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Fred Niehaus
Technical Marketing Engineer WNBU BRKEWN-3016
BRKEWN-3016
Cisco Public
Session Abstract
This advanced session focuses on the deep-dive understanding of the often overlooked Radio Frequency part of the design and deployment of a Wireless LAN Network. It discusses 802.11 Radio, MIMO, Access Points and antenna placements, when to use a DAS system, antenna patterns It covers the main environments such as carpeted offices, campuses and conference centers, and it provides feedback based on lessons learned from challenging deployments such as outdoor/stadium/rail deployments and manufacturing areas.
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What Is Radio?
How Did We End Up on These Frequencies?
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Waves travel back and forth so fast they leave the wire
How fast the AC current goes is its frequency AC is very low frequency 60 Hz (Cycles Per Second) Radio waves are measured in kHz, MHz and GHz The lower the frequency the physically longer the radio wave Higher frequencies have much shorter waves as such take more power to move them greater distances. This is why 2.4 GHz goes further then 5 GHz (given same amount of RF power)
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Cisco antennas are identified by color Blue indicates 5 GHz Black indicates 2.4 GHz
Omni-Directional antennas like the one on the left, radiate much like a raw light bulb would everywhere in all directions
Directional antennas like this Patch antenna radiate forward like placing tin foil behind the light bulb or tilting the lamp shade Note: Same RF energy is used but results in greater range as its focused at the cost of other coverage areas
Antennas are custom made for the frequency to be used. Some antennas have two elements to allow for both frequencies in one antenna housing
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QAM or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is one of the fastest modulation types actually sending two signals that are out of phase with each other and then somehow putting all the pieces back together for even greater throughput. This is one of the advantages of 802.11n
Wi-Fi is unlicensed so it doesnt show up in the overall spectrum allocation as a service But it has beginnings in the ISM (industrial Scientific Medical) band where it was not desirable or profitable to license such short range devices.
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The spectrum we use today is also used by Amateur (Ham Radio) and other services such as radio location (radar). There is more bandwidth in 5 GHz and mechanisms are in place to co-exist with services such as radar
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The 2.4 GHz spectrum has only 3 non-overlapping channels 1,6 and 11 (US) There are plenty of channels in the 5 GHz spectrum and they do not overlap 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz are different portions of the radio band and usually require separate antennas Most if not all 5 GHz devices also have support for 2.4 GHz however there are still many 2.4 GHz only devices.
Even today many portable devices in use are limited to 2.4 GHz only including newer devices but this is changing 802.11b/g is 2.4 GHz 802.11a is 5 GHz 802.11n (can be either band) 2.4 or 5 GHz
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Common RF terms
Attenuation a loss in force or intensity As radio waves travel in media such as coaxial cable attenuation occurs. BER Bit Error Rate - the fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. Channel Bonding act of combining more than one channel for additional bandwidth dBd abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to a dipole dBi abbreviation for the gain of an antenna system relative to an isotropic antenna dBm decibels milliwatt -- abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt of transmitted RF power. Isotropic antenna theoretical ideal antenna used as a reference for expressing power in logarithmic form. MRC Maximal Ratio Combining a method that combines signals from multiple antennas taking into account factors such as signal to noise ratio to decode the signal with the best possible Bit Error Rate. Multipath refers to a reflected signal that combines with a true signal resulting in a weaker or some cases a stronger signal. mW milliwatt a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt (usually converted to dBm) Noise Floor The measure of the signal created from the sum of all the noise sources and unwanted signals appearing at the receiver. This can be adjacent signals, weak signals in the background that dont go away, electrical noise from electromechanical devices etc. Receiver Sensitivity The minimum received power needed to successfully decode a radio signal with an acceptable BER. This is usually expressed in a negative number depending on the data rate. For example the AP-1140 Access Point requires an RF strength of at least negative -91 dBm at 1 MB and an even higher strength higher RF power -79 dBm to decode 54 MB Receiver Noise Figure The internal noise present in the receiver with no antenna present (thermal noise). SNR Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of the transmitted power from the AP to the ambient (noise floor) energy present. TxBF Transmit beam forming the ability to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas
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Identifying RF Connectors
RP-TNC Connector
Used on most Cisco Access Points
RP-SMA Connector
Used on some Linksys Products
N Connector
Used on the 1520 Mesh and 1400 Bridge
SMA Connector
Pig tail type cable assemblies
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Antenna Cables
LMR-400 is 3/8 inch Cisco Low Loss LMR-600 is inch Cisco Ultra Low Loss
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Antenna Basics
Antenna - a device which radiates and/or receives radio signals Antennas are usually designed to operate at a specific frequency Wide-Band antennas can support additional frequencies but its a trade-off and usually not with the same type of performance. Antenna Gain is characterized using dBd or dBi
Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a reference antenna called a dipole and the unit of measure is dBd (d for dipole) Antenna gain can be measured in decibels against a computer modeled antenna called an isotropic dipole <ideal antenna> and the unit of measure is dBi (i for isotropic dipole) (computer modeled ideal antenna)
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A dipole does not require a ground plane as the bottom half is the ground (counterpoise).
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Monopoles were added to our antenna line primarily for aesthetics and require a metal surface to radiate
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A dipole called the driven element is placed in front of other elements. This motivates the signal to go forward into a given direction for gain. (Inside view of the Cisco AIR-ANT1949 13.5 dBi Yagi)
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Most Common 2.4 GHz Antennas for Access Points (Single and Diversity)
Antenna Description
AIR-ANT4941
2.2 dBi Swivel-mount Dipole; most popular mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor
AIR-ANT5959
2 dBi Diversity Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT1729
6 dBi Wall-mount Patch
AIR-ANT1728
5.2 dBi Ceiling-mount Omni
AIR-ANT3549
9 dBi Wall-mount Patch
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Most Common 5 GHz Antennas for Access Points (Single and Diversity)
Antenna Description AIR-ANT5135D-R 3.5 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; mounts directly to radio, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5145V-R 4.5 dBi Omni-directional Diversity Antenna; unobtrusive, ceiling mount, low gain, indoor AIR-ANT5160V-R 6 dBi Omni-directional Antenna; ceiling or mast mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5170P-R 7 dBi Patch Diversity Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor AIR-ANT5195-R 9.5 dBi Patch Antenna; directional, small profile, wall mount, indoor/outdoor
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When three monopoles are next to each other the radiating elements interact slightly with each other The higher gain 4 dBi also changes elevation more compared to the lower gain 2.2 dBi Dipole
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Patch Antenna
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Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi AIR-ANT2414S-R 14 dBi Sector 2.4 GHz
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Elevation plane has nulls due to high gain 14 dBi but antenna was designed with Null-Fill meaning we scaled back the overall antenna gain so as to have less nulls or low signal spots on the ground.
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) Facility A Quick Peek Where Antennas Are Designed...
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The Richfield Ohio (Aironet) Facility Designs Antennas and Qualifies 3rd Party Antennas
Satimo software compatible with Stargate-64 System. Basic measurement tool is 8753ES Network Analyzer.
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Cisco Anechoic chamber using an 18-inch absorber all the way around 1-6 GHz Anechoic means without echo
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FCC Regulatory Compliance Testing Is Also Done at the Richfield Ohio Facility.
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RF Screen Rooms
Copper Shielding on Top Metal on Bottom
Cables are typically fiber and exit through well shielded holes
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RF Screen Rooms
Copper Shielding (Faraday Cage)
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Understanding Multipath
Multipath Can Change Signal Strength
As radio signals bounce off metal objects they often combine at the receiver This often results in either an improvement constructive or a destructive type of interference
Note: Bluetooth type radios that hop across the entire band can reduce multipath interference by constantly changing the angles of multipath as the radio wave increases and decreases in size (as the frequency constantly changes) however throughput using these methods are very limited but multipath is less of a problem
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Understanding Multipath
Multipath Reflections Can Cause Distortion
As the radio waves bounce they can arrive at slightly different times and angles causing signal distortion and potential signal strength fading Different modulation schemes fair better 802.11a/g uses a type of modulation based on symbols and is an improvement over the older modulation types used with 802.11b clients
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802.11n with more receivers can use destructive interference (multipath) as a benefit but it is best to reduce multipath conditions
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Never mount antennas near metal objects as it causes increased multipath and directionality
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Cisco 802.11a/b/g Access Points start off favoring the right (primary antenna port) then if multi-path or packet retries occur it will sample the left port and switch to that antenna port if the signal is better.
Note: Diversity Antennas should always cover the same cell area
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Receiver benefit as each antenna has a radio section MRC is done at Baseband using DSP techniques Multiple antennas and multiple RF sections are used in parallel The multiple copies of the received signal are corrected and combined at Baseband for maximum SNR (Signal to Noise) benefit This is a significant benefit over traditional 802.11a/b/g diversity where only one radio is used
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Channel Bonding Use of more than one frequency or channel for more bandwidth.
Spatial Multiplexing A technique for boosting wireless bandwidth and range by taking advantage of multiplexing which is the ability within the radio chipset to send out information over two or more transmitters known as spatial streams. Note: Cisco 802.11n Access Points utilize two transmitters and three receivers per radio module.
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MIMO
40Mhz Channels
Packet Aggregation
Backward Compatibility
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
Beam Forming
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Aspects of 802.11n
40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
With MRC
Multiple Signals Sent and Combined at the Receiver Increasing Fidelity
MIMO AP Performance
Beam Forming
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Aspects of 802.11n
40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
stream 1
MIMO AP
stream 2 Performance
Increases Bandwidth
Beam Forming
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
20-MHz
Gained Space
40-MHz
20-MHz
40-MHz = 2 aggregated 20-MHz channelstakes advantage of the reserved channel space through bonding to gain more than double the data rate of two 20-MHz channels
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
802.11n Overhead
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Aspects of 802.11n
MIMO 40Mhz Channels Packet Aggregation Backward Compatibility
2.4 GHz
11n Operates in Both Frequencies
5 GHz
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11
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20 MHz channel
2.483 GHz
When you bond a channel You have a control channel You have a data (extension) Channel Legacy clients use control Channel for communication
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Tip: Channel bonding in 2.4 GHz should be avoided in enterprise deployments use 5 GHz as there are no overlapping channels to worry about
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In 40-MHz you define the control channel this is the channel that is used for communication by Legacy .11a clients.
The Extension channel is the bonded channel that High Throughput HT 802.11n clients use in addition to the control channel for higher throughput as they send data on BOTH channels
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When using the 40-MHz bonded channel, 802.11n takes advantage of the fact that each 20-MHz channel has a small amount of the channel that is reserved at the top and bottom, to reduce interference in those adjacent channels.
When using 40-MHz channels, the top of the lower channel and the bottom of the upper channel don't have to be reserved to avoid interference. These small parts of the channel can now be used to carry information. By using the two 20-MHz channels more efficiently in this way, 802.11n achieves slightly more than doubling the data rate when moving from 20-MHz to 40-MHz channels
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Default mode for 802.11n is 800 nanoseconds If you set a shorter interval it will go back to long in the event retries occur
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0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
BPSK
QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM 64-QAM BPSK QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM
52
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
108
108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108
52
104 104 208 208 312 312 312 104 208 208 416 416 624
108
216 216 432 432 648 648 648 216 432 432 864 864 1296
6.5
13 19.5 26 39 52 58.5 65 13 26 39 52 78 104
13.5
27 40.5 54 81 108 121.5 135 27 54 81 108 162 216
7 2/9
14 4/9 21 2/3 28 8/9 43 1/3 57 7/9 65 72 2/9 14 4/9 28 8/9 43 1/3 57 7/9 86 2/3 115 5/9
15
30 45 60 90 120 135 157.5 30 60 90 120 180 240
14
15
2
2
64-QAM
64-QAM
5/6
52
52
108
108
624
624
1296
1296
117
130
243
270
130
144 4/9
270
300
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802.11n AP (MIMO)
54 Mbps
MRC TxBF
Spatial Multiplexing
802.11n AP (MIMO)
300 Mbps
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Disadvantages
Usually one antenna per AP Implementations vary among vendors Performance and/or support issues Sometimes DAS requirement is not for Wi-Fi but for in-building cellular so WLAN cell sizes suffer Not a Cisco antenna DAS antennas are not defined in Ciscos Wireless Control System (WCS) must choose a close match
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Depending on the type of wide band antenna DAS system, signals leave the Access Point antenna port and go through mechanical filters and/or bi-directional amplifier combiner circuitry. While this is much better then a leaky coaxial system, it is not a simple installation and requires specialized installers with experience cutting and terminating the unique low loss cable that is coaxial in nature but has a hard metal shield. Note: Unused antenna ports should be terminated to avoid adjacent cell interference
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RP-TNC Terminator
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Overlay
In-building cellular
No Cisco RF Support Likely no MIMO, MRC or ClientLink, RRM, Poor roaming, Location
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Switch
Cellular Controller
Access Pod
WLAN AP
WLAN 802.11n
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11n
1250 1260
11n + CleanAir
3500e
1130
1140
3500i
Carpeted
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AP 3500i
AP 1240
AP 1250
1260
3500e
Integrated CleanAir Data Uplink (Mbps) Power Requirement Installation Temp Range Antennas Wi-Fi standards DRAM Flash
No 10/100
Yes 10/100/1000
No 10/100
No 10/100/1000
Yes 10/100/1000
802.3af
Carpeted 0 to +40C
802.3af
Carpeted 0 to +40C
802.3af
Rugged -20 to +55C External
802.3af
Rugged -20 to +55C External
802.3af
Rugged -20 to +55C External
Internal
Internal
Internal
a/b/g 32 MB
a/b/g/n
a/b/g/n 128 MB
a/b/g 32 MB
a/b/g/n 64 MB
a/b/g/n 128 MB
a/b/g/n 128 MB
128 MB
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
16 MB
32 MB
32 MB
32 MB
802.3af fully powers single radio AP1250 or provides 1x3 performance on a dual radio 1250
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Integrated antenna versions are designed for mounting on a ceiling (carpeted areas) where aesthetics is a primary concern
Use for industrial applications where external or directional antennas are desired and or applications requiring higher temperature ranges
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AP-3500i and AP-3500e have the very latest Cisco features such as Clean Air Ciscos spectrum intelligence AP-1140 and AP-1260 are of similar design less Cisco Clean Air features and can also run autonomous code (aIOS) for stand alone or Workgroup Bridge applications. Note: 3500 Series does not support the older aIOS modes All the Access Points were designed to have similar coverage for ease of deployment
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AP3500i
AP3500e
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Content
Site Survey
Channel Strategy
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Metal Wall
Survey with client types that you plan to implement (11n, 11abg, VoIP, location tags)
Spectrum intelligence to detect interference
Elevator
Glass
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ABG ABG
Supported Apps
802.11n is the same overlay however more applications supported at any given location
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Radar
5 GHz Frequency
UNI 1 UNI 2 UNI 2 Ext. UNI 3
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1350Mbps
1350Mbps
600Mbps 300Mbps
US
Europe
US
Europe
Meru/Aruba Cisco Cisco
Theoretical
Cisco
Meru/Aruba
United States
24 11 19 9
Cisco Public
21 9 19 9
8 4 4 2
90
Europe
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Backwards Compatibility
WLAN Controller
11n
11g
11n
11g
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11g
11n
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WLAN Controller
Capacity
300mb
11n
0
Mixed mode experiences slight performance impact due to ABG clients 11n clients still transmit at full performance PHY and MAC for 11n provides co-existence and protection for ABG clients
54 Mb
300 Mb
11g
11n
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Wall mounting is acceptable for small deployments such as hotspots, kiosks, etc but radiation is better on ceiling
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Best for enterprise deployments as coverage is more uniform especially for advanced features such as voice and location
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Note: Metal chassis and antennas were designed to benefit ceiling installations as the signal propagates downward in a 360 degree pattern for best performance
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Antenna Patterns
Azimuth and Elevation Patterns for 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz
5 GHz Azimuth
5 GHz Elevation
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Cisco has options to mount to most ceiling rails and directly into the tile for a more elegant look
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Locking enclosures and different color plastic skins available from third party sources such as www.oberonwireless.com www.terrawave.com
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If the ceiling rail is not wide enough or too recessed for the T rail this can be addressed using the optional clips
Part Number for ceiling clips is AIR-ACC-CLIP-20= This item is packaged in 20 pieces for 10 Access Points
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AP bracket supports this optional T-bar box hanger item 2 (not supplied) Such as the Erico Caddy 512 or B-Line BA12
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Such mounting methods can be problematic for advanced RF features such as voice and location as they depend on uniform coverage
Try to find open ceiling areas away from metal obstructions (use common sense)
Tip: Mount antennas either below ceiling tile or the AP as close to the inside of the tile as possible
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Tip: Access Points like light Dipole antennas up against a metal box and sources should be near the users Perhaps the AP is here large metal pipes Multipath everywhere for Pipe Fitter Connectivity?
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AIR-ANT2451NV-R
2.4 GHz (2.5 dBi) & 5 GHz (3.5 dBi) Dual Band Ceiling Omni
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AIR-ANT2460NP-R
2.4 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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AIR-ANT5160NP-R
5 GHz 6 dBi Three Element Patch
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New 3 in 1 Antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Gain is 4 dBi Comes with articulating wall mount, can also be used on ceiling
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Outdoor Weatherproofing
Coax-Seal can be used with or without electrical tape.
Taping first with a quality electrical tape like Scotch 33+ vinyl allows the connection to be taken apart easier.
Many people tape then use Coax-Seal then tape again this allows easy removal with a razor blade. Note: Always tape from the bottom up so water runs over the folds in the tape. Avoid using RTV or other caustic material.
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www.coaxseal.com
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Dont forget to activate your Cisco Live and Networkers Virtual account for access to all session materials, communities, and on-demand and live activities throughout the year. Activate your account at any internet station or visit www.ciscolivevirtual.com.
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Thank you.
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