

4 to 1.

is a pump rod force In deep wells

can be balanced the mechanical cannot

by a handle advantage

one quarter even 10 to 1. As Figure increased,

as large.

may be larger, without limit.

The mechanical 3-7 illustrates,

advantage

be increased

as the distance

Lh from the fulcrum increases.

to the hand is Too large

the arc ab swept by the end of the handle for difficu" Lo operation. Decreasing advantage but

an arc makes inP the stroke L

the pump rod to fulcrum it simultaneously plunger.

distance

creases length 3.6.2

the mechanical

decreases

S of the pump rod and its Linkage Figure 3-7 illustrates with

attached

the simplest pins,

type of handle

mechanism: the other

a one at the

piece fulcrum. 64

handle

two connecting

one at the pump rod, fcr shallow well

This

is a common arrangement

pumps.

Note in Figure distance, Z.

3-7 that

the arc cd swept by the pump rod pin defines to the plunger stroke length,

the

vertical tal

S, equivalent That is,the

and a horizonas well

distance,

top of the pump rod moves horizontally (See Figure 3-l)

as vertically. are fixed although

Because the drop pipe in place, the lower

and the pump cylinder to the plunger), Thus if

end of the pump rod (attached is not strike free

free

to move vertically the pump rod will on relative

to move horizontally.

Z is too large wall, zontal assembly depending

the drop pipe

(or the pump stand is that the hori-

dimensions).

A second problem

movement of the pump rod makes sealing against tilting A fourth contamination difficult.

the top of the pump stand problem is that the result-

A third

ing angular cup seals.

of the plunger problem, for

may cause excessive

wearing

of the plunger the top of

related force

to the second above,

is that

the pump must be sealed

pumps.

1:;

FIGURE 3-7

HANDLE GEOMETRY

65

Figure mechanisms vertical

3-8 sums up several that

common hand pump handle operation

to pump rod linkage in the

are used to insure

of the pump rod solely

plane. pin, This a rotating system fulcrum link,

Pump A uses two movable and one fixed and a stuffing as the Dempster mical bending solution stresses box as a pump rod guide.

is used in such pumps This is an econoand

23EX and the Godwin HLS and HLD models. but in deep wells, the stuffing in the pump rod. and one fixed pin

box may wear excessively

may be created

Pump B also link. Although

uses two movable a stuffing pillars.

and a rotating

fulcrum

box is used, Examples is critical version

the pump rod is guided include to avoid

by a crosspumps.

head over Alignment

two guide

the Wasp and the Beatty binding. The single pillar

of the components

Pump C is a single also appear on the handle

pillared side

of Pump B.

may is an

of the pump rod.

The Baker "Monitor"

example. Pump D also crum. The stuffing uses two movable and one fixed pin, but with a fixed fulEDECO

box is used as a pump rod guide.

Examples include

and the NWSA. Pump E uses only attached Gravity, one conventional pin, length quadrant This as the fulcrum. of flexible welded The handle chain. is is

to the pump rod by a short combined with true a circular

motorcycle

to the end of the handle work only in wells

used to insure enough andjor r("You can't

vertical

motion.

pump will

deep

at speeds slow enough to allow push a string. ") Examples include

the dowxstroke the Sholapur

to occur

by gravity.

and Jalna-types

&found in India. Pump F uses a two movable, to a pump rod pllllrr Uganda and Shinyanga pipe installed one fixed pin lever with over two connecting the pump rod. 3-11 and 6-3). arms The

concentrically

pumps are examples.

(See Figures

66

wllar

(2

each

A. 3-PIN LEVER WITH STUFFING BOX ROD

GUIDE

B. 3-PIN LEVER WITH SLIDING CROSSHEAD

C. 3-PIN AND

LEVER LOWER

WITH UPPER ROD GUIDES

m)

Stuf

t ino

box

II

q.-q ,I I $> 1 , I,
0*7-tif III II! $-yu I I Pump rod

E.

l-PIN LEVEP WITH FLEXIBLE CONNECTOR GUIDED BY CURVED SECTOR

D.

2 -PIN LEVER WITH l-PIN STUFFING BOX ROD GUIDE

ROD

AND

Handle Two trlc

y , Pillion

vertical slots In concenplpe over pump rod 88 pump rodlwrletpin

\_ Pi

laxlel

F. 3-PIN

LEVER WITH ED WRISTPIN

SLOT

hii~j&

Drop

pipe

G.

RACK

AND

PINION

F1G"RE 3-8

LEXYERANDLINKAGEMFCHANISMSFOR VERTICAL OPERATION OF PUMP RODS WITHOtlT LATERAL MOVEMENT 67

, Handle

u-! (al Side v,.w TYPICAL

Pump

rod

r (bl End low LN -LINE SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

15) Wllh andle rotalmd 90

Crankpi

LLltln *Ym b
Crank handle

(d)
Cutaway VImW untt IDeplechir,) of typical

60

Pump G uses a rack and pinion the fulcrum rollers. and pinion rack or axle Examples pin causing

arrangement.

The pinion

sector

rotates

on

the rack

to move up and down against and Lloyd

two fixed 103D. the Rack ,

include

the Korat

608 and the Stewart in two handled

pump drives

are available sides. for rotary

versions

in which

is "toothed" Figure

on opposing

3-9 illustrates

crank

or wheel

operated \ plane.

hand pumps how For these pumps,

the pump rod motion the lower is restricted the connecting

can be restricted
i

to the vertical

end of the rod or link to the v&tical rod is free

connecting

the crankshaft while

to the pump rod the upper end of are

plane to follow motion slider

by the crosshead the rotating

crankshaft.

Bearings The mechanism

used at each point shown, the rotating use for rotating

of relative in line rather

between components. crank, is perhaps handles. to eliminate lateral with lateral

the most common in

than reciprocating

The mechanisms pump rod. In doing

shown are intended

movement by the to the top of poor lubri-

so most of them introduce are increased Rotating forces stored

stresses

the pump rod. cation, usually stresses. easier. 3.6.3

These stresses

poor alignment, generally with

and poor maintenance. distribute the lateral energy

handles,

more costly, lower maximum

more uniformly

The kinetic

in the wheel usually

makes operation

Human Engineering The height, length, and travel and efficiency advantage arc of the handle are important to the may or

comfort,

convenience, mechanical

of the pump operator. but the operator length

A long handle to raise It

have a high lower also it

may not be able stroke.

sufficiently

to use the full

of the plunger

may

be cumbersome to work. For a three foot (0.914 meter) handle with a mechanical of a circle) stroke advantage of 5

to 1, moved through travel four feet

an arc of 90' meters)

(one fourth

the hand would

(1.22

and the plunger

of the pump would be 69

about

8 inches

(19.3

cm)?

(In

Figure

3-7,

arc length

ab = 2wLh

4+ 36Oo

131 )

The suitability tors - anthropometric,

of these

dimensions

is iargely

determined Field

by human fac-

ergonomic,

and psychological.

measurements concepts (for

under varying

conditions

are scanty.

Modern time and motion Maynard;

see Barnes; a few generalizations: (1)

Brouha;

Kar-ger and Bayha;

et -- al.)

make possible

Dimensions of hand pump handle assemblies should be based on the not the mean size but the size of the size of the pump operators; e.g., women or children. Where more than one smaller operators, hand pump is installed at a single site, their handle heights should be varied. Dimensions should avoid severe disturbance pumping. Physical efficiency in a stooped half that of a normal position. of body posture while position is less than

(2)

(3)

Within certain limits, heartbeat and respiration show a linear relationship with energy expenditures or performed work. Heartbeat In assessing the efficiency is readily measured through pulse rate. of two pumps (or the same pump with differing handle heights or lengths), their discharge (Q) and head (H) being equal, the pump for which the operator's pulse rate rises least will be the more efficient. A pulse rate rise of about 30 beats per minute above the resting pulse rate is about the optimum limit of performance for long term pumping. Optimal muscular efficiency occurs when the force being exerted about one-halfjits maximum value and the speed of movement about one-fourth it.i'maximum value (Wilkie). '1 is

(4)

(5)

For wells with very deep lifts, provision should be made for pumpShort term work ing with both hands and/or by more than one person. output can beincreased by a third to a half using two hands instead of one. Rotating wheel-type handles are easily operated in such a manner. The importance of handle dimensions and loadings of their Handle selection for hand pumps is often Load

disguised too heavy? shortens

by the marvelous The operator

adaptive

abilities

human operators.

pumps more slowly. judicious

too long? of handle

The operator dimensions user.

the stroke.

Nevertheless factor

can be an important Tradition and esthetic

in acceptability may also

of the hand pump to its be important.

appearance

KRotating

pivots eden handle

Yoke

Mild Wooden Bolts

steel brat.

plate

(nonrotating) w/Anchor bolts

spout

II
or 0. I.

Flangm

Stool

1
i i
-Pump

It-

Steel pipe (or galvanized

brace Iron pipe)

01

bolts

rod

Pipe Bolt M.S. IPump

bushing Detail U-6sr rod 1 0, yoke (Section A-A)

71

3.6.4

Structural The structural

Loading

of the Handle on the handle by the pump rod, described Fp' =s . in Sec-

load exerted

created tion tor, 3.4. Fh.

by the hydraulic To this

and gravitational

forces exerted

earlier

must be added the force

by the hand of the opera, are resisted Ff = Fp + Fh. The

These two downward forces, The force

as shown in Figure3-11 at the fulcrum,

by the fulcrum. handle loaded

on the handle

is structurally at each end.

speaking,

a beam attached

to the fulcrum

by a-pinan-d or shear-

Such a beam may fail failure

from tensile, observed

compressive

ing stresses. through


This

The most frequent over the fulcrum. structural

in the field

is generally

bending
is

a standard (e.g.,

design

problem Generally

and formulas

and tables design cross be

are for

readily

available

see Baumeister). area (weight) will all

the strongest an I-shaped Design

the same cross-sectional section


,,, :i :z .,

be one with pin holes.

with

its

web strengthened failures

around

should

conservative; sit,

many field

are the result incipient

of shocks or blows cracks and fractures, cast

in tranand iron.

poor quality

manufacture

including

to failure

due to brittleness metal

of the material

used,

especially - for

Many otherwise pump of East Africa Public Health

pumps use wooden handles 3- 12.

example the Uganda Ministry of which

shown in Figure

CAEE and the Tunisian assembly with

have developed for

a pump stand

a wooden handle, 3-10). depth. Both

is locally these handles for

assembled

U.S. $62 (as of 1976). records advantages: for

(See Figure wells

pumps have good operational have several potential

of moderate cost local savings,

Wooden

possible for

especially

long-handled

deep well points

pumps; suitability may be on the softer metal pins.

repair

or replacement;

and wear at pivot expensive, difficult

handle

rather

than on more

to replace

72

Fh

= = = =

FORCE AT PUMP ROD PIN FORCE AT WNDLE FORCE AT FULCRUMPIN FP+F h

Fh Ff 72 r .
J

FIGURE 3- 11 FORCESAT FULCRUM

1 H0l.B 2 Pump

for handle thread

greaeing (wood) for roda pip* wall rods

3 Qas

4 Connacting 5 Rod 6 Golda connecting pipe

11 U-bolts rod (wood) 9 Uprlght 3 To*-piace 7 Well I0 Supporting iron

12 13 14 -.-15 16 14 13 17

Rising Pump Valve

cylinder main

Balls Discharge Rest plats pipe

FIGURE 3- 12 "KENYA"

HAND PUMP (DEEI;' WLL TYPE) (Previously "Uganda" Hand Pump)


73

3.7

-CONNECTIONS, PINS AND BEARINGS Pinned connecting joints are a common source of manufacture, of pump failures due to especi-

(1) poor design, ally inadequate

(2) poo: quality lubrication,

(3) poor maintenance, and pilferage. (See Figures

and (4) vandalism each.

Hand pumps have 3-8 and 3-9).

from one to five 3.7.1 Bearings Connector stressed their

or more such connections

failures

due to poor design or journals, that is,

are most often bearings that

the result

of overfor

pin bearings

are too small

imposed loads.

The most common (and least journal or sleeve

expensive) bearing

type of bearing illustrated in Fig-

used in hand pumps is the plain ure 3-13. of the radial of materials The diameter

D and length

L of the bearing bearing pressure

depend on the magnitude P for the combination

load F and the allowable

used in the bearing and journal. Or summarizing for any system i of appropriate units, th3 bearing pressure P for a plain bearing is: p= where F LD .a........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..L............. pressure force or load (3-18)

P is the bearing F is the radial L is the length

of the bearing of the bearing in cast inch, iron psi journals the bearing pressure on

and For steel should not

D is iron

the diameter bearings

or cast

exceed 100 pounds per square not more than Given a cast handle (similar 30 psi iron

(70 kg/cm2).

For steel

hardwood, Example:

(20 kg/cm2). a simple The force two-pin, single piece

hand pump with to Figure 3-6).

is 150 lb three-inch able

(68 kg) and the mechanical (25mm x 76mm) cast pressure iron

F at the pump rod pin P advantage of the one-inch x is 4 to 1. Find The allowthe appropriate and the two

handle

bearing

is 100 psi

(70 kg/cm2).

dimensions bearings 74

of the two steel

bearings

in the fulcrum pin)

(at pump rod pin and at fulcrum 3-10).

of the pump handle

(See Figure

BEARING ---_____-.-. LOADING

:G

= RI.3IhL

L(?AD

P = HkiAt<ING PRESSUti PROJECTED Z?REA = L D BEARING PiUdSSUW = LOAD PER UNIT' PROJECTED AREA

OR
-_I

--:---

FIG1lRE 3-13

CALCIILATION OF REARTNG PRESSl!F!T: FOR Pl,ATN BFARTN(:S

75

Solution:

F = 150 lb P Handle force Fh = F + MA = 150/4 = 37.5 lb P Fulcrum force (handle) Ff = Fp + Fh = 150 + 37.5 = 187.5 Fulcrum ptF LD PP force or (each side LD= = = $, of handle) psi = =

Given pump rod force

lb

$ Ff = 187.5 = 93.8 lb for steel on cast iron

P elO0

andLD

F = -$= p Ff

150 lb 100 psi 187.5 lb 100 psi = 93.8= 100

1.5 sq in 1.88 sq in 0.94 sq in as 1.00 inch (25mm),

LfDf

4 Ff L+fD%f = p The width thereby andD P = L

of the handle P p = Lf = =

is given

1.00 in 1.5 sq in 1.00 sq in


1.88 sq in 1.00 sq in

= 1.5 in = 1 88 in * Df = 2 in to be stocked, = 0.47, D = 2 in also, P and

P LfDf and D = f Lf Rounding

to standard

size

pin, sizes in

To minimize 4f =

number. of pin = 0*;4,:

$ifD%f

say g-inch.

Example:

Given

the same hand pump, but with

all

pins

of one-inch

(25mm)

diameter, Solution:

what is the maximum bearing the greatest pt Ff -= LfDf

pressure? bearing stress will = 187.5 psi

From the above problem, be at the fulcrum pin:

187.5 lb (l.OOin)(l.OOin)

Note:

(1) The journal holes cut into the handle, if too large, could result Handle stresses at the journal can in overstressing the handle. be reduced by thickening or deepening the handle (typically by adding a boss or fillet) at journals. long bearings (defined as bearings (2) For grease-lubricated bearings, for which the rati. L/D is greater than one) are generally preRedesign of rerred for their better retention of the lubricant. the pump handle as suggested in note (1) would also make this possiblel

Design scientific fitted not

of journal basis

bearings

for modern high-speed oil parts. film

machinery

has a strong

based on hydrodynamic - moving

lubricatiou

between closely rests on an oil film,

- but non-contacting the journal

The bearing

and the resistance the speed, in the great

to motion and the load. majority with

is due to the viscosity

of the

interposed Journal

lubricant, bearings

of today's continuous or boundary

hand pumps are not contact between bearMar-

hydrodynamically ing and journal ginal lubrication

lubricated under

but operate

conditions

of marginal

lubrication.

in hand pump bearings

is due to:

(1) Relatively large loose running clearance fits between the bearing shaft and the journal hole. For hand pumps, clearance of l/32-inch (0.8mm) are often allowed for bearings, ten or more times larger than that needed for boundary lubrication. This recognizes the greater cost of closer fits, and allowances and the inability of many hand pump manufacturers tolerances, to meet more rigid manufacturing standards. (2) Related to the above is the interchange parts and components in of Figure 3-10 demonstrates that the line up at right angles to the pump crum. In some designs (which should through two additional holes in the necessity to be the plant and in centerline axis axis for the pin be discouraged), pump cap - making able to assemble and the field. Examination of three journals must to fit through the fulthe fulcrum pin must go five holes in all.

(3) The relatively rough surfaces of the journal and/or the bearing which may have surface irregularities higher than the thickness of oil film. The asperities disrupt the oil film and rub on one another, separated by oil films only one or two molecular layers thick. Friction and thereby heat and wear are increased. mation (4,) The oscillating of the oil film slow speed of hand pumps is under the best of conditions. not only and journal counterproductive frequency to forbut and

(5) Inadequate lubrication including poor choice or quality of lubricant. Under boundary selection cf friction rication lubrication,bearing

inadequate

are in partial Table 3-5 lists

contact coefficients

of the two materials for several materials

can be critical.

used in hand pumps.

The importance

of lub-

is readily

seen. lubrication, materials of friction. in excessive should be selected to resist wear and

With marginal to provide against

a low coefficient results

Normally, wear.

use of like and steel

materials are exceptions


77

each other

Cast iron

TABLE 3-5 COEFFICIENTS OF SLIDING FRICTION MATERIALS COEFFICIENT OF SLIDING FRICTION Dry Hard steel Hard steel Mild Mild steel steel on hard steel on babbitt on mild on cast iron iron iron iron (ASTM steel
NO.

Greasy 0.029 0.16 0.09 0.133


--

0.42

1)

0.33 0.57 0.23 0.30 0.22 0.15 0.49 0.56


--

Brass on cast Bronze on cast Cast iron Cast iron Leather Laminated Fluted

0.0?7 0.070 0.075 0.36 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.06 to 0.11 (water) (oil)

on cast on oak on cast plastic

iron on steel on steel box stuffing

0.35
--

rubber

bearing

Hemp or cotton packing After Fuller.

however, equal, ability ties

particularly harder materials oil;

if

they

are of differing Other

hardness. desirable

Other properties

things

being

are preferable. sufficient plasticity

include irregularifatigue

to absorb and to resist high

to conform corrosion

to slight

scoring; thermal

structural conductivity, bearing will

strength; antiseize

resistance;

resistance; low cost.

properties, these

and of course, characteristics,

No one journal

ever have all which best cost. and cast nonmetallics

hence the designer requirements: Bearing bronzes, * 78 Brine11

must choose materials strength; in addition alloys either

meet the most important

durability; materials metal for

favorable to steel

iron

include

babbitts,

and other hardness

acd various journal

such as wood, plastics, be at least 150.

or bearing

should

including rubber, generally

nylon, and stone. require

flourocarbons The metal close fits,

(Teflon), alloys require

and epoxies

and epoxy-filled bushings field

fabrics, (liners) and

are used as journal special iron tools for

replacement, (See Table 3-6).

and are more expensive With the possible pumps.

than steel

or cast

counterparts.

exception

of wood, the nonmetallics on one widely

are not much used in hand marketed pump but have a

Nylon bushings

are available

mixed performance "journals" ricating

record. pipe

Many pumps use wooden handles liners. Several of these solid friction. against vehicle

but in most the are self-lub-

have metal or amenable bearings

materials

to use of long-lasting must overcome sliding bearings, bearing

lubricants. Another rolling category friction. These bearings, They have relamore special although Ball or of A

Journal bearings,

termed antifriction the ball

rotate

common example is usually tively

used with

shafts. firms.

made of steel, low friction, (see Table installation sealed

arc manufactured iow wear, 3-6),

by specialist lived.

and are long close fits

They are relatively require

expensive tools if for

require

and tolerances,

and replacement, they will run for

and lubrication months without

is mandatory relubrication.

properly

roller 3-9 (e) .

bearings

are invariably

used in expensive

pumps such as shown in Figure

With the possible of the bearings

exception

of wear of the cylinder and pump stand assembly

cup seals,

failures

of the handle

are the most frequent are inexpensive in existing the single better relative pump most cost

causes of hand pump operating to other models, effective (possibly bearings, of cast promising pump components. even if only

breakdowns. Improvement

Yet they

of the bearings is frequently Closer oil fits, wicks

to make them bigger, that oil can be made. grease rarely

improvement including and other iron journals

lubrication grooved hardening are

seals,

cups,

and baths,

features

seen on hand pumps), to a cherry

and flame

(by heating

red and quenching

in water)

measures. 79

TABLE 3-6 COSTS OF SPECIALIZED BEARINGS PURCHASED FROM BEARING MANUFACTURERS TYPE OF BEARING DIMENSIONS (Inches) JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH BUSHINGS Oil Impregnated 0.627 ID U.S. $0.33 COST PER EACH (U.S. Dollars)

0.878 OD 3/4 Long Bronze 518 ID 7/8 OD 3/4 Long Teflon Composition 0.630 ID U.S. $1.14 0.876 OD 3/4 Long Black Nylon 5/8 ID 314 OD 3/4 Long ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS Ball Bearing (Precision) 518 ID 1 l/4 l/2 Ball Bearing (Unground) OD Wide U.S. $0.86 U.S. $3.31 U.S. $0.14 U.S. $0.60

518 ID 1 5/8 OD l/2 Wide

Needle Bearings

5/8 ID 1 3/16 OD 3/4 Wide

U.S.

$0.92

Note: Source:

Prices

are in lots Jr.

of 500 at U.S. factories (P ersonal communication)

as of July

1976.

R.D. Fannon,

*I

3.7.2

Pins The all too common practice is obviously of using short length Pins carbon steels.

i of steel reinforcing

bars

for

pins

self-destructive. or pearlitic treatments than their

should

be smooth and hard,

preferably

of austentitic with

can be obtained generally placed 3.7.3 should

surface

to reduce journals.

wear rather fulcrums,

Standard size pins . wear. H wever' the pins f Pins are more easily re-

than handles, Fasteners

links,

and pump rod connectors.

There are two schools threaded fasteners bolts

of thought fasteners. are often

in regard

to hand,pump

fasteners

and pinned and nuts

Threaded cheaper, quality

available

in standard than pins.

sizes,

often

and more readily is often

restocked

and replaced fasteners

However thread other pur, f

poor and the threaded the risk pins held of pilferage. in place

car, be used for

poses increasing Unthreaded to pilferage movable fasteners unreliable. Fasteners, loose while only

by heavy cotter of poor threads.

pins

are less Spring clip

susceptible pins, reof

and avoid with

the problems tools,

special

can eliminate in place

pilferage

and vandalism setscrews

altogether.

Pins held

by threaded

are generally

particularly A locknut

those

attached

to the pump rod,

should

not come factor.

in use.

can be used to advantage

as a safety

Types of locknuts . full

include: nut used on a threaded male bolt or rod under a

(1) Jam nut - a thin nut.

(2) Slotted nut - a nut with a radial slot to receive a cotter passes through a diametral hole drilled in the bolt or rod.

pin which

on a male threaded (3) Free-spinning locknut - a nut that turns freely bolt or rod until it seats against a base surface; further tightening then produces a locking action through a spring or beam action in the nut causing the upper threaded section of the nut to bend inward and grip the bolt under pressure.

(4) Prevailing-torque
deformation of an elastic

locknuts - a nut with one of several types insert, or upset threads on the nut, etc.

of action: 81

Locknuts a feature replaced ("ears") which handle or

can also

be used to prevent

rotation rather

of the pins

in the handle, easily

may result assembly.

in wear of the pin Rotation of pins

than the less

can be prevented

by projections

ridges

cast on the outside

face or boss of one journal.

3.8 3.8.1

PUMP STAND (Standard, Functions The pump stand

Barrell,

Head, Hydrant,

Pump Body,

Column)

has several

functions

which

affect

its

design:

(1) Through its base it aligns and fixes the pump to the well. 752 pump stand base, which may or may not be an integral component of the stand, is attached to the well through a threaded connection with the well casing or * by anchor bolts with the concrete foundation apron. Threads and anchor bolts must be dimensionally compatible. Thread engagement should be at least 2 inches (5 cm). In either system the well casing should protrude at least 2 inches (5 cm) above the foundation to prevent sullage water from entering the well. (2) It provides a platform of convenient height for the pump handle assembly and, in particular, for the fulcrum which is often cast integrally with or welded or bolted to the pump stand. Sharp interior corners, notches, grooves, and cracks where the fulcrum meets the pump stand or pump cap may concentrate stresses and result in structural failure of the fulcrum. For pumps with very long handles or with pump stands made of plastic materials, the fulcrum may be separately anchored and not attached to the pump stand. (3) It provides a platform for suspension of the drop pipe and of the pump rod/cylinder/plunger/valve assemblies. The drop pipe is usually attached to the pump stand by pipe threads. The pump rod and its appendages hang from the handle/pump rod pin. (Wrist pin in rotating handles). All the forces previously described tend to compress and/or tilt the pump stand. (4) It provides sanitary protection for the well and the water, physically protecting both from external contamination at the top of the well if properly designed and installed and equipped with a closed cap or top. The stand and its (Open top "pitcher" pumps are inadequate protection). spout (spigot) provide a water conduit from the drop pipe to the user's container. (5) For many shallow well pumps, the pump stand also serves as the pumping cylinder. Machining, honing, or lining of the interior surface is usually essential to prevent excessive wear. Use of the same pump stand for both shallow well and deep well pumps is possible (an example is the AID/Battelle
Pump > l

3.8.2

Pump Spout The spout

(Spigot,

Faucet,

Hydrant, to prevent

Outlet) contamination, compatible with willful or acci-

should

be designed

dental, 82

of the well

and to be dimensionally

the pump users'

containers. gravity

Protection - the opening

against

contamination slopes

usually

takes

advantage flat)

of

is down, the spout a screen

away (or is in the spout.

from the

pump stand.

Occasionally discharge

is inserted

The spout

must be high to provide Excessive Windy sites carried

enough above the well clearance for the water

platform

and far in diffi-

enough from the pump stand predominant cult during use locally. high winds.

containers containers around

height

may make filling wing walls should

may require containers strong

the spout.

Use and dimensions priate. The spout full

of animal should

be noted

where approthe weight from it.

be structurally which might

enough to suppo& on or suspended be valved two spout

of the largest

container force force

be rested generally with

Spouts used with Some pump stands 3.8.3 Other for

pumps should

and threaded. connections.

pumps are equipped

Considerations durable structure life * Their capable of withstandMost hand based Pump

The pump stand must be a robust, ing the continuous fully

use and abuse of community exposed to the weather.

over many years. design structural

pumps are also

is generally analysis.

more on manufacturing stand failures

constraints

than on detailed

are most often or foundry practices.

due to use of poor quality

materials

or to poor

fabrication

3.9 3.9.1

PUMP CAP (Cover, Functions

Cap, Ring,

Top)

The pump cap when used (see Figure

3-14)

may have any of several

functions:

(1) With its stuffing box, the pump cap may seal the top of the pump Even without the stuffing box or a vertically against potential contamination. guided pump rod, the use of a slotted pump cap reduces the open area at the top of the pump. The slot allows lateral movement of the pump rod during pumping. (2) The same stuffing box seal spout) to act as a force pump, that the pump stand. * Provision freezing must be provided climates. for allows the pump (through extension of the is, to lift the water above the level of r

draining

the pump stand

and drop pipe

in 83

COUPLING PUMP RODBOX

STUFFING CAP -

TRAP

TUBE

SPOUT

handle firSTAND

connecting rod L

STAND BASE

cap1

DROP PIPE PUMP ROD FULCRUM ASSEMBLY

FIGURE 3-14

HAND PUMP WITH STI'FFINC BOX AND CllIDED PI&V' ROD SUITABLE FOR LJSEAS A FORCE PuMp

84

(3) The pump cap and its stuffing In Figure 3-14 this a pump rod guide. movement of the pump rod. (4) The cap generally rod guide pillars. The cap may be pinned, as strong machining and stable and/or serves bolted,

box or guide bushing are often arrangement is used to restrict link

used as lateral

as the seat of the fulcrum or welded

and of pump It should be

to the pump stand. surfaces

as the pump stand. to avoid

The contact

may require the bolts

a gasket

cracking

the cap when tightening

and to insure 3.9.2 Stuffing

water

tightness. Gland, and Parking to control leakage for from the top of the the pump rod. (See of

Box, Nut,

The stuffing pump stand Figure 3-14, for

box serves force

as a seal

pumps and as a bearing 3-g and 2-4;

and guide

also

Figures

Figures

4-5 and 4-6 show replacement

the stuffing

box packing). part which of the stuffing is tightened box is usually thereby a nut, concentric a flexible commonly made of with

The visible the pump rod, packing braided material

downward,

compressing packing,

around

the pump rod. provides ring a water

The tightened seal

hemp or'canvas, A cylindrical

between the pump rod and the the gland or follower may

pump stand. be provided

or washer

called

between the nut and the packing. is lubricated heat which and cooled shortens only by water (friction with the moving Therefore along

The packing pump rod develops the nut should

the life

of the packing).

be tightened

to the point

where the escape of water Graphite Graphite

the pump rod is almost also

but not completely

stopped. is essential. pitting packing

and grease may should be re-

be used but slow seepage of water

moved when the pump is in storage; sult. Pitted A trap an air during and scored tube around

otherwise

of the pump rod may rewear. 2-4. This creates therein in smoothmechani85

pump rods accelerate the stuffing

box is shown in Figure Compression

chamber ii1 the top of the pump stand. the pumping stroke is claimed air

of the air to result with

by some manufacturers chambers are often

er pump performance. tally powered force

External pumps.

provided

Plunger The pump rod connects The rod and Its the forces earlier connectors described in tension. the handle the handle (usually

Rod, Piston (or crankshaft)

Rod

Sucker Rod, Well Rod) assembly.

to the plunger

threaded) 3-4.

must be strong During descent than

enough to support of the plunger,. be in

in Section During

the ascent

the rod is then compression fall if

plunger faster

the pump ?:od will the natural generally

is operated Tensile

gravitational establish

of the rod and plunger.

stresses

however

the minimum rod diameter. The pump rod diameters meter. if Rods in sha.llow well are usually rounded up to the next of polished if bought standard steel diaor brass

hand pumps are usually ordinary mild steel

purchased

from manufacturers; steel Steel

on the local

market. well

Galvanized

rods with

threaded

ends are commonly used in deep in lengths of 10 or

hand pumps.

pump rods are commonly available and diameters of 7/16 and l/2-inch rod should

20 feet A properly lb

(3 or 6 meters) threaded

(11 and i3 mm). a force of 400

l/Z-inch

(13 mm) steel

support

(180 kg). Wooden pump rods are often used with windmills and with open-top cylin-

ders.

Use of wood rather buoyancy. *

than steel Wood also

has the advantage does not crystallize cross section,

of reducing and break typically and creates

the pump at the

rod load by its couplings

as does steel

rod.

The larger is stiffer

1 l/2-inch a partial The expense the

(38 mm) octagonal double of large cost action steel

diameter, effect

in compression

pumping couplings that

(pumps on both up and down strokes). to join

and screws necessary be expected. problems

wood rods reduces is also

advantage The principal

might operating

A larger with

drop pipe

required. with may

pump rods are disconnections and corrosion. (see Section Disconnections 3.7.3)

the handle, be reduced threading galvanized acidic 86

the plunger, by use of lock and thread steel

or between nuts

links

at couplings

and by proper by use of in highly

engagement.

Corrosion-resistance alloys

is improved

or corrosion waters.

resistant

and may be mandatory

or alkaline

3.11

DROP PIPE (Riser, Riser Pipe, Pipe, Suction Lift Pipe) The drop pipe supports

Rising

Main,

Discharge

Pipe,

Sucker as the are

the cylinder

in the well 3-l).

and also

serves

discharge

pipe

from the cylinder. by pulling

(See Figure

Closed top cylinders With open top cylinders or suction it loss valve) up. of friction is ex-

removed from the well the plunger tracted assembly

up the drop pipe.

(and in some pumps the 'Ifoot" using

through

the drop pipe the diameter the greater

the pump rod to pull the less

The larger through it but

of the drop pipe, the cost. For short

head

and medium length half the nominal less

drop pipe inside dia-

the diameter

usually

selected

is approximately

meter of the cylinder (32 mm). For very should

as shown in Table long drop pipes, be larger

3-7 below but never with

than la-inch pump rods,

particularly

large-diameter

the diameter

than shown in the Table. TABLE 3-7

MINIMUM DIAMETER OF DROP PIPE NOMINAL CYLINDER DIAMETER Inches Less than 34 31 4 Millimeters Less than 90 90 100 Inches It 14 2 NOMINAL DROP PIPE DIAMETER Millimeters 30 40 50

Rote:

(1) Thread with

type and diameter threading. diameters

of tap on cylinder

must be coordinatei when using larger 75 feet wooden

drop pipe

(2) Drop pipe ,

shown must be increased pump rods with length diameter exceeds

pump rods or steel

than g-inch (25 meters).

(13 mm) or when drop pipe

87

For some hand pump configurations cylinder, an example. and the well casing

the functions

of the drop pipe, pipe. Figure

the 6-5 is

are combined in a single

3.12

SUCTION PIPE (Also A suction pipe

see Drop Pipe) located below the cylinder. Inasmuch as the

is any pipe

cylinder suction

for pipes

a deep well should

pump should

be installed with

below drawdown water-level, pumps. With some cylinto

not be necessary a short length

deep well

ders or suction mount an intake SuLtion drop pipes. work. small

valves, screen. for

of drop pipe may be necessary

pipes

shallow

well

screens pipe

are sized is long

in the same way as for the pump is difficult pipe choking being too to

Frequently

when a suction

The cause may be due to the diameter or to.an obstruction or other restriction

of the suction partially that

the pipe. under from

The action tension. it a partial

of the plunger If the flow

(and handle)

may resemble is not as free will

of a spring

to the cylinder

as the displacement drop immediately after its

vacuum is created if the handle

and the plunger is quickly fly up so fast

to re-

store

equilibrium

released

downward push.

The handle

may simultaneously

as to be dangerous. should be watertight A very for maximum

Both the suction efficiency. leak, climates through

pipe and the drop pipe is seriously

Pump capacity a "weephole" the pipe

reduced is

by leakage.

small

in the drop pipe, during inoperative

sometimes used in freezityz periods.

to protect

3.13

PLUNGERASSEMBLY (Plunger, The plunger assembly lifts

Piston, the water

Bucket,

Lift

Bucket,

Sucker) during 3-15). its It upward should for

to the pump spout (See Figure as it

stroke

and supports for

the discharge to guide

check valve. the valve

be designed ready 88

strength,

opens and closes,

replacement

of cup seals , and to provide

at least

as much cross-sectional

LEGEND 0 0 Valvs cage or yoke

Threaded for pump

connection rod cup seal In

@)Plunger @Valve ppsn @valve closed 6 0 @V&I Yalve

poppat position poppst posiiion lift seat (L) and

in

PLAN

gasket (Dv)

0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0
S

Valve Machined Poppat Plunger Spacer cup

seat

dlamster threads

stem lollower

and

weight

seal

follower

ELEVATION

HALF

- SECTION

A -A

FIGURE 3-I

DETAIL OF PLIINGER ASSEMBLY

89

hydraulic

flow

area as the drop pipe. to the pump rod, and spacer(s).

It

typically

consists

of a yoke or and in

cage connection cup seal Sections

discharge

check valve, and valves

and cup seal(s) are discussed

follower(s)

Cup seals

3.14 and 3.15. and "piston term, are used interchangeably. yet plunger is much more

In hand pumps the terms "plunger" Piston widely may be the more strictly used for hand pumps.

appropriate

3.14

CUP SEALS (Cups, Buckets, Cups, Packing Leathers) Cup seals have one major

Plunger function,

Cups, Piston prevention pumping flexible

Cups, Leathers, of backflow (slip)

Packing between in or cupped of move-

the plunger single over acting

and the cylinder pumps). face. Leather

walls

during

(the

ascending

stroke

or another 3-15).

material

is folded ascends

the plunger

(See Figure

As the plunger to form a seal. friction wall

the lip

the cup is pressed ment of the lip sliding friction

against

the cylinder descent

wall reduces

The inward

during

plunger

and wear. evestually

Repeated wears away

between

the cups and the cylinder replaced. have long life;

the cups and they must be periodically Cup seals cient; able; resist should mildew, be non-toxic; fungi

have a low friction attack; be readily including

coeffiavailovality of stress wetting

, and other cylinder turned its

biological wall inside

be flexible

enough to fill being begins

irregularities

yet be rigid direction and drying;

enough to avoid

out by the reversal to cyclic

when the plunger

ascent;

be resistant

and be low in cost. fully meets all the criteria. the standard. as cup seals Leather has been the materis relatively extended side out); by .

No one cup seal ial of choice for

centuries worldwide. of hide scouring,

and is still Its life

Leather is greatly hair

cheap and available proper proper selection shaving,

(preferably tanning, wax).

from butts and molding;

or backs,

and use of additives

(impregnation 90

with

molten

Polyvinyl programs. cannot Their

chloride principal

(PVC) cups are now being advantage appears Other filled

used in several service

shallow life.

well They

to be longer materials

be used with

PVC cylinders.

possible fabrics. friction linings, by careful

include

rubber,

neoprene,

and epoxy or elastomer

The most important use of smooth-walled ti3n 3.16. Friction For leather installation diameter

means of reducing cylinders can also or cylinder be reduced

and thereby, discussed control

wear, further

is the in Sec-

of the cup seal of the cup seal, than the nominal less clear-

diameter. before inside ance.

cups the maximum outside be about l/16-inch

diameter

should

(1.6 mm) less fit with

of the cylinder;

PVC cups should should The water outward

slightly against

The cup follower(s)

and spacer(s)

be tight pressure

the cups but

not so tight

as to cause distortion. will wall. bend the lip

on the cup during perimeter contact

the pumping stroke with the cylinder Accelerated deep well report that

and insure

cup seal wear is one of the reasons Frink and Fannon (1967),

for

guided

pump rods for testing,

hand pumps. "... there

based on extensive

was more than twice

the wear in cups from (deep well) guided rod" (p. 10). than 100 ft The

pumps with

unguided

rod than

in cups from pumps with

A common practice (30 meters) adding

is to use multiple

cups in wells

deeper

a new cup every the slip type

5C to 100 feet rate

(15 to 30 meters).

added head increases by creation

(back flow) seal.

which multiple

cups counteract

of a labyrinth

3.15 3.15.1

* VALVES (Many different Function Reciprocating

names, see text)

and Nomenclature hand pumps generally assembly; contain two valves within the cylinder; end of or

one valve *

in the plunger

the other

in the bottom

or suction

Force pumps may have check, gate, globe or other valves other discharge pfping. These are not included in this I

on the spout discussion.

91

the cylinder. bucket valve.

The plunger The suction valve. is,

valve valve

is also is often

known as the discharge, called valve the foot valve,

outlet, less

or often are

the intake check valves, of wells,

or inlet that

Both the plunger restricting

and the suction

valve

valves up.

flow

to one direction,

in the case

vertically

The plunger ger to discharge refill, suction during principle primed ing; leather out. replacing

check valve the water the water

closes above it

during

its

upward movement with its

the plun-

and opens during during

downward movement to pumping cycle. The

discharged

the previous

check valve its

opens during

the upward movement of the plunger (See Figure 2-2 for an explanation also maintains

and closes of the basic

downward movement. of operation).

The suction eliminating of repriming flappers

check valve the labor with

the pump in pump-

condition the potential cup seals, (Cylic

thereby hazards valve

of repriming contaminated and cylinder

to restart water; gaskets

and keeping from drying

and seats, of leather

wetting are also valves

and drying

shortens

its

useful for

life). and closing. check

Valves The following valve (several

named by their

mechanism or disc the plunger

opening

can be used as either in Figures

or the suction

are illustrated

3-15 and 3-16):

(1) generally the oldest a suction need for neoprene

Flapper valve: a valve in which a flexible, hinged, horizontal disc, This is made of leather, opens and closes over the valve opening. and least expensive pump valve also and is stil?. widely used as check valve in shallow well pumps. Its major disadvantage is the relatively frequent replacement of the leather flappers. Reinforced is a promising flapper material in this regard.

(2) Butterfly flapper valve: a flapper valve diametrically hinged in two parts across two or more valve openings or concentrically hinged in four parts across four or more valve openings. Its advantages are faster opening and closing and greater flow through area for the same lift. (3) Clack valve: another name for flapper valves.

a rising and falling horizontal metal disc covers (4) Poppet valve ("T"): the valve opening and is guided by a vertical stem or spindle concentric with its center. A section through the disc and stem - usually formed in one piece - forms a "T". This and the winged poppet valve below are the two most common metallic valves. (5) Poppet valve "x"-shaped horizontal 92 a poppet valve in which the stem has an ("winged"): cross section; the maximum diameter of the 'lx" may

fh
A= B= C I osed - type cylinder Open - t ypc cy I i odor with ball valve. Plunger may be removed without taking cylinder from the Poppet Spool Spring valve valve -activated vulve and valves wear on cylinders and naed from time to time all

well.

c. D: E=

poppet

valve

F = Flapper Leathers types of replacement

Figure 3-16 PUMP CYLINDER VALVES


After: Henderson

CYLINDERS

AND

PUMP

and Roberts

93

approach the diameter of the valve opening. The four "wings" formed by the stem are sometimes curved topromote rotation of the disc by the upward flow Rotation may make for more even wear and seating of the disc of the water. and its seat. sions disc. (6) Spear valve: a winged poppet valve with exaggerated vertical dimenof the winged stem. The wings narrow to a rounded point below the The valve seat is sloped to mate with the slope of the wings.

(7) Spool valve: a horizontal disc valve in which the center stem guide is replaced by a concentric vertical wall near the perimeter of the disc. It may be designed to rotate. (See Figure 3-16). (8) Ball valves: rather than a disc, the valve opening is closed by a ball made of metal or of other material of appropriate specific gravity. The ball is usually guided by a ribbed cage. These valves are sometimes recommended for use with deeper wells. 3.15.2 Valve Seats area of the valve opening seat. contacted by the moving should water flapper,

The perimetriL poppet tight, overnight disc, or ball

is termed the valve the suction

The contact which must hold

be waterfor hours

especially if

for

check valve its prime.

the pump is to maintain measures may be taken seat; careful machining cannot

Several of the valve balls vision beveled

to insure

a good seal:

careful

machining poppets and/or Also or pro-

of the contact

area of metal

- leather of flexible edges

flappers gaskets rather

be machined

but are self-sealing; parts. weights,

on one of both of the mating seats, and of valve

use of

than flat

may make seatrunning with mechanihand pumps.

ing more positive. cally 3.15.3

Spring

actuated option,

closure

as used in fast found

powered pumps is another Valve Valve Openings should

but has not

favor

openings quick!y close

be large slip

to minimize (backflow).

friction Other

head losses. things being

Valves equal ,

shcJld small

close valves

to minimize more quickly. and water

Thus the design losses. Further

of the valve opening

is a tradeoff is restricted spacers, per-

between head losses by the cylinder yokes, formance 94 cages,

the valve cup seals, rod.

diameter stems,

and by space needs for and the plunger

followers,

spindles,

Prediction

of valve

has many uncertainties.

&p.,;--: g.:e.;: L i ,.__ :_.s

,1, :,~-.,,:::.,?:-q, _

1.. ) ,,

.,:

;..:.-

~.,.

, ,,

.,

,,

- /.

-..

r , ,, .-._.

,,-._-y-m.w..

I(

;.

Despite, been found through horizontal '_


i-

or because of, to be useful. seat, sectional

these uncertainties, cross

several sectional

rules

of thumb have

The horizontal Dv, should

area of the opening of the

the valve cross

be equivalent

to 40 to 50 percent opening, D. That is:

area of the cylinder ID v= 4 2


~(1/2)
(,-I

WD2

or where and Vertical flow flow through disc, This

Dv

Q-7 D

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(3-19) of the valve diameter. be diverted to horizontal seat by cylinder The horiseat opening

DV

is the diameter is the cylinder

the open valve ball, or flapper

seat will now lifted

by the poppet water.

above the valve vertical

the flowing of diameter I I ,-' :r /: ,-: : ;. ,, ,-,t _' (' zontal cylinder.

flow must pass through L equivalent

an imaginary lift

Dv and height

to the full to that

of the disc.

flow-through As a rule

area is equivalent of thumb this that is: ==

of the walls be equal

of the imaginary

area should

to the flow-through

area of the valve

seat,

LH'D or L

BDv2 4 l/4 D
V

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-20) of the valve of the poppet Therefore seat opening lift. its imaginary end, then

.,!

where :.. :.. The lifted I. % 4W, 2 or where $: ,,> and cylinder following and flapper valve If

Dv is the diameter L is the height

is hinged

on one end.

is truncated. the same rule:

L is the maximum lift WDv2 = 4 L = l/2 D

of the unhinged

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3-21) of the valve seat opening lift. /

Dv is the diameter L

is the maximum height

of the flapper

A bump block the calculated example 3.15.4

can be placed value thereby

on top of the flapper minimizing

hinge

to limit

its

lift

to (For an

unnecessary

flexure

and wear.

see the "New No. 6 Pump"). Strainer

Strainers protect excessive at least 3.15.5

when necessary

are placed matter

below the suction in the water

check-valve. cause should

They

the pump against wear or clogging. three Materials times that

suspended

which might

The flow

through

area of the strainer

be

of the drop pipe.

The majority used for

of valve

bodies Several Ferrous

are made of cast plastics

iron

or brass. but their

Wood was use is largely highly

many centuries. (as of 1976). waters.

show promise

experimental acidic

compounds should

not be used with

or alkaline Leather is

the most widely described for

used flapper cup seals.

material. Flappers,

It

should

be of a qualand cylinder materials

ity

equal

to that

cup seals, Synthetic

cap gaskets show promise

are also for all

known jointly three uses.

as "pump leathers". (See Section 6).

3.16 3.16.1

CYLINDERS Function The cylinder is a pipe check valve. well lift or tube which The water houses the plunger assembly and the bevacuum

suction

(foot)

seal

formed by the moving creates

contact

tween the cylinder which 3.16.2 makes suction Sizing The cylinder 5 to 10 inches windmill pumps. valve

and the plunger possible

cup seal(s) 2.2).

the partial

(see Section

length

is a function

of the stroke

length

which times

is typically longer for

(125 to 250 mm) for Additional assemblies, length for

hand pumps, up to several is required tolerances for

caps and for

the plunger

and suction 96

in measurement

of drop pipe

and pump rod lengths, plunger into

and to prevent valve with

operator excessive double

abuses such as driving handle length without lift. allowing pulling Cylinders

the which

the suction are sometimes

wear rapidly depth

constructed

the plunger and replacing 10 to

to be reset

and pumping to be continued cylinder lengths

the cylinder. 42 inches (0.25

Standard

available

range

from about

to 1.10 meters). generally decreases 3-2. with Typical increased standard wells pumping head as diameters range

Cylinder described from about

diameter

in Section

3.4 and Table

3 to 4 inches for

(70 to 100 mm) for Standard

shallow cylinders

down to 2 inches in dia(50 mm)

(50 mm) or less meters diameter 3.16.3 as small well. Cylinder Cylinders and type

deeper wells.

are available fit into

as 1 11/16-inches

(40 mm) which will

a 2 inch

Location

and Type in one of three places depending on suction lift

may be located

of pump or.well

construction:

(1) Pump stand location: for shallow wells with suction lifts not exmay be an integral part of ceeding those outlined in Table 3-1, the cylinder or a liner inserted in the pump stand. (The "New No. 6" pump shown in Figure 5-6 is an example). Pumps with cylinders located in the pump stand frequently have difficulty holding their priming water. Also, repeated wetting and drying of pump leathers shortens their useful life and increases maintenance requirements. However this configuration of pump stand and cylinder is the lowest in initial cost and its components are the most readily accessible for maintenance. (2) Drop pipe location: for deep wells the cylinder must be located in the well, preferably below the water table. In conventional practice the Cylinders for use cylinder is suspended from the drop pipe as in Figure 3-l. kith drop pipes are commercially available in two basic types as shown in Figure'3-16: this type of cylinder is provided Closed-type cylinder: with a cap or top which is threaded to receive the normal drop pipe. Note that in order to replace or repair the valves or the plunger cup seals the pump rod and the drop pipe must be pulled from the well. Open-type cylinder: this type of cylinder is provided with a cap or ring that is threaded to receive a drop pipe of large enough diameter to allow the pump rod and plunger assembly to be pulled up the well through the drop pipe. Disassembly of the drop pipe is not required. This cylinder and its drop pipe are more costly than the equivalent 97

closed-type cylinder installation. open-type cylinder is the greater replacement of pump leathers.

The advantage of the ease of withdrawal and

(3) Well casing location: in wells cased with smooth pipe (see Section 3.16.4) of appropriate diameter, the pipe casing itself can serve as the well (For an example see Figure 6-4). cylinder. In some wells a short length of brass or brass-lined steel pipe may be inserted in the well casing to serve as the cylinder. In this type of installation the well casing also serves as the drop pipe. This technique was common during the heyday of wooden pumps (for example, see Agricola) and holds promise today with development of new well casing pipe materials, especially pipe of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The drop pipe can similarly pipes are usually mandatory for diameter. 3.16.4 Cylinder Surface the life of brass lower average Wall Smoothness of finish of the cylinder cup seals. rather * This wall is is the key factor reason for in use the be simultaneously used as the cylinder. hand pumps atop dug wells due to their Drop large

smoothness

expectancy or brass-lined

of plunger cylinders **

a basic iron

than cast brass (0.1

cylinders

despite

cost

of the latter.

Good quality

cylinders

have a centerline compared to (1.3 to 5.1 pm). or

smoothness

of 4 to 8 microinches cast iron cylinders

to 0.2 micrometers)

good quality Rusted more. Plain (3.5 nearly cylinder

machined bores

50 to 200 microinches of 1000 microinches

may have a "smoothness"

(25 @

steel

pipe

has an inside to that

surface of iron is

finish cylinders that

of 140 to 180 microinches but does not perform the average cast pipe smoothiron more

to 4.5 pm); as well

comparable

as iron.

One hypothesis pipe

although

ness is about "valley"

the same, steel

has more "peak" sharper

deviations,

deviations,

and the harder,

peaks in steel

tend to tear in

and abrade iron

the cups more rapidly. than in steel cylinders indicate

The cups also cylinders. have a smoothness that leather Being

hone down imperfections

much faster

PVC plastic (0.1 to 0.3 pm). to that Tests

of about

4 to 10 microinches is

cup wear in PVC cylinders relatively soft,

comparable *

of brass

cylinders.

PVC is maze

This common field observation is conclusively supported by comprehensive ?nvestigations at Battelle Columbus Laboratories (see Frink and Fannon; Fannln; and Fannon and Varga). RR Brass is also more resistant to corrosion in acidic water. 98

.,

_.________ .,..

subject

to scoring

by silt

and other

solid

impurities

in the water should

and by not be (1976) the

the plunger used with subject

when cups are worn out or faulty. PVC cup seals. Wear of PVC cylinder testing program.

PVC cylinders walls

is currently

of an intensive

With a few exceptions are now commercially

field

perfor-

mance has been satisfactory from at least Porcelain-, cylinder linings. is one manufacturer. epoxy-,

and PVC cylinders *

available

and urethane-coated

steel

pipe

are other

possible

In summary brass cost is paramount,

the industry

standard,

cast

iron

is used when low

and PVC is not widely

used as yet but has much potential.

3.17

COST COMPARISON ALTERNATIVE HAND PUMPS OF Only the larger hand pump programs programs orders event cost, can afford select modifications to design and develop new on

hand pumps. the market; be possible. basis costs

Other for

must necessarily some design

from hand pumps ,already of current

larger In either total

pumps may on the plus

hand pumps are compared and selected capital costs of purchase

of relative of operation

and installation

and maintenance. pumps do not have the same service on a common basis - usually life expectancy, capi-

Inasmuch as all tal costs

must be placed annual cost;

discounted

to equivalent and basis.

uniform

making possible to obtain

the addition comparative

of annual total costs

operation

maintenance

(0 & M) costs

on an annual

The following be extended percent Given:

much simplified

two pump example is illustrative A discount rate

and could of 10

to a larger

number of pump.alternatives.

is assumed. Two pumps, A and B, which meet the necessary requirements discharge, head, power, handle force, user acceptability, sanitation, etc. for

Equipped with all-brass plunger and check valves and 2 leather cup seals, this manufacturer's 1976 catalog prices for closed-type PVC cylinders are about 13 to 19 percent cheaper than his equivalent brass cylinders.

99

Capital Cost, P Service Life, n Operation and Maintenance Cost Per Year, M Find: Solution: Which is the "cheaper" pump?

Pump A $300 5 years $120

$fE 10 years
$100

Annual capital cost R of a present single payment of P dollars over n years at compound annual interest i: R = P x Capital Recovery Factor = P x L++++-& . . . . . . . ..(3-22)

For Pump A Pa = $300, and RI = $79 For Pump B P,, = $600, and % = $98 Total For Pump A 'a 'a 'a For Pump B 'b=%+Mb = $98 + $100 = $198, say 'b = $200 'b Answer : On an annual might last basis, the pumps are equal that Pump B will The different recovery 0.16275 a service for in cost. give service service factor, for for lives 10 years are refor Pump A of = Ra + Ma = $79 + $120 = $199, say = $200 Annual Costs C = Annual Capital Cost R + Annual 0 6 M Cost M i = 0.10, and n = 10 Rb = $600 x CRF = $600 x 0.16275 i = 0.10, and n = 5 R = $3@0 x CRF = $300 x 0.26380,

An objection whereas flected Pump A will

be raised only

5 years. capital factor, that costs

in the use of the 5-year capital for recovery

0.26380

and the lo-year a lo-year be required. service life

Pump B.

The estimate this

Pump B implied the annual

of at least

long wouid only the

Although

Pump A are for although if

5-years

must be continued'thereafter. costs of continuing service

Presumably, after

not necessarily,

the annual
100

5 years,
I_

Pump A is selected

will

be about

the same.

Suppose a Pump C was available $600 but with annual though useful with a service life

at a purchase

and installation

cost

of

of 15 years.

Discounted

at 10 percent,'its cost that for Pump A - even The

cost would be about its life initial capital

$79, the same as the annual cost was $600/$300 or twice

of Pump A. to predict and with unit

expectancy

of various with

hand pump models is difficult the conditions of service catalog criterion identical. These costs

much accuracy ** of maintenance. erea bid'or tendered

and varies Nevertheless, unit price

levels price or

as the example shows, should not be the sole

in comparing

hand pumps.

Also price

and cost

are not necessarily costs are sparse. on local

Data on hand pump maintenance to predict variably a priori

are difficult They are infail programs.

and depend primarily estimates

circumstances.

under-estimated; that

based on historical costs of inadequate costs less

data sometimes maintenance than

to recognize

the data represent estimated annual

Any program with pump is suspect. Other related cost

maintenance programs

$50 per hand

Some deep well considerations

may require

$150 or more per pump.

include: be

the cost of the hand pump should (1) Cost of well development: to the cost, yield, and reliability 06 the well.

(2) Conditions of service: stress and wear on a hand pump is directly proportional to the number of people it serves and to the depth from which the water must be raised. Many people (see Figure 3-1X) and deep water tables mean greater stresses and justify greater costs per hand pump; for example brass rather than cast iron cylinders,
*

A reinvestment of $300 in Pump A after 5 years would have a present value,., discounted at 10 percent, of ($3OO)(Present Worth Factor) = ($300)(1 + i) ($300)(0.6209) = $186. Added to the $300 payment now (year 0) and multiplied by the lo-year Capital Recovery Factor, Pa = ($300 f $186)(0.16275) = $79 as before.

**

It could be argued that with perfect maintenance including long term replacement of all parts, hand pumps could last forever. However the costs of installing new hand pumps piece by piece would show up in the 0 & M account and it is the capital cost plus 0 & M cost that is the ruling criterion.

101

Photo:

Courtesy

of R.D. Fannon,

Jr.

FIGURE 3-17 In some parts water from a single for single

HEAVY USE OF HAND PUMPS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES of the world, hand pump. family over 1.000 people may draw their drinking

,
i

Many hand pump models

in use were originally for the wear

designed resulting 102

farmyard

use and are inadequate countries.

from conditions

of use in developing

,'A i i,

where the population is solely dependent on hand pumps (3) Reliability: investment in hand pumps is merited, either per each for water, additional two or more hand pumps per well). A or in duplicate installations (e.g., cheap pump is no bargain when it is not working. (4) Local versus imported weighting in comparing costs. hand pumps: hard currency costs may require

social objectives may weight selection (5) Distribution of payments: toward high maintenance/low capital cost hand pumps in order to distribute income within the area served rather than transfer payments to the capital or abroad.

3.18

HAND PUKP SPECIFICATIONS The Eollowing notes provide a check list installations, for preparation of general are setting. hand

pump specifications. necessarily 3.18.1

For particular for

data requirements depth of the cylinder

more specific,

example the exact

General The specifications should be oriented towards a limited number of hand

pump models based on pre-qualificationC"preferably through field testing or t proven experience under local conditions, supplemented by component by com-

ponent review of the design. program can lead to difficult purchasing, lubricants,

Proliferation maintenance al. -et .-

of hand pump models in a single

problems - inventories,

spares,

training,

Use of a single

hand pump model would be the ultimate suited

in standardization to all installa-

but should be avoided inasmuch as few pumps are fully tions and dependence on a single service. Requirements requirements of hand pumps within An illustrative supplier is hazardous

to price

competition

and to factory 3.18.2

Performance The performance

the program should be example is shown in

identified, Table 3-8.

tabulated,

and categorized.

103

. . .

TABLE 3-8

NUMBERCATEGORIZATION OF HAND PUMPS BY PERFORMANCE REQUIRED (EXAMPLE) PUMPING HEAD Feet (Meters) 50 V 15 --t- 5) ( 50 (15) 100 (30) 150 (45) 200 (60) TOTAL A B C D E 5 8 40 0 0 53 POPULATION SERVED PER PUMP 100 W 20 160 23 12 5 220 300 X 250 27 3 6 2 288 500 Y 6 2 2 4 0 14 1000 Z 1 1 4 0 0 6 i 282 198 72 52 7 581 TOTAL

Analysis ble shallow

of Table well

3-8 indicates

a need for special is, blocks

about

282 good quality, attention for

dura7 of

pumps (row A) with that

maintenance

them (row A; columns Y and Z, A moderately-priced BW, BX, CV and CW, about smaller cylinder diameters.

AY and AZ). handle require blocks BV,

deep well 258 pumps.

hand pump can probably Blocks CV and CWwill

pumps with

The remaining with a rotary Thus only the varied

41 pumps will

require

a heavy duty bearings.

deep well

pump, possibly

wheel handle three

and antifriction

hand pump models can effectively 3-8.

and economically

serve

needs shown in the example of Table now established, reach, etc.)

With the needed inventory etc.) with ,and anthropometric the appropriate stroke (height, ranges

the ergonomic requirements mechanical

(strength,

power,

can be matched advantage, earlier in for each han-

of cylinder

diameters,

dle dimensions, Section 3. This

lengths,

and pumping speed as described should then be summarized

information

and specified

pump as an allowable pumping speed (N), cal efficiency Slip 3.18.3

range of discharge and stroke length if -(S).

(Q) for

a stated

pumping head (H), and minimum mechaniis available.

Maximum slip

can be specified

a means of verification

and efficiency Dimensional The dimensions

are measures of pump quality. Requirements and threading all of pump rods, drop pipes, cylinders and

cylinder

caps should

be standardized be bid

and interchangeable

even between pump

pump models. stand used. assembly).

(They can also

separately

from the top of the well with the wells

These dimensions

must be compatible

to be

The minimum bearing of different A standard standard Fits, available et al.; promise. 3.18.4 Material pin cotter bearings sizes

sizes should

can be calculated be limited be adopted.

for

each pump. threading orders

The number system used.

and a unified For small

pin should and pins

the manufacturer's

may have to be accepted. should be established. Camm and Collins; may require Guidance LeGrand; interim is Obeng,

tolerances, from standard

and allowances sources however

(Baumeister; local

and Rothbart);

manufacture

com-

Requirements material if for each component be specified. be described. standards should be specified. Allow-

The construction able alternate materials

any should should commercial

Any special These should and practices.

treatment be cross

such as hardening referenced 3.18.5

or galvanizing accepted

to widely Special

Requirements to be specified include: liners or inserts.

Other (I)

requirements

Type of cylinder

- open or closed,

(2) Types of valves. (3) Spout requirements (4) Stuffing


for thread and valve, if any.

box requirements. 105

(5) Spares required. (6) Lubricants 3.18.6 International No international accepted presently accepted (See for standard (1976) standards required. Specification standard or "protocol" exists. for hand pump specification for evaluation is extant. No widely

or comparison

of hand pumps Widely

Such a protocol mechanically Institute,

is now under

development.

powered pumps may offer 1975).

some guidance.

example Hydraulic

-.

4.

ADMINISTRATION OF A HAND PUMP PROGRAM Administering a hand pump program is much like administering any rural

water

supply

program with

many common elements:

Institutional Legal authority

development

Consumer relations Health education

including

community

motivation

and support

Personnel Financial billing,

management and development planning and fiscal control and accounting collection,

including including inventory

training budgeting, control, and

Supply management including purchasing, motor vehicle and equipment control Engineering struction Water quality Maintenance including and well planning, drilling, design, mapping,

supervision of conlocation of sources,

etc.

surveillance organization and management

Record keeping Emergency planning Many of these such as World Health 63 and the Technical tion's trative below. their Department aspects Field successful subjects are covered in some detail Series in standard works,

Organization Series

(WHO) Monograph

Nos. 42, 49, and Health Organiza-

published

by the Pan American Engineering and Science.

of Environmental of particular

Some adminisare outlined factor in

relevance

to hand pump programs the critical

maintenance use,

of hand pumps, perhaps in some detail.

is treated

4.1 4.1.1

ORGANIZATION Local Organization pump system program of technology, is not simply a technological - individuals I object who 107

An effective but a conglomerate

institutions

and people

must plan, maintain, organizations mittee a local leaders tration

design, oversee

manufacture,

finance,

purchase, In addition

install,

operate, agency,

and use the pumps. be developed entity it that

to a centralized level

should

at a village is usual

in the form of a comThe importance involves the of

or some other committee

in the country. the village, directly

is that

represents people

and most important of the system, Health

in the day to day operation educates public and-motivates

and administhe users of

and hopefully, educators, this

the hand pumps. should also

communication

media,

and schools

be used for

purpose. of charging for the water, feel even if they only a

When practiced, token sonal amount, share

the concept if it

is important

makes the villagers also provides against

have a perrepair

in the system and it

some funds the costs

for minor

and maintenance. of a collection Not every village

This must be balanced system and usually has a monetary and limits

and difficulties

requires economy.

a full Public

time pump attendant. rules and regulations help

set the conditions 4.1.2 Central The great zation ing, for

of use and user

responsibilities.

Organization number of small funding, hand pump systems engineering, requires a central construction, can obtain organitrain-

planning,

purchasing,

supervision

and control. bulk

Such an organization purchasing, is also sets

the benefits staff. the

of economies

of scale,

standardization,and responsible for

qualified

The central national program

organization and policy;

administering and controls community

the technical for

standards obtaining

the execution cipation; emphasizing The central systems

of the program; health

is responsible education

parti-

and insuring the benefits organization

of the committees and correct the local operation committees for

and the village, and maintenance. in establishing It

of safe water also assists

of charges

(where practiced)

and procedures

operation.

108

should tools,

have central

and regional for

stores

of spare parts,

and materials,

and heavy equioment Technical suppcrt could

common use in special include Local tools, assistance level

repairs. problems could and include of a by revenues

to solve

@training provision community

at a community of funds, water for

level.

financial

support and initiation

spare parts, fund. This

transport,

supply

fund could

be incremented

from charges

use of the hand pump.

4.2

PLANNING AND ENGINEERING A continuing activity in a hand pump program, including such elements as: by a central agency, is

assessment (1)

and planning

Inventory, identification, served and to be served,

and mapping of the areas and populations including health and c:onomic status. when yard

(2) Establishment of criteria for priorities and levels of service; and whether open wells or springs, hand pumps, public fountains, or piped systems. hydrants,

(3) Evaluation of resources needed and available - money, manpower, skills, equipment, materials, transport, communications, community support, local manufacturing capability and capacity, political organization, etc. (4) Assessment (5) Inventory, groundwater of public wants and needs. and evaluation of water water, quantity and quality. well drilling, resources available -

identification, and surface

(6) Coordination agricuitural, (7) Continuing

with other agencies, e.g., and health authorities. estimation and evaluation

housing, and training needs.

of personnel

(8) Establishment and continuing review of design standards and specifications, manuals, unit costs, and system performance, including that of hand pumps, local and imported.

4.3 4.3.1

INSTALLATION Site Selection in selecting and quality a site include: available. The source must be evaluated

Considerations (1) The quantity

of water

on the basis of an assured supply year around, including dry seasons, and under conditions of use which may effect the source reliability, for example, drawdown not only in the well used for the hand pump but as influenced by nearby wells. The principal quality concern is the bacteriological safety of the supply, particularly its freedom from contamination by human excreta. Because water treatment plants and chlorination are problematic in these rural supplies, protected ground water sources, where available, are generally purer (and less expensive). That is, naturally waters are preferred to treated or "repentent" pure or "innocent" In addition to wells, sources may include infiltration waters. Figure galleries, cisterns, canals, and treated water reservoirs. 4-l is illustrative. While bacteriological quality is paramount, other quality parameters may be important, for example, some groundwaters have excessive Taste, odor, or concentrations of chlorides, arsenic, or fluorides. turbidity may influence acceptance of the new source by consumers See Figure 4-2. whose previously existing source is contaminated. The site (2) Protection of the pump and water from hazards to health. should be free from existing and potential contamination by human or should be above flood level; and distant from drains, animal excreta; Selection of the and septic tanks. sewers, sullage waters, privies, site should include a sanitary survey of the source and its surProcedures have been outlined elsewhere rounding environment. (McJunkin, WHO, 1976). (3) Convenience to the user population. The ultimate success of the installation will depend on user acceptance. Thus site selection should consider also such factors as community readiness or preparation for among users, the pump, proximity to users, ethnic or caste differences An extensive number of users and exposure to vandalism or pilferage. per pump with long waiting lines or long distances to walk may discourage users particularly if alternative sources, perhaps irrigation canals, even with unsafe water, (F i gure 4-2 is illustrative), are nearby. Where use is heavy, provision of two or more pumps (and This also provides a standby pump in wells) should be considered. event of one breaking down. (4) Access to users and for maintenance. Public pumps should be on public right of way* and accessible to pump maintenance and, where appliThe vertical clearance above cable, well drilling crews and vehicles. the well should allow the pump to be pulled from the well. 4.3.2 Protection In addition against
*

of Health to proper site selection, waters. wells Figure and tanks must be sealed 4-l illustrates use of

contamination

from surface

But protected for livestock

Also use of hand pumps as "hitching from vehicles, should be discouraged.

posts"

110

GALLERY

For4

CANAL

DUO

WELL

WITH

PUMP

GALLERV

IN

VlLLl

hGE

POND

= stairs ---_--_ I==!%After: Rajagopa Ian and Shiffman Renroduced by k ind permission of World Health Orl -.-+ni7.atinn

FIGURE 4-l

HAND PUMP INSTALLATION IN WELLS AND INFILTRATION GALLERIES

111

Photo: FIGURE 4.-2

Courtesy

of CROP

AN ALTERNATIYE SOURCEOF WATER

aprons prior

and seals. to initial

When possible use or if

wells

and pumps should is suspected. and mandatory

be disinfected Disinfection during during

contamination at all feasible

use is also of waterborne Drainage

recommended if diseases for

epidemics

such as cholera. or spilled water should of puddles Figure be.provided, or pools, including conducive to

wasted

soakaways or other breeding 112

means for

prevention vectors.

of mosquitos

and other

4-3 shows poor practice.

FIGURE 4-3 ilAND PUMP WITH INADEQUATE DRAINAGE 113

Maintenance health.

of suction

(foot)

valves

is essential eliminate

to protection the need for

of pri-

These valves,

when working

properly, source

ming the pumps from the top - a frequent 4.3.3 Sanitary Installation for Guidelines either to prevent into

of contamination.

The pump equipment constructed jectionable pumped. and installed material The following

power-driven the entrance or into

or manual systems of contamination the water' that

should or obis being

be

either

the well should

factors

be considered.

(1) The pump head or enclosure should be designed to prevent pollution of the water by lubricants or other maintenance materials used during operation of the equipment. Pollution from hand contact, dust, rain, birds, flies, rodents or animals, and similar sources should be prevented from reaching the water chamber of the pump or the source of supply. The spout should be fully covered, open downward, and prevent solid objects from readily reaching the well. (2) The pump base or enclosure should be built so that a sanitary seal can be installed within the well cover or casing. well

the cylinder should be placed near or below the static (3) When possible, water level in the well so that priming will not be necessary. This setting also keeps the pump leathers from alternate wetting and drying and increases their life and efficiency. The foot valve is less likely to leak with the resultant advantage of elimination of the need for priming. Additionally, the lower the suction head below the cylinder, the less likely is "pounding" to occur. Pounding (catitation) shortens the life of the pump. (4) A pump drainage within the well, ible for protection from frost. (5) The sides of the well should meters) below ground level. in freezing climate, for should 10 feet be larger be poss(3 than pre-

be sealed

watertight

(6) Manhole covers on top of the well should be elevated, the manhole, and drain away from the well. (7) Livestock watering troughs should be located ferably 30 feet (10 meters) or more.

away from the well, necessary mainfor removing the simple. be placed

(8) The well site should be designed so that overall tenance and repair, including overhead clearance drop pipe and other accessories is made relatively For over impervious, and at least 114 the well installation base, not less the pump should than 8 feet

on a raised, in diameter, slope ' to '

concrete 4 inches

(2.5 meters)

(10 cm) thick.

The top of the base should

allow

for

the drainage

of any water

that

may collect

on it. with a stuffing protection pump head tops The pump bc,.

The pump heads on most force surrounding against the pump rod. This Ordinary

pumps are designed design lift provides pumps with be avoided downward. to (1) provide top; if

reasonable slotted

contamination.

are open to contamination spout should be closed

and should and directed be designed cover

possible.

The pump base should ing the pump on the well opening harmful cast

a means of supportthe well or other one-piece, It should

or casing

and (2) to protect

or casing top from the entrance of contaminated water d or objectionable material. The base should be solid, with or threaded to the pump column or stand. to permit a 6-inch

integrally

be of sufficient casing to extend

diameter at least

and depth one inch

(152 mm) well upon which

(25 mm) above the surface sleeve

the pump base is to rest. concrete casing kets well cover

The use of a flanged threaded

imbedded in the

or a flange for

or clamped on the top of the Suitable gas-

to form a support should

the pump base is recommended. tight closure. together that with

be used to insure closing

The protective hazard incident

of the pump head, makes it

the pollution

to pump priming, that priming will

essential

the pump cylinders

be so installed 4.3.4

not be necessary.

Records and Evaluation The records of wells aquifer such as diameter log, for quality each well and depth; and yield for screen of water; slot year size, of sinkand

length, ing etc. planning.

and setting; should

be recorded

evaluation, cylinder also

maintenance, diameter

Similarly

hand pump make and model; number of users; etc.

and setting; and

date of installation; accessible.

should

be recorded

115

4.4 4.4.1

MAINTENANCE Background The hi&h rate of abandoned or defective pumps but also contend that hand pumps* is not simply of inadequate maintenance a

reflection pair.

of poor quality Many authorities

aud re-

maintenance

is the critical

element may pro-

of hand pump programs. vide some insight into

The possible improvement

causes of poor maintenance of maintenance.

(1) Poor quality of hand pump design and manufacture. Documented in other to a considerable extent this condition is also the result sections, of many years of trimming weight, bearing sizes, etc. in seeking low bids (tenders) in the absence rf definitive specifications. Much hand pump procurement has an inherent bias towards low initial capital cost and ignores life cycle costs.
(2 ) The technology

in use makes frequent lubrication steel journals and bearings, poor fits and large lubricant reservoirs, exposure to weather, etc.

mandatory. clearances,

Iron lack

and of

(3) Underestimates or lack of appreciation loadings in deep well pumps.

of the structural

and bearing

(4) Large variety of hand pumps in use with accompanying need for many Little parts interchangeability, sometimes even different spares. Even for fastenbetween the same models of the same manufacturer. ers, e.g.,bolts and nuts. (5) Lack of feedback from maintenance to engineering and procurement perLittle analysis, for example,--of the most common failures. sonnel. Inadequate record keeping. (6) Poor maintenance skills, lack of training, inadequate tools, (for example, few village maintenance men have a clevis for pulling up pump rod, drop pipe, and cylinder), lack of transport, and lack of supervision are characteristic of many programs. (7) Invisibility of maintenance their pre-hand pump source. from scene or need. and lack of urgency. Users return to Maintenance supervisors are far removed

"Deferred maintenance" is often first (8) Lack of glamor or peer status. action in a budget crisis. Kaintenance rarely the path to promotion or financial reward. (9) Lack of appreciation of preventive seen as repair function.
*

maintenance.

Maintenance

too often

Thirty to eighty percent of pumps out of operation pump program is a not uncommon experience.

at one time in a hand

116

4.4.2

Levels

of Responsibility programs can be characterized as a one main-

Most hand pump maintenance level tenance level or a two level is system.

The one level of the central is shared

system is one where all organization. with local villages

the responsibility maintenance

In the two or com-

organization,

munities. Central *,,. maintenance systems: in both systems usually installs agency. the pump, For dug wells The cen-

The central The well the village tral both

organization task

may be its

or that labor

of another central

central

may provide

under major stores

agency supervision. or replacement and lubricants

agency usuallv systems. It

handles maintains

repairs of parts

of the pump in and provides agency provides man or team who

transport, routine

warehousing, maintenance, it

and training. often

When the central maintenance

uses a roving

may or may not have a vehicle numbers varying Joint In this tral for agency, example, with

and who services

from 20 to 200 pum$s (the basis.

circumstances) and local systems:

on a repetitive

central

system the local

community, for well

or a resident all lubrication

employed by the cenand minor repairs,

assumes responsibility replacement deal then every of shallow only with

cup seals

("leathers"). tasks requiring

Where villagers frequent lar attention, (e.g., found

the basic service for

maintenance could visit

the back-up three of India. villagers all

the pump at reguservicing. This

intervals

months)

a thorough

system is

in parts

In some programs in pump maintenance These approaches is required the district

certain

may be given responsibility

a thorough left

training hands.

and virtually tried

in their

are being

in Kenya and in Tanzania. before the well about

Each village go to

to nominate office for

a person

is sunk who will shallow well

two weeks to learn

construction 117

and maintenance, for the well

particularly is sunk,

of the pump. and will in his water or else carry If

He will a small

then be responstble stock of leather &curs compohe

once it

nents will

and other

spare parts

house. office

a major breakdown

go back to the district himself,

and either

get the parts water engineer's

needed

to do the repairs fitters

get the district

to do the job. Village "self-reliance"

(Pacey). systems: that if a pump could simple be designed capablk !ocal

Some people being

have argued

made by a village then

craftsman

using

tools

and off-the-shf

materials,

the maker of the pump would always and the village would be entirely

be on hand to c(lCiI~ it self-sufficit, in its

when necessary pump requirements. This gation

argument

is supported

by the observation design are built

that

many low-lift by village supplies water

irri-

pumps of 'traditional"

and maintained community water

craftsmen. in their

These pumps are not much used for own milieu. Other built, designs,

even supplies,

have been proposed, unsuccessful inadequate, expensive *

more suitable .a and used with varying use,

to drinking success.

Most have been or structurally durability * and too

in intensive especially or otherwise "free" for

community deep well

and runctionally lacking users

application; to local

unacceptable systems:

or markets.

Maintenance

When hand pumps are installed lated conditions, nearly crank and their failure

subject

to unusually impact

strenuous to their

and isousers, very

is of vital

expensive, wheels,

maintenance-free with antifriction used for limits

hand pumps may be used. bearings, long their periods pressure with only

These use fly lubrication, annual etc., mainten-

shafts

and have been successfully ance. Their

expense however

use severely.

Both production and maintenance apparently * When produced in small lots. Needneed a 'critical mass' which may need an initial subsidy to attain. less to say, the local craftsman is invariably underfinanced. 118

4.4.3

Development, Community water

Welfare, supplies

and Economics are promoted by many as vehicles of responsibility if local of social for is

education maintenance inadequate, ulace that essity available excellent 4.4.4

and community

development. on this

Acceptance path. grinding Yet,

may be a milestone it

maintenance

may become a millstone sponsors their for

down the hopes of the popdrinking increased with issue water supply,

and their is, improving for

an adequate This

and safe tension water this is

welfare.

by the neclimited in an

economic resources. review

efficiency

in providing develops

severely in detail

Pacey (1976)

of fundamental

premises

of hand pump programs.

Common Failures Both pump design or selection and maintenance and other should be oriented to-

wards reducing in a variety most frequent the operating breakages other against

the risk of countries points

of pump breakdowns suggests certain

trouble.

Experience as the In

hand pump components maintenance on which

of failure

and requiring pins

emphasis. pivots;

head these

are the hinge and wear, loss,

the handle of nuts

of the handle;

or breakage

and bolts

and

parts.

Lack of lubrication frequently

and clumsy use (banging cause trouble.

the handle

the stops)

Another seals problem instead materials ide

common cause of pump breakdowns - in many countries by using ones, smoother or by uring of leather walled high

is wear of the leather

cup This

in the cylinder is reduced of cast for iron

the most common problem. brass quality or plastic leather. cylinders

Synthetic chlor-

replacement

show much promise.

Polyvinyl wall.

(PVC) cup seals Another

may even hone (make smoother) cause of pump failures are normally simple

the cylinder is trouble with

significant Ball valves ball

valves

in

the cylinder. pounding rubber

and trouble-free, seat.

but the with

of the steel cushioning

may deform the metal

Poppet valves in the long

have some times

been more effective

term for 119

this

reason,

but they repaired

may erode over but require with with

time.

Flap valves attention.

are probably

the

most easily

more frequent

One other

common problem and trouble

hand pumps is breakage rod bushings, glands,

of pump rods or and stuffing

pump rod couplings boxes. ; Common operating in Table'4-1. During large

problems

and their

causes and repair

are summarized

the early

life

and the old age of a hand pump program with failures suffer will occur at a higher enter rate

number of installations, many pumps will stage,

than

average;

from "infant "die

mortality",

a relative-

ly trouble-free 4'.4.5 Periodic Although ular Figure refer .

and then

of old age". and Repair avoids

(Morrow).

Inspection,

Lubrication, or selection

wise pump design

many difficulties, Table

reg4-2 and They

maintenance

is the key to successful the maintenance

pump operation.

4-4 describe specifically

needed on simpler

hand pumps.

to the Dempster model 23F, to the Craelius (WASP, Kirti, and Kaveri)

pump, and to

comparable

pumps made in India Table

and in Britain from manu-

(Godwin and Lee, Howl). facturers, oun.

4-2 is based on advice schedule

obtained

and on the maintenance

recommended by SATA in CamerTable 4-2 should be amended in

Where other

makes of pumps are used, instructions used very

the light Village

of the manufacturers' pumps are often high lightly level

and local

experience. 4-2 recommends can

intensively;

Table

a correspondingly be adjusted rarely break for

of maintenance.

Frequency

of maintenance on this basis

used pumps.

Pumps maintained

should

down. have provided which This always they selected villagers with stamped and adrepair quickly a picture team with of

Some projects dressed postcards

can use to summon an emergency arrangement These cards for dealing

when necessary. breakdowns 120 will

or some other be necessary.

may carry

. the pump on which does this alert

the sender the repair

can indicate

the defective part(s)

part.

Not only but

team to the appropriate gives an overall record

and tools

the cumulative ponent tices. 4.4.6

card file possible

of breakdowns or maintenance

by comprac-

and signals

change in pump design

Manufacturer's The manufacturer's

Instructions instructions should for assembly, closely. made prior installation, and lubribe

cation

and maintenance thoroughly

be followed adjustments

The pump should to installation.

examined 4.4.7

and all

Training Training programs related to pump maintenance The latter on installation, should emphasize instal-

lation,

operation,

and maintenance.

is of vital operation,

importance. and maintenon-site

Manufacturers'

and agency booklets

ance of the particular training. maintenance. Trainees Figure

pumps in use should

be supported

by actual

4-5 shows one page from a Laotian 4-6A and 4-6B is another be instructed and their should

booklet

on hand pump

Figure should

example. the more common not be confined

in how hand pumps work, Training involved. should

causes of failure, to lectures; during original trainees

correction. be physically

On the job training means of training.

pump installation

is an excellent used locally, for with training.

Samples of hand pump(s) assemble them, should is also

tools

to dismantle

and re-

be available useful for

A collection purposes.

of broken

or worn parts

demonstration

121

COMMON BAND PUMP TROUBLESAND REMEDIES TROUBLE


. Pump handle

LIKELY CAUSE A. No Water at the source. Well dry. or B. Level of water has dropped below suction distance of Pump. or C. Pump has lost priming. its

REMEDY Rehabilitate well, velop a new source sources of water. or deor .

works easily but no water delivered.

Can be checked with vacuum gauge or with weighted string. Reduce pumping rate or lower pump cylinder.

Prime the pump. If the pump repeatedly loses its priming it may be periodically pumping the well dry, the suction line may be leaking, or the suction valve or discharge check valve may be leaking. Repair line or valve. Also check 1-A and 1-B. Renew the cylinder ("leathers"). cup seals

or D. The cylinder cup seals ("leathers") may be worn out or E. The valves or valve seats may be worn or corroded. or F. With a deep-well plunger pump the plunger rod may be broken. This trouble would be indicated by the pump running freer and Turn the and probably quieter. pump over by hand and note if there is resistance on the upstroke. Broken rods must be renewed and this usually means pulling the drop pipe and cylinder out of the well. Open valve Renew valves renew seats. and repair or

or G. Shutoff valve may be closed (force pump1.


or

Continued

TROUBLE

LIKELY CAUSE

REMEDY

1. Pump handle works easily but no water delivered (continued)

H. Hole in suction pipe. or I. The suction pipe may be plugged with scale or iron bacteria growth or sediment. or J. The pump cylinder may be cracked. or K. Leak at base of cylinder. or L. One or. more check valves held open by trash or scale.

Cylinder Renew suction pipe. may be lowered below water level in well. Can be checked with vacuum Remove suction pipe gauge. and clean or renew.

Renew the cylinder.

Renew cylinder

gasket.

Remove valves and inspect for With deep-well pluntrouble. ger pumps this may mean pulling the pump cylinder or plunger and valves out of the well.

!. Pump runs but delivers only a small amount of water.

A. Plunger leathers badly worn (plunger and piston PumPSI


l

Renew leathers.

or B. Well not yielding enough water. or C. Cracked cylinder (plunger or piston pump) . or D. Check valve(s) leaking. or Continued 123 Repair valve(s). Renew cylinder. Decrease demands or establish new sources of water.

TROUBLE

LXRELY CAUSE

REMEDY

2. Pump runs but delivers only a small amount of water. (continued)

E. Screen or suction valve may be obstructed. or F. Suction pipes too small. are

Remove and clean.

Can be checked with vacuum gauge. Install pipe with larger diameter, or for deep well pump, lower pump cylinder below water level in well.

or G. Suction valve(s) may be out of order. or H. Cracked drop pipe or coupling. Renew drop pipe or coupling. Repair valve(s).

3. Pump needs too many strokes to start.

A. Pump has lost priming.

its

Prime the pump. If repeatedly loses its it may be periodically the well dry, or the line or the suction be leaking. Repair line or valve.

the pump priming, pumping suction valve may or renew

or B. The cylinder cup seals ("leathers") may be worn out. Renew the cylinder cup seals.

0. Handle springs up after down stroke.

A. Suction pipe plugged up below pump cylinder. or B. Plunger check valve fails to open or to close.

Remove pump and clean out sucIf well has filled tion pipe. with dirt up to suction pipe, the well should be cleaned out or the pipe cut off. Repair check valve.

or

124

Continued

TROUBLE

LIKELY CAUSE

REMEDY

4. Handle springs up after down stroke (continued)

C. Suction small. or

pipe

too

Replace pipe.

with

larger

suction

D. Water too far below pump (suction pipe too long). 5. Leaks at stuffing box A. Packing worn out or loose. or B. Plunger rod badly scored.

Place

cylinder

nearer

water.

Leave Renew or tighten packing. packing nut loose enough to allow a slow drip of water. The water serves as a lubricant. Renew plunger rod.

6. Pump is noisy

A. Bearings or other working parts of the pump'are loose. L or on

Tighten

or renew parts.

B. Pump is loose mountings. or

Righten

mountings.

C. With deep-well plunger pumps having a steel plunger rod the rod may be slapping against the drop line.

Use a wooden rod or install guides for rod or straighten drop pipe if crooked.

TABLE 4-2

SCHEDULEFOR MAINTENANCEOF SIMPLE HAND PUMPS

daily

1. 2.

lock clean

and unlock

the pump at hours

agreed by the village.

the well-head. clean-up of pump, well-head and surroundings. parts,

weekly

1. 2. 3.

thorough

oil or grease all hinge pins, bearings, and sliding after checking that no rust has developed on them.

record any comments from users about irregularities in working (tightness of parts, leaks from stuffing box, fall-off in water raised). Correct these when possible. if necessary, adjust the stuffing box or gland (this does not apply to the Craelius pump). Usually this is done by tightening the packing nut. This should not be too tight there should be a slight leak when the adjustment is correct. check that all nuts and bolts there is no evidence of loose are tight, connections and check that on the pump rods.

monthly

1.

2. 3.

check for symptoms of wear at the leathers, noting any comments from users about any falling off in the water raised. If the pump fails to raise water when worked slowly (e.g., at 10 strokes per minute), replace the leathers. carry paint repair out all all weekly maintenance to prevent tasks. development of rust. and surrounds.

4. annually 1. 2. 3.

exposed

parts

any cracked

concrete

in the well-head

check wear at handle bearings and replace parts as necessary. On the Craelius pump, worn bushes can be replaced by short sections of pipe of suitable diameter. check plunger leaking. valve and foot valve; replace if found lengths or

4. 5. 6. 7.

check the pump rod and replace connectors. replace packing at the stuffing apply to the Craelius pump). carry out all monthly

any defective box or gland tasks.

(does not

maintenance

After 126

Pacey (1976)

(chrck monthly rephcm packinp rnnublly)

Concrbta

slab \

Pump rod -11

Pump rod coupling 0, cannmctor

Drop

pip*

Brasr cylindw Plunger wlve. DOPDbt typo ieli& r&.lly)


\

Loblhors. i.m. Iwthar cup (be on constant look - out for l ymptoms of wear l spcclMy in monthly checka)

l-JPIGIJRE 4-4 MAINTENANCENEEDS OF HAND PUMP COMPONENTS (after Pacey, 1976)

127

- illustrative

example

FIGURE 4-6a

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HAND PUMP (OPEN CYLINDER - SPOUT DISCHARGE) Keep the ground sloped around the pump slab so rain water It is a good idea to have will drain away from the well. a windbreak or shed around the pump, especially where the weather gets cold. Be sure nothing happens that might break the pump. For example, do not tie horses to the pump or let children play with the pump. things work
FIX

which working
THE

you must good.

do once

in

a while

to keep

your

STUFFING

BOX

Csmmnt

Br,aCF

to

grout
below

10

If the water leaks tighten the nut at packing.

from the top of the pump, the top of the box or put

you should in a new

Cash3

You will have more room to work if you disconnect the top of the pump handle.

Unscrew packing packing

and slide the packing around the staft then nut.

nut up. tighten

Wrap the

P
2
-Drop PPO /

REPLACE

LEATHER

CUP

SEALS

IN CYLINDER

If the pump does not lift water from the well as it the leather cup shoiiX, then you may need to replace The back of this sheet tells seals in the cylinder. how to do this.

/
FACTS
Your YOUR leather .----feet are are -~ pump WELL cup is a IS seals you must pipe. The feet deep.

ABOUT

YOUR

PUMP

AND

WELL

, MODEL To replace the cylinder rod and that that

remove--feet cylinder There has -

of pump
cup

of drop inches Inches

leathers vaives

across. across.

are --

leather

Adapted

from

P ytElp!llct

n"

the

llnitcd

SL:ltes

?t~l~li~- IIc.-lth

Service
129

FIGURE 4-6b

TO REPLACE CUP SEALS IN CYLINDERS REQUIRING REMOVALOF PUMP ROD

Xeplacement of the leather cup seals in the piston means that !ou must pull the sucker rod from the well. The tools ieeded to do this are shown it the right. ?hese tools are located at

PIPE WRENCH OR SPANNER

ADJUSTABLE SPANNER

WRENCH

OR

PIPE HOLDER

I A

Remove the top part of the pump stand by loosening the three bolts on the flange and lift the top part of pump as shown in the picture to the left.

With the Tripod pump rod.

hoist,

lift

the

Be very careful. Do not let the pump rod slip back into the well. The clove hitch is a good knot to use on this kind of a job.

aw horses or boxes so they will ecome dirty.

not

VALVE LEATHER

This is the way the pump piston will look as it comes from the cylinder, however, your pump may have more or fewer leathers. Be sure and take a good look at the piston before you take it apart, for after you replace the leathers the piston must be put back together exactly the way it was before. This picture shows the different parts of the piston. Notice that the edge or rim of the cup leathers will be up, towards the top of the well.

3
7 u

CUP LEATHER

-LEATHER

CUP / LEATHER

130

5.

RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT HAND PUMPS ON

5.1

HISTORICAL The origin of hand pumps is lost reciprocating in antiquity. pump came into * The mass produced, during the middle ironof

bodied, the 19th first drawing patent hundreds part

hand operated century.

being rather

This

was an age of empiricism were born

than derivation

from

principles. board. offices)

New ideas Those that perished.

in the field

or the shop, (including

not on the many in with as

had merit Present

survived, designs

thousands

have evolved

over generations but rarely literature. American

of modifications

made by users and'rarely

or small reported

entrepreneurs in technical of the North wire

of a major agency program In the late 1800's

agricultural

development

plains, driven

made possible hand pumps", colleges tion

according was in full

to some historians flower.

by "barbed

and windmill

The simultaneous led to the first comparable

development scientific to that

of agricultural and evalua(The work across

and research

stations

testing of today.

of hand pumps, work of a quality in 1898,

of Hood, published the Atlantic damental With

is an excellent Dr. Julius

example.) Weisbach, **

Contemporaneously was deriving

a German professor, for performance

the fun-

equations increasing

of reciprocating and electrification,

hand pumps. the market dwindled for hand

mechanization

pumps (and for dormant grams for needed'in research for

research) 50 years water water

in the industrialized until reawakened However, development,

countries by international relative the funds

away and lay promade and

over

assistance

rural rural

supplies. supply

to the investments allocated

to hand pump

and developpent

have been very

small.

**

Vitruvius (1st century B.C.) attributes invention of the reciprocating to Ci?tesibius (circa 275 B.C.). Even if so, some other types predate reciprocating pump. Better known for the Darcy-Weisbach flow equation.

pump the

131

.._

.._,

~^_-

),.

,I

5.2

AID/BATTELLE HAND PUMP DEVELOPMENT In 1966 the United States Agency for Memorial International Development Laboratories water supplies (AID) to in

contracted develop developing (1) (2) (3) (4)

with

the Battelle

Institute-Columbus for use in rural for

a dependable countries.

hand pump suitable Basic specfications

such a pump were established:

Low production costs. Long life under severe conditions. Ready maintenance with simple tools and unskilled labor. Ready conversion for shallow or deep well installations with only minor changes. (5) Ready manufacture by established firms within developing countries a minimum of capital investment. women and children. (6) Ready operation by small people, including (7) Design features to discourage pilfering and vandalism. The program to develop Battelle for AID jn three an improved steps: domestic water

with

pump was conducted

by

(1) Examination of existing -conditions. (2) Pump development and laboratory evaluation. (3) Field evaluation programs. 5.2.1 Examination In its ditions survey of Existing of developing Conditions. countries Battelle found the following con-

and practices:

(1) Lack of pumps and inadequate facilities to make them. kinds with little or (2) Some areas had pumps given them, but many different no maintenance and inadequate replacement of parts. (3) Lack of community spirit toward community water supply systems even to the extent of vandalism. (4) Reluctance of government officials to act as positively or as effectively as they could. (5) Inadequate pump design, both those made in the country and those being imported: (a) cylinders too rough, (b) plunger cups improperly sized (generally too large), (c) highly stressed fulcrums and handles, frequently made worse by poor alignment and tolerance, (d) bearing surfaces too small, (e) valve seats poorly cast and machined, and (f) fasteners (bolts and nuts) poorly made. (6) Inadequate storage facilities - many of the parts so deteriorated as to be unusable. (7) Hand pumps unable to withstand rigorous usage without adequate maintenance.

132

h,;i

_.,

.;

,,

,,

FIGURE 5-la

BATTELLE PUMPS - SHALLOWWELL CONFIGURATION

Pinned

Model

Bolted

Model

FIGURE 5-lb

BATTELLE PIJMJ - DEEP WELL CONFIGUEtATION

5.2.2

Pump Development Deep well and shallow improvements

and Evaluation well pump configurations were developed noted. testing. incorporapumps

ting

design

for many of the deficiencies to rigorous laboratory

Prototype Battelle's

were manufactured findings

and subjected relevant

and conclusions

to pump design

included

the following:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) (5)
(6)

(7)
(8)

(9)
(10) (11)

(12) (13) (14) (15)

5/8-inch diameter x l&-inch long bearing surfaces are minimum, and If at all a larger size should be considered. under extreme conditions, the cast iron bearing journals or "holes" should be hardened. possible, If the sk.ill and materials are locally available, bearing inserts might be considered. Non-rotating pinned assemblies may be satisfactory if use is not extensive However, bolted assemblies and acceptable nuts and bolts not available. are preferred because machining is somewhat easier and will provide a more acceptable unit for continuous use. A pump rod extension with single upper guide bearing does not provide (In its deep well satisfactory life under vigorous deep well pumping. design, Battelle substituted a sliding block design, which does not require a pump rod extension.) Because of rising material costs, material shortages, and difficulties in transportation, hand pumps should be as light as possible without jeopardizing pump function or long life. No particular valve type has been proven better than another; however, fabrication must be done with care for whatever valve is preferred, satisfactory operation. The chemistry of the iron and the coke used for casting must be within an acceptable range to facilitate casting and make an acceptable product. Phosphorous content is especially critical. Installation of the complete pump must be accomplished in an acceptable manner using the prescribed components for satisfactory operation. The secret of long cup life is the smoothness of the cylinder wall in which a centerline average (CLA) smoothness* of 8 to 12 the plunger operates; microinches (approximately that of extruded brass cylinder walls) or less. Use of epoxy coated iron cylinders and of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe cylinders or cylinder linings shows promise. Good quality, undyed, wax impregnated leather is recommended for making plunger cups. options that should be considered are "Corfam" for Other "pump leather" covered with Neoprene for making flapper making plunger cups, nylon fabric valves, and the use of plastic pipe for constructing tube wells, for fabricating well screens, or for use as suction pipe. Valve seats must be smoothly finished and without blemish to assure pumps maintaining their prime, a constant source of irritation. All unprotected (uncoated) iron surfaces such as iron cylinders, valve seats, bearings, and threaded parts must be coated with an oil or grease during storage. Bearing surfaces should be made with as close tolerances as possible for longer operating life. No cylinder sizes over 3-inches (approximately 75 millimeters) in diameter should be used, based on Battelle's observation that leather cups tend to fail structurally rather than wear out in 3+-inch shallow well pumps. is 135

The smaller the CIA smoothness, the smoother the surface. A microinch equivalent to one millionth part (10W6) of an inch or 0.25 microns.

5.2.3

Field Although

Evaluation prototype models of the Battelle tests, unfortunately, despite pump were subjected no large efforts with scale to rigorfield tests and AID water

ously

controlled

laboratory

of the Battelle to organize supply

pump have been undertaken evaluation projects

by Battelle local rural

on-site

in cooperation

programs. Some four Battelle deep well pumps were installed under Thailand's reporting,

Accelerated Battelle

Rural concluded:

Development

program.

Based on somewhat limited

(1) that PVC deep well cylinders are economic and effective and (2) that the pump castings, as designed, can be made in small "rural" foundries and acceptably machined. Battelle also concluded that its initial design wear. of the pump rod extension Battelle has redesigned sliding block and this

pump cap rod guide assembly, replacing

resulted it with

in excessive a unique deep well partly The latter

but yet untested

design. in Nigeria,

Although

100 Battelle

pumps were cast by a foundry prices and partly

few seem to be in service, culty in pumping water". (under-sized)

due to high

due to "diffiuse of improper and

was probably

due to local

drop pipe

and pump rod and pump rod couplings diameter cylinders

(over-sized) of 180 feet

to use of 3-inch (55 meters). for testing

(76 millimeters)

at depths of these

UNICEF is attempting by the Comite' Interafricain shallow program well

to send several d'Etudes

pumps to Ouagadougou (CIEH).

Hydrauliques tested scarcity

Some Battelle pump development necessitated (1976)

pumps were also Local

in the UNICEF-assisted of iron and coke is now the

in Bangladesh. pump.

a lighter and,

weight although

The pump program

in Bangladesh

underway

the pump currently

in production

resembles

old pump, a number of the Battelle pump features have been incorporated in the * Bangladesh design. The new design Battelle deep weil pump has been sent to Bangladesh for evaluation, but no information is ycc .,$?ailable. pages.

* See Discussion 136

of UNICEF/BANGLADESH "New No. 6 Hand Pump" on following

5.2.4

Manufacture Metallurgical

of Hand Pumps quality, foundry materials for pig iron subject and machine were also shop practice, inspection by

procedures, Battelle. Their 5.2.5

and alternate Requirements

analyzed

and evaluated

and coke were developed published

by Battelle. work.

1972 report Documentation The Battelle

on this

is the definitive

studies (1970),

are well

documented. (1972)

See Frink

and Fannon (1967), The last Bureau, sums up well -

Fannon and Frink report is available

Fannon and Varga

and Fannon (1975). Technical D.C. Assistance 25203, U.S.A.;

from the Office Development, complete

of Health, Washington working

Agency for previous pumps with general 5.2.6

International

work; both

and contains pinned

drawings Figure

of deep and shallow 5-l shows views

and bolted

connections.

of the

assemblies. Assessment of AID/Battelle Pump Research Program or in large the relain

Although numbers, tionship establishing pumps; in its testing coatings; valve

the AID/Battelle

pumps have not been used widely value in clearly defining

the research between

program had great wall smoothness

cylinder

and wear of plunger requirements for

cup seals; cast iron

metallurgical findings

and manufacturing on bearing of alternate design

and valve

development;

and in its wall and

and evaluation

cylinder

materials for

and cylinder leather

and of alternative It has influenced (1976) field

replacement all

materials

cup seals

flaps.

subsequent with

major

hand pump programs. Institute of Techpump.

AID has recently nology for further

contracted

the Georgia

testing

and evaluation

of the AID/Battelle

5.3

STUDY OF EXISTING HAND PUMPS FOR SHALLOWTUBE WELLS NEAR CALCUTTA This was basically a study manufacture was undertaken of maintenance (5 companies) by the All requirements of shallow areas well near

suction Calcutta.

pumps of local The study

used in rural India Institute

of Hygiene 137

and Public the United

Health Nations

with

support

from the World Health Fund (UNICEF).

Organization

(WHO) and

Children's

(See Majumder and Sen Gupta.) reciprocating suction valves, design with lever

The pumps studied type handles, (approx. 125 people 5.3.1 poppet

were of conventional discharge and flapper with

and 3%-inch about

90 mm) cylinders and had a lift

integral

the pump body.

Each pump served

of 10 to 15 feet

(3 to 5 meters).

Findings Two sets of pumps - 14 in one set, two years and for nine 15 in the other respectively. "attendance" - were installed The first about major set, 1.5 times replacements There were rods, of repair and in-

observed stalled per year

for

months, required

as received

from the factory, for

(on the average)

each pump.

The most frequent

needed in the first also

set of 14 were of the leather necessitated and nuts. pumps including

cups and valves. of piston in frequency

numerous replacements weight screws, bolts,

by poor threading Great variation those

flapper

was noted Before chining, with

between

different

of the same manufacturer. by ma-

installation threads,

of the second set of 15 they were "improved" boring holes, and with a nine improving nuts tolerances,

cutting

and equipped quality

polythene

cups and valves

and washers

of the "best these

available quired only

in the market". 2 attendances

During in total.

month period,

15 pumps re-

A review standard

of maintenance finish,

records

for

one year tallied valves,

for

412 similar

pumps of replacements: rods, 82;

factory

already cups, and nuts,

in place, 390; leather 1101.

the following 348; piston

pump bodies, handles, in all 5.3.2

10; leather

50; and bolts

There were 2296 component replacements

and 724 days of "attendance" Recommendations Recommendations included:

were required. !

(1) Phosphorous content of cast iron should be less than 0.15 to 0.20 percent to prevent hard, brittle pump bodies subject to breakage and difficult to machine with resulting rougher cylinder walls and poorer tolerances. 138

(2) Plunger rods should be made from mild steel rounds. Rods made from flat When heated for rounding, the thread steel strips had poor threads. Threads can be cut to full depth in rounds but only broke away quickly. to 40 percent depth in flats. (3) Bolts and nuts holding leather valve weights should be galvanized. (4) Bright steel pins with two washers and cotter pins at both ends should be used in lieu of bolts and nuts in the handle assembly. Occasional lubrication will extend hole and pin life. * (5) Tolerances should be minimized at all pinned connections not only to prevent excessive wear at those points but to reduce wear and damage of other parts that may result from poor alignment and wobbling. (6) Leather is the best bucket and flapper valve material for cylinder bores Average life of leather cup seals is of the quality available in Calcutta. about 200 days. Principal cause of flapper valve failure is cyclic wetting and drying with resultant loss of elasticity; failure occurs at ;.he contacL point with the weight. (7) Prop:,- storage of pumps and components is a major problem. Proper painting, protection of machined portions against rust, and protection of leather against mildew are necessary. (8) Standardization is needed. (9) Maintenance is the key to operation..

5.4

WHO/UNICEF/INDIA 0268 STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT DEEP WELL HAND PUMPS OF (THE BANGALORE PUMP) The objectives of this community This project use, were to develop and to find a study an improved deep well hand the

pump, suitable cost

for

ways and means of reducing manufactured of Karnataka Health

of the pump. deep well

included

of indigenously The Government

reci(through

procating

hand pumps in India. of Minor

the agency of the Department the World Health Organization

Irrigation

& Public Nations

Engineering), Fund

(WHO), and The United The project

Children's

(UNICEF) collaborated

in the project.

began in March 1973 and

ended in December 1974. Project elements

(See WHO/SEARO, 1976).

included:

(1) Field survey of user characteristics in order to determine basic design criteria. (2) Workshop study of available indigenous and imported pumps to identify strong and weak points in design and manufacture. (3) Search for substitute materials suitable for pump construction. (4) Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype cylinder. (5) Design, manufacture and testing of a prototype pump head. 5.4.1 User Studies This metric program was unique in that it included motions anthropometric and ergoof 139

measurements

of the dimensions,

and work of the population

20 users Table 5-1.

per pump using

100 hand pumps.

This work is briefly

summarized should

in

The heterogenous

make-up of the user population

be noted.

TABLE 5-l FIELD OBSERVATIONSON USERS OF DEEP WELL HAND PUMPS IN RARNATARASTATE, INDIA

Description or Paramater User Classification

Characterisitic statistic Women Children (age undefined) Men Mean Median Mode Range Mean Median Mode Range

or

Measurement Calculation 57.4 34.8 7.8 Uncalculated 665 665 * 240-1340 151.2 152.6 152.7 92.6-187.5

or

Unit

Percent Percent Percent Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Users/Pump/Day Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters Centimeters

Users per pump per day

Height

of Users

Stroke 2f-Inch 3 -Inch 4 -Inch Stroke


:

Frequency Pump Pump Pump Length Pump Pump Pump Mode Mode Mode 11.8 11.8 8.2 Centimeters Centimeters Cenitmeters Mean Mean Mean 64 58 48 Strokes/Minute Strokes/Minute Strokes/Minute

J.

21-Inch 3 -Inch 4 -Inch

Pump Discharge 21-Inch 3 -Inch 4 -Inch Pump Pump Pump Mean Mean Mean : 0.4 inch (approxinately) per minute 26.9 30.0 34.8 Litres/Minute LitresjMinute Litres/Minute

I Centimeter 1 Litre/minute:

0.26 U.S. gallon

140 .;. .. _(_ ' :", F',,. ., 8,:! : _,! ;;,&:l;,'<:Jy ,.

.,

,i

The photographs positioning 5.4.2

shown in Figure

5-2 illustrate (Photos courtesy

the importance of V.J.

of proper

of hand pump handles. Derived Design Criteria survey,

Emmanuel).

Based on the field (3.28 feet), exclusive

the height

of pump selected

was 1.00 meter

of the height

of the foundation, level.

which

should

be limited

to 100 millimeters chosen was 2$-inch lected; double 5.4.3 stroke strokes)

(4 inches)

above platform length

The cylinder inches)

diameter was se-

(68 mm). A stroke

of 144 mm (4.5 was 50 strokes

frequency

used in calculations

(presumably

per minute.

Workshop Study This part of the study available "Cauvery", (U.K.). was an analysis pumps including "Jalvad" All but (all of design the "Patel", preceding and manufacturing "Mahasagar", made in India), defects

^, L,_, >' .' :. 2, ,_., :. ;. 5: ;-i :_ :' %. '-, :

of commercially "Senco", (U.S.), tional "Wasp",

"Economy", Dempster

and "Mono"

the "Jalvad"

and the "Mono" have conven-

pump head assemblies. In pumps with conventional Tolerances to rock pump heads, all moving parts allowing were found to be

poorly

matched. links

and fits sideways. pivot loose, pins

were "excessive", Figure

the handles Guide pillars horizontal, and several The to corwas often set

and fulcrum .; ,' I,


.,.

5-3 is illustrative. were not truly


were

were not truly screws frequently

vertical, worked

and bearings bolts with

foundation

too small,

pumps had defective "Jalvad" tosion *

threaded

connections

casing

or drop pipes. was subject point

head (discussed and the chain link

in a later connecting

section)

construction

the pump rod and the pivot

mis-aligned. Dimensional tolerance 'buckets' control (cup seals) of cylinder components 1 was judged swelling shape. to be when wet, Holes were

. ; I., I I-1.' i:, 4.:. $. I,i..

poor. stiffening often

Leather

were of poor quality, failing to hold their

when dry,

and generally

eccentric.

143

FIGURE

5-2

PUMP HANDLE

HEIGHTS

FOR OPERATING

(DIS) COMFOPT

This pump handle is too low for operating comfort

This

pump is too low for


hendinn

this

user.

The low position


,_ .A_. 2 ,,.z,, ,-

of the handle

This girl operat ump comfortably, using almost entirely body weight. Resting position of handle,however

(Photos

courtesy

of V.J.

Emmanuel)

FIGURE 5-3

EXAMPLESOF COMMON DEFECTS

IK HANDLE FULCRUMLINK ASSEMBLY

Fulcrum

link

HOIOS for pump pin connection

rod

Fulcrum

Pin

DEFECTS:

I Z

Some examples V.J. 5.4.4 Emmanuel). Design

of defects

found

are shown in Figure

5-4.

(Photos

courtesy

of Bangalore

Pump developed in this program differs from , i

The deep well conventional

hand pump design

pumps in several

respects:

(1) The handle to pump rod linkage uses only one pivot (as in the "Mission" Jalna and Sholapur pumps), made possible by a roller-chain linkage, the chain riding over a quadrant placed tangentially to the pump rod, at the (The operating principle is derivative load bearing end of the handle. ,of that shown in Figure 5-10, "The Sholapur Pump"). (2) The pump head currently (1976) planned will utilize a welded steel body. (3) The pivot currently (1976) planned will utilize ball bearings. (4) Imported nylon balls are used in the plunger and foot valves. (5) Cup seals are made of acrylo nitrile rubber (Neoprene) with a 0.2 mm clearance fit with the cylinder wall.
9

143

FIGURE 5-4

MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN DEFECTS IN INDIA MANUFACTURJiD DEEP-WELL HAND PUMPS (Photos courtesy of V.J. Emmanuel)

(a) Pivot pin not horizontal (Alignment of bearings defective).

(a) Piston rod not vertical. (b) Guide friction high in upper position.

(a) Guide pillars not truly vertical (b) TOO high tolerance between handle fork and piston rod (c) Pin bushes of handle fork poorly aligned (d) Handle fork - piston rod pin not horizontal. 144

(a) Too high tolerance between forks and pivot points (b) Pivot points not horizontal (c) Slide not moving horizontally.

(6) All other valve and plunger components are made of rubber, nylon, neoprene, or glass or cotton fibre fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. (7) The cylinder consists of a standard galvanized iron pipe body with a tube made of cotton fabric impregnated with an epoxy "liner" or "sleeve" The liners are manufactured in India by Hylam Bakelite of Bomresin. bay for other commercial uses in several lengths, diameters, and wall A roughness specifithicknesses under the trade name "Hylam TF 2211". cation of 250 microinches is proposed for the inside finish of the liner. Figure 5-5 illustrates the cylinder. 5.4.5 Testing A prototype cylinder motor Stroke for of Bangalore cylinder Pump and pump head were made and tested. to a conventional at 40 to 48 strokes Discharge pump head, per minute ranged driven against The prototype by an electric an unstated 21 to 25 litres months of actual inch. After or washers) head.

was connected 1,000 hours

length

was 4.5 inches. The test Cylinder wear (0.6 represented

from about of "four

per minute. field use".

the equivalent

wear was observed

to be less

than 0.001

some initial

mm and 0.9 mm), the two cup seals the last 534 hours differs cable of
testing.

(buckets

showed no wear for The prototype planned.

at least

pump head tested

radically

from that

now (1976) the handle

The prototype

employed a wire bearings type.

as a "rod"

connecting

and the plunger. sintered bronze,

The pivot oil iron retaining

of the original

prototype

were of the

The cast construction. 5.4.6

pump head has been newly

designed

using

fabricated

steel II)".

This model is referred Pump large scale

to as the "Deep Well Hand Pump, India-Kark

Cost of Bangalore Estimated costs for

production

of the Bangalore

pump 3-inch

cylinder "Sholapur" (us $ W.* The prototype which

range

from Rupees 80 (US $9) to Rs 250 (US $28).* brass cylinder which sells for

The aforementioned about RS 250

pump uses a 3-inch

design

of the that

currently

developed

pump head differs relevant. currently

SO

greatly

from the

tested

its

costs

are no longer resembles,

A Sholapur (1976) sells

pump head, for about

the Bangalore

pump closely

Rs 500-600 *

(US $ 50). rate of US $11.30 per Rs 100 on 12 July 1976. 145

Amsterdam exchange

._ r.>.-.,.--n_*rv,-

-(7J Mop

Pipe

(threaded) Iron Sealing Reducer Ring Cap

Galvanized Neoprene Nylon

Bush Pump Rod Cuide (76 mm) Galvanized Liner plunp,er Yoke Iron Pipe Cyl Under

Polythene j-Inch

"Hylam"Cylinder "Hylam Nylon Triangular Uall Valve Valve Nitrile Seal Nitrile Follower

Neoprene

Seat Rubber Rubber Cup Seal Cup Seal

------a 4 ----a ------a

Acrylic Polythene Acrylic "Hylam"

-----@N -@ / e /-@ ---w

eoprene Polythene Nylon Ball

Buffer Triangular Valve Valve Valve Sealing Iron Seat Seat Retainer Cap Ring Retainer Check Valve Cage

IO Neoprene Polythene Neoprene Galvanized

FIGURE 5-5

BANGALORE PUMP CYLINDER


Reproduced from WHO Report SEAIEnV.San.ll69 SEARO. 1976

146

5.5

UNICEF/BANGLADESH SHALLOWWELL HAND PUMP DEVELOPMENT For some years UNICEF has assisted the Department the world's of Public largest Health single hand

Engineering pump program. will

(DPHE) in Bangladesh Within a relatively and installed. testing,

in perhaps short

timespan

over 400,000

new hand pumps considerable in shallow of the program and economies technology, as to over sev-

be manufactured

The program has stimulated and many design modifications size

experimentation, well

prototype at least

hand pumps for an excellent

two reasons: for large

(1) the sheer scale

provided

opportunity

improvements of the existing

in pump design, if continued,

and (2) the maintenance would have required its viability. several

problems

so much of the program's The improvements

resources

have threatened eral years

made have evolved

through

generations

of modifications

based on field

observations. 5.5.1 "New No. 6 Pump" The newly 1979, developed model, with over 300,000 planned for 5-6. installation by

is known as the "New No. 6" hand pump. a cross between the Battelle to insure about

See Figure

The new pump The

represents

pump and the old Maya No. 6 pump. local acceptance. (No. 6 designates

new name is part a' 3%-inch cylinder

of the effort diameter,

90 mm>. No. 6 are: moving parts and pivot pins, rather at plunger pins. than end.

The major (1) Increased

improvements bearing

on the traditional on cast pins iron

surfaces

(2) Use of round, smooth mild steel nuts and bolts at pivot points. (3) A piston (4) Polyvinyl rod with chloride reinforced

held

by cotter

bearing

areas and jam nut instead

(PVC) cup seal

or bucket

of leather

bucket.

(5) More stable configuration of four nuts and bolts located at "heel" and "toe" points of headcover (2,4,8, and 10 o'clock positions relative to the fulcrum at 6 o'clock), rather than the three points on the old design. (6) Standardized size (2%-inch x $-inch) for all luts and bolts instead of three or four sizes on previous pumps. Lock washers have been added to nuts and bolts (approximately 65 mm x 13 mm). (7) A stronger handle with higher mechanical advantage and an 8-inch (20 cm) stroke length. The cross section of the handle was changed from an "I" to a "T". 147

FIQURE

S-S

NEW

NO.

WAND

PUMP

(SANQLADESH)

148

The design pig iron

of the pump was strongly technology

influenced

by the severe

shortage

of

and the casting

available

in Bangladesh. lighter

For example the than the Battelle partly standard through installainter-

"New No. 6" is about shallow redesign tion well

20 lbs

( 9 kg) or 15 percent This savings

pump configuration.

was achieved for Bangladesh

of the base plate connections with deep well Chloride ch?+oride longer

of the pump stand to well pumps. casing),

(threaded

and foregoing

pump stand

changeability 5.5.2 Polyvinyl

(PVC) Cup Seals (PVC) cup seals and greater used in Bangladesh uniformity are less for have been found

The polyvinyl to have 2-3 times leather cups. * buckets

lifespan

than the traditional expensive than leather (esticontri-

available.

In Bangladesh,

they

Because cup seal wear was the leading at one time),

reason

pump shutdown

mated at 25 to 30 percent bution to improved (making

the PVC cups have made a major the water-lubricated walls.

maintenance. smoother) Chloride

Over time cylinder

PVC cups may

be honing 5.5.3

the iron

Polyvinyl Beginning

(PVC) Cylinders with

and Liners leather cup seals are still only were tested in service. 3%-inch to fit in BangMost

in 1969, PVC liners well

ladesh

in shallow

hand pumps, none of which war in 1971-72,

were removed during diameter liner. cup seals

the civil

because

(89 mm) in the PVC wear

were available

and these were too large liners were examined wall, and all

In 1975 a few remaining of the l/8-inch

showed severe

on one side lation k-inch

(3 mm) thick

presumably well pump.

because of the oscilLater tests with one

of the piston (6 mm) wall

rod of the No. 6 shallow thickness wear, PVC pipe l/8-inch after

begun in 1975 showed mixed results: in diameter negligible in one month; wear, but has

sample showed rapid another is still

(3 mm) increase two years objects with

in operation

been gouged, success *

presumably

from foreign

introduced

from above.

With the

of the PVC cups the liner $0.12 each, leather

program was discontinued about $0.25.

because of the

PVC about

149

difficulty cups.

of mixing

PVC and leather

cups for maintenance

of existing

and new

U.S. manufactured year in Bangladesh with

"Dempster"

PVC deep well

cylinders

have been tested 500 deep wells

one with

good results.

UNICEF is now fitting

the cylinders. 5.5.4 Polyvinyl PVC pipe Chloride is being for (PVC) Well Casing casings in Bangladesh. cast iron Because PVC pipe hand pumps dia 20-foot (6

used for well stress

has a low tolerance rectly meter) to PVC well length

reversals,

threading

casings pipe

is inadvisable. is used to join between the steel pipe pipe

Thus in Bangladesh

of steel

the hand pump and the PVC casing. and plastic at its pipes, (1) a horiand (2) a confor the hand

To further zontal crete pump. 5.5.5 Field steel

prevent

rotation

bar is welded incorporating

to the steel the steel

midsection

platform

and bar is provided

Based Program program in Bangladesh level with has demonstrated experienced the bene-

The hand pump development fits of having an operational

base at field

personnel under

in constant field field

attendance. obtained, regular

The LJNICEF/DPHE program has tested analyzed, operation, and responded and fitted

prototypes

conditions; tests and

to feedback

from both (less than condi-

an inexpensive

US $20), tions.

locally

manufactured,

improved

hand pump technology

to local

More detailed Phillips,

information

may be found

in the various

papers

of Hussain,

and Shawcross.

150

FIGURE 5-7 TWO HAND PUMPS USED IN WESTAFRIC.4

'ABI" "Africa"

5.6

COMITE INTER-AFRICAIN DETUDES HYDRAULIQUES (CIEH) STUDIES IN UPPER VOLTA INCLUDING THE HYDRO-POMPE VERGNET The Inter-African Committee headquartered on Hydraulic Studies under (CIEH), an internawith

tional

organization

in Ouagadougou, studying comprises Bodin

a 1973 agreement

WHOand with water supply

assistance

from UNICEF,is The study ABI,

the use of small inventory Majestic, Dempster (UK).

hand pumps for of pumps and Briau

in West Africa. in Africa,

and testing Briau Africa,

manufactured

including

Crae 1iu s Uganda, Royale (France),

and imported

pumps including

23F Ex (US), 5-7),

and Godwin WIH 51 and 54 part of these studies

(See figure testing

An important

is the field Hydro-Pompe

of a newly Several

devel-

oped pump, the French-made of these pumps, provided in the village 5.6. I of Koupela,

(by Mengin)

Vergnet. tested

prototypes

by WHOand UNICEF, are being about 140 kms east. (Description) mode. A flexible cylinder

in Ouagadougou and

The Hydra-Pompe This

Vergnet

pump has a novel is located pilot inside

operating a rigid

diaphragmatic

hose Using a

(cylinder) hydraulic

immersed in the well. at ground level,

system operated stretched,

by a foot and left Its

pedal,

the flexible pumping water stepwise from in

hose is alternatively the rigid Conjunction in the high cylinder with

to contract, is best

thereby

to the surface. Figure 5-8.Beginning

operation with

explained

f and the foot the pump primed

pedal

position: steps on the pedal, forcing the piston down into the cylinder.

(1) The operator

(2) The water in the piston cylinder is forced from the cylinder, through the pilot pipe or hose, and into the diaphragmatic hose with flexible, springlike walls. (3) The increasing water pressure thereby expanding its volume. (4) The increased water within in the flexible hose stretches its walls,

volume of the smaller cylinder increases the pressure of the the larger, rigid cylinder surrounding the smaller cylinder. within the rigid (discharge) valve. flexible cylinder closes the pilot the suction valve and with

(5) The rising pressure opens the delivery R Rlgid water 152 cylinder around upon installation.

hose primed;

system is filled

OPERATING

PEDAL HEAD STEP

i
GUIDING

%EE3PILOT PISTON CYLINDER

DISPLACEMENT

\
PILOT PIPE

PILOT

DISCHARGE

PIPE

,/-CONTROL

CHECK

VALVE

DISCHARGE

CHECK

VALVE

PUMP

BODY

DIAPHRAGMATIC

HOSE

RIGID

CYLINDER

y 1 FIGURE !5- 8

SUCTION STRAINER

VALVE

Courtesy: Yontargis,

Ets.

Pierre

Menr-iii,

France

HYDRO

- POMPE

VERGNET

SCHEMATIC

ARRANGEMENT

153

_-

(6) The water within the rigid charge valve and discharge (7) The operator (8) The flexible, forcing water position. lifts his

cylinder is forced to the surface through the disexpands. pipe or hose as the smaller cylinder pressure within the pilot system. foot, relieving to its initial position, the pedal back to its high the pressure of the Valve and

springlike cylinder contracts up the pilot hose and pushing cylinder

(9) The contraction of the flexible water within the rigid cylinder. (lo)

reduces

The falling pressure within the rigid cylinder closes refilling the rigid cylinder. opens the suction valve, again steps on the pedal and the cycle cylinder in the well. valve,

the delivery begins anew.

(11) The operator

The diaphragmatic with being water

hose as well

as the pilot

and pipe The pilot should

are filled system be no

from the surface closed, contamination

upon installation from a refilling

completely for

apart

there

potential 5.6.2

of the pumped water.

Observations In spite of careful development diaphragmatic work and many laboratory hose for over 2 million tests cycles, design (including without proved The PVC

testing failure), necessary used for pressure

of the flexible

some modifications in view of difficulties the rigid variations, cylinder

of the "Vergnet" experienced

pump's original under field

conditions.

was found

to develop by stainless quickly; with

cracks steel.

due to the continuous Leather


cup

and was relllaced cylinder did

seals was seals. can be and Normally, tripods or costs.

used in the pilot achieved

wear very

a marked improvement leather or urethane piping

by the introduction less

of piston deep,

rings

In wells employed

than 30 meters

light-weight facilitating pulled

flexible its

in the "Vergnet" Pipes

pump assembly

installation from the well. the need for

maintenance. two men should scaffolding.

and pumping unit to do this

are readily

be able

by hand so eliminating materials life also should

The use of light-weight

save on transport

In reciprocating problem, cylinder pump all 154 especially

hand pumps the short for deep well

of cup seals the pump rod, the seals.

is a major maintenance discharge pipe and

pumps where

have to be pulled rubbing parts

up in order

to replace

In the "Vergnet"

are readily

accessible

at the surface.

FIGURE 5-9

Photos: HYDRO PUMP "VERGNET"

Courtesy

of L.A.

Orihuela

From top right, counterclockwise: (I) pump in operation, (2) control pedal, and attached flexible control driving piston and cylinder, mounting plate, (3) replacing leather cap and and delivery lloses after removal from well, piston, and (4) lifting the pumping cylinder from the well. This cylinder contains the elastic expansion chamber and the three valves (suction, deliand repriming). very,

155

A.no&er associated which

group of maintenance handles, pump rods,

problems

in conventional

hand pumps is - components

with

and handle/pump pump. it

rod linkages

are non-existent

in the "Vergnet"

Because the "Vergnet" power and less fatigue than pedal

pump is foot-operated, the conventional eliminates a well all lever rotating casing

can be pumped with operated

more

pumps. The linear

movement of the foot The "Vergnet" It its

components. (100 mm) or more. pump;

pump requires

of 4-inch

can be used as a lift pumping cylinder According

pump or lift-and-force

pump, but not as a suction

must be immersed. (Mengin), of the 2000 "Vergnet" at pump depths pumps 20 m

to the manufacturer (June 197.7), about

installed (70 ft) installed, government

sofar

70X operates

between

and 60 m (200 ft). with the largest

In most African number (500)

countries in Ivory (June

"Vergnet"

pumps have been

Coast where a first 1977). Outside Africa, the

programme has just

been completed use. wider

pump has not yet Factors (I) It likely

found wide-spread to influence high pr:ced with

acceptance

of the "Vergnet" 1976 price parts

pump are: list) for (A set

is relatively

at U.S.

$ 600 (October

pump Type A or C complete of maintenance rings, is quoted parts

one set of service one pedal guide

and tools. leather

including

and four

piston

at U.S. $ 4). the unique cylinder parts, and foot i.e. the flexible and piping. diaphragmatic hose,

(2) The need to import the stainless 5.6.3 steel

pedal,

CIEH Report The report of this 1964) study is scheduled for'some account time in 1977. An earlier powered origin.

CIEH study

(circa

is a descriptive

of the man and animal many of ancient

pumping methods then (Also see papers

in use in West Africa CIEH, Gagara,

including

by Benamour,

and Vergnet

and manufacturer's

literature

from Mengin). I ,

156

Side

Plato

TOP Pl.ate

Pin

Erackat

Handle

Hondlo

axla

Bush

Housina

BeanrIg

Bush

AXIP

P
12 Section Through A-A\ \

Distanca

Washer

Rclkr

Chain

Guide

Cl

/2 X

TOP Plato

5 d
% stcinc

Guida

Bush

NippIp

Roducar

Rod -------a
. I

Nut

Note:
Footing

Meosusement5

in

Millimeters

COmpktw

with

Bask

Plate

or

Spmgg

n
SHOLAPUR DEEP WELL HAND PUMPU TOP END MECHANISM

45

Coupling

FIGURE 5-10

Courtesy

: Sholapur

Well

Service

5.7 5.7.1

OTHER RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT Sholapur or Jalna-Type Pumps in the handle the past assembly. by

Many breakdowns A sturdily constructed

of deep we1 1 hand pumps occur pump developed agencies is called in India variously over

few years

a group of voluntary or Mission overhauls installed rod, roller for

the Sholapur,

Jalna,

pump. This for maintenance in Indian

pump can be expected (McLeod, 1974). with

to work for

a year between it is being and pump

Locally

manufactured, of drop pipe steel

villages,

complete This

100 feet

about US $ 235 per unit. sealed lubrication

pump uses welded

fabrication, connecting chain. This All pump

bearings,

and has a single a short housing. length

pivot

action

the handle moving parts is widely 5.7.2

to the pump rod through are enclosed in a steel

of motorcycle 5-10).

(See Figure

used in hand pump rehabilitation or Kumasi Pump for local manufacture and Technology, steel, 3-inch

programmes

(Jagtiani).

U.S.T.

A pump suitable at the University in Figure linkage connection

has been developed Kumasi, diameter

since

1972

of Science

Ghanr?. This pump stand; bushing cast plastic

pump, shown two-pin at the from brass pipe * ; handle

5-l 1, has a welded with a roller bearing

at the fulcrum

and a brass a plunger diameter

of the pump rod joint cup seal.

to the handle; is a 3-inch

and a leather that depths 5.7.3

The cylinder

section

hangs from the pump body. up to 100 feet The Petro An interesting

Preliminary Testing

testing is still

has been carried in progress.

out at

(30 meters).

Pump (Sweden) new variation of the diaphragm pump, suitable or cylinder for use in of

deep wells, an elastic coated steel

is the Petro rubber hose,

pump. The pumping element reinforced with by two layers steel

consists wound brassof the poppet

of spirally check valve

and equipped

a stainless valve housing

type at each end. The suction

at the lower

end of the hose is

fixed within the well b;- expander jaws which are wedged against the well h Casting is by the lost wax process used for centuries in Africa and Asia. 158

casing, clockwise.

and which

can be disengaged valve serving

by turning

the pipe

string

a dozen turns of f-inch

The discharge pipe

housing as both string

is attached

to a string

(19 mm) galvanized pipe. The upper

the pump connecting with the delivery

rod and the drop spout is connected

end of the pipe

to the pumping head. A new pumping head has been specially conjunction traditional with the elastic characteristics designed to work in correct but a

of the pumping hose,

pumping head may also be suitable. capacity of the standard stroke, pumping element is approximately by using a longer

The discharge 0.5 liter hose. per

10 cm (4-inch)

and can be increased diameters.

The 'Petro'

pump can be made in small

FIGURE 5-11 U.S.T.


pin hawing

(KUMASI) HAND PUMP

fulcrum

bearing

-rod

plunger

f-

Drawing

: Courtesy

A. Abrobah-Cudjoo 159

CDQ YP water out /

sector

01 circle litter llow journal bearing with bolt ond It- lubricating tellon type bushing

ive ob

-pipe

or hose

-clamping rings

cap which 0150 governs the correct prestrrtching ot thu pumping hose wtdgos

water =

level

-soil cover

ni+iihM& bcoupling . water table chock vcllve discharge I pump cylinder

Pi--.mtake -&counter weight a

pumping

hose

suction anther

check valve

principle note

01 operation

method tor : alternative tixing lower end ot pump cylinder to Wll casing is by use ot expanding wedges or jaws

PIGTrRE 5-12

THE PETRO PIJMF

160

The Petro

pump is operated

as follows: lifting the pipe string and stretching

( 1) Push down the handle, the reinforced rubber

thereby

hose approximately of the spirally ; the increased is forced

10 cm (4 inches). wound steel pressure through wires, within the hose decreases the hose opens the string to the surface. to its water is

(2) Due to the effect in volume discharge (displacement) valve,

and water stroke volume;

the pipe

(3) On the return original, sucked in. Obvious larger

of the handle, the suction

the rubber

hose retracts opens, and fresh

check valve

advantages

of this

new pumping concept cup seals

are: There is practically fine sand or silt

(1) The elimination no mechanical friction

of the usual during

or buckets.

pumping,

and water

containing

may be pumped without (2) The combining piping. lation, together no tripod,

appreciable

wear to the pumping hose. results in considerable piping that installed be needed. pump. facilitates the savings instalin

of pump rod and drop pipe low weight and maintenance. of pipes or installation

The relatively inspection with

of the required It is claimed

pumping element by hand, so that

the string

can be readily truck will

scaffolding

(3) No stuffing At present available :

box is needed, when the pump is used as a force (June 977), two types of the Petrol

pump are commercially

- Type 95, with 120 mm).

standard

wedges,

suitable

for wells

of 4 to 41 inch

(95 to

- Type 48, suitable The latter diameter wells

for

2-inch

wells

(diameter

48 to 60 mm). interest for use in small(6.7 meter), i.e.

type should with

be of particular table deeper

the water

than 22 feet

where suction The price head) is:

pumping for

is not practicable. pump (pumping (U.S. $ 440). 43 kg (95 lbs) which should save 161 element with anchor, and pumping

one complete 2.000

Swedish Kronor weight costs .

Shipping on transport

of a complete

pump is only

5.7.4

Shinyanga The Shinyanga

Pump District Shallow Wells project was started in October 1974

as a bilateral (Shinyanga This and used, resembles East Africa. brass cylinder. of 3. brass cylinder,

project Shallow Wells

of the governments Project, its 1976).

of Tanzania

and the Netherlands,

project termed

has created the Shinyanga

own manufacturing

facility.

The pump made closely

Pump, has a wooden pumping head which in Nairobi whereas and widely

the Craelius

Uganda, manufactured 6-3 ). However,

used in

(See Figure

the Uganda pump uses a chloride laterite (PVC) plastic soils, has a pH Initially went to

the Shinyanga

pump uses a polyvinyl with its

The groundwater The life cylinders

in Shinyanga, iron parts

of some cast were used,

is measured

in months. cylinders

but

"39 of 50 Craelius

brass

earrings". The Shinyanga internal, Europe expensive the rest ball 5.7.5 cylinder also stainless uses a rubber steel ring, double ring cup seal with an

shape retaining for hydraulic (about

manufactured

and used in and is relatively longer than

machinery.

The cup must be imported However it 10 years. is expected The cylinder

US $10 each).

to last also

of the pump - perhaps

uses neoprene

valves. Plastic A spreading Pipe Pump idea is the use of polyvinyl Cylinders chloride (PVC) plastic pipe available pumps)

in pump construction. (e-g., Dempster)

made of PVC pipe (e.g., DIY,

are commercially

but many designs

SISCOMA, U.S.T., That is, length

et -- al.

incorporate itself less This with

PVC well casings as cyl4nder walls. , is one long cylinder although the stroke (0.3 meter). a return Figure

the well

casing generally 1976).

is normal, (Spangler, times

than a foot "novel" idea,

5-13 is an example of earlier

to common practice pumps offers untested potential

of dug wells for economy

wooden or lead-bodied production

opportunities scale.

and local 162

but is yet

on a large

.:. .__ :;,, I ,

:._
,_ ., .,,

.>!

FIGURE 5-13

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PLASTIC HAND PUMP

Wood or bamboo

handle

+-

COncr@ta +brick or wood port

concr*ta plrttorm

or brick \

LOW water IW.l

Rubbw poppot

waahw botwwn valve l d mot

LOWar Vriva aoat camwaiod Inrlda PVC cmnlng near joint

After:

Sponcler

(VITA)

163

I, is.. .,;; ,..,

The most complete potential PVC valves

presentation as well

is that

of journey several

(1976)

who outlines pumps tested

and describes

experimental

in Bangladesh the pump stand more subject Plastic not likely weathering the casing problem also

in 1974. itself

The latter was plastic.

are perhaps Plastic than stands the plastic

the only

hand pumps in which are less materials. the fulcrum of plastic pump stand pumpin: to a are to sturdy and

pump stands of other

to wear and breakage pump stands to give in which

must support

good service effects

because of the susceptibility (fatiguing). Attaching.the plastic

and to notch

in the traditional the plastic

sense becomes with above grade with load. A pump stand a device,

systems

of housing

a protective which

covering

which at

supports site alignment

the mechanical should

must be assembled to maintain the

the well proper

incorporate

such as a jig,

of the pump rod. cylinder can result slot in rapid size wear but may be

Pumping sand in a plastic avoided by properly selecting which

the wellscreen stabilizes of various

and by adequately

"developing"

the well,

the aquifer. pumps using plastic components Research

Development with Centre 5.7.6

and evaluation

wood pumping stands

is planned

by the International

Development

and the World Bank. Other Research and Development the Asian low lift, et -- al.). Institute of Technology (AIT) investigated pumps at to a 1973 in Thailand of the time.

(1) With WHOassistance, the use of foot rural study which water powered,

pumps as standby

or replacement

plants.

(Thanh,

This work is in response water supply plants

(Frankel) found that

of operation

of 165 village kept

pumping problems

the plants

shutdown of all

17 percent shutdown

time period

studied

and were the cause of 57 percent were electrically test was developed or petroleum for low lift

The pumps in question One pump under national contract. ,l64

powered. irrigation under at the Inter-

Rice Research'Institute

in the Philippines

an AID research

(2) A standard widely tion steel

hand pump (Dempster

Model 23F-Ex) in wells

of U.S. manufacture depths proof, following

has been adop-

used by UNICEF and others of special pins modifications with nylon

of moderate Q-inch stress

including bushings,

cadmium plated on the ful-

equipped to cushion

a urethane

"bumpblock"

crum link This

blows

from the handle, brass than

and non-rotating with spool

pin totters. valves. A major

pump is commonly sold with is its price, less

cylinders

attraction developed (3) 9~

$150 (as of 1975).

Dempster has also

and is marketing

PVC cylinders. and the "Pompe a Pieds", two design casing features under develdes(as in

pumps9 the "Pompe a Balancier"

opment by SISCOMA in Dakar incorporate cribed: the U.S.T. Pump)' de Pury). (4) A foot-operated use of the PVC drop pipe pump); and a steel cable is foot

previously

or well

as the pump cylinder

as the pump rod operated using

(as in the Bangalore a treadle. (Christensen,

The "Pompe a Pieds"

pump named the "Kangaroo

Pump" (see figure

5-14)

is water

marketed supply other,

by a Dutch manufacturer. projects.

The pump has been tested of two pipes The outside sliding sliding

in several over pipe each

The pump head consists fitted in between. the piston

with

a spring

is connected

to the pump rod, stroke discharge serves

and operates

in the pump cylinder. is then left

The downward the water (Jensen, 3 inches 1976) up.to

to compress the spring, A similar diameters up!to

which

to produce in Ethipia depth,

upward stroke.

pump has been tested are 4 inches

Normal cylinder IO meters, hours. (5) A firm and 2 inches

up to 6 meters range

20 meters.

The capacity

is 600-2000

liters/

in the Federal report adaptation

Republic

of Germany is developing testing program is available

plastic

cylinders. 1976). consi-

preliminary (6) Local

of an extensive and production countries.

(Journey,

of the AID Battelle

pump is under

deration

in several

165

_--__--

- -

.-

tHandle

CVLINDER DOWN TO 0 METERS

3 CYLINDER DOWN TO 10 METERS

; 2 CYLINDER DOWN TO 20 METERS

FIGURE 5-14

THE "KANGAROO" I'LJMF

166

(7) (8) (9)

Testing Possible

of wood bearings refinements


pump testing

is-underway "Uganda"

at the University pump are being programs

of Maryland evaluated

(USA).

of the

in Ethiopia. or planned

Comparative

and evaluation

are underway

in several

countries,

including

Ghana and Ethiopia. iron pipe body, the Sialkot pump, is under dev-

(10) A pump using elopment (II)

a galvanized

in Pakistan. manufacturer iS experimenting with top of the well hand driven

An English pumps.

ejector (12)

The International

Development

Research

Centre

is sponsoring engineering

evaluative and bio-

work on new pump developments medical (13)


engineering

in such fields possible is underway

as chemical
pumps.

and their research

use in hand

Considerable

in such related

subject

areas

as solar

pumping and windwmill 5.7.7 Pump Development In recent mally, years

technology= by National Agencies have undertaken, some inforin _

agencies

in many countries indigenous Pumps. Indonesia, Republic,

to develop

or improve

Such work is underway Pakistan, Malawi,

Afghanistan, and Thailand; Tunisia,

Bangladesh, Ethiopia,

Burma, India, Kenya, NlagasY

the Philippines, Mali, Tanzania, Nicaragua.

and Zambia;

Bolivia,

Costa Rica,

Honduras,

Ecuadsr,and

5.8

INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY Such organizations as Volunteers Technology for Group, International Ltd. (ITG), Technical and others Assistance maintain techon pumps shops. in the 6-4 to well 167 a

(VITA), continuous nology suitable

the Intermediate interest rural

in development

of "appropriate" considerable

or "intermediate" information intensive

for

areas and have collected by village artisans

for manufacture collected

and labor

Many ideas bibliography. 6-8.


VITA

by VITA and ITG knd by an IRC survey are described (Spangler,

are listed in Sections

Some of the more Promising


has recently

published

a report

1975) on village

hand pumps of plastic local machine shops.

pipe,

wood, and rubber 5-13.)

suitable

for

construction

by

(See Figure in several

Similar

pumps have been produced

in small

quantities

countries.

5.9

GENERALOBSERVATIONS The following observations are based on a review of recent hand pump

research (1)

and development: that seem obvious A corollary success in the office is that successful or laboratory performance often in the

Pump improvements

do not work in the field. laboratory (2)

does not guarantee

in the field. on hand pumps. between in-

Many investigators reviews is poor.

seem unaware of the work of others non-existent

Literature ves! igators (3) cycle (4) require

are virtually

and communication

Communication

media are inadequate. for operational decisions. Life

Cost data are generally costs are never analyzed.

insuffibient

Comparison

and evaluation

of hand pumps on an international criteria, and methodologies Some investigators to count the cycles stated, often leaves which

basis

will

common definitions,

are presently to

unavailable,

even as a checklist. others

have even failed in their tests.

measure the pumping head, (5) only Experimental implicitly

methodology stated,

is rarely

even the hypothesis much to be desired. short term testing of

is

Scientific extrapolated

objectivity

Conclusions single, (6)

are ayesomely

from limited,

handmade prototypes. Many basic assumptions study (1976) are untested. For example, no thorough, for fully use as

conclusive, pump cylinders

definitive has yet

of wear and abrasion been published.

of PVC pipe

(7) tions,

Cross-disciplinary modern findings lubrication,

studies

have been rare.

With a few notable

excep-

from such subjects friction, materials

as ergonomics, science,

anthropometrics, et al., have been

metallurgy, ignored. (8)

Many investigators

have grossly

underestimated community 5 million


(approx.

bearing use. strokes

wear and load-

ing common to deep well (and other average ft. (9) start working parts)

hand pumps for receive for over

Many hand pump handles per year. under The a head of 100

pump rod tension

a 3-inch (140 kg);

75 mm) cylinder loading

(30 m) is over For all small

300 lbs.

instantaneous

may be much more. programs available; should and and

but the largest, with improvements

most research to existing larger

and development models, locally

concentrate smoother

on improved cylinders.

maintenance,

bearings,

better

cup seals,

169

6.

LOCAL MANUFACTURE RAND PUMPS OF

6.1

BACKGROUND The desirability of local for: manufacture of hand pumps is based on

possible (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

opportunities

Lower capital costs of production Transportation savings Reduction in foreign exchange requirements Stimulation of local industry and labor forces Better access to replacement parts Production of a hand pump tailored to local conditions. The above objectives are achievable possibly but not automatically of broken so. There

are hundreds pumps around pumps. necessary Before evaluated. a foreign (requiring perhaps, feasibility

of thousands, the world.

millions,

and abandoned hand

There are no savings (and imported) sought.

to be had in nonfunctioning hand pumps must be of the

Thus locally quality for

manufactured

the performance local manufacture parts

beginning

available be purchased Should

alternatives locally,

must be imported from

For example, country, foundry

should

or made nationally. facilities), fabricated

parts

be made from castings techniques) or,

(using

welding

from various

forms of plastics.

The economic

and the technical

of each alternative of local

must be evaluated. manufacture machine shops, to be considered. and factories export The first of cast market. countries. of technology artisans. iron Such The and Both populated

There are two types is mass production or steel manufacture second type lends types itself

in foundries, to those

pumps similar is practical of local

in the international

and practised requires

in many developing a lower level

manufacture

to production but for

in small all

quantities

by village

are important, developed due to its

but the smallest type will

or most sparsely generally

or least important

countries, capacity

the first for

be much more more 171

mass production

of more durable,

interchangeable

pumps.

Hand pumps are made of many dissimilar suppliers and other of castings, parts leathers, rods, pipe,

components. valves, pins,

Thus a complex nuts pump. and bolts,

og

may be necessary

to assemble

the complete

6.2 6.2.1

CONVENTIONALCAST IRON HAND PUMPS Foundry The majority Practices of the world's iron hand pumps for cylinders. service materials countries to produce. to quality product drinking water uti .lizes have over to continue As such too in the cast

iron

bodies

and cast of successful many years

or brass

These materials and are will also likely

100 years in use for numerous castings little

and economical although other

be used.

i are within

foundries

in the developing their ability

have demonstrated, Frequently however,

attention

has been given competition without

control, standards.

particularly

face of price 6.2.2

Composition

and quality for gray

of iron iron

and coke castings are pig iron and coke. in Tabie 6-l Pig

The raw materials iron

used in pumps sho,uld meet the specifications 1972).

outlined

(Fannon and Varga,

TABLE 6-l

SPECIFICATIONS FOR FOUNDRYPIG IRON given in percent Manganese 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 0.50 - 1.25 ' Sulfur 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max Phosphorus 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50 0.30 - 0.50

Values Silicon 2.50 - 2.75 2.76 - 3.00 3.01 - 3.25 3.26 - 3.50 Carbon

4.10 - 3.85 4.05 - 3.70 3.90 - 3.65 3.85 - 3.60

After

Fannon and Varga

(1972)

172

The carbon content carbon tent less plied close

ranges iron.

listed

are only

an indication pig iron

of the desired to specified content cast iron

carbon and conwith

of the pig contents

To make foundry However, in order

silicon

is difficult.

the carbon gray content

and silicon castings

should variation

be in balance

to produce The silicon

in composition. ranges,

should should

and can be supbe reasonably may be should

to the designated to the values

and the carbon As an example,

content

indicated.

the silicon caroon

content content

specified

as 2.76 to 3.25 percent

- the corresponding (The carbon as the silicon This pig iron).

be in the range of 4.05 to 3.65 percent. a reverse pig blast tent iron, order intentionally content because will

contents content

are shown in increases in of the conof iron breakage,

the carbon process

decrease.

is a characteristic High phosphorous a eutectic mixture

furnace may result

used to manufacture of massive that

in formation phosphide

steadite,

carbide

and iron

can cause brittleness

and excessive

has low resistance As a part pig iron should the pig Foundry difficult specifications specification the caloric should

1 and is dQ:ficult to machine. I i' of the specification, a .yeriodic,chemical analysis to impact, be provided iron by the supplier and verified

of the analyses

by chemical

before

is accepted. also be purchased to specifications. than is foundry pig Coke is more iron; the

coke should

to make to narrow should get

specifications as a guide

(Fannon and Varga, content should in storage average

agreements. . 1972) is shown l'n Table 6-2. 2500 million BTU per short

in purchasing

A 'recommended Additionally ton. Coke

be covered

and protected

from moisture.

TABLE 6-2 FOUNDRYCOKE SPECIFICATION* WEIGHT BY PERCENT Fixed Carbon 88.0 min * After Volatile Matter 1.0 max
Ash

Content 12.0 max

Sulfur Content 1.0 max


173

Fannon and Varga (1972)

..

The values ever, every effort

specified should Sulfur content cast iron

are a guide

for

purchasing foundry

foundry cokes that

coke;

how-

be made to obtain content also should

have a minThe con-

imum ash content. higher tent the sulfur of the gray problems

be as low as pcssible. will be the sulfur possibility

in the coke, produced, by high

the higher

and the greater sulfur P 'a manufacturing contents.

for metal-

lurgical 6.2.3

produced

Making molds and cores The making of iron pumps requires

scaled

drawing

which a wooden

is turned

over

to the pattern

maker who carves

and turns

on a lathe pump.

model the size


_

and shape of the main body of the finished parts is are made separately. part so it

The handle

and other being

loose

The main body of the pump, to make. The model is cut in half

hollow,

the most difficult are bbred

lengthwise. fect alignment.

Dowel holes

can be put back together

in per-

A second model, See Figure 611.

made to fit

the bore of the pump, is know11

as the "core".

The core is used to form the cavity

in the pump which

is later

machined

to-the specified c dimension and -tolerance to accommodate the plungtr in many .I shallow well pumps. This cylindrical core is inserted in the mold after the ,rtJood pattern en molds 752OF.) has been removed from the mold. boxes) and kept The core is prepared in wood400'~. =

(core

in an oven at a low temperature

(about

to harden

and dry." by'hot metal during pouring, therefore, it is

The core .is surrounded

subjected to very high temperatures and must be made of special core sand . !with a high sildca content. Special bonding.materials must be mixed to the core sand for binding purposes. . made of wheat flour, important part These come in both rye meal, liquid and dry form and and linseed oil.

are typically 4t The.most that tive 174 is,

pqwdered resin,

of the job is making

the cavities,in

the sand,

preparing

casting

a defecthe molds, because if this is not done correctly, * results. The molds are built into the required shape by hand,

ASSEMBLY

READY

FOR POURING

Pattarn

shop

I I
MoldinS I

I I

I
Molding

-- T
t

TYPICAL SECTION TtiROUGH SMALL PUMP FOR SHALLOW WELLS

cc

cr
Cindw mill

Grlndw I

I
r c-l

k-3-H

FIGURE 6-1

TYPICAL FOUNDRYLAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT 175

.,.

.-

and the wood pattern age in the casting. percent) in cooling quality

for

the mold should shrinks

be oversize about l/8-inch

to allow per foot

for

shrink1

Cast iron

(about

from th e molten sand adapted

state for

to room temperature. use can be


obtained

The best through graded, careful tested

foundry

only be well For

examination and should

of the sand available. stand a high sintering

The sand should point

of 25OO'C (4532'F.) sslected

each pouringoperation retamped and used for bond.

a new mold must be made. Properly successive Permeability molds by adding or the ability it is a very a small

sand can be

amount of new

sand to provide permit grained eral

of the tamped sand to important particles property. are best for Finer gen-

the passage of gases through sands composed of sharp,

angular-shaped

molding

work as they have good porosity than sands of round a long plank. the drag. box, with grain.

and form a good bond,

having

more open structure

To make the mold, is laid on a long flat

no top or bottom, of the pump is laid

called flat

the "drag" side down, the

One half Molding

on the plank, pattern

inside

sand is put in the box around

then tamped and rammed until The half mold is half then carefully of the pattern alignment.

firm. turned over and the sand scraped on dowel pins off to get

level.

The other

is set in place Parting

the two halves

in perfect

sand is sprinkled

on to keep

the mold from sticking. The cope or top half sand and tamped firmly. the sand to, pattern P*P. The core is now ready inside adhesion 176 to be put with in the mold. plumbago But first (graphite) it which and also prevents the lifted or near out, of the flask A pour-hole the pattern. which leaves is then set on, clamped, a round filled stick with through and the

is made by putting The two parts

are then separated size

the mold the exact

and shape of the

of the mold box are coated and leaves a fairly

smooth surface

on the casting.

A pin or

extension holds with it

protruding suspended

out at each end of the core, in the mold. "chaplets" Small metal

rests

in a groove, like to help short

which nails

separators,

two heads,

called

are used as dividers in the casting. master

keep the

core in adjustment.

They are absorbed

The making of a complete pump may cost tion orders of its several thousand

set of aluminum dollars.

patterns

for

a hand

Thus an agency seeking price competition for for its

standardizaon small

hand pumps and wishing to consider owning for

to retain its

may wish

own patterns against

pumps and loanlots, or

ing them to successful for directly casting

bidders small lots.

measuring

large

Gates are channels reach the casting cavity.

cut into

the mold to permit is that and serves part

the molten

metal

to

The riser flows

of the mold where the ex-

cess metal full also

above the casting any dirt the air

to keep the body of the mold The riser is designed metal, riser

and to receive to carry off

or scum which

rises.

pushed out of the mold by the inflowing with the metal. For a small casting,

when the mold is filled and gate are sufficient 6.2.4 Melting The cupola for iron ordinary scrap the Metal

a single to run.

as the hot metal

does not have far

is the most widely The cupola castings, depending cupola fire-clay alternate

used foundry is charged

furnace with pig

for melting iron,

iron

castings. (defective

limestone, scrap, the

gates

and risers),

and steel composition

relative

proportions This

upon the desired shaft

of the castings

to be poured. lined with

is a straight brick layers

furnace, through

open at the top, doors about halfway and with a little lime-

special with

and charged

up the shell, stone consists

of coke and iron

added to flux

the coke ash and make the slag impurities

more fluid.

The slag from is

of ash from the coke, of the cupola. to one-twelfth

from the metal

and material each charge iron,

the sidewalls from one-fourth

The amount of coke used for of the weight of the melted

depending 77

upon

the amount of steel Air

scrap

used and the pouring tuyeres near the bottom to melt

temperature to burn the iron.

desired. the coke and At the bot-

is blown in through the heat

to produce

of combustion

necessary

tom of the cupola after iron all molten

is a pair metal fall

of hinged

cast-iron This away. air

doors which is to let The cupola is forced

are dropped the residue


is

has been withdrawn. out arid be taken into which

of

in the cupola

encircled The which

near its

base by the wind box,

by a blower.

wind box is connected are of cast iron

to the interior

of the cupola

by the tuyeres,

and flare

upward slightly. of the metal tapped from the cupola charged, is determined

Chemical by the chemical used,

composition composition at which

of the metallics air is blown into

the amount of coke Minor adjustby

and the rate

the cupola.

ments in the chemical the addition a fore-hearth) be easily 6.2.5 carried of ferro if

composition alloys

can be made after

the metal

is tapped

in the ladle is used.

or in a holding Such techniques

furnace

(known as

such equipment out in developing

may not always

countries.

Pouring

the Casting of the mold, called will the cope, must be weighted not part lift called it and allow the drag, down so

The upper part that the buoyant between

force

of the metal

some metal and solidify temperature stream, be kept

to flow there.

the cope and the lower takes and pours a ladle-full it

The molder

of metal

at the proper

from the furnace taking full

down the gate of the mold in a steady at any time. to minimize the level to solidify The gate should the washing of the metal and cool

care not to break of metal at all times

the stream in order until allowed

of sand into reaches before the shaare

the mold.

Pouring

is continued The metal,

top of the riser. ken out of the mold, cut off cleaning. i76 the surface

being

now emerges as a raw casting. of the casting,

The gate and riser

and the raw pump body is passed on for

6.2.6

Cleaning To prepare

the Casting the casting and sand. operation. or cut off with for use, it is necessary to remove the gate and is

riser, usually

fins,

scabs,

Removal of the dry sand core by rapping Gate and riser a hacksaw. grinding can be broken off with chips

the first

a hamand lumps sand

mer and chisel, is done with which might iron 6.2.7 brush. Casting While same as for 6 .2.8

Removing the fine wheel,

an electrical, have fused with

portable

and the surface off with

the casting

may be brushed

a coarse

Handle,

Cap, and Other

Parts the processes used are the

these

are much simpler

castings,

the pump body.

Machining Finishing of the pump body, room. to the surface the casting This tightly of castings even after shake-out the considerand removal the bottom plate, and the piston is done

in the tool

Some sand adheres able amount of impact and risers.

may receive adhering called

during

of gates brushing into

sand may be removed by wire IIshot blasting". and small at high effective Castings balls are placed of steel, The the

or the use of a technique usually having

a unit,

a cylindrical

chamber,

or other impact tightly

hard metals, of millions adhering

are thrown balls

at the castings does a very

velocities. job of removing water

of these sand.

Another

method uses high-pressure small pieces.

to remove

the adhering Abrasive castings. and blending ticular

sand. grinding

Tumblers

may be used for

is used to remove the stubs operation consists with

of metal

protruding

from

The grinding that part

of grinding the desired result

away the excess metal contour at that parpro-

of the casting defects or excess

location.

Certain positive,

may also

during

the casting

cess and leave These also

met'al protrusions, Grinding

on the castings. methods, 179

are removed by grinding.

is done by two general

one employs

grinders

that

are fixed tools.

to a floor The first

mounted base,

and the other castings are Hand

makes use of hand grinding that usually grinders are usually be hand held. sive wheels can be hand held used to permit having grinding during

method is used for operation. Jigs

the grinding of only

and fixtures

removal wheels

the desired

amount of metal.

6 to 8 inches

(15 to 20 cm,) castings

in diameter that cannot abra-

used in removing Smaller grinding

excess metal tools,

from larger cylindrical to grind

using

and pointed

are used on all

sizes

of castings surface

away excess metal

in deep cavities Following processing operations. such as lathes mechanical-fed largely small ing. fixtures

or complicated the grinding which of which and drill and indexing

configurations. the castings drilling, turning production are ready threading, and drilling operations, small ground for the next

operation,

steps, All

consist

of boring,

and facing type tocls

can be done with presses. machines In high

automated, shops depend tools, and

are used.

However, specially

upon in-house tool indexing

made jigs devices for

and fixtures, increased for

production drilled

and accuracy holes

of machinand

Indentations

in the castings

starting

and jigs

are needed to insure tooling for for

interchangeability production.

of parts

as well

as gauges

and special 6.2.9

increased

Requirements A complete

Establishment

of Manufacturing

Facility an

set up for

the manufacture shop. initially If

of hand pumps would require foundry

iron it

foundry might

and a machine

the use of a jobbing to purchase

is possible, This

be more economical the initial If

the castings.

would

reduce

capital

requirements is built as part

to the costs

of establishing other

a machine castings

shop. could

a foundry

of the investment,

be produced tools operations

as well. and machinery include will depend on the level boring, sander drilling, of producthreading,

The necessary tion. The basic

grinding,

and cutting. 180

A simple

grinder

or a disc 6

or belt

can be used to smooth

all

contact

surfaces.

A lathe spout die

is used for Tools for

boring

larger

holes

as for

the in-

cylinder cluding

in a pitcher pipe tapping press

pump.

threading

are necessary for

sets

(to provide small

a connection holes.

the drop pipe). (and dies)

A bench drill could

is used to drill cutting leathers. layout for

A hand press

be used for Figure

6-2 shows a "model" that provides

proposed

by Battelle feet

for

a machine (16

shop and foundry feet by 16 feet,

about

256 square

per machine

approx.

5 metre by 5 metre). are to be placed,

The layout where aisles as these

does not designate are to be provided, are largely there dependent is a natural

exactly

where machine

tools

or where Pieces on the facility flow of materials proceed

to be worked on are to be placed management. and parts from left The layout through to right

is constructed

so that

the shop.

The foundry tools,

is on the left; through inspection, parts

castings painting,

to the machine and, finally, prior

and storage, storage

to assembly

to shipping. to shipping. However,

Finished

are put into son that

and then assembled

There is no reaas indicated for

assembly all

could parts

not be made before are stored

storage.

in the layout, assembly into

and components

can be withdrawn

complete

pumps or shipment machine

as spare parts. for producing 20 to 40 or min-

Table

6-3 indicates

shop personnel

more pumps per day. imum jigs tools. automatic and fixtures By changing tooling,

The estimate in all

of 20 pumps per day is based on using and using tools single-point cutting semi-

operations

from single-point production increasing could

to more complicated,

be increased

to 40 or more completed

pumps per day without Approximately the foundry foundry area.

personnel. feet (330 square metre) has been allowed depending upon the for

3600 square More or less and his

area would be required for aisle feet

operator

requirements The 3600 square or area for

space and his method of setting does not include coke, etc. 181

the molds and pouring. much area around Table 6-4 shows

(330 square metre) of raw materials,

the cupola

storage

needed foundry

personnel.

Note:

All

measurenents

in feet

and square

feet

6x24

= 192 16x 16 ~256 DRILL PRESS 16X16=256 1 I

CLEANING,

COATING,

BAKING

16 x 32 = 512

16x16=266 I ! CASTING STORAGE 1 FOUNDRY 56 x 64 = 3584

GRINDING 16x32=512

L------t----I I LATHE 16 x16=256

i I i

6x16= ------I------

126

16 = 126 16x16:256

DRILL

PRESS

INSPECTION

L PAINTING

16x16~256

16x32~512

I I

I :

----

I +-----7----. I I LATHE 16x16~256 , I DRILL PRESS

----------STORAGE 16 x 32 ~512 16x16=256

I 4
, I I

r-------l

ASSEYSLV 16x24~364

OFFICE 16x16 = 256

L___--__~__________________I_____J_____i
FIGURE 6-2

I 1 I I

LAYOUT OF POSSIBLE FOUNDRYAND MACHINE SHOP TO PRODUCE A HAND PUKE' , (After Frink and Fannon)

TABLE 6-3 MACHINE SHOP PERSONNEL* Operation Material, handling, (laborers) Grinding Lathes Drill cut off Pipe threading Pipe coating Inspection Tap-die Foreman Total * and painting assembly Press shipping, receiving Number of Persons ~2 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 15

Number of personnel based on a minimum of 20 pumps per day. Frink and Fannon (1967).

After

The foundry shop requirements. pours It

operation This

is actually amounts

based upon the machine 1200 pieces per week and if two

to about

per week are made, this that 10 persons

is 600 pieces can handle which

per pour or about this amount of work,

4300 pounds. depending in proany

is estimated

upon incentive duction, persons expected

and the tools might

with

to work.

For an increase

more personnel

have to be added in the foundry shop. Personnel in foundry

before

were added in the machine not only

would be shaking

to make the molds but also and transporting handlers

to assist

in pouring, shop.

out the castings, and the material

them to the machine charge the pouring.

The foreman and

would make the initial during

in the cupola

then would be assisted

by the molders

The shop as shown represents persons, and this arrangement

approximately

9000 square to produce

feet

and 25 from 20 could be 183

can be expected

anywhere

to 40 or more completed

pumps per day.

An increase

in production

made with given,for United small

few additional the cupola;

personnel however,

in the foundry. cupola

No specifications commercially

are

the smallest

made in the

States

can produce

about half

a ton per hour and it

would occupy a

area in the foundry. TABLE 6-4 FOUNDRYPERSONNEL* Position Molders Core makers Material Foreman Total x handlers Number of Persons 7 1 1 1 10 4300 After

Number of personnel based on pouring pounds (600 pieces) twice per week. Frink and Fannon (1967).

6.2.10

Additional

Information Foundrymen's publishes aspects Society, a large of founding. Golf and Wolf Roads, Des Plains, manuals, and

The American Illinois other aids

60016 (U.S.A.) on practical

number of guides, The Intermediate

Techuology profile.

Group (ITDG),

9 King Street,

London WC2 8UM publishes

a foundry

6.3

HAND PUMPS MADE FROM STEEL, WOOD, OR PLASTIC PIPE COMPONENTS An alternative to pumps made of cast pipe components iron components is the use of These are for pipe a or, in

pumps made of standard not necessarily foundry. less

or of welded do obviate

fabrication. the necessity iron or steel

expensive,

but they

They are made up typically plastic pipe.

of galvanized

a few instances,

Examples are widespread. "Craelius" also 184 shown in Figure3-12.

One used in East Africa This

is

the "Uganda" in Nairobi

or and to

pump is manufactured link.

uses wood in the handle

and the fulcrum

The pump is claimed

-1

....,

DETAILS OF PUMP CYLINDER \ -.\.,

Note:

For view 02 assembled ?umc stand and handle, see 'iqure 3-8~

Courtesy: FIGURE 6-3 SHINYANGA HAND PUMB

Shinyanga

Shallow

Wells

Project

185

I :. ,j ;. ,b

stand that it

rough handling uses a brass

and requires cylinder with

little ball

maintenance. valves

It

might

be noted construction. pump manufacTanzania. Many other

- an expensive

Another tured on site

hand pump used in East Africa by the Shallow Wells Project,

is the "Shinyanga" Shinyanga and fulcrum Province, upright. angle

The "Shinyanga" parts

pump uses a wooden handle galvanized and bolts. that iron pipe

are standard nuts

and fittings,

and plate

iron, assembly

and standard strongly

The "Shinyanga"

pump stand

and handle 3-11 and 6-3). assembly. chloride iron

resembles

of the "Uganda".

(See Figures deep well

The "Shinyanga" pump cylinder plastic pipe

pump uses a unique length

cylinder polyvinyl to cast

The (PVC)

is a short selected

of unplasticized of the corrosiveness rate of theft

because

of local (to make

groundwaters jewelry). check valves. dustrial western the usual

(pH 3) and the high Neoprene ball The valve piston valves seats with

of brass

cylinders

are used in both are standard core

the plunger sockets. US $4),

and suction A standard imported from of in-

reducing about machinery,

rubber

a steel

(cost

Europe where it cup seals. maintenance rubber piston's

is used in hydraulic

is used in lieu

Several reinforced

features life

are noteworthy. expectancy (holes)

Project

officials the life

project of the

the

at 10 years,

about

pump and the well. (2-3 months); regular

The journals the addition

in the wooden handle (13 mm) pipe expectancy of Thailand rural

wear out rapidly sleeves - with or longer.

however,

of l/2-inch their life

lubrication

- has extended Health

to two years endeavored both to for

The Korat develop

Provincial

Department throughout

a pump made of parts

found

Thailand,

pur-

poses of manufacture and the cylinder anti-friction for the piston

and of maintenance

(Unakul

and Wood). Steel local

The pump body balls leather taken from

are made of 2-inch bearings cups;

seamless

pipe.

are used in the check valves; local hardwood This in the handle.

is used

The pump was assembled 6-4. Somewhat simi-

by a local lar 186

machine

shop.

pump is

shown in Figure numbers,

pumps have been made, generally

in small

in Kenya (Stanley),

FIGURE 6-4

puMp MADE IN KO~T

(~WIILAND) OF PIPE COMPONENTS

----

------

9
2.5

20cm

T
187

P1

the Philippines Plastics head although bodied 1974; should pipe prototype Beyer,

(Valdes-Pinilla), have been widely frequently

Zambia (Suphi),

and elsewhere. but rarely tests in the pump

used in pump cylinders for this use. Field

proposed

on plastic(Journey, radiation Plastic and

pumps in Bangladesh Many plastics

and Thailand are sensitive

were inconclusive to ultraviolet 1971).

1975).

not be constantly has been proposed

exposed to sunlight for use as drop pipes. wall.

(McJunkin, However,

in many deep wells 1975) has (1973)

the pump rod may rub and wear the pipe published and others. plans for shallow well plastic

VITA (Spangler, Also Chatiketu

pumps.

6.4

SHOP WELDING AND FABRICATION Machine shop practices Excellent Baumeister; Oberg, are too diverse may be found to readily in widely Lascoe, Rothbart, for summarize available as for standard Le -

foundries. works Grand; focuses (e.g.,

guidance

Camm and Collins; Jones, that and Horton; may be useful quality.

Nelson, et -- al.).

and Porter; This

Maynard;

section

on'some elements manufacturing

pump programs

in evaluating

or inspecting 6.4.1 Welding Visual of welding.

inspection

is one of the most important of noncritical inspection. it welds, This

methods reliance

for for

inspection intigrity is used inexpenimporto

For many types upon visual because

based principally method of inspection sive tant

is the most extensively quick, relatively gives

is easy to apply, equipment. Visual

and seldom requires information with

special regard

inspection

to the general

conformity

of the weldment D documents, During

specification

requirements. should and all be familiar with the applicable work-

The inspector manship formance 188 standards

phases of good shop practices. the part should be well lighted;

the per-

of the inspection

:pn extension

:. .(

lamp or flashlight and should

may be needed.

A low power hand magnifier a surface for condition.

is helpful, Other tools

i-.

be used when needed to evaluate and dental mirrors areas.

such as a borescope I,_' .' :2 .Ii ._' -.. I; F1 ,:I c, .z '8 'i inside vessels

are useful Scales

the inspector

of welds checking

or in confined of physical

and guages are used fcr Welds that during

the accuracy accessible the work.

dimensions product

of the weld head. should be examined

are inof

in the finished

the progress

The faces inations, paint welded

and edges of material scabs and seams. from previous for size

to be welded Heavy scale, welds should

should oxide

be examined films,

for

lam-

blisters, and oil, should

grease, Pieces to be damEdge

and slag be checked should bevel

be removed.

and shape. in the early of parts

Warped, bent stages and fitups

or otherwise

:; " :~ ._ ;. .i .L : ?' $~ y:. "7 I .; $, ,$. ,i 1':: 2~ .",..i, I.., 9' j-T -. :. ';. :I $7 L'.; i,,? .~. ,I_ II. t2 ";; 8: i. ": :.;; ". 8," e ' i. " <' .L 3" -, A. '.' ;, ,. 2 :,: ,.' y::. hi" i5 /,. :/ ;; I: ',,,. ;,.

aged material preparation, During will rough welding determine bead with Visual finished this

be detected angle,

of fabrication. should

alignment which

be checked. the work a

the speed with the size undercut.

the electrode

is moved across Too fast

and shape of the weld.

a speed produces

examination

is usually quality

the first factors

stage

in the inspection

of a by

weld.

The following L

can usually

be determined

means:

(1) Dimensional accuracy of the weldment (including warpage). (2) Conformity to specification requirements regarding the extent, of the welds. distribution, size, contour and continuity (3) Weld appearance. unfilled craters and crater (4) Surface flaws, such as cracks, porosity, cracks, particularly at the ends of welds, undercutting, etc. Welds should and excessive sional weld. 6.4.2 Machining Machined Cylinders valve seats should be free of flaws, for cracks, crevices, of bore. or pits. Beads of welded be free from cracks, crevices, pits, drastic fillets. penetration undercuts, An occaof the

splatter; piece

be smooth; should be bent

and have reasonable to failure to test

and journals

should

be inspected

smoothness

galvanizing cluding flat vice perly nuts,

should should

be removed from contact fit flat in one plane. rocking. of pins

surfaces.

Mating covers

parts, should

inlie and

Pump stand

on the pump stand without versa. aligned. Saw cuts should Longitudinal axis

Holes should and bearing

be snug to pins should be pro-

holes

be deburred. not less

Pipe threads than 0.420 0.682 inch

should inch for 2%-inch

be fully 1%inch pipe,

cut and and l+-inch and 0.766

insure pipe, inch 6.4.3

proper 0.436 for

engagement, inch for pipe. 2-inch *

pipe,

for

3-inch

Jigs A fixture

and Fixtures is a device which a jig holds an article while which for the cutting holds the tool boring, tool is

performing ject proper while

the wark,

whereas

is a device arrangements for

not only guiding

the obto the

but also position. fixtures

incorporates Jigs

special

are used princ,ipally

drilling,

etc.,

are used in milling and fixtures skilled fits

and grinding. increases to improve production dimensional of parts. rate but makes

Use of jigs it possible

not only labor,

to use less assembly

accuracy,

and to improve

and interchangeability

6.5 6.5.1

HAND PUMPSMADE BY VILLAGE ARTISANS Wood and Bamboo Reciprocating Until the middle for Pumps wood was a standard material of

of the 19th century

construction priate durability, Pumps, with choice

hand pumps (Robins). wood is getting Properly

With the resurgent a new look.

interest

in "approproblem,

technology" remains. light

However the old

constructed several e.g.,

and maintained years.

wooden or bamboo

use, may last

They may be an economic owned. (Chatiketu) PVC

in some circumstances, Figures

where pumps are privately pump used in Nigeria

6-5A and 6-5B show the "DIY" wells. One long unjointed should

in shallow *

length

of bamboo can be used. minimum thread

Drop pipe in metric engagement 190

diameters

have comparable

STROKE

LIMITER,

WOODEN FULCRUMOODEN

T- BAR HANDLE

.-.

;$BOps

,&UBE

OR

After:
FIGURE 6-5A

Chatiketu

BAMBOO

OR PVC

PIPE

HAND PUMP (GENERAL)

191

, .

BAR
..

RUBBER GASKET

PLUNGER DISCHARGE /CHECK VALVE (BUTTERFLY FLAPPER TYPE)

PLUNGER (WOOD)

RUBBER

FLAPPER 0-l

-SUCTION VALVE

(FOOT) (FLAPPER

CHECK TYPE)

\ \ \ \ STOVE BOLT RUBBER GASKET

PEiE

; / -NAIL

PERIMETER WIRES

WATER

INLET

FIGURE 6-5B

BAMBOO

OR Pvc

pine

HAND

puMp

(VALVES)

**vvqv.

ii

9 Xjl

I y

y?T

1 ivy

,.m

,,;a

* _.

/I

plastic

pipe may be substituted wood or bamboo pipes Mann (ITDG); Chain Pumps

for

the bamboo.

References

to several (Bradley; Hazbun;

other
~011~;

are listed 1969).

in the bibliography

and VITA,

6.5.2

Chain pumps such as shown in Section village blacksmiths. Several examples

2 are readily

manufactured Village

by Technology

are shown in VITA's

Handbook and in ITDG's version 6.5.3

21 Chain and Washer Pumps. 6-6. They are also

An extremely

simple

is shown in Figure Windlass Pump

available

commercially.

A sanitary shown in Section and give large 6.5.4 good, if

rope and bucket 2.

windlass

type of water with

lifting

device

was

These are easily

manufactured Their

indigenous limited

materials to shallow,

not convenient,

service.

use is

diameter Hydraulic

wells. Rams ram is readily Complete or Watt). adaptable to manufacture drawings, from standard are readily

The hydraulic pipe components. (Kindal Other Diaphragm facture da's

instructions,

including

available 6.5.5

Pumps pumps as well artisans. Institute as reciprocating pumps lend themselves to manuby Cana-

by village

An example of such a pump developed (Bodek, 6-7. 1965, instructions

Brace Research

may be ordered

from Brace)

is shown in Figure

"TRADITIONAL" WATERLIFTING DEVICES There are numerous oping world, especially types for of water irrigation lifting , which devices in use in the devel-

date back many centuries. and include Except water for the

These in a sense were designed sakias, mhotes, norias,

by usurvival water

of the fittest" and others. for drinking

shadoofs,

wheels

rope and bucket

they have not been widely

adopted

supply. 193

-.

--

-----

TIGLRZ 6-6

CIXIN-TY?E 4

F'CMP?rAD9 OF ROE

Pump rod lx1 wood

FIGURE 6-7

DIAIYIRAGM PUKI? (OODEK)

6.7

PUMP CYLINDERS The roughness of the cylinder and life. iron wall and consequent Poor machinery cylinders. expensive. cup wear are key in many areas has

elements resulted material widely

inpump

maintenance

in poor quality

cast

Brass is a more suitable However, plastic pipe now is inexpensive, The also

but may be prohibitively available (McJunkin & Pineo, for for 1975).

1971) has smooth wall local manufacture cast iron

surface,

and thus offers possible

an opportunity

of cylinders. cylinders

use of epoxy coatings (Fannon, 1970,

improving

shows promise

6.8

PUMP LEATHERS (CUP AND VALVES) The manufacture of cup leathers is as much an art level. soak it as a science but

can and has been done locally take industrial onto the plunger(or diameter with edible grease belting

even at the village leather,

In an emergency, in water, into a pipe clamp it of same edge in an

or good harness

object

of same diameter) let dry,

and drive

as the pump cylinder, (including

remove and trim hole), soak for

the wrinkled 12 hours graphite

a sharp knife oil (preferably

the center

neat's-foot), surface.

wax, and lightly

apply

to the wearing

For "mass production", use wooden boards same diameter lindrical concentrically so that about

wooden forms can be used. 3/4-inch (approx.

To make the forms, having holes Cyof the

19 mm) in thickness, to a stiff

as the pump cylinders, 3/8-inch (approx.

and nailed 9.54 mm) less openings. laid over

backboard. are bolted

blocks,

in diameter, shouid

within

the circular leather, forcing

The bolts the holes, into

be long enough

the wet and pliable and blocks,

can be drawn down Then proceed

by the bolts as before, Recent

the leathers

position.

formulations

of polyvinyl and Africa

chloride

(PVC), neoprene, leather for the cups.

and rubber PVC cups are

have been used in Asia easily 196 made at low cost,

to replace

One of the principal flapper, locally. generally Satisfactory the part

advantages requiring

of flap

valves

is

that

the leather be manufactured

replacement,

can also

PVC check valves

have not yet been produced.

6.9

PUMP HANDLES Many village hand pumps are equipped (1) they with locally made wooden handles. replaced sizes with for locally greater

This may even be advantageous: than length wells iron or steel;

are more readily large

(2) they may be made in very advantage, people; those making

and mechanical or by smaller than

them more suitable surfaces

use in deep

and (3) the bearing

of the handle which are more be

wear out rather difficult used.

of the pump body or of the pins and termite resistant

to replace. Many of the large reduces

A splinter

hardwood should detached if it from the

wooden handles

use a fulcrum However,

pump which aligned it

stress

on the pump body. wear on pins, factor cylinders,

is poorly This malalignbodied pump

may increase

and cups. of plastic

ment has been a prominent stands.

in the failures

197

HAND PUMPS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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6,

Phillips,

February

1976.

on UNICEF's Experience with the Battelle Phillips, R. "Some Observations Pump Design in Bangladesh, 1972 - 1975". United Nations Children's Fund ' (UNICEF). Dacca. 8 pp. February, 1976. ,PhilLips', R. "Shallow Hand pump Desing: Summary". United Fund (UNICEF). Dacca. 4 pp. 5 June, 1976. Nations Children's

:i, <,' "', I/( :) !$ CT., I

Phillops, R. "Bangladesh Rural Water Supply Programme, Hand Pumps in Bangladesh, 1972 - 1976". UNICEF Rural Water Supply Workshop. Dacca. 33 pp. Mimeo. May, 1976. 207

.: '1 .' ,;: ij g;;" /O.., -,,., ">,i'-,.,

of Choices Phillips, R. "Bangladesh Rural Water Supply Programme, An Outline Associated with Hand Pump Tubewell Programme and Hand Pump Design". UNICEF Rural Water Supply Workshop. Dacca. 19 pp. Mimeo. May, 1976. Pineo, C.S. and Subrahmanyam, D.V. "Community Water Supply and Excreta Disposal in the Developing Countries". WHOOffset Publication No. 15. World Health Organization, Geneva. 41 pp. 1975. Pisharoti, Health K.A. Guide to the Integration of Health Education in Environmental Geneva. 81 pp. 1975. Programmes = World Health Organization, de Integracidn de la Populacidn Aborigen. "La Bomba 'Martine'". de Trabajo y Asuntos Indigenos Accidn Andina, Puno, Peru. 15 pp.

Plan National Ministerio Undated.

Pumnen ftir Fliissigkeiten. VEB VerlFg Technik. Berlin. Pohlenz, W., Editor. 350 pp. Includes Chsr on hand pumps by G. Crabow and U. Adolph. 1970. Rajagopalan, S. and Shiffman, M.A. Guide to Simple Sanitary Measures for the Control of Enteric Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva. 103 pp. 1974. Raynes, F.W. Domestic Sanitary co., London. 474 pp. 1920. Engineering and Plumbing. Longmans, Green and

for a Range of Simple Pumps". Richardson, J.S. "Cost and Performance Analysis University of Manchester, Thesis. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, U.K. 40 pp. 1972. Robins, F.W. The Story 207 pp. 1946. of Water Supply. Oxford University Press, London.

Robinson, Alan. Report to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York, describing hand pumps and programmes in Bangladesh. Details on the "Economy" pump. Dacca. 11 pp. October, 1973. Ross Institute, of Hygiene The. "Small Water Supplies". and Tropical Medicine, London. Bulletin No. 10. London School 67 pp. 1964. McGrawInc., Agricultural

Rothbart, Harold Hill Book Co.,

A., Editor. Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook. New York. Various paging. 1964. SanLtation. John Wiley & Sons,

Salvato, Joseph A., Jr. Environmental New York. 660 pp. 1st Ed. 1958.

San., U. Ngwe. "Burma and Hand Pumps". Rural Water Supply Mechanization Department. Rangoon. 5 pp. July, 1976.

Division.,

Water Supply and Saunders, Robert J.,- and Warford, Jeremy J. "Village Sanitation in Less Developed Countries: Economics and Policy". Public Utilities Department, International Bank for Reconstruction and Developmen!, Washington. To be published (1976) by Johns Hopkins University Press, Also see entry, world Bank. Baltimore. %hi&ler,Thorkild. Press, Denmark, Roman and Islamic 201 pp. 1973. Water-Lifting Devices. Odense University and Use". 1976.

in Bangladesh, Distribution Shawcross, John F. "Hand Pump Tubewells United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Dacca. 21 pp. February, 208

Shawcross, John F. "Bangladesh Rural Water Supply Programme, Summary of Developments 1972 - 1976". UNICEF Rural Water Supply Workshop. Dacca. 9 pp. Mimeo. May, 1976. Shawcross, John F. "UNICEF-Bangladesh Water Programmes, Outline Note for Presentation". International Workshop on Hand Pumps, WHOInternational Reference Centre for Community Water Supply, The Hague. 3 pp. July 15, 1976. Shigley, Joseph Edward. Mechanical Engineering Book Co., New York. 753 pp. New York 1972. Design. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill

Shinyanga Shallow Wells Project (Tanzania). "Shallow Wells (Third and Fourth Proqress Report)". Dwars, Heederik en Verhey Consulting Engineers, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. 55 pp. April, 1976. Silverstone, I.J. Letter to Rural Water Supply,Division, Department Heal*, Bangkok, describing proposed PVC hand pump. Samut Sakhon, lp. March 22, 1975. Simmons , "Daniel M. Wind Power. Noyes Data Corporation, 300 pp. 1975. Singer, Charles J. History of Technology. Vol. 114-117; 207-209; vol. 3, pp.329-334. Oxford Clarendon (U.K.). 1954-1958. Park Ridge, o: Thailand. N.J. U.S.A.

2, pt. 1, pp. 105-108; University Press,

Spangler, C.D. "Hand Pumps for Village Wells". Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA), Mt. Rainier, Md., U.S.A. 14 pp. including 7 pp. of drawings. 1975.
-,
.A-

5.. _"

Pump". (East Africa). Stanley, Dick. "Deep Well Cylinder International Technical Assistance (VITA), Mt. Rainier, Circa 1975. including 8 pp. sketches and drawings.

Volunteers for Md., U.S.A. 21 pp.

Report on the Project, Study of Hand Pump". All Subba Rao, S. "Provisional India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health. Calcutta, 5 pp. 5 December 1975. Suphi, H-S. Private Communication. 1975. and Wear". Section 11 in Rothbart, Science and

Tabor, David. "Friction, Lubrication, cit., pp. 11-l to 11-16. 1964. 2E- -

; I

Tabor, Henry 2. "Power for Remote Areas". Technology. pp. 52-59 May, 1967. Technical Inquiry Service. Cooperation Administration, "Shallow-Well Washington

International

Hand Pumps". International D.C. 9 pp. + 1 p. drawing.

1958.

., " .;: ,:,,

Thanh, Nguyen Cong, Pescod, M.B. and Venkitachalam, T.H. "Progress Report/ Evaluation of Simple and Inexpensive Pumps for Community Water Supply Engineering Division, Asian Institute of Systems". Environmental Technology, Bangkok. 15 pp. March, 1975. ,.'Ilr,often, Fredrik. Nairobi, Kenya. "The Petro Pump". Kenya 1st Water Well Drilling 10 pp. 1975. Seminar, 209

Troften,

Fredrik.

"The Petro

Pump".

7-Page press

release.

June 1976.

Unakul, Somnek, and Wood, Bruce T. "A Hand Operated Water Pump". (In English and Thai) .lKorat Provincial Health Department, Thailand. 13 pp. July, 1959. Unakul, Somrek, and Wood, Bruce T. "A Hand Operated Water Pump". Korat i Provincial Health Department, Thailand. 9 pp. Undated. "Assessment of Environmental UNICEF-WHO Joint Committee on Health Policy. Sanitation and Rural Water Supply Programmes, Assisted by the United !1959-1968)"Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization JClG/UNICEF-WH0/69.2, mrld Health Organization, Geneva. 43 pp. 1969. Village UNICEF Headquarters, Drinking Water Program. "Indian-UNICEF-Assisted of the New 'Sholapur' Pump and Water,Supply Programme: Installation Promotion for Pump Maintenance". WS/171/75/6. India. United Nations notes + 1 drawing. Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York. 3 pp. + 3 pp. technical May, 1975. UNICEF Packing and Assembly Centre (UNIPAC). Price List. United Nations Chiidren's Fund 0JNICEF1, Copenhagen, Denmark. 196 pp. July, 1975. Uni$d Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF Guide List OLGA. oSU-6400. UNICEF, New York. 324 pp. 1975. Npte: Prepared in consultation with the World Health Organization, M&rice A. Porter, Consultant. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). "Documents for Local Procurement Cast Iron Hand Pumps". UNICEF Rural Water Supply Workshop. Dacca. Various paging. Mimeo. May, 1976. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services. "Wind-driven I Devices for Pumping Water and Generating Electric Power". Agency for i International Development, Washington. 48 pp. Undated. Valdes-Pinilla, Organization, Raul.
Manila.

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"The 'NWSA' Hand Pump". Dot. 9 pp. 1965.

WPR/EH/2, World Health

Marc. Vergnet, 'Experimentation et Optimisation Pompe 5 Main". Bulletin de Comitd Interafricain No. 25. pp. 2-13. May, 1976.

d'un Nouveau Modele de d'Etudes Hydrauliques.

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The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morris Hickey Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. 331 pp. 1914. and

Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Construction Maintenance of Water Wells for Peace Corps Volunteers. United States Peace Corps, Washington. 170 pp. 1969.

Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Water Purification, Distribution, and Sewage Disposal. United States Peace Corps, Washington. 243 pp. 1969. Volunteers for International Technical Assistance (VITA). Village Handbook. Mt. Rainier, Md., U.S.A. 400 pp. Revised 1970. -w 210 Techno>=

Wagner, Edmund G., and Lanoix, J.N. Water Supply for Monograph Series No. 42. World Health Communities. 337 pp. 1959. Walshaw, A.C. and Jobson, D.A. Mechanics London. pp. 484-497. 1962. Ltd., of Fluids.

Rural Areas and Small Organization, Geneva. Longmans, ; Green and Co.

Walters, John David. "Water Supply of the Farmhouse". Kansas State Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 4, Manhattan, Kansas, 43 pp. 1916. Systems for Farm Homes". Farmers' Bulletin Warren, George M. Water U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 68 pp. 1918. Farmers'Bulletin Warren. George M. "Farmstead Water Supply". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 38 pp. 1925.

U.S.A. No. 941.

No. 1448.

on the Automatic Hydraulic Ram for Watt, S.B. "A Manual of Information Technology DevekqmentGroup. London. 37 pp. Pumping Water". Intermediate 1974. Watt, S.B. "Approaches to Water Pumping in West Africa". FAO/DANIDA Seminar on Small Scale Resources Development in West Africa. Ouagadougou. 25 pp. September, 1975. Watt, S.B. "The Mechanical Failure of Village Water Well Pumps in Rural Unpublished memorandum. 6 pp. + 1 fig. + 8 plates (photos). Undated. Areas".

Watt, Simon, Compiler. "21 Chain and Washer Pumps". (From the 1958 Peking Agricultural Exhibition). Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London 48 pp. Undated. Weber, William Transactions 611. 1886. Weisbach, (Trans. Oliver. "Efficiency of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps". American Society of Mechancial Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 598-

Julius and Herrmann, Gustave. The Mechanics of Pumping Machinery. from German). MacMillan and Co., Ltd. London. 300 pp. 1897.

Westcott, G.F. Pumping Machine-. Handbook of the Collections (Science Museum London), Part I - Historical Notes. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 103 pp. 1932. White, C.M. and Denny, D.F. "The Sealing Mechanism of Flexible Packings". Ministry of Supply Scientific and Technical Memorandum No. 3147, H.M.s.o., London. 1948. White, H.S. "Small Oil-Free Bearings". Research Paper 2709, National of Standards, Vol. 57, No. 4. pp. 185 - 203. Washington. 1956. Bureau Water

Wignot, Robert E. "The Condition of UNICEF-Assisted Demonstration Rural Supplies in Kenya". United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Nairobi. 28 pp. December, 1974. Wilki.e,
NO.

D.R. Man As a Source of Mechanical 1. pp. 1 - 8. 1960.

Power".

Ergonomics. -

Vol.

3, 211

Wilson, Herbert M. "Pumping Water for Irrigation". Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the UnitedStates Geological Survey No. 1. House i)ocument No. 108, 54th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington. 57 pp. 1869. Irrigation Wilson, S.S. "Pedal Drives for Borehole Pumps and Low Lift Science, Oxford University, Oxford. Pumping". Department of Engineering 12 pp. 1976. Wilson, Warren E. Positive-Displacement Pumps and Fluid Publishing Corp., New York. 250 pp- 3950. Motors. Pitman

Wilson, W.E. "Performance Criteria for Positive-Displacement Pumps and Fluid Motors".Transactions American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 71. pp. 115 - 120. 1949.

Wood, Alan D. "Water Lifters and Pumps for the Developing World". M.S. Thesis. Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, -Ft. Collins, Colo., U.S.A. 303 pp. 1976. World Health Organization, Community Water Supply:Research and Development Tank as a Source of Drinking Water". Unpublished Programme. "The Village document WHC/CWS/RD/69.1 Geneva. 1969. "Community Water Supply and Disposal in Develcping World Health Organization. Countries (End of 1970)". World Health Statistics Report, Vol. 26, No. 11. pp. 720 - 783. 1973. Also see Pineo and Subrahmanyam. World Health Organization Regional Office for South East Asia (SEARO). "The Bangalore Pump". Document SEA/Env.San./l68 (Restricted). New Delhi. 43 pp. Offset. 1976. Wright, Forrest B. Rural Water Supply Inc. New York. 268 pp. 1939. and Sanitation. John Wiley and Draftsmen. & Sons, Hayden

Yates, Edwin T. Guidebook for Mechanical Designers Book Co., Inc. New York. 148 pp. 1965.

Manual de Ararelhos de Bombeamento de Agua. Zambel, Alfranio R., Editor. Escola de Engenharia de Szo Carlos. S'ao Paulo. 275 pp. See especially Chapters IV (pp. 44-63) and VII (pp. 131-142) on piston pumps and chain pumps resp. 1969.

212

LIST OF MANUFACTURERS' LITERATURE Abidjan Industrie. (Cote d'Ivoire) ";?indmills." Aermotor. (U.S.A.) Atlas "Pompe Alternative 6 pp. - ABI Type 'Ml." 4 pp.

C0pCO. "Uganda Hand Pumps." 4 pp. (Sweden) Jacks, Pumps & Well Castings. Supplies." "Balaji 2 pp. 8 pp. 2 pp.

Baker Mfg. CO. "Monitor (U.S.A.) Balaji Beatty. Blake, Borja Briau Industrial (India)

& Agricultural

Pumps."

"Pumps, Cylinders (Canada) John Ltd. (U.K.)

and Windmills."

"Blake Hydrams." Publication No. 650. 6 pp. "Double Acting Piston Pumps." Publication No. 654. 4 pp8 pp.

S.L. "Bombas." (Spain)

"Pompes a Bras." 4 pp. S.A. (France) "Serie Superieure Royale." 2 pp. "La Pompe Africa." 7 pp. "Eoliennes pour pompage de l'eau." "Pompe Elevatrice 'l'Africaine'."

2 pp. 4 pp.

Champenois, Ets. (France)

Clayton Mark & Co. "Water Well Systems." 2 pp. "Instructions for Installation." (U.S.A.) Craelius Terratest. "Hand Pumps." 4 pp. (Kenya & Uganda) I Dandekar Bros. (India) "Javakar Inc. Pump." 1 p.

7 pp.

Dempster industries (U.S.A.)

"Pumps and Cylinders." 8 pp. "Pumps and Water Systems." Catalog. "PVC Cylinder." 2 pp. "Model 23F or 23F (CS)-Ex." 4 pp. (Type I & TI).~' Ram." 4 pp. Lift

8 PP.

Deplechin Pompes. "Pompes a Volant and Spanish. (Belgium) Douglas, W & B, Pump Co. "Hydraulic (U.S.A.)
lp

6 pp. ALSO in English

_i

English

Drilling .I

Eqmt. Co. "Edeco Hand Operated

Pump." 4 pp. 213

Gens, Carlos (Spain) Godwin, H.J., (U.K.)

S.L, Ltd.

"Bombas para POZOS." 68 pp. "Godwin Hand Pumps (Models 'HLD', "Godwin Pump Cylinders." 4 pp. for Home & Farm." 'HLS', Catalog 'WlH', Ix*)#I1 4 pp.

Heller-Aller Co. "Water Supplies (U.S.A.) IquiKiz S.A. "Lag0 Bombas." (Argentina) 5 pp.

No. 37. 19 pp.

Kawamoto Pump Mfg. Co. "Kawamoto Dragon Hand Pump (Model No. 2C & No. ZD)." (Japan) Kitrick Mgmt. Co. "GEM G.I. (U.S.A.) "Kumar Lift "Oasis "Patsy Pressure Ltd. Chain Pump." 2 pp. Hand Pumps." 2 pp. Pump." 4 pp. Pump." 5 pp. Pump DSP 20-15." 10 pp.

4 pp.

Kumar Industries. (India)

Lee, Howl & Co. Ltd. (U.K.) Maurer, A. "Impact (U.S.A.) Maya Eng. Works Pty. (India) Menqin, Ets. Pierre. (France)

"Maya Water Pumps." 6 pp.

"Hydra-Pumpe Vergnet." 18 pp. "Instructions pour l'emploi des Hydro-Pompes 'Vergnet'." Notice No. 821. 15 pp. "Vergnet Hydro-Pump." Report to World Bank. 6 pp. Ltd. "Mono "Mono "Mono "Mono "Mono Rotary Hand Pump." 7 Lift Borehole Pumps." Pumps - Applications." Pumps - Installation - Borehole Turbolift Tank Pumps." 2 pp. pp. 8 pp. 12 pp. Instructions." Pumps." 4 pp.

Mono Pumps (Eng.) (U.K.)

5 pp.

Myers, Petro Pijpers Rife

F.E. & Bros. (U.S.A.) Pump. (Sweden)

Co. "Force

"The Petro Pump." 4 pp. "Performance Tests of the Petro Eng. "The Kangaroo

Pump (20 May 1976, Stockholm)

-" 1 p.

Water Supply (Netherlands)

Pump." 1 p. paging. 277. 4 pp.

Hydraulic (U.S.A.)

Mach. Co. "Rife

Ram." Various

Robbins & Myers. (Canada)

"Moyno Hand Pumps." Bulletin

214

Hochfer, Industries (Brazil) Standard Pressed (U.S.A.) ._ .' ;i ';: I "4, ,) :: aStewarts & Lloyds. (South Africa)

Mec&icas Steel

Ltda.

"Bombas Hidrbulicas." Self-Retained

8 pp. Pins." 1 p.

Co. "New Quick-Click 3 pp.

"Hand Pumps."

Tsuda Shiki Pump Mfg. Co. "Tsuda Shiki (Japan) Vammalan Konepaja (Finland) Warner Danby Corp. (U.S.A.) Oy. "NIRA Pressure

Pump." 24 pp. Pumps." 2 pp.

"Hand and Windmill Force Pumps." 2 pp. "Complete Water Well Supplies for Farm and Home." Catalog No. 31. 10 pp. "Windmills. House Force Pumps." Various paging. Ltd. "Southern Cross Hand Operated Diaphragm Pump." 2 pp.

Toowoomba Foundq (U.S.A.)

215

Annex

LIST

OF PARTICIFANTS

IN INTERNATIONAL

WORKSHOP ON HANDPUMPS

University of Science and Technology, ABROBAH-CUDJOE, Dr. A., Faculty of Engineering, I Kumasi, Ghana ATALLAH, S., Ministry of Public Health, Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia DE AZEVEDO NETTO, Professor J-M., University of Sao Paula, Rua Padra Zoao Yanoul 1039, 01411 Sao Paula, Brazil Division of Environmental and Sanitation Unit, BALLANCE, Dr. R-C., Community Water Supply Health, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland BENNELL, B.M.U., Ministry of Overseas Development, Eland House, Stag Place, London SWIE 5DH, England Shallow Wells Programme, Shinyanga Region, P.O. Box 169, Shinyanga, Tanzania BONNIER, C-J., CHAKRAVARTY, Dr. A., Mechanical Engineerinq Research and Development Oroanization, CSIR, Campus, Adyar, Madras 600020, India CHAINARONG, L., Community Water Supply Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Devaves Palace, Bangkok, Thailand Intermediate Technology Development Group, 36 Derby COWAN, A.D., Industrial Liaison Unit, Leicestershire LEl@, England Road, Hinckley, WHO, c/o WHO Representative to Indonesia, P-0. Box 302, Jakarta, Indonesia EMMANUEL, V.J., FANNON. R.D., Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, 505 Kinq Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, U.S.A. FREEDMAN, J., Public Utilities Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A. GAGARA, G., Cornit Inter-Africain d'Etudes Hydrauliques (C.I.E.H.), B.P. 369, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta International Development Research Centre, HENRY, D.. Population and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada KlG 3H9 Government of the People's Republic Department of Public Health Engineering, HUSSAIN, M.A., Dilkosha Commercial Area, Dacca, Bangladesh of Bangladesh, 12/c. JAGTIANI, K., Water Supply and Sanitation Section, UNICEF Regional Office, 11 Jorbagh, New Delhi 11003, India Public IUtility Department, World Bank, 1818 H. Street, N.W., JOURNEY, W-K., Consultant, Washington D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Comisi& Constructora e Ingenierla LEON DE LA BARRA, F., Direction deoAgua Potable y Drenaje, Sanitaria S.A.A., Durango 81-2 Piso, Mexico 7, D.F. Mexico P-0. Box M194, Accra, Ghana OSEI ?OKU, K., Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, Engineering Exoeriment Station, Georgia POTTS, P.W., Economic Development Laboratory, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 303<2, U.S.A. RAU, B.B., Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, Ministry of Works and Housing, Government of India, New Delhi, India ROBERTSON, L.H., Department of Community Development, P.O. Box 5700, Limbe, Malawi SCHUTHOF, J., Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals, P.O. Box 9153, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania SHAWCROSS, J.F. UNICEF, P.O. Box 58, Dacca, Bangladesh SUKAPRADJA, D., Provincial Health Office, West Java, Jalan Prof. Eykman 45, Bandung, Indonesia Agricultural Mechanization Department, 459 Prom, U NGWE SAN, Rural Water Supply Division, Road, Rangoon, Burma YILMA, W.E., Relief and RehabilitationCommission, P.O. Box 5685, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Consultant MCJUNKICJ, F.E., Environmental Services North Carolina 27514, U.S.A. Observer MEINARDI, C., National the Netherlands Secretariate WHO International Reference VAN DAPIME, J.M.G. HOFKES, E.H.A. HESSING, E.L.P. Administrative support: KEIJZER, Miss Peggy Centre for Community Water Supply, Voorburq (The Hague), the Netherlands

Corooration,

P.O.

Box 2427,

Chaoel

Hill,

Institute

for

Water

Supply,

P.O.

Box

150,

Leidschendam

(The Hague),

Annex B
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

The preparation Environment Many persons document, suggestions, especially

of this

report

was sponsored

jointly

by the United Organizaltion and review material;

Nations

Programme (UNEP) and the World Health have contributed interviews or otherwise. acknowledged: A., University of Science Regional D-C., to the preparation and access to written The cooperation

(WHO). of the present comments and persons is

through

of the following

Abrobah-Cudjoe, Acheson, Allison, Atallah, Ballance, Bennell, Beyer, Bonnier, Chainarong, Chakravarty, Madras, Codrea, M.A., Y.V., S.,

and Technology, Office, U.S.A. Tunisia Brazil London,

Kumasi,

Ghana

WHOSouth East Asia Ministry J.M. of Public de, University

New Delhi,

India

World Bank, Washington Health,

Tunis,

Azevedo Netto, R.C., B.M.U., M-G.,

of Sao Paulo, Development,

World Health Ministry

Organization,

Geneva, Switzerland England

of Overseas

UNICEF, New York, U.S.A. Engineers, C.J., DHV Consulting L., Ministry of.Pub1i.c Health,

Amersfoort, Bangkok,

Netherlands Thailand Organization, Md., U.S.A. Development D.C., U.S.A.

A., Mechanical Engineering Research India in Technical Assistance, G-R., Volunteers Unit, Intermediate

and Development Mt. Rainier, Technology Washington U.S.A. Ohio, London, U.S.A. Indonesia

Liaison Cowan, A-D., Industrial Group, Hinckley, England Donaldson, Dufford, Fannon, Freedman, D., Pan American H., Dempster R.D., J., Jr., WHOSanitary Battelle ROSS Institute Industries,

Health

Organization, Beatrice, Jakarta,

Nebraska, Columbus, Hygiene, U.S.A.

Emmanuel, V.J., Feachem, R-G.,

Engineer, Laboratories of Tropical

England Ouagadougou, Md., U.S.A. Canada Canada D.C., U.S.A.


Bangladesh

World Bank, Washington Inter-Africain in Technical International Development


c?f Public

D-C., d'Etudes

Gagara, M.G., Cornit Upper Volta

Hydrauliques,

Volunteers Haack, F.E., Canadian International Hockman, E.L., Hussain, M.A.,


Depal-twnt

Assistance, Development Research


Health

Mt. Rainier, Agency, Ottawa, Ottawa, Washington


Dacca,

Centre, Agency,

U.S. Environmental UNICEF RegionaL

Protection

Enqineerinq,

Office,

New-Delhi,

India

219

Journey, Kuttner,

W.K., World Bank, Washington D.O., International

D.C.,

U.S.A. Institute,
Manila, Philippines

Rice Research

Leon de la Barra, F., Comisidn Constructora e Ingenieria Mexico, Mexico Development Research Centre, McGarry, M.G., International McJunkin, Meinardi, Mengin, Moore, F.E., Ets. Environmental Institute Montargis, Moore Co., Services France Lake Ziirich, International England of Technology, Engineering Atlanta, Ill., U.S.A. Development, Corporation, C., National Pierre, W. Clayton for Water Supply,

Sanitaria, Ottawa, Canada N.C.,


U.S.A.

Chapel Hill, Voorburg,

Netherlands

Neave, J., Pacey, Phillips, Potts, Qureshi,


Rau,

U.S. Agency for OXFAM, Oxford,

Washington Accra, Ghana

D.C.,

Il.

Osei Poku, K., A.,

Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation,

R., UNICEF, Dacca, Bangladesh P.W., Georgia M.F.,


G~H.,

Institute Health

Georgia, Lahore,

II

Public

Department,

Pakistan

B.B.,

CPHEEO, Ministry L.H., A., L., C., J., C-D., Ogarrio, J.F., Department

of Works and Housing, Tunisia

New Delhi, Limbe,

India Malawi Sri Lanka

Radcliffe, Robertson, Robinson, Rodriquez Sandberg, Shawcross, Schippers, Schuthof, Spangler,

CARE/MEDICO, Tunis, U.S.A.

of Community Development, Engineer, Sholapur,

UNICEF, New York, Sholapur

G., WHOSanitary Well Service,

Mount Lavinia, India Indonesia

UNICEF, Dacca, Bangladesh IWACO Consulting Engineers, Energy D.C., Bandung, and Minerals, U.S.A. Sanitaria y Ciencias of Water, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Ministry

World Bank, Washington Centro Panamericano Lima, Peru Arusha Pilot Project, Health UNICEF, Nairobi, U.S. Agency for Petro,

Sperandio, O.A., de1 Ambiente, Stanley, Stapleton, Sukapradja, Swisher, Trbften, Unakul, Unrau, Watt, Yilma, R.J., C.K., A.D., P.F.,

de Ingenieria Arusha,

Tanzania Indonesia Washington India Burma England D-C., U.S.A.

Kenya Office, Sweden


Office,

D., Provincial

Bandung,

International

Development, New Delhi,

SaltsjBbaden, Mechanization Foundation, Technology

-S., WHOSouth East Asia Regional G.O., S.B., W.E., Rockefeller International Relief

U Ngwe San, Agricultural

Department, St. Lucia, Development Commission,

Rangoon, Group, Addis

U.S.A. London, Ababa, Ethiopia

and Rehabilitation

220

A PARTIAL DIRECTORY OF HAND PUMP MANUFACTURERS * ARGENTINA Iquiniz Sociedad Hortiquera 1882 Buenos Aires Argentina ("Lago") ("Brisa") ("Aeromotor") AUSTRALIA John Drake and Son Pty. 391-403 Bourke Street Melbourne Australia Intercolonial Boring 450-466 Ann Street Brisbane Australia netters Murray House 77-79 Grenfell Adelaide Australia Ltd. Anonmia Toowoomba Foundry Pty. 259 Ruthven Street Toowoomba, Qld. 4350 Australia BANGLADESH Bangladesh Light Casting, Dacca Eastern Foundry, Dacca Essential Products Ltd., Dacca National Iron Foundry, Khulna Dacca Unique Metal Industry, Zahed Metal Industries, Bogra All above and several other small foundries may be contacted through UNICEF Supply Section UNICEF Dacca P-0. Box 58 Dacca Bangladesh BELGIUM 7 Ateliers Deplechin Avenue de Maire, 28 B-7500 Tournai Belgium Duba S.A. Nieuwstraat B-9200 Wettern Belgium ("Tropic I", Tropic Ltd.

Co. Ltd.

Street

Southern Cross Engine and Windmill Co. Pty. Ltd. Grand Avenue Granville Sydney, New South Wales Australia (manufacturing under name of 'Toowoomba")

II")

,', _,

This list is intended solely as a source of information on addresses of manufacturers of hand pumps and hand pump components. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement, recommendation, warranty, or evaluation of any listed manufacturer's products. Similarly, omission from this list is not a rejection. This list was compiled by the author on the basis of a brief survey. Its accuracy or currency has not been fully verified. Corrections and additions are welcomed. Names of some manufacturers' hand pump models are shown in parenthesis, for example ("Lago") is a series of hand pumps manufactured in Argentina by IqUiniz S.A. 221

BRAZIL Industrias Mechanicas Caixa Postal 194 Franca, S"ao Paulo Brazil (water operated piston CANADA -Beatty Bros. Limited Fergus, Ontario Canada ("Beatty") ("Dominion") Monarch Machinery Winnipeg Canada ("Monarch") Co. Ltd. Rochfer Ltd.

FRANCE Les Pompes Andr& 37150 Bldrd France ("SOlO") ("Majestic") ("Celtic") Bodin

pumps)

Ets. Pierre Mengin Zone Industrielle d'Amilly B.P. 163 45203 Montargis France ("Hydropompe Vergnet") Briau S.A. B.P. 43 37009 Tours Ceder. France ("Royale") ("Murale") ("Aral") ("Classique") ("Africa") (Hydraulic Rams) Etablissements Champenois Chamouilley 52710 Chevillon France ("l'Africain", chain type of pump using a nylon band) GERMANY (Federal Republic Vogel
Of)

Robbins and Myers Company of Canada Limited Brantford, Ontario Canada ("Mcyno")
Ltd . Tri-Canada Cherry Burrell Mississauga, Ontario Canada (Helical rotor-stator type)

CHINA (People's

Republic

of)

China National Machinery and Export Corporation Kwangtung Branch 61 Yanjiang Yilu Kwangchow People's Republic of China ("SB 38-l", "SB 40-l") CZECHOSLOVAKIA Vaclavske Namesti Praha Czechoslovakia ("Intersigma") FINLAND Vammalan Konepaja 38200 Vammala Finland ("Nira") Oy 60

Mqderne Pumcen Ernest Prager Strasse 6 Stockerau West Germany ("Vogel")

Preussag Aktiengesellschaft Kunststoffe und'armaturen Postfach 9, Eixer Weg D-3154 Stederdorf, Kr. Peine West Germany (PVC casing, screens, cylinders) Pumpenfabrik Beyer 2400 Lubeck 1 Glockengiesserstrasse West Germany

61

INDIA .Halaji Industrial and Agricultural Hill Street Ranigunj Secunderabad-3 India - Jalna Type) ("Balaji" Charotar Iron Factory opp. New Ramji Mandir Anand. Gujarat India.
Wasp Type)

Castings

Maya

Engineering works Private Ltd. 2OOA Shyamaprosad Mukherjee Road Calcutta-700 026 India ("Maya Nos. 4, 5, 6")

Mohinder & Co. Kurali, Dist. Ropar Punjab India (low-lift pumps) Richardson and Crudass Ltd. (A Govt. of India undertaking) Madras India Senco Industries A-12, Coimbatore Private Estate Coimbatore-21 India ("Scnco", also Jalna) Industrial

Coimbatore Water and Agricultural Development Project 69 Venkatasami Road, R.S. Puram Coimbatore 641002 India (Jalna Type) Dandekar Brothers Shivaji Nagar Factory Sangli Maharashtra India ("Jai Javahar") Gujarat Small Industries Nanavati Estate, near Chakudia Mahadeo Rakhial, Ahmedabad-23 India ("Kirti" 1 Area

Ltd.

Sholapur Well Service 560/59 South Sadar Bazaar Civil Lines Sholapur-3 Maharashtra India (non-commercial manufacturer Jalna Type) Vadala Hand Pump Marathi Mission Ahmednagar Maharashtra India (non-commercial manufacturer Jalna Type) Water supply Specialists Post Box 684 Bombay-l India ("Wasp") IVORY COAST Abidjan Industries Boite Postal 343 45, Rue Pierre et Marie-Curie Abidjan Zone 4c Ivory Coast (ABI-type "M") ("Africa")

of

JPSR Company (Mittra Das Ghose & Co. I Howrah, near Calcutta India (low-lift & deep well pumps) Kumar Industries P-0. Edathara 678611 Palghat District, Kerala India (several models) Lifetime Products Post Box No. 102 Jodhpur India Wasp Type)

of Ltd.

State Private

Corporation

Marathwade Sheti Sahayya Mandal Jalna. Dist. Auranaabad Maharashtra India II.' (Originator and non-commercial manufacturer of Jalna Type)

223

SAFICOCI B.P. 1117 Ivory Coast ("Africa" Agent for Pompes Briau) JAPAN Kashima Trading Co., P.O. Box 110 Higoshi, Nagoya Japan Limited

Dong Tek Foundry 699 Elcano Street Manila Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) M/S Sea Commercial Co., 3085 R, Magsaysay Blvd. V. Crus, St. Mesa Manila Philippines (Kawamoto Licensee) New Asia Foundry Mfg. 272 Rizal Avenue Ext. Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) Inc. Cor

Kawamoto Pump Mfg. Co. Ltd. P.O. Box Nagoya Naka No. 25 Nagoya Japan ("Dragon") ("NO . 2 (C) and (D)") Tsuda Shiki Pump Mfg. Co. Ltd. 2658 Mimani-Kannon-Machi Hiroshima Prefecture Japan ("Keibogo") ("Delta") KENYA Atlas Copco Terratest Ltd. Norwich Union House P-0. Box 40090 Nairobi Kenya ("Kenya" previously "Uganda") MALAGASYREPUBLIC Comptoirs Sanit.ares B.P. 1104 Tananarive Malagasy Republic ("Mandritsara") NETHERLANDS Pijpers International Engineering Nijverheidsstraat 21 P.O. Box 138 Nijkerk Netherlands ("Kangaroo Pump") PHILLIPINES nc. Avenue Mfg. Co. '1: P.O. Box 3629 Manila Phillippines (Pitcher Pumps) Water Supp lY de Madagasca r

Co. Inc. Calcoocan

City

Occidental Foundry Corp. Km. 16 McArthur Highway Malanday, Vanlenzuela Bulacan Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) ("England" deep well) Triumph Metal Mfg. Corp. P.O. Box 572 Manila Philippines (Pitcher Pumps) SENEGAL SISCOMA B.P. 3214 Dakar Senegal (various pumps, some of French origin) SOUTH AFRICA Stewarts and Lloyds Windmill Division P.O. Box 74 Vereniging 1930 South Africa of South Africa Ltd.

Southern Cross Windmill and Engine Co. (Pty.) Ltd. Nuffield Street Bloemfontein South Africa SPAIN Bombas Borja Avda. P. Emilio Valencia Spain Baro 25

Bombas Geyda Avenida Carlos Valencia mainly for

Gens, S.L.

Burjasot,

54

Consallen Structures Ltd. 291 High Street Epping, Essex. CM16 4BY United Kingdom ("Consallen") English Drilling Equipment Co. Ltd. Lindley Moor Road Hudders Field, Yorkshire HD3 3RW United Kingdom ("EDECO") H.J. Godwin Ltd. Quenington, Cirencaster Gloucestershire GL7 5BX United Kingdom ("WlH") ( "X" ) ("HLD") ("HLS") Jobson & Beckwith Ltd. 62-6 Southwark Rridge Road London SE1 United Kingdom (Diaphragm) Lee, Howl & Co. Limited Alexandria Rd., Tipton, West Midlands DY4 8TA United Kingdom ("Oasis") ("Colonial") Mono Pumps (Engineering) Mono House Sekforde Street Clerkenwell Green London EClR ORE United Kingdom ("Mono-lift") Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Grande Road Cwmbran Mon United Kingdom (Diaphragm) Stanhope Engineers 92 Harris Street Bradford BDl 5JA United Kingdom (Hand Lift and Lift (Bradford) Ltd. Limited

Spanish

parket)

:"': ff..!,;i,' ..,!5.: !Fii'.-

i : r.r i i!. :.

Petro Pump Carl Westmans VBg 5 s-13300

TANZANIA Shallow Wells Programme Shinyanga Region P-0. Box 168 Shinyanga Tanzania

',

::,~j. fi5.

:r~, ii :; '-;..:p+, ' i-'

Craelius East African Company Ltd. P.O. Box 52

Drilling

UNITED KINGDOM Autometric Pumps Ltd. Waterside Maidstone Kent United Kingdom I* ,- <,.,(Rotary vam) 1. 3, Bar&lay, Kellett ..: Joseph Street Bradford, Yorks, United Kingdom (Rotary Vane) Barnaby Engineering Bourne Road Bexley, Kent United Kingdom ("Climax") & Co. Ltd. BD3 9HL

Co.,

Ltd.

,. ,.

^:. I.. -.

John Blake Limited s;: t. P.O. Box 43 6,',:,, :;L/.. :;-:, rt' :~y.:i- ; Royal Works _,/ii,! .'.A .".Accrington, Lancashire &.;: :', r;,;-.., I & 7:. 'United Kingdom ("Hydrams")

and Force)

BB5 5LP

Thomas & Son, Limited P.O. Box 36 Worcester United Kingdom ("Climax")

225

Wilkinson Rubber Linatex Stanhope Road Camberely Surrey United Kingdom (Diaphragm) UNITED STATES Aeromotor 800 E. Dallas Broken Arrow, United States (discontinued but Argentine

Ltd.

F.E. Meyers & Bro. Co. 400 Orange Street Ashland, Ohio 44805 United States of America Rife Hydraulic Engine Mfg. Co. Box 367 Milburn, New Jersey United States of America ("Rife Ram")

St. Oklahoma 74012 of America handpump production licensee)

in U.S.,

Baker Manufacturing Company 133 Enterprise St. Evansville Wisconsin 53536 United States of America ("Monitor") Colombiana Pump co. 131 E. Railroad Columbiana, Ohio 4408 United States of America Dempster Industries, Inc. Box 848 Beatrice, Nebraska 68310 United States of America ("23~") Heller-Aller Perry and Oakwood Streets Napoleon, Ohio 43545 United States of America ("Heller Aller") ('IH.A.@~) Kitrick Management Company 4039 Creek Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45241 United States of America ("Gem" chain pump") Mark Controls Corporation International Division 1900 Dempster Street Evanston, Illinois 60204 United States of Al&:ica ("Clayton Mark" cylinders, valves and leathers) A.Y. McDonald Mfg. Co. P.O. Box 508 Dubuque, Iowa 52001 United States of America ("Red Jacket")

Annex D

INTERNATIONAL AGENCYABBREVIATIONS

Agency for CARE CIEH IBRD Cooperative Inter-African International International International Intermediate Oxford
i, ,.. ,

InternaLional for American

Development Relief

(U.S.)

Everywhere Studies and Development Centre Community Water Supply Group

C6mmittee for Bank for

Hydraulic

Reconstruction Research Centre for

Development Reference Technolo&

Development

Committee

on Famine Relief Organization Programme Scientific Assistance and Cultural Organization

PAHO
llNF!P

Pan American United United Nations Nations

Health

Environment Educational,

VITA

Volunteers World Health

in Technical Organization

227

CONVERSIONOF MEASUREMENT UNITS

Annex E

LENGTH 1 Inch 1 Foot 1 Meter (in) (cm) (ft) (m) = = = = AREA 1 Square inch 1 Square foot 1 Square meter (in") (cm') (ft2) (m2) = = = =
6.4516 0.1550 2.54

Centimeter Inch Meter Feet (in) (m) (ft)

(cm)

1 Centimeter

0.394
0.3048 3.281

Square centimeter Square inch Square meter Square foot (in2) (m2) (ft2)

(cm2)

1 Square centimeter

0.0929 10.764

VOLUME 1 Cubic foot (ft3) (US gal) gal) = = = = =


28.317 3.7854 4.5461 0.264 0.220

Liter Liter Liter

(1) (1) (1) (US gal (UK gal

1 U.S. gallon 1 Liter 1 Liter (1) (1)

1 U.K. gallon*(UK

U.S. gallon U.K. gallon

DISCHARGE 1 U.S. gallon (US gal/min) 1 U.K. gallon*per (UK gal/min) 1 Liter 1 Liter per second per second (l/see) (l/set)
= =
15.85 13.12

per minute minute

=
=

227.12

Liters Liters

per hour per hour

(l/hr) (l/hr) (US gal/min) (UK gal/min)

272.77

U.S. gallon U.K. gallon

per minute per minute

MASS (Weight) 1 Pound (lb) 1 Kilogramme (kg) = =


0.4536 2.205

Kilogramme Pounds (lbs)

(kg)

cI also

known as: Imperial

gallon

PRESSURE 1 Pound per square


1 Kilogramme

inch

(psi)* centi-

0 . 07031 14.223 0 . 0305 1.422

KilogrmeS

per square inch

centimeter (psi)* centimeter * (psi)

per square column) co1 11mnI

= = = POWER

(kgf/cm2) Pow& per square

meter 1 Foot 1 Meter

&gf/cm2) (water (water


KilogrDeS

per square inch

pef/crn2) pomds per square

1 Horsepower 1 Kilowatt

(hp) (kw)

= =

0.7457 1.341

Kilowatt
Hor5epower

tkw)
(hp)

6 Also:

&f/in'

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