Академический Документы
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Введение 9
Литература 12
Глава 1. GPCR и их сигнальные системы 13
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Литература
ГЛАВА 1
Литература
ГЛАВА 2
Литература
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115
ГЛАВА 3
еще к 1973 году, когда было показано, что ионы натрия являются
отрицательными аллостерическими модуляторами связывания
агонистов с опиоидными рецепторами (Pert, Snyder, 1973). В
дальнейшем было показано, что ионы натрия осуществляют
модуляцию конформационных состояний опиоидных рецепторов
(Simon, Groth, 1975), а также усиливают связывание антагонистов
с δ-опиоидным рецептором (Appelmans et al., 1986). В
дальнейшем роль Na+ как аллостерического регулятора была
продемонстрирована и для ряда других GPCR, включая
рецепторы биогенных аминов, нуклеотидов, пептидных гормонов
и липидов (Ericksen et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012; Katritch et al.,
2013). При изучении действия ионов Na+ на регуляторные
эффекты лигандов ортостерического сайта, различным образом
влияющих на активность рецепторов, в ряде случаев были
получены противоположные результаты, что хорошо
иллюстрируют данные по дофаминовому рецептору 2-го типа.
Показано, что в присутствии ионов натрия аффинность рецептора
122
к селективному D2-агонисту квинпиролу снижается, в то время
как сродство к неселективному D2/D3-антагонисту эпидеприду,
напротив, повышается (Neve, 1991). В то же время сродство
дофаминового рецептора 2-го типа к ряду других антагонистов и
инверсионных агонистов в присутствии катионов Na+ оставалось
неизменным, что указывает на зависимость аллостерического
эффекта ионов Na+ от химической структуры лиганда и набора
конформационных состояний рецептора, стабилизированных
этим лигандом (Vivo et al., 2006; Christopoulos, 2014).
Исключительно важно, что обнаруженные эффекты ионов натрия
на связывающие характеристики GPCR реализуются при их
физиологических или близких к ним концентрациях, что
свидетельствует об участии Na+ в регуляции GPCR-сигналинга в
реальных биологических системах. Установлено, что ионы
натрия вносят существенный вклад в селективность активации
агонистами внутриклеточных сигнальных каскадов, реализуемых
через δ-опиоидный рецептор (Fenalti et al., 2014), а также в
сигнальные механизмы действия синтетических
низкомолекулярных аллостерических лигандов μ-опиоидного
рецептора (Livingston, Traynor, 2014).
Поиск молекулярных детерминант в молекулах GPCR
класса А позволил выявить в них основную мишень для ионов
натрия – высококонсервативный остаток аспарагиновой кислоты,
D2.50, локализованный во второй ТМС (Fraser et al., 1989;
Horstman et al., 1990; Neve, 1991; Strader et al., 1994; White et al.,
2018) (рис. 3-2). В дальнейшем было показано, что, наряду с
остатком D2.50, в связывании ионов Na+ участвует ряд других
аминокислотных остатков. Так в A2A-аденозиновом рецепторе
ими являются Ser91 (3.39), Trp246 (6.48), Asn280 (7.45) и Asn284
(7.49) (White et al., 2018) (рис. 3-3). Необходимо отметить, что не
только D2.50, но и другие остатки, формирующие Na+-
связывающий сайт, являются высококонсервативными в
большинстве GPCR, относящихся к классу А (Katritch et al.,
2014).
123
ГЛАВА 4
Синтетические аллостерические
регуляторы GPCR
57 58
59 60
61 62
Рис. 4-3. Структуры позитивных аллостерических модуляторов mGlu2-
глутаматного рецептора (по Lindsley et al., 2016).
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187
ГЛАВА 5
Org 41841
Org 43553
соединение 1
Рис. 5-2. Низкомолекулярные аллостерические агонисты
рецептора ЛГ на основе тиенопиримидиновой структуры.
201
TP21 TP22
TP23 TP03
TP04
Рис. 5-4. Структура тиенопиримидиновых производных с активностью
аллостерических агонистов рецептора ЛГ.
TP21 – 5-амино-N-(трет-бутил)-4-(3-(2-метоксиникотинамидо)фенил)-
2-(метилтио)тиено[2,3-d]пиримидин-6-карбоксамид, TP22 – 4-((3-(5-
амино-6-(трет-бутилкарбамоил)-2-(метилтио)тиено[2,3-d]пиримидин-
4-ил)фенил)карбамоил)пиридин 1-оксид, TP23 – 5-амино-N-(трет-
бутил)-4-(3-(2-хлорникотинамидо)фенил)-2-(метилтио)тиено[2,3-
d]пиримидин-6-карбоксамид, TP03 – 5-амино-N-трет-бутил-2-
(метилсульфанил)-4-(3-(никотинамидо)фенил)тиено[2,3-d]пиримидин-6-
карбоксамид, TP04 – 5-амино-N-трет-бутил-4-(3-(1-метил-1H-пиразол-
4-карбоксамидо)фенил)-2-(метилсульфанил)тиено[2,3-d]пиримидин-6-
карбоксамид.
212
Тестостерон, нМ
*
180
160
*
140
*
120
*
100
* * 3
80
2
60
*
*
40 *
* * *
20 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Дни обработки
RQ, отн.ед.
8 *
а
7
1
2
6 3 *
*
4
5
4 *
*
2 *
1 ***
*
0
Lhr Star Cyp11a1 Hsd3b
RQ, отн.ед.
8
б
7
1
2
6 3
4
5
4 *
*
3
*
2
0
Lhr Star Cyp11a1 Hsd3b
221
Рис. 5-6. Влияние однократной, трехдневной и семидневной обработки
самцов крыс с помощью ХГЧ (а) и TP03 (б) на экспрессию генов Lhr,
Star, Cyp11a1 и Hsd3b, кодирующих рецептор ЛГ и стероидогенные
белки, в семенниках животных.
1 – без обработки, 2 – однократное введение, 3 – введение в течение 3
дней, 4 – введение в течение 7 дней. Уровень экспрессии мРНК генов
нормировали по уровню экспрессии мРНК генов Gapdh и Actb,
кодирующих глицеральдегидфосфатдегидрогеназу и β-актин. Значения
RQ рассчитаны по отношению к контрольной группе. * - различия с
контролем статистически значимы при p<0.05. Значения
представлены, как M SEM. n=5. (Бахтюков и др., 2019б).
90 1
2
80
3
70 4
Тестостерон, нМ
5
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
Время, ч
180
К
160 КГ
КТ
140 Д
ДГ
Тестостерон, нМ
120
ДТ
100
80
60
* *
40
* *
20 *
0
* * *
9.00 11.00 13.00 15.00
Время суток
*
140
120
100
Тестостерон, нМ
* #
80 @
#
60
40
20
0
К КГ КТ Д ДГ ДТ
*
8
К
7 КГ *
КТ
Д
6
ДГ @
ДТ @ #
RQ, отн.ед.
5
# *
4 @
*
*
* #
* #@ @
3 #
* *
* #
* * *
2 @
@
@
@
1 *# * *
*
*
0
Lhr Star Cyp11a Hsd3b Cyp17a Hsd17b
Рис. 5-10. Экспрессия генов Lhr, Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b, Cyp17a и Hsd7b в
семенниках контрольных и диабетических крыс и влияние на нее
пятидневной обработки с помощью ХГЧ и TP03.
К – контроль; КГ – контроль + ХГЧ; КТ – контроль + TP03, Д – диабет;
ДГ – диабет + ХГЧ; ДТ – диабет + TP03. Различия между контролем и
другими группами (*), между группой Д и группами ДГ и ДТ (#), а
также между группами КГ и ДГ или КТ и ДТ (@) статистически
значимы при P<0.05. Данные представлены как M ± SD (Бахтюков и
др., 2019а).
Соединение 3
Org214444-0
Сурамин
Соединение 1
Соединение 10
ADX61623
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265
ГЛАВА 6
Оrg41841
c52
315
Рис. 6-5. Гомологическая модель рецептора тиреотропного гормона.
Показан аллостерический связывающий карман рецептора ТТГ,
расположенный в его трансмембранном домене. Связанный с этим
карманом инверсионный агонист Org 41841 взаимодействует с
остатками Ser505, Leu570, Val586, Met637 и Tyr657, замены которых приводит
к конститутивно активированному рецептору. Низкоаффинный
антагонист c52 связывается с небольшим смещением к внеклеточному
преддверию трансмембранного домена рецептора. Структурно агонист и
антагонист являются сходными, за исключением удлиненной боковой
цепи в ароматическом кольце антагониста. Именно этот
дополнительный заместитель взаимодействует с остатками Met572 и
Tyr582, замена которых приводит к снижению или потере рецептором
базальной активности. Аминокислотные остатки Ile568, Ile640 и Tyr643
взаимодействуют с боковыми цепями, локализованными в
ароматических кольцах обоих соединений, и способны влиять на их
регуляторные эффекты (по Hoyer et al., 2013).
Литература
ГЛАВА 7
Литература
ГЛАВА 8
Пепдуцины – производные
цитоплазматических петель GPCR – и их
применение в медицине
Литература